1
|
Matsumoto T, Kitada S, Suda S. The association between exposure to hate speech or perceived discrimination and mental health problems among Korean residents in Japan. Transcult Psychiatry 2024; 61:133-141. [PMID: 38297813 DOI: 10.1177/13634615231225127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of perceived discrimination and racism on the mental health state of Korean residents in Japan, with a particular focus on the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and psychological distress. Surveys were sent to Korean residents in Japan and a total of 240 valid responses were received. The valid response rate was 27.1%. The participants answered several questionnaire items, including demographic information and questions pertaining to their experiences of perceived discrimination, along with three self-reported measures of mental health, i.e., the Japanese version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised, the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). The results indicated that Korean residents in Japan experience hate speech and discrimination with a markedly high frequency (92.9% and 100%, respectively), and that factors such as employment discrimination and exposure to hate speech via social networking services were significant predictors of probable PTSD and psychological distress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Shiro Kitada
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Sports & Health Science, Daito Bunka University, Japan
| | - Shiro Suda
- Department of Psychiatry, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kikuchi S, Kitada S, Wakami K, Goto T, Sugiura T, Seo Y, Ohte N. P743 Right ventricular function is important for exercise capacity in patients at risk of heart failure. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jez319.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background and Purpose
It is important to evaluate exercise capacity to detect the development of heart failure (HF) in patients with heart disease. The pathology of exercise capacity is multi-factorial, and cardiac function is recognized as one of the most important determinants. However, the correlation between right ventricular (RV) function and exercise capacity is not fully understood in the subjects without HF. Therefore, we assessed the relationship between RV function and exercise capacity, both in patients with HF (HF+) and in patients with heart disease but not developed HF (HF-).
Methods
Two hundred and fifty-two patients with heart disease who underwent both Doppler echocardiography at rest and cardio-pulmonary exercise testing (CPET) for the assessment of heart function were enrolled (HF+: n = 142, HF-: n = 110). We measured left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocity (E), peak late diastolic transmitral flow velocity (A), early diastolic mitral annular velocity (e’), left atrial volume (LAV), and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) by echocardiography. After echocardiographic examination, symptom-limited exercise testing was performed with simultaneous respiratory gas analysis, and peak oxygen consumption (pVO2) was determined. Blood examination including hemoglobin (Hb) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was done on the same day.
Results
There were significant relationships between pVO2 and LVEF (r = 0.16, p = 0.005), e" (r = 0.51, p < 0.0001), E/e" (r=-0.47, p < 0.0001), LAV (r=-0.21, p = 0.0002), and TAPSE (r = 0.33, p < 0.0001) in the whole subjects. In the multiple regression analyses, age, Hb, E/e" and TAPSE were selected as significant determinants for pVO2 both in HF+ (R²=0.39, p < 0.0001) and HF- (R²=0.33, p < 0.0001).
Conclusion
RV function is the prime determinant of exercise capacity in patients at risk of HF, as well as in patients with HF.
Abstract P743 Figure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kikuchi
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardio-Renal Medicine and Hypertension, Nagoya, Japan
| | - S Kitada
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardio-Renal Medicine and Hypertension, Nagoya, Japan
| | - K Wakami
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardio-Renal Medicine and Hypertension, Nagoya, Japan
| | - T Goto
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardio-Renal Medicine and Hypertension, Nagoya, Japan
| | - T Sugiura
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardio-Renal Medicine and Hypertension, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y Seo
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardio-Renal Medicine and Hypertension, Nagoya, Japan
| | - N Ohte
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardio-Renal Medicine and Hypertension, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nakasuka K, Kitada S, Kawada Y, Kato M, Ohte N. P986Future risk of bradyarrhythmias in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and implantable cardioverter defibrillator indication. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz747.0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Subcutaneous-implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S-ICD) has been shown to be effective for prevention of sudden cardiac death. Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) having ICD indication are considered to introduce either S-ICD or transvenous-ICD, however it is uncertain which is better since S-ICD is not suitable for patients who need pacing and data on the necessity for pacing in HCM patients are limited.
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors associated with the future risk of bradyarrhythmias needed to be paced in patients with HCM and ICD indication.
Methods
This is a retrospective, single-center cohort study. Of 169 HCM patients diagnosed in our institution, 80 with ICD indication in accordance with the Japanese guideline in 2011 were enrolled as study subjects (31 females, mean age 63±15 years). They were divided into two groups – patients who progressed to bradyarrhythmias which needed pacing during the follow-up period (Brady group) and those who not (Non-brady group). Baseline characteristics at the time of diagnosis of HCM including demographic information, the results of clinical examination such as blood test, echocardiography and electrocardiography (ECG) were compared between the Brady and Non-brady group.
Results
During a mean follow-up period of 6.8±5.4 years, 9 patients (11%) progressed bradyarrhtyhmias which needed pacing. Symptomatic sick sinus syndrome (SSS) was the primary cause (7 SSS, 1 atrial fibrillation [AF] with bradycardia, 1 after atrioventricular nodal ablation). Comparing between the Brady and Non-brady group, there was no significant difference in clinical variables such as age, heart rate, PR interval and QRS duration in ECG, EF levels, BNP levels, beta-blocker usage rate, prevalence of hypertension or diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, women were more in Brady group than in Non-brady group (7/9, 78% vs. 24/71, 34%; p=0.01). Furthermore, more patients in Brady group had documented AF at the beginning and during follow-up period (7/9, 78% vs. 25/71, 36%; p=0.02) and took anti-arrhythmic drugs (AAD) (8/9, 89% vs. 19/71, 27%; p<0.001) including amiodarone than those in Non-brady group.
Conclusion
In HCM patients with ICD indication, around 10% of patients have a potential risk of bradyarrhythmias needed to be paced, especially in female, those with AF and/or AAD usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Nakasuka
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - S Kitada
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y Kawada
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - M Kato
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - N Ohte
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kitada S, Nakajima K, Hamasaki K. Population panmixia and demographic expansion of a highly piscivorous marine fish Scomberomorus niphonius. J Fish Biol 2017; 91:1435-1448. [PMID: 28990668 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Population structure and demographic history of the Japanese Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius a highly piscivorous and migratory marine fish, were assessed using mitochondrial DNA control region sequences (n = 720) and microsatellite genotypes at five loci (n = 1331) for samples collected on Japanese coasts from 2001 to 2010. The population structure was panmictic and the haplotype and allele frequencies were temporally stable even during the recent recovery process. Demographic expansion was strongly supported throughout the Pleistocene, suggesting that the oscillating glacial and interglacial climate conditions in the Pleistocene had no substantial impact on the demographic history of S. niphonius.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kitada
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - K Nakajima
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - K Hamasaki
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kitada S, Yoshimura K, Miki K, Miki M, Hashimoto H, Matsui H, Kuroyama M, Ageshio F, Kagawa H, Mori M, Maekura R, Kobayashi K. Validation of a commercial serodiagnostic kit for diagnosing pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2015; 19:97-103. [PMID: 25519798 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.14.0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING A commercial serodiagnostic kit for diagnosing pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC-PD) was developed and launched in Japan in 2011. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of this kit in routine clinical settings. METHODS In this retrospective single-centre study, data on serum levels of anti-glycopeptidolipid (GPL) core IgA antibody (U/ml) measured using the kit were analysed in patients diagnosed with MAC-PD according to American Thoracic Society criteria, in those with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) or pulmonary M. kansasii disease and in healthy volunteers. RESULTS The anti-GPL-core IgA antibody levels of serum were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in patients with MAC-PD (n = 485) than in those with PTB (n = 133) or pulmonary M. kansasii disease (n = 23) or in healthy subjects (n = 265). When the cut-off level was set at 0.7 U/ml, the sensitivity and specificity were respectively 78.6% and 96.9%. Higher antibody levels were observed in patients with greater extent of disease on chest computed tomography (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The serodiagnostic kit revealed good sensitivity and specificity. The antibody levels may reflect disease activity. Additional work is needed to determine whether the diagnostic assay could be used in conjunction with current diagnostic criteria to improve the diagnosis of MAC-PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kitada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization, National Toneyama Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Yoshimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization, National Toneyama Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Miki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization, National Toneyama Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Miki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization, National Toneyama Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - H Hashimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization, National Toneyama Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - H Matsui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization, National Toneyama Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Kuroyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization, National Toneyama Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - F Ageshio
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization, National Toneyama Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - H Kagawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization, National Toneyama Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Mori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization, National Toneyama Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - R Maekura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization, National Toneyama Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Kobayashi
- Sakai City Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hamasaki K, Kato S, Murakami Y, Dan S, Kitada S. Larval growth, development and duration in terrestrial hermit crabs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3354/sedao00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Kitada S, Yamada S, Kuma A, Ouchi S, Tasaki T, Nabeshima A, Noguchi H, Wang KY, Shimajiri S, Nakano R, Izumi H, Kohno K, Matsumoto T, Sasaguri Y. Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase 3 independently predicts high-grade tumours and poor prognosis in patients with renal cell carcinomas. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:472-81. [PMID: 23799843 PMCID: PMC3721383 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-Ts) family of enzymes regulates the initial steps of mucin-type O-glycosylation. N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases might show novel patterns of GalNAc-T glycosylation on tumour-derived proteins, which could influence cancer biology, but its mechanisms are unclear. We investigated the association of GalNAc-T3 and -T6 expressions with clinicopathological features and prognoses of patients with renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). METHODS Expressions of GalNAc-T3/6 and cell-adhesion molecules were analysed immunohistochemically in 254 paraffin-embedded tumour samples of patients with RCC. RESULTS Of 138 GalNAc-T3+ cases, 46 revealed significant co-expression with GalNAc-T6. N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases-3+ expression showed a close relationship to poor clinical performance and large tumour size, or pathologically high Fuhrman's grading, and presence of vascular invasion and necrosis. The GalNAc-T3-positivity potentially suppressed adhesive effects with a significantly low β-catenin expression. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed the GalNAc-T3+ group, but not the GalNAc-T6+ group, to have significantly worse survival rates. CONCLUSION N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases-3 expression independently predicts high-grade tumour and poor prognosis in patients with RCC, and may offer a therapeutic target against RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kitada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - S Yamada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - A Kuma
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - S Ouchi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Kyushu Kosei Nenkin Hospital, Kitakyushu 806-8501, Japan
| | - T Tasaki
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - A Nabeshima
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - H Noguchi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - K-Y Wang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
- Department of Bio-information Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - S Shimajiri
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
- Laboratory of Pathology, Kyushu Kosei Nenkin Hospital, Kitakyushu 806-8501, Japan
| | - R Nakano
- Laboratory of Pathology, Kyushu Kosei Nenkin Hospital, Kitakyushu 806-8501, Japan
| | - H Izumi
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - K Kohno
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - T Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Y Sasaguri
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saiga H, Kitada S, Shimada Y, Kamiyama N, Okuyama M, Makino M, Yamamoto M, Takeda K. Critical role of AIM2 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Int Immunol 2012; 24:637-44. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
9
|
Kitada S, Uenami T, Yoshimura K, Tateishi Y, Miki K, Miki M, Hashimoto H, Fujikawa T, Mori M, Matsuura K, Kuroyama M, Maekura R. Long-term radiographic outcome of nodular bronchiectatic Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2012; 16:660-4. [PMID: 22410245 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.11.0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD) is a growing health problem, little is known about long-term radiographic outcome and factors for deterioration in patients with MAC-PD. METHODS Data on patients with nodular bronchiectatic (NBE) MAC-PD who underwent regular follow-up for >5 years were retrospectively reviewed. Changes in plain chest radiograph (CXR) and baseline characteristics were compared between the stable and deteriorated groups. RESULTS Seventy-two patients were investigated, including 30 patients who were examined 10 years after the initial visit. One patient (1.4%) showed progressive or remarkably progressive disease on CXR at 1 year; this rate increased to 22.2% at 5 years and to 53.3% at 10 years. Body mass index (BMI) at the initial visit was lower in the deteriorated group than in the stable group. Cavitary disease and resistance to a macrolide were seen more frequently at the initial visit in the deteriorated group than in the stable group. CONCLUSIONS NBE MAC-PD is a slowly but substantially progressive long-term infection (5-10 years). Our data suggest that patients with lower BMI, cavitary disease and resistance to a macrolide at initial visit are more likely to progress to deteriorating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kitada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organisation National Toneyama Hospital, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hamasaki K, Toriya S, Shishidou H, Sugaya T, Kitada S. Genetic effects of hatchery fish on wild populations in red sea bream Pagrus major (Perciformes, Sparidae) inferred from a partial sequence of mitochondrial DNA. J Fish Biol 2010; 77:2123-2136. [PMID: 21133919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Variation in the mitochondrial DNA transcriptional control region sequence was investigated in wild and hatchery-released red sea bream Pagrus major from Kagoshima Bay, where an extensive hatchery-release programme has been conducted for >30 years. The programme has successfully augmented commercial catches in the bay (released juveniles have been produced from the captive broodstock, repeatedly used over multiple generations). Samples were also obtained from outside the bay, where limited stocking has occurred. Genetic diversity indices measured as number of haplotypes, haplotype richness, haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were lower in hatchery-released fish than in wild fish. Genetic differences in wild fish from the bay, especially in the inner bay, compared with fish from outside the bay were detected in terms of decreased genetic diversity indices and changed haplotype frequencies. Unbiased population pair-wise F(ST) estimates based on an empirical Bayesian method, however, revealed low genetic differentiation between samples from the bay and its vicinity. Mixed stock identification analyses estimated the proportion of hatchery-released fish in wild populations in the inner and central bays at 39·0 and 8·7%, respectively, although the precision of the estimates was very low because of the small genetic differentiation between populations and relatively small sample sizes. Hence, the long-term extensive hatchery release programme has affected the genetic diversity of wild populations in the bay; however, the genetic effects were low and appeared to remain within the bay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Hamasaki
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Placzek WJ, Wei J, Kitada S, Zhai D, Reed JC, Pellecchia M. A survey of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 subfamily expression in cancer types provides a platform to predict the efficacy of Bcl-2 antagonists in cancer therapy. Cell Death Dis 2010; 1:e40. [PMID: 21364647 PMCID: PMC3032312 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2010.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mRNA expression levels of all six antiapoptotic Bcl-2 subfamily members in 68 human cancer cell lines using qPCR techniques and measured the ability of known Bcl-2 inhibitors to induce cell death in 36 of the studied tumor cell lines. Our study reveals that Mcl-1 represents the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 subfamily member with the highest mRNA levels in the lung, prostate, breast, ovarian, renal, and glioma cancer cell lines. In leukemia/lymphoma and melanoma cancer cell lines, Bcl-2 and Bfl-1 had the highest levels of mRNA, respectively. The observed correlation between the cell killing properties of known Bcl-2 inhibitors and the relative mRNA expression levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins provide critical insights into apoptosis-based anticancer strategies that target Bcl-2 proteins. Our data may explain current challenges of selective Bcl-2 inhibitors in the clinic, given that severe expression of Bcl-2 seems to be limited to leukemia cell lines. Furthermore, our data suggest that in most cancer types a strategy targeted to Mcl-1 inhibition, or combination of Bfl-1 and Mcl-1 inhibition for melanoma, may prove to be more successful than therapies targeting only Bcl-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J Placzek
- Sanford/Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kitada S, Nishiuchi Y, Hiraga T, Naka N, Hashimoto H, Yoshimura K, Miki K, Miki M, Motone M, Fujikawa T, Kobayashi K, Yano I, Maekura R. Serological test and chest computed tomography findings in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. Eur Respir J 2007; 29:1217-23. [PMID: 17251234 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00061806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present authors have previously reported the usefulness of a serodiagnostic test to detect serum glycopeptidolipid (GPL) core antibody in diagnosing Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease in immunocompetent patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate correlations between the levels of antibody against GPL core and chest computed tomography (CCT) findings in patients with MAC lung disease. A total of 47 patients with MAC-positive culture from their sputum and who had radiographic abnormalities were investigated. Thirty-three patients met the American Thoracic Society criteria for MAC disease; 14 did not. All patients underwent both CCT examination and the serodiagnostic test for MAC at the same time. Small nodular shadows were seen on CCT in all 47 patients and bronchiectasis shadows were seen in 39 (83%) of them. There was a significant positive correlation between the extent of the disease and the level of GPL core immunoglobulin (Ig)A antibody. The levels of GPL core IgA antibody were significantly elevated in patients who had nodular shadows (10-30 mm) compared with patients who had small nodular shadows (<10 mm). The present results document that the levels of immunoglobulin A antibody against glycopeptidolipid core correlate with the chest computed tomography findings of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kitada
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization National Toneyama Hospital, 5-1-1 Toneyama, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 560-8552, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Takeda S, Maeda H, Sawabata N, Kitada S, Mori M, Takashima S, Matsubara Y. Clinical impact of interstitial pneumonia following surgery for lung cancer. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 54:268-72. [PMID: 16755450 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-873068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Operative morbidity in patients with lung cancer associated with perioperative interstitial pneumonia (IP) has emerged as a serious problem. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied the clinical impact of perioperative related IP in 11 patients (IP group: 7 preoperative known, 4 acute onset) of 473 lung cancer patients who received a pulmonary resection. The IP group was compared to the remaining 462 patients (non-IP group). Demographic data, clinical presentation, and serum KL-6 levels were compared. RESULTS There were no differences in age, gender, type of surgery, and pulmonary function except for % DLco between the non-IP and IP groups. The IP group showed a higher in-hospital mortality (n=2: 18.3%) than that of the non-IP group (n=3: 0.6%) (P<0.005). Seven patients with underlying IP with high KL-6 levels showed an uneventful recovery. Two patients with postoperative onset of acute IP had a fatal course associated with elevation of serum KL-6 levels. CONCLUSIONS Postoperative development IP is a serious complication with high mortality, and serial measurement of KL-6 levels is useful to assess the activity of IP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Takeda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Toneyama National Hospital Toyonaka, City Osaka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Castro JE, Prada CE, Aguillon RA, Kitada S, Fukuda T, Motta M, Wu C, Dicker F, Sun G, Wang JYJ, Carson DA, Reed JC, Kipps TJ. Thymidine-phosphorothioate oligonucleotides induce activation and apoptosis of CLL cells independently of CpG motifs or BCL-2 gene interference. Leukemia 2006; 20:680-8. [PMID: 16498393 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We compared antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (PS-ODN) that target BCL-2 such as Genasense (G3139-PS), with other PS-ODN or phosphodiester-ODN (PO-ODN) in their relative capacity to induce apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells in vitro. Surprisingly, we found that thymidine-containing PS-ODN, but not PO-ODN, induced activation and apoptosis of CLL cells independent of BCL-2 antisense sequence or CpG motifs. All tested thimidine-containing PS-ODN, irrespective of their primary sequences, reduced the expression of Bcl-2 protein and increased the levels of the proapoptotic molecules p53, Bid, Bax in CLL cells. Apoptosis induced by thymidine-containing PS-ODN was preceded by cellular activation, could be blocked by the tyrosine-kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (Gleevec), and was dependent on ABL kinase. We conclude that thymidine-containing PS-ODN can activate CLL cells and induce apoptosis via a mechanism that is independent of BCL-2 gene interference or CpG motifs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Castro
- John and Rebecca Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lebedeva IV, Su ZZ, Emdad L, Kolomeyer A, Sarkar D, Kitada S, Waxman S, Reed JC, Fisher PB. Targeting inhibition of K-ras enhances Ad.mda-7-induced growth suppression and apoptosis in mutant K-ras colorectal cancer cells. Oncogene 2006; 26:733-44. [PMID: 16924242 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24) is a cancer-specific, growth-suppressing and apoptosis-inducing gene with broad-spectrum antitumor activity. However, when administered by means of a replication-incompetent adenovirus, Ad.mda-7, several colorectal carcinoma cell lines are resistant to its antiproliferative and antisurvival effects. We have presently endeavored to determine if K-ras mutations, present in approximately 40-50% of colorectal cancers and which may mediate resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, represent a predisposing genetic factor mitigating reduced sensitivity to Ad.mda-7. To suppress ras expression, three structurally different replication-incompetent adenoviral vectors were engineered that express (1) an intracellular, neutralizing single-chain antibody (scAb) to p21 ras (Ad.K-ras scAb), (2) an antisense (AS) K-ras gene (Ad.K-ras AS) or (3) both mda-7/IL-24 and a K-ras AS gene in a single bipartite virus (Ad.m7.KAS). Simultaneous inhibition of K-ras and expression of mda-7/IL-24 enhanced killing of colorectal carcinoma cells with mutated K-ras, but not with wild-type K-ras. The extent of killing depended on the degree of K-ras downregulation, with Ad.K-ras AS being generally more efficient than Ad.K-ras scAb in combination with Ad.mda-7. These findings support an effective dual-combinatorial approach for the therapy of colorectal cancers that employs a unique cancer-specific suppressor gene (mda-7/IL-24) with targeted inhibition of oncogene (ras) expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I V Lebedeva
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Grever MR, Dewald GW, Neuberg DS, Reed JC, Kitada S, Flinn IW, Appelbaum FR, Larson RA, Tallman MS, Gribben JG, Byrd JC. Select high risk genetic features predict earlier progression following chemotherapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Prospective randomized trial (Intergroup E2997) to evaluate justification for risk-adapted therapy. J Clin Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.6521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
6521 Background: Genomic features including lack of IgVH mutations, del(11q), del(17p), and p53 mutations have been reported to predict clinical course and overall survival in CLL patients (pts). Bcl-2 family proteins and ZAP-70 have also been explored as predictors in CLL. Methods: We prospectively evaluated the prognostic significance of clinical features and laboratory variables on response and progression-free survival (PFS) following treatment with fludarabine (F, n=132) or fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide (FC, n=137) as part of the US Intergroup Trial E2997 for previously untreated CLL. Results: FC therapy had higher complete response (CR) (23.4% versus 4.6%), overall response (OR) (74.3% versus 59%), and median PFS (31.6 mos versus 19.2 mos) compared to F. CR and OR were not significantly different based on interphase cytogenetics, IgVH status, or p53 mutation. IgVH status or levels of ZAP-70, Bcl-2, Bax, Mcl-1, XIAP, Caspase-3, and Traf-1 proteins were not associated with clinical response or PFS. IgVH status and ZAP-70 levels were associated with time from diagnosis to treatment. Using a model including treatment arm, pts with del(17p) or (11q) had significantly shorter PFS (hazard ratios 3.54 and 2.05 respectively). In pts with a p53 mutation without del(17p) there was no enhancement of the model predicting poorer outcome, nor did IgVH status enter the model for predicting PFS. Conclusions: Combination chemotherapy is associated with a higher CR, OR, and PFS. Also, initiation of therapy for pts with Rai stages 0/1 resulted in a higher response rate. Del(17p) and del(11q) are highly predictive of shortened PFS with fludarabine-based chemotherapy. IgVH and p53 mutational status, as well as expression of ZAP-70, Bcl-2 family proteins, and CD38, did not predict response or PFS. ZAP-70 expression is associated with cytogenetic subsets predicted to have a worse overall prognosis, but did not identify pts who will do poorly with therapy. A combination of clinical staging and cytogenetics provide support for future risk-stratified treatment of CLL. Pts with a projected short response duration can be identified for future investigational strategies. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Grever
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Institute of Cancer at Barts, London, United Kingdom
| | - G. W. Dewald
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Institute of Cancer at Barts, London, United Kingdom
| | - D. S. Neuberg
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Institute of Cancer at Barts, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. C. Reed
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Institute of Cancer at Barts, London, United Kingdom
| | - S. Kitada
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Institute of Cancer at Barts, London, United Kingdom
| | - I. W. Flinn
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Institute of Cancer at Barts, London, United Kingdom
| | - F. R. Appelbaum
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Institute of Cancer at Barts, London, United Kingdom
| | - R. A. Larson
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Institute of Cancer at Barts, London, United Kingdom
| | - M. S. Tallman
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Institute of Cancer at Barts, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. G. Gribben
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Institute of Cancer at Barts, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. C. Byrd
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Institute of Cancer at Barts, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Su ZZ, Lebedeva IV, Sarkar D, Emdad L, Gupta P, Kitada S, Dent P, Reed JC, Fisher PB. Ionizing radiation enhances therapeutic activity of mda-7/IL-24: overcoming radiation- and mda-7/IL-24-resistance in prostate cancer cells overexpressing the antiapoptotic proteins bcl-xL or bcl-2. Oncogene 2006; 25:2339-48. [PMID: 16331261 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Subtraction hybridization applied to terminally differentiating human melanoma cells identified mda-7/IL-24, a cytokine belonging to the IL-10 gene superfamily. Adenoviral-mediated delivery of mda-7/IL-24 (Ad.mda-7) provokes apoptosis selectively in a wide spectrum of cancers in vitro in cell culture, in vivo in human tumor xenograft animal models and in patients with advanced carcinomas and melanomas. In human prostate cancer cells, a role for mitochondrial dysfunction and induction of reactive oxygen species in the apoptotic process has been established. Ectopic overexpression of bcl-xL and bcl-2 prevents these changes including apoptosis induction in prostate tumor cells by Ad.mda-7. We now document that this resistance to apoptosis can be reversed by treating bcl-2 family overexpressing prostate tumor cells with ionizing radiation in combination with Ad.mda-7 or purified GST-MDA-7 protein. Additionally, radiation augments apoptosis induction by mda-7/IL-24 in parental and neomycin-resistant prostate tumor cells. Radiosensitization to mda-7/IL-24 is dependent on JNK signaling, as treatment with the JNK 1/2/3 inhibitor SP600125 abolishes this effect. Considering that elevated expression of bcl-xL and bcl-2 are frequent events in prostate cancer development and progression, the present studies support the use of ionizing radiation in combination with mda-7/IL-24 as a means of augmenting the therapeutic benefit of this gene in prostate cancer, particularly in the context of tumors displaying resistance to radiation therapy owing to bcl-2 family member overexpression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z-Z Su
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Castro JE, Prada CE, Kitada S, Contreras D, Viallet J, Reed JC, Kipps TJ. GX15–070MS, a synthetic small molecule induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.3167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Castro
- Univ of CA San Diego, La Jolla, CA; The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA; Gemin X - Biotechnologies, Malvern, PA
| | - C. E. Prada
- Univ of CA San Diego, La Jolla, CA; The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA; Gemin X - Biotechnologies, Malvern, PA
| | - S. Kitada
- Univ of CA San Diego, La Jolla, CA; The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA; Gemin X - Biotechnologies, Malvern, PA
| | - D. Contreras
- Univ of CA San Diego, La Jolla, CA; The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA; Gemin X - Biotechnologies, Malvern, PA
| | - J. Viallet
- Univ of CA San Diego, La Jolla, CA; The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA; Gemin X - Biotechnologies, Malvern, PA
| | - J. C. Reed
- Univ of CA San Diego, La Jolla, CA; The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA; Gemin X - Biotechnologies, Malvern, PA
| | - T. J. Kipps
- Univ of CA San Diego, La Jolla, CA; The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA; Gemin X - Biotechnologies, Malvern, PA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nishiuchi Y, Kitada S, Maekura R. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of small-scale glycopeptidolipid preparations to identify serovars of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 97:738-48. [PMID: 15357723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The antigenic glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) from Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) are grouped into 28 serovars on the basis of the variable oligosaccharide sequences and the core structures. To facilitate the identification of MAC serovars by employing liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), the diversity in fatty acyl moieties and the number of acetyl groups of GPLs should be characterized. METHODS AND RESULTS Employing a small-scale preparation method, sufficient quantities of intact GPLs could be obtained from several colonies of MAC within 4 h. Tandem mass spectrometry of GPLs showed the presence of common fragment ion at m/z 1048 in the main molecular species of all reference strains. It revealed that the acyl moieties had similar diversity among all serovars. Furthermore, intact GPLs had mainly one or two acetyl groups. This allowed us to determine the masses of each serovar based on intact GPLs and to classify 16 isolates from patients by LC/MS. CONCLUSIONS The present serotyping method using LC/MS analysis improved the precision of measurements and shortened the procedure time compared with conventional thin-layer chromatography or the seroagglutination test method. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This proposed method proves useful for identifying serovars of MAC for epidemiological and pathogenic research purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Nishiuchi
- Toneyama Institute for Tuberculosis Research Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lucas DM, Davis ME, Parthun MR, Mone AP, Kitada S, Cunningham KD, Flax EL, Wickham J, Reed JC, Byrd JC, Grever MR. The histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Leukemia 2004; 18:1207-14. [PMID: 15116122 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
MS-275 is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that has been reported to mediate its cytotoxic effect through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in proliferating hematopoietic cell lines. We examined efficacy of MS-275 in nonproliferating chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells from patients. In these cells, MS-275 demonstrated an in vitro LC(50) that was one log lower than for normal mononuclear cells. Following MS-275 treatment, histones H3 and H4 showed increased acetylation and HDAC enzymatic activity was reduced. Caspase-8, -9, and -3 were activated, and caspase substrates PARP and BID were cleaved. Additionally, FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP) was downmodulated following MS-275 incubation. MS-275 treatment caused detectable ROS generation after 15 h of incubation, which was blocked by the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk. Overexpression of Bcl-2 protein protected against MS-275-induced apoptosis. These data demonstrate that MS-275 is a promising therapy for the treatment of CLL, but that in contrast to previous reports, ROS generation does not precede commitment to apoptosis. Similar to many other therapeutic targets, MS-275-mediated apoptosis is reduced by overexpression of Bcl-2, justifying strategies to combine HDAC inhibitors with Bcl-2 antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Lucas
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Miyamoto T, Takayama N, Kitada S, Hagari Y, Mihara M. Febrile ulceronecrotic Mucha-Habermann disease: a case report and a review of the literature. J Clin Pathol 2003; 56:795-7. [PMID: 14514790 PMCID: PMC1770083 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.56.10.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the case of a 76 year old man who suffered from febrile ulceronecrotic Mucha-Habermann disease (FUMHD). Despite this patient's typical clinical and histological findings, the fulminating course led to death. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the skin lesions showed that the infiltrating cells were monoclonal in origin and were from an aberrant clone. FUMHD is a very rare, febrile variant type of pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta, and is characterised by necrotic cutaneous ulcerations associated with high fever and systemic manifestations. Including this present case, only 18 cases of FUMHD have been reported. FUMHD can occur in both adults and children, although there are several differences between the manifestations of the disease in the two groups. One major difference is prognosis: all cases resulting in fatality are of the adult type, whereas no fatal cases have been reported among children. The aberrant clone detected by PCR may be responsible for host responses, resulting in the severe symptoms observed in this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Miyamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Tsuyama Central Hospital, 1756 Kawasaki, Tsuyama 708-0841, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Suh WS, Kim YS, Schimmer AD, Kitada S, Minden M, Andreeff M, Suh N, Sporn M, Reed JC. Synthetic triterpenoids activate a pathway for apoptosis in AML cells involving downregulation of FLIP and sensitization to TRAIL. Leukemia 2003; 17:2122-9. [PMID: 12931220 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) remains a deadly disease for most adult patients, due primarily to the emergence of chemoresistant cells. Defects in apoptosis pathways make important contributions to chemoresistance, suggesting a need to restore apoptosis sensitivity or to identify alternative pathways for apoptosis induction. Triterpenoids represent a class of naturally occurring and synthetic compounds with demonstrated antitumor activity, including 2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) and its methyl ester (CDDO-m). We explored the effects of CDDO and CDDO-m in vitro on established AML cell lines (HL-60, U937, AML-2) and on freshly isolated AML blasts. CDDO and CDDO-m reduced the viability of all AML cell lines tested in a dose-dependent manner, with effective doses for killing 50% of cells (ED(50)) within 48 h of approximately 1 and 0.5 muM, respectively. CDDO or CDDO-m also induced substantial increases in cell death in five out of 10 samples of primary AML blasts. Cell death induced by CDDO and CDDO-m was attributed to apoptosis, based on characteristic cell morphology and evidence of caspase activation. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated proteolytic processing of caspase-3, -7, and -8, but not caspase-9, suggesting the involvement of the 'extrinsic' pathway, linked to apoptosis induction by TNF-family death receptors. Accordingly, CDDO and CDDO-m induced concentration-dependent reductions in the levels of FLIP protein, an endogenous antagonist of caspase-8, without altering the levels of several other apoptosis-relevant proteins. Reductions in FLIP were rapid, detectable within 3 h after exposure of AML cell lines to CDDO or CDDO-m. CDDO and CDDO-m also sensitized two of four leukemia lines to TRAIL, a TNF-family death ligand. The findings suggest that synthetic triterpenoids warrant further investigation in the treatment of AML, alone or in combination with TRAIL or other immune-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W-S Suh
- The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Miyamoto T, Ikehara A, Kobayashi T, Kitada S, Hagari Y, Mihara M. Cutaneous eruptions in coma patients with nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis. Dermatology 2002; 203:233-7. [PMID: 11701977 DOI: 10.1159/000051755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdomyolysis has been described most commonly after muscle injury but may also result from coma due to alcohol intake or drug abuse. Its clinical findings usually occur as muscular pain and swelling, but these symptoms are also seen in as many as 60% of patients with nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis. The diagnosis of slight nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis is often difficult to establish clinically. Few previous studies have reported cutaneous symptoms in nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis. OBJECTIVE We attempted to elucidate a relationship between nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis and cutaneous eruption. METHODS We studied 7 patients who were diagnosed as having massive to slight nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis with a cutaneous eruption in pressure areas at the first visit to our hospital between March 28, 1988, and June 27, 1998. RESULTS They revealed wine-red-colored urine and elevated serum myogenic enzyme. Two patients complained of muscle pain. In all patients, cutaneous eruptions including well-demarcated erythema, bullae and deep ulcers were observed in areas of pressure. The pathological findings of 5 cutaneous eruptions revealed necrosis of sweat ducts and glands in the dermis. CONCLUSIONS The pathogenesis of nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis and the cutaneous eruptions in coma patients has not been elucidated, but these conditions are due to similar factors; pressure and hypoxia are considered to be important causative factors for both. Cutaneous eruptions in the coma patient may be an important clinical symptom of nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Miyamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Tsuyama Central Hospital, Tsuyama, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pathan N, Aime-Sempe C, Kitada S, Basu A, Haldar S, Reed JC. Microtubule-targeting drugs induce bcl-2 phosphorylation and association with Pin1. Neoplasia 2001; 3:550-9. [PMID: 11774038 PMCID: PMC1506558 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2000] [Accepted: 12/18/2000] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 is a critical suppressor of apoptosis that is overproduced in many types of cancer. Phosphorylation of the Bcl-2 protein is induced on serine residues in tumor cells arrested by microtubule-targeting drugs (paclitaxel, vincristine, nocodazole) and has been associated with inactivation of antiapoptotic function through an unknown mechanism. Comparison of a variety of pharmacological inhibitors of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases demonstrated that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, flavopiridol, selectively blocks Bcl-2 phosphorylation induced by antimicrotubule drugs. Bcl-2 could also be coimmunoprecipitated with the kinase Cdc2 in M-phase-arrested cells, suggesting that Cdc2 may be responsible for phosphorylation of Bcl-2 in cells treated with microtubule-targeting drugs. Examination of several serine-->alanine substitution mutants of Bcl-2 suggested that serine 70 and serine 87 represent major sites of Bcl-2 phosphorylation induced in response to microtubule-targeting drugs. Both these serines are within sequence contexts suitable for proline-directed kinases such as Cdc2. Phosphorylated Bcl-2 protein was discovered to associate in M-phase-arrested cells with Pin1, a mitotic peptidyl prolyl isomerase (PPIase) known to interact with substrates of Cdc2 during mitosis. In contrast, phosphorylation of Bcl-2 induced by microtubule-targeting drugs did not alter its ability to associate with Bcl-2 (homodimerization), Bax, BAG1, or other Bcl-2-binding proteins. Since the region in Bcl-2 containing serine 70 and serine 87 represents a proline-rich loop that has been associated with autorepression of its antiapoptotic activity, the discovery of Pin1 interactions with phosphorylated Bcl-2 raises the possibility that Pin1 alters the conformation of Bcl-2 and thereby modulates its function in cells arrested with antimicrotubule drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Pathan
- The Burnham Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kojima K, Yamasaki E, Kitada S, Ogishima T, Ito A. Recognition of mitochondrial protein precursor lacking arginine at position -2 by mitochondrial processing peptidase: processing of bovine cytochrome P450(SCC) precursor. J Biochem 2001; 130:497-502. [PMID: 11574069 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a003012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP) specifically cleaves off the N-terminal presequence of the mitochondrial protein precursor. Previous studies demonstrated that Arg at position -2 from the cleavage site, which is found among many precursors, plays a critical role in recognition by MPP. We analyzed the structural elements of bovine cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme precursor [pre-P450(SCC)], which has Ala at position -2, for recognition by MPP. Replacement of Ala position -2 of pre-P450(SCC) with Arg resulted in an increase in the cleavage rate. Replacement with Gly caused a reduction in the cleavage rate and the appearance of an additional cleavage site downstream of the authentic site. A pre-P450(SCC) mutant with Met at position -2 retained cleavage efficiency equal to that of the wild type. These results indicate that -2 Ala of pre-P450(SCC) is recognized by MPP as a determinant for precise cleavage, and that the amino acid at -2 is required to have a straight methylene chain for interaction with the S(2) site. The preference for distal basic residues, a hydrophobic residue at +1, and hydroxyl residues at +2 and +3, was almost the same as those of the precursors with Arg at -2, indicating that the recognition mechanism of pre-P450(SCC) by MPP is essentially the same as that of the precursors with Arg at position -2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kitada S, Kojima K, Ito A. Glu(191) and Asp(195) in rat mitochondrial processing peptidase beta subunit are involved in effective cleavage of precursor protein through interaction with the proximal arginine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 287:594-9. [PMID: 11563836 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP), consisting of alpha and beta subunits, recognizes a large variety of N-terminal extension peptides of mitochondrial precursor proteins, and generally cleaves a single site of the peptide including arginine at the -2 position (P(2)). We obtained evidence that Glu(191) and Asp(195) of rat beta subunit interact with P(2) arginine of precursor protein through ionic and hydrogen bonds, respectively, using recombinant MPP. Mutation to alanines at Glu(191) and Asp(195) reduced processing activity toward precursors with P(2) arginine, but resulted in no loss of activity toward P(2) alanine precursors. Charge-complementary mutation demonstrated that MPP variants with beta Arg(191) exhibited compensatory processing activity for the precursor with acidic residue at the P(2) position. Thus, Glu(191) and Asp(195) are substrate-binding sites required for cleavage of extension peptides through interaction with P(2) arginine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kitada
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
There are many very effective methods to introduce transcriptionally active DNA into viable cells but approaches to deliver functional proteins are limited. We have developed a lipid-mediated delivery system that can deliver functional proteins or other bioactive molecules into living cells. This delivery system is composed of a new trifluoroacetylated lipopolyamine (TFA-DODAPL) and dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). This cationic formulation successfully delivered antibodies, dextran sulfates, phycobiliproteins, albumin, and enzymes (beta-galactosidase and proteases) into the cytoplasm of numerous adherent and suspension cells. Two systems were used to demonstrate that the proteins were delivered in a functionally active form. First, intracellular beta-galactosidase activity was clearly demonstrated within X-gal-stained cells after TFA-DODAPL:DOPE-mediated delivery of the enzyme. Second, the delivery system mediated delivery of several caspases (caspase 3, caspase 8, and granzyme B) into cultured cell lines and primary cells triggering apoptosis. Mechanistic studies showed that up to 100% of the protein mixed with the lipid formulation was captured into a lipid-protein complex, and up to 50% of the input protein associated with cells. This lipid-mediated transport system makes protein delivery into cultured cells as convenient, effective, and reliable as DNA transfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Zelphati
- Gene Therapy Systems Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pathan N, Marusawa H, Krajewska M, Matsuzawa S, Kim H, Okada K, Torii S, Kitada S, Krajewski S, Welsh K, Pio F, Godzik A, Reed JC. TUCAN, an antiapoptotic caspase-associated recruitment domain family protein overexpressed in cancer. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:32220-9. [PMID: 11408476 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m100433200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-associated recruitment domains (CARDs) are protein interaction domains that participate in activation or suppression of CARD-carrying members of the caspase family of apoptosis-inducing proteases. A novel CARD-containing protein was identified that is overexpressed in some types of cancer and that binds and suppresses activation of procaspase-9, which we term TUCAN (tumor-up-regulated CARD-containing antagonist of caspase nine). The CARD domain of TUCAN selectively binds itself and procaspase-9. TUCAN interferes with binding of Apaf1 to procaspase-9 and suppresses caspase activation induced by the Apaf1 activator, cytochrome c. Overexpression of TUCAN in cells by stable or transient transfection inhibits apoptosis and caspase activation induced by Apaf1/caspase-9-dependent stimuli, including Bax, VP16, and staurosporine, but not by Apaf1/caspase-9-independent stimuli, Fas and granzyme B. High levels of endogenous TUCAN protein were detected in several tumor cell lines and in colon cancer specimens, correlating with shorter patient survival. Thus, TUCAN represents a new member of the CARD family that selectively suppresses apoptosis induced via the mitochondrial pathway for caspase activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Pathan
- Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Taylor AB, Smith BS, Kitada S, Kojima K, Miyaura H, Otwinowski Z, Ito A, Deisenhofer J. Crystal structures of mitochondrial processing peptidase reveal the mode for specific cleavage of import signal sequences. Structure 2001; 9:615-25. [PMID: 11470436 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP) is a metalloendopeptidase that cleaves the N-terminal signal sequences of nuclear-encoded proteins targeted for transport from the cytosol to the mitochondria. Mitochondrial signal sequences vary in length and sequence, but each is cleaved at a single specific site by MPP. The cleavage sites typically contain an arginine at position -2 (in the N-terminal portion) from the scissile peptide bond in addition to other distal basic residues, and an aromatic residue at position +1. Mitochondrial import machinery recognizes amphiphilic helical conformations in signal sequences. However, it is unclear how MPP specifically recognizes diverse presequence substrates. RESULTS The crystal structures of recombinant yeast MPP and a cleavage-deficient mutant of MPP complexed with synthetic signal peptides have been determined. MPP is a heterodimer; its alpha and beta subunits are homologous to the core II and core I proteins, respectively, of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex. Crystal structures of two different synthetic substrate peptides cocrystallized with the mutant MPP each show the peptide bound in an extended conformation at the active site. Recognition sites for the arginine at position -2 and the +1 aromatic residue are observed. CONCLUSIONS MPP bound two mitochondrial import presequence peptides in extended conformations in a large polar cavity. The presequence conformations differ from the amphiphilic helical conformation recognized by mitochondrial import components. Our findings suggest that the presequences adopt context-dependent conformations through mitochondrial import and processing, helical for recognition by mitochondrial import machinery and extended for cleavage by the main processing component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A B Taylor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nozaki T, Kagaya Y, Ishide N, Kitada S, Miura M, Nawata J, Ohno I, Watanabe J, Shirato K. Interaction between sarcomere and mitochondrial length in normoxic and hypoxic rat ventricular papillary muscles. Cardiovasc Pathol 2001; 10:125-32. [PMID: 11485856 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-8807(01)00071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the mitochondrial length may be altered according to changes in the sarcomere length, and that this relationship may be affected by exposure to hypoxia. Rat ventricular papillary muscles were isolated and immersed in normoxic or hypoxic solutions for 10 min. Sarcomeres of various lengths were obtained by fixing the papillary muscles in a slack or stretched state, or after exposure to a contracture solution containing saponin and CaCl(2). The mitochondrial length measured using electron microscopy significantly correlated to the length of the adjacent sarcomere in both the normoxic (n=767) and hypoxic (n=1145) groups (P<.0001). The slope of the regression line, however, was significantly less steep, and its intercept was significantly larger in the hypoxic group than in the normoxic group (analysis of covariance). When we analyzed the mitochondrial lengths among the three sarcomere-length subgroups (<1.5, 1.5-2.0, and >2.0 microm), the mitochondrial length was significantly shorter in the hypoxic condition than in the normoxic condition at sarcomere lengths greater than 2.0 microm. Staining for desmin, the major muscle-type intermediate filament, the longitudinal system of which connects the mitochondria with the Z bands of sarcomeres, showed a clear cross-striation pattern in both papillary muscles with and without the exposure to hypoxia, suggesting that desmin was preserved after the exposure to hypoxia. These data indicate that the mitochondrial length changes according to changes in the sarcomere length, suggesting the possible role of mitochondria as an internal load against myocyte contraction. It is also suggested that mitochondria exposed to hypoxia may be more resistive to both compression and stretch in a longitudinal direction than those in the normoxic condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Nozaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8574, Aoba-ku, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Meinhold-Heerlein I, Stenner-Liewen F, Liewen H, Kitada S, Krajewska M, Krajewski S, Zapata JM, Monks A, Scudiero DA, Bauknecht T, Reed JC. Expression and potential role of Fas-associated phosphatase-1 in ovarian cancer. Am J Pathol 2001; 158:1335-44. [PMID: 11290551 PMCID: PMC1891890 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fas-associated phosphatase-1 (FAP-1) is a protein-tyrosine phosphatase that binds the cytosolic tail of Fas (Apo1, CD95), presumably regulating Fas-induced apoptosis. Elevations of FAP-1 protein levels in some tumor cell lines have been correlated with resistance to Fas-induced apoptosis. To explore the expression of FAP-1 in ovarian cancer cell lines and archival tumor specimens, mouse monoclonal and rabbit polyclonal antibodies were generated against a FAP-1 peptide and recombinant FAP-1 protein. These antibodies were used for immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and flow-cytometry analysis of FAP-1 expression in the Fas-sensitive ovarian cancer lines HEY and BG-1, and in the Fas-resistant lines OVCAR-3 FR and SK-OV-3. All methods demonstrated high levels of FAP-1 in the resistant lines OVCAR-3 FR and SK-OV-3, but not in the Fas-sensitive lines HEY and BG-1. Furthermore, levels of FAP-1 protein also correlated with the amounts of FAP-1 mRNA, as determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. FAP-1 protein levels were investigated by immunoblotting in the National Cancer Institute's panel of 60 human tumor cell lines. Although FAP-1 failed to correlate with Fas-resistance across the entire tumor panel, Fas-resistance correlated significantly with FAP-1 expression (P: < or = 0.05) and a low Fas/FAP-1 ratio (P: < or = 0.028) in ovarian cancer cell lines. FAP-1 expression was also evaluated in 95 archival ovarian cancer specimens using tissue-microarray technology. FAP-1 was expressed in nearly all tumors, regardless of histological type or grade, stage, patient age, response to chemotherapy, or patient survival. We conclude that FAP-1 correlates significantly with Fas resistance in ovarian cancer cell lines and is commonly expressed in ovarian cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Meinhold-Heerlein
- Program on Apoptosis and Cell Death Research, The Burnham Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP), a metalloendopeptidase consisting of alpha- and beta-subunits, specifically cleaves off the N-terminal presequence of the mitochondrial protein precursor. Structural information of the substrate bound to MPP was obtained using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurement. A series of the peptide substrates, which have distal arginine residues required for effective cleavage at positions -7, -10, -14, and -17 from the cleavage site, were synthesized and covalently labeled with 7-diethyl aminocoumarin-3-carboxylic acid at the N termini and N,N'-dimethyl-N-(iodoacetyl)-N'-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)ethylenediamine (IANBD) at position +4, as fluorescent donor and acceptor, respectively. When the peptides were bound to MPP, substantially the same distances were obtained between the two probes, irrespective of the length of the intervening sequence between the two probes. When 7-diethylamino-3-(4'-maleimidyl phenyl)-4-methyl coumarin was introduced into a single cysteine residue in beta-MPP as a donor and IANBD was coupled either at the N terminus or the +4 position of the peptide substrate as an acceptor, intermolecular FRET measurements also demonstrated that distances of the donor-acceptor pair were essentially the same among the peptides with different lengths of intervening sequences. The results indicate that the N-terminal portion and the portion around the cleavage site of the presequence interact with specific sites in the MPP molecule, irrespective of the length of the intervening sequence between the two portions, suggesting the structure of the intervening sequence is flexible when bound to the MPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pathan N, Aime-Sempe C, Kitada S, Haldar S, Reed JC. Microtubule-targeting drugs induce Bcl-2 phosphorylation and association with Pin1. Neoplasia 2001; 3:70-9. [PMID: 11326318 PMCID: PMC1505024 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2000] [Accepted: 12/13/2000] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 is a critical suppressor of apoptosis that is overproduced in many types of cancer. Phosphorylation of the Bcl-2 protein is induced on serine residues in tumor cells arrested by microtubule-targeting drugs (paclitaxel, vincristine, nocodazole) and has been associated with inactivation of antiapoptotic function through an unknown mechanism. Comparison of a variety of pharmacological inhibitors of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases demonstrated that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, flavopiridol, selectively blocks Bcl-2 phosphorylation induced by antimicrotubule drugs. Bcl-2 could also be coimmunoprecipitated with the kinase Cdc2 in M-phase-arrested cells, suggesting that a Cdc2 may be responsible for phosphorylation of Bcl-2 in cells treated with microtubule-targeting drugs. Examination of several serine-->alanine substitution mutants of Bcl-2 suggested that serine 70 and serine 87 represent major sites of Bcl-2 phosphorylation induced in response to microtubule-targeting drugs. Both these serines are within sequence contexts suitable for proline-directed kinases such as Cdc2. Phosphorylated Bcl-2 protein was discovered to associate in M-phase-arrested cells with Pin1, a mitotic peptidyl prolyl isomerase (PPIase) known to interact with substrates of Cdc2 during mitosis. In contrast, phosphorylation of Bcl-2 induced by microtubule-targeting drugs did not alter its ability to associate with Bcl-2 (homodimerization), Bax, BAG1, or other Bcl-2-binding proteins. Since the region in Bcl-2 containing serine 70 and serine 87 represents a proline-rich loop that has been associated with autorepression of its antiapoptotic activity, the discovery of Pin1 interactions with phosphorylated Bcl-2 raises the possibility that Pin1 alters the conformation of Bcl-2 and thereby modulates its function in cells arrested with antimicrotubule drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Pathan
- The Burnham Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP), a metalloendopeptidase consisting of alpha and beta subunits, specifically recognizes a large variety of mitochondrial precursor proteins and cleaves off the N-terminal basic matrix targeting signals (MTS). Basic residues in MTS and acidic sites in MPP are required for effective processing. To elucidate whether the enzyme recognizes the MTS through electrostatic interaction, we investigated the effects of various salts on MPP activity. Decreases in the activity depended on the ionic strength and increases in the Michaelis constant value correlated clearly with the ionic strength, indicating a lower affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. Direct determination of the affinity between MPP and a MTS peptide using surface plasmon resonance showed a decrease in the association rate with high salt and that dissociation constant values were decreased. The effect of salt on the processing activity towards a variety of precursors was confirmed using five precursors with different sequences and lengths of MTS. Thus, we propose that electrostatic interactions are indispensable for the association between various MTS and MPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kitada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Suzuki H, Okazawa Y, Komiya T, Saeki K, Mekada E, Kitada S, Ito A, Mihara K. Characterization of rat TOM40, a central component of the preprotein translocase of the mitochondrial outer membrane. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:37930-6. [PMID: 10980201 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006558200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We cloned a 38-kDa rat mitochondrial outer membrane protein (OM38) with structural homology to the central component of preprotein translocase of the fungal mitochondrial outer membrane, Tom40. Although it has no predictable alpha-helical transmembrane segments, OM38 is resistant to alkaline carbonate extraction and is inaccessible to proteases and polyclonal antibodies added from outside the mitochondria, suggesting that it is embedded in the membrane, probably in a beta-barrel structure, as has been similarly speculated for fungal Tom40. Immunoprecipitation demonstrated that OM38 is associated with the major import receptors rTOM20 and rTOM22, and several other unidentified components with molecular masses of 5-10 kDa in digitonin-solubilized membrane: OM10, OM7.5, and OM5. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that OM38 is a component of a approximately 400-kDa complex, firmly associating with rTOM22 and loosely associating with rTOM20. The preprotein in transit to the matrix interacted with the TOM complex containing OM38, and immunodepletion of OM38 resulted in the loss of preprotein import activity of the detergent-solubilized and reconstituted outer membrane vesicles. Taken together, these results indicate that OM38 is a structural and functional homolog of fungal Tom40 and functions as a component of the preprotein import machinery of the rat mitochondrial outer membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-0054, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
We developed an empirical Bayes procedure to estimate genetic distances between populations using allele frequencies. This procedure makes it possible to describe the skewness of the genetic distance while taking full account of the uncertainty of the sample allele frequencies. Dirichlet priors of the allele frequencies are specified, and the posterior distributions of the various composite parameters are obtained by Monte Carlo simulation. To avoid overdependence on subjective priors, we adopt a hierarchical model and estimate hyperparameters by maximizing the joint marginal-likelihood function. Taking advantage of the empirical Bayesian procedure, we extend the method to estimate the effective population size using temporal changes in allele frequencies. The method is applied to data sets on red sea bream, herring, northern pike, and ayu broodstock. It is shown that overdispersion overestimates the genetic distance and underestimates the effective population size, if it is not taken into account during the analysis. The joint marginal-likelihood function also estimates the rate of gene flow into island populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kitada
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nagao Y, Kitada S, Kojima K, Toh H, Kuhara S, Ogishima T, Ito A. Glycine-rich region of mitochondrial processing peptidase alpha-subunit is essential for binding and cleavage of the precursor proteins. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:34552-6. [PMID: 10942759 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial processing peptidase, a metalloendopeptidase consisting of alpha- and beta-subunits, specifically recognizes a large variety of mitochondrial precursor proteins and cleaves off amino-terminal extension peptides. The alpha-subunit has a characteristic glycine-rich segment in the middle portion. To elucidate the role of the region in processing functions of the enzyme, deletion or site-directed mutations were introduced, and effects on kinetic parameters and substrate binding of the enzyme were analyzed. Deletion of three residues of the region, Phe(289) to Ala(291), led to a dramatic reduction in processing activity to practically zero. Mutation of Phe(289), Lys(296), and Met(298) to alanine resulted in a decrease in the activity, but these mutations had no apparent effect on interactions between the two subunits, indicating that reduction in processing activity is not due to structural disruption at the interface interacting with the beta-subunit. Although the mutant enzymes, Phe289Ala, Lys296Ala, and Met298Ala, had an approximate 10-fold less affinity for substrate peptides than did that of the wild type, the deletion mutant, delta 289-291, showed an extremely low affinity. Thus, shortening of the glycine-rich stretch led to a dramatic reduction of interaction between the enzyme and substrate peptides and cleavage reaction, whereas mutation of each amino acid in this region seemed to affect primarily the cleavage reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Nagao
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Amundson SA, Myers TG, Scudiero D, Kitada S, Reed JC, Fornace AJ. An informatics approach identifying markers of chemosensitivity in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 2000; 60:6101-10. [PMID: 11085534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
We have used a sensitive and reproducible method of measuring mRNA expression to compare basal levels of 10 transcripts in the 60 cell lines of the National Cancer Institute's in vitro anticancer drug screen (NCI-ACDS) under conditions of exponential growth. The strongest correlation among these target genes was between levels of CIP1/WAF1 and BAX. Levels of the three major growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene transcripts, (GADD34, GADD45, and GADD153), which are coordinately regulated in response to many stresses, were also correlated across the 60 cell lines. Although the stress induction of several of the transcripts studied here has been shown to be dependent on wild-type p53 status, basal levels of only CIP1/WAF1 and BAX were found to correlate with p53 status. As expected, basal expression of O6 alkyl guanine alkyl-transferase correlated well with resistance to O6-alkylating agents (r = -0.44) but not with resistance to alkylators with different mechanisms of action (r = -0.04). When basal expression levels of the 10 genes across the NCI-ACDS panel were compared with sensitivities to a panel of 122 standard chemotherapy agents, the most striking relationship was a strong negative correlation (r = -0.3) between basal BCL-X levels and sensitivity to drugs in all of the mechanistic classes except one class of antimetabolites. Sensitivities to a maximally diverse sample of 1200 from 70,000 compounds tested in the NCI-ACDS of agents were also negatively correlated with BCL-X levels. A novel application of factor analysis revealed that the newly discovered associations were independent of previously demonstrated sensitivity factors such as p53 mutation status and native population doubling time. A similar pattern of correlation was seen for Bcl-X(L) protein levels. Conversely, BAX and BCL2, two other genes associated with regulation of apoptosis, showed no overall correlation with drug sensitivities. This suggests that BCL-X may play a unique role in general resistance to cytotoxic agents, with the cell lines demonstrating relative resistance to 70,000 cytotoxic agents in the NCI-ACDS being characterized by high BCL-X expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Amundson
- NIH, National Cancer Institute, Biological Research Laboratory, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zapata JM, Krajewska M, Krajewski S, Kitada S, Welsh K, Monks A, McCloskey N, Gordon J, Kipps TJ, Gascoyne RD, Shabaik A, Reed JC. TNFR-associated factor family protein expression in normal tissues and lymphoid malignancies. J Immunol 2000; 165:5084-96. [PMID: 11046039 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.9.5084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
TNFR-associated factors (TRAFs) constitute a family of adapter proteins that associate with particular TNF family receptors. Humans and mice contain six TRAF genes, but little is known about their in vivo expression at the single cell level. The in vivo locations of TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF5, and TRAF6 were determined in human and mouse tissues by immunohistochemistry. Striking diversity was observed in the patterns of immunostaining obtained for each TRAF family protein, suggesting their expression is independently regulated in a cell type-specific manner. Dynamic regulation of TRAFs was observed in cultured PBLs, where anti-CD3 Abs, mitogenic lectins, and ILs induced marked increases in the steady-state levels of TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF5, and TRAF6. TRAF1 was also highly inducible by CD40 ligand in cultured germinal center B cells, whereas TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF5, and TRAF6 were relatively unchanged. Analysis of 83 established human tumor cell lines by semiquantitative immunoblotting methods revealed tendencies of certain cancer types to express particular TRAFs. For example, expression of TRAF1 was highly restricted, with B cell lymphomas consistently expressing this TRAF family member. Consistent with results from tumor cell lines, immunohistochemical analysis of 232 non-Hodgkin lymphomas revealed TRAF1 overexpression in 112 (48%) cases. TRAF1 protein levels were also elevated in circulating B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia specimens (n = 49) compared with normal peripheral blood B cells (p = 0.01), as determined by immunoblotting. These findings contribute to an improved understanding of the cell-specific roles of TRAFs in normal tissues and provide evidence of altered TRAF1 expression in lymphoid malignancies.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Germinal Center/cytology
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/pathology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Lymphoma/metabolism
- Lymphoma/pathology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/immunology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Specificity/immunology
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Staining and Labeling
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 1
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Zapata
- The Burnham Institute, Program on Apoptosis and Cell Death Regulation, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kitada S, Zapata JM, Andreeff M, Reed JC. Protein kinase inhibitors flavopiridol and 7-hydroxy-staurosporine down-regulate antiapoptosis proteins in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2000; 96:393-7. [PMID: 10887097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Compounds that inhibit protein kinases are currently undergoing clinical evaluation for the treatment of a variety of malignancies. The kinase inhibitors flavopiridol and 7 hydroxy-staurosporine (UCN-01) were examined for their effects on B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells in vitro (n = 49). Flavopiridol and UCN-01 induced concentration-dependent apoptosis of most B-CLL samples tested, with greater than 50% cell killing occurring at concentrations of less than 1 mcmol/L, and with flavopiridol displaying more potent activity than UCN-01. Flavopiridol (0.1 mcmol/L) and UCN-01 (1 mcmol/L) also induced striking decreases in the levels of the antiapoptosis proteins Mcl-1, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), and BAG-1 in nearly all cases of B-CLL and of Bcl-2 in approximately half of B-CLL specimens evaluated. In contrast, expression of the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bak was not significantly influenced by these kinase inhibitors. Flavopiridol-induced decreases in the levels of antiapoptosis proteins Mcl-1 and XIAP preceded apoptosis and were not substantially affected by the addition of caspase inhibitors to cultures. In contrast, UCN-01-stimulated decreases in antiapoptosis proteins were slower, occurred concurrently with apoptosis, and were partially prevented by caspase inhibitors. The findings suggest that flavopiridol and UCN-01 induce apoptosis of B-CLL cells through different mechanisms. The potent apoptotic activities of flavopiridol and UCN-01 against cultured B-CLL cells suggest that they may be effective as single agents in the treatment of B-CLL or for sensitizing B-CLL cells to conventional cytotoxic drugs. (Blood. 2000;96:393-397)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kitada
- Burnham Institute, Program on Apoptosis and Cell Death Research, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tamm I, Kornblau SM, Segall H, Krajewski S, Welsh K, Kitada S, Scudiero DA, Tudor G, Qui YH, Monks A, Andreeff M, Reed JC. Expression and prognostic significance of IAP-family genes in human cancers and myeloid leukemias. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6:1796-803. [PMID: 10815900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Expression of several inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) was investigated in the National Cancer Institute panel of 60 human tumor cell lines, and the expression and prognostic significance of one of these, XIAP, was evaluated in 78 previously untreated patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). XIAP and cIAP1 were expressed in most cancer lines analyzed, with substantial variability in their relative levels. In contrast, NAIP mRNA was not detectable, and cIAP2 was found at the mRNA and protein levels in only 34 (56%) and 5 (8%) of the 60 tumor cell lines analyzed, respectively. Interestingly, XIAP, cIAP1, and cIAP2 mRNA levels did not correlate with protein levels in the tumor lines, indicating posttranscriptional regulation of expression. High levels of XIAP protein in tumor cell lines were unexpectedly correlated with sensitivity to some anticancer drugs, particularly cytarabine and other nucleosides, whereas higher levels of cIAP1 protein levels were associated with resistance to several anticancer drugs. The relevance of XIAP to in vivo responses to cytarabine was explored in AML, making correlations with patient outcome (n = 78). Patients with lower levels of XIAP protein had significantly longer survival (median, 133 versus 52.5 weeks; P = 0.05) and a tendency toward longer remission duration (median, 87 versus 52.5 weeks; P = 0.13) than those with higher levels of XIAP. Altogether, these findings show that IAPs are widely but differentially expressed in human cancers and leukemias and suggest that higher XIAP protein levels may have adverse prognostic significance for patients with AML.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Prognosis
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
- X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Tamm
- The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhang H, Xu Q, Krajewski S, Krajewska M, Xie Z, Fuess S, Kitada S, Pawlowski K, Godzik A, Reed JC. BAR: An apoptosis regulator at the intersection of caspases and Bcl-2 family proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:2597-602. [PMID: 10716992 PMCID: PMC15974 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.6.2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major pathways for induction of apoptosis have been identified-intrinsic and extrinsic. The extrinsic pathway is represented by tumor necrosis factor family receptors, which utilize protein interaction modules known as death domains and death effector domains (DEDs) to assemble receptor signaling complexes that recruit and activate certain caspase-family cell death proteases, namely procaspases-8 and -10. The intrinsic pathway for apoptosis involves the participation of mitochondria, which release caspase-activating proteins. Bcl-2 family proteins govern this mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway, with proteins such as Bax functioning as inducers and proteins such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) serving as suppressors of cell death. An apoptosis regulator, BAR, was identified by using a yeast-based screen for inhibitors of Bax-induced cell death. The BAR protein contains a SAM domain, which is required for its interactions with Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) and for suppression of Bax-induced cell death in both mammalian cells and yeast. In addition, BAR contains a DED-like domain responsible for its interaction with DED-containing procaspases and suppression of Fas-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, BAR can bridge procaspase-8 and Bcl-2 into a protein complex. The BAR protein is anchored in intracellular membranes where Bcl-2 resides. BAR therefore may represent a scaffold protein capable of bridging two major apoptosis pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Program on Apoptosis and Cell Death Regulation, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kitada S, Zapata JM, Andreeff M, Reed JC. Bryostatin and CD40-ligand enhance apoptosis resistance and induce expression of cell survival genes in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1999; 106:995-1004. [PMID: 10520003 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1999.01642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Modulating signal transduction pathways represents a promising approach for altering the biological behaviour of haemopoietic malignancies. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) cells were treated in vitro with CD40-ligand (CD40L) (CD154) or the protein kinase C modulator Bryostatin-1, exploring the effects on: (a) sensitivity to apoptosis induction by chemotherapeutic drugs (fludarabine, dexamethasone) or anti-Fas antibody; (b) expression of apoptosis-regulatory proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-X, Mcl-1, Bax, Bak, BAG-1, Flip, XIAP); (c) expression of cell surface co-stimulatory antigens (CD80 [B7.1]; CD54 [ICAM-1]; CD70); and (d) expression of immune modulatory receptors (CD27, CD40, CD95 [Fas]). CD40L and Bryostatin decreased both spontaneous and drug-induced apoptosis in most B-CLL specimens tested. Apoptosis resistance was associated with CD40L- and Bryostatin-induced elevations in the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein Mcl-1. CD40L also induced striking increases in the levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-XL in B-CLLs. CD40L stimulated increases in the surface expression of CD40, CD54, CD69, CD70, CD80 and CD95, whereas Bryostatin induced expression of CD40, CD54, CD69 and CD95 but not the co-stimulatory molecules CD70 and CD80. Despite elevations in the expression of CD95 (Fas), anti-Fas antibodies failed to induce apoptosis of CD40L- and Bryostatin-treated B-CLL cells. This Fas-resistance was associated with increased expression of the Fas-antagonist Flip in CD40L-treated, and with elevations in the caspase inhibitor XIAP in Bryostatin-treated B-CLLs. The potential anti-apoptotic properties of CD40L and Bryostatin should be taken into consideration when employing these agents in clinical trials involving patients with B-CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kitada
- The Burnham Institute, Program on Apoptosis and Cell Death Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Leo E, Welsh K, Matsuzawa S, Zapata JM, Kitada S, Mitchell RS, Ely KR, Reed JC. Differential requirements for tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor family proteins in CD40-mediated induction of NF-kappaB and Jun N-terminal kinase activation. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:22414-22. [PMID: 10428814 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.32.22414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family that mediates a number of important signaling events in B-lymphocytes and some other types of cells through interaction of its cytoplasmic (ct) domain with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins. Alanine substitution and truncation mutants of the human CD40ct domain were generated, revealing residues critical for binding TRAF2, TRAF3, or both of these proteins. In contrast to TRAF2 and TRAF3, direct binding of TRAF1, TRAF4, TRAF5, or TRAF6 to CD40 was not detected. However, TRAF5 could be recruited to wild-type CD40 in a TRAF3-dependent manner but not to a CD40 mutant (Q263A) that selectively fails to bind TRAF3. CD40 mutants with impaired binding to TRAF2, TRAF3, or both of these proteins completely retained the ability to activate NF-kappaB and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), implying that CD40 can stimulate TRAF2- and TRAF3-independent pathways for NF-kappaB and JNK activation. A carboxyl-truncation mutant of CD40 lacking the last 32 amino acids required for TRAF2 and TRAF3 binding, CD40(Delta32), mediated NF-kappaB induction through a mechanism that was suppressible by co-expression of TRAF6(DeltaN), a dominant-negative version of TRAF6, but not by TRAF2(DeltaN), implying that while TRAF6 does not directly bind CD40, it can participate in CD40 signaling. In contrast, TRAF6(DeltaN) did not impair JNK activation by CD40(Delta32). Taken together, these findings reveal redundancy in the involvement of TRAF family proteins in CD40-mediated NF-kappaB induction and suggest that the membrane-proximal region of CD40 may stimulate the JNK pathway through a TRAF-independent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Leo
- Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Miyamoto T, Kobayashi T, Makiyama M, Kitada S, Fujishima M, Hagari Y, Mihara M. Monoclonality of infiltrating plasma cells in primary pulmonary nodular amyloidosis: detection with polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Pathol 1999; 52:464-7. [PMID: 10562817 PMCID: PMC501436 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.52.6.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the relation between localised amyloidosis and immunocytic dyscrasia. METHODS Open lung biopsy specimens from a 72 year old man with multiple nodules in the right middle and lower lung were stained with haematoxylin-eosin, Congo red, and antibodies against IgG, IgA, IgM, and kappa and lambda light chains. Semi-nested PCR amplification for the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene was performed using consensus primers for the VDJ region of the IgH gene, FR3A, LJH, and VLJH. RESULTS The biopsy specimens contained eosinophilic amorphous material stained with Congro red and anti-kappa light chain, and surrounded by inflammatory cells intermingled with plasma cells. Plasma cells in the adjacent amorphous material showed cytoplasmic staining with anti-kappa. Polymerase chain reaction revealed a discrete amplified band of apparently uniform size with background smear. CONCLUSIONS Primary AL type localised amyloidosis involves local accumulation of monoclonal plasma cells and their secreted products, as in nodular cutaneous amyloidosis. Localised AL type nodular amyloidosis is a separate entity in amyloidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Miyamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Tsuyama Central Hospital, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bullrich F, Rasio D, Kitada S, Starostik P, Kipps T, Keating M, Albitar M, Reed JC, Croce CM. ATM mutations in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Res 1999; 59:24-7. [PMID: 9892178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the ATM gene located on the long arm of chromosome 11 at 11q22-23 cause ataxia-telangiectasia, an autosomal recessive disorder that is associated with increased incidence of malignancy and, particularly, lymphoid tumors. A role for ATM in the development of sporadic T-cell chronic leukemias is supported by the finding of loss of heterozygosity at 11q22-23 and ATM mutations in leukemias carrying TCL-1 rearrangements. Approximately 14% of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), the most common adult leukemia, carry deletions of the long arm of chromosome 11 at 11q22-23. Loss of heterozygosity at 11q22-23 and, more recently, absence of ATM protein, have been associated with poor prognosis in B-CLL. To determine whether the ATM gene is altered in B-CLL, we have sequenced individual ATM exons in six B-CLL cases. We show that the ATM gene is mutated in a fraction of B-CLLs and that mutations can be present in the germ line of patients, suggesting that ATM heterozygotes may be predisposed to B-CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Bullrich
- Kimmel Cancer Institute and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kojima K, Kitada S, Shimokata K, Ogishima T, Ito A. Cooperative formation of a substrate binding pocket by alpha- and beta-subunits of mitochondrial processing peptidase. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:32542-6. [PMID: 9829989 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.49.32542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP) specifically recognizes a large variety of mitochondrial precursor proteins and cleaves off N-terminal extension peptides. The enzyme is a metalloprotease and forms a heterodimer consisting of structurally related alpha- and beta-subunits. To investigate the responsibility of MPP subunits for substrate recognition, we monitored interaction of the fluorescent-labeled peptide substrates with the MPP and its subunits. The specific binding of the peptide to the MPP was confirmed by findings of the direct participation of arginine residues in the binding, which are located at position -2 and the position distal to the cleavage site and are essential for the cleavage reaction. MPP bound the substrate peptides with high affinity only in the dimeric complex, and each subunit monomer had about a 30-fold less affinity than the complex. The individual subunit required arginines at different positions in the peptide for binding, although their affinities were much lower than that of MPP. Fluorescence quenching analysis showed that the peptide bound to MPP was buried in the enzyme. Thus, both subunits of MPP might be required for formation of a substrate binding pocket with multiple subsites lying across them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kitada S, Kojima K, Shimokata K, Ogishima T, Ito A. Glutamate residues required for substrate binding and cleavage activity in mitochondrial processing peptidase. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:32547-53. [PMID: 9829990 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.49.32547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial processing peptidase, a metalloendopeptidase consisting of alpha- and beta-subunits, specifically recognizes a large variety of mitochondrial precursor proteins and cleaves off N-terminal extension peptides. The enzyme requires the basic amino acid residues in the extension peptides for effective and specific cleavage. To elucidate the mechanism involved in the molecular recognition of substrate by the enzyme, several glutamates around the active site of the rat beta-subunit, which has a putative metal-binding motif, H56XXEH60, were mutated to alanines or aspartates, and effects on kinetic parameters, metal binding, and substrate binding of the enzyme were analyzed. None of mutant proteins analyzed was impaired in dimer formation with the alpha-subunit. Mutation of glutamates at positions 79, 129, and 136, in addition to an active-site glutamate at position 59, resulted in a marked decrease in cleavage efficiency. Together with sequence alignment data, glutamate 136 appears to be involved in metal binding. Glutamate 129 is mostly responsible for the catalysis, as there was a considerable decrease in kcat value by the mutation. Mutation of glutamate 79 led to decrease in kcat value and increase in Km values. Substrate binding experiments using an environmentally sensitive fluorescence probe attached to the peptide showed that the mutation caused a remarkable environmental change at the binding site to the N-terminal region of the substrate peptide and decreased binding of the peptide, thereby suggesting that glutamate 79 participates primarily in substrate binding. Thus, some glutamate residues required for substrate binding and cleavage activity have been identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kitada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Su ZZ, Madireddi MT, Lin JJ, Young CS, Kitada S, Reed JC, Goldstein NI, Fisher PB. The cancer growth suppressor gene mda-7 selectively induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells and inhibits tumor growth in nude mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:14400-5. [PMID: 9826712 PMCID: PMC24385 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.24.14400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A differentiation induction subtraction hybridization strategy is being used to identify and clone genes involved in growth control and terminal differentiation in human cancer cells. This scheme identified melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7), whose expression is up-regulated as a consequence of terminal differentiation in human melanoma cells. Forced expression of mda-7 is growth inhibitory toward diverse human tumor cells. The present studies elucidate the mechanism by which mda-7 selectively suppresses the growth of human breast cancer cells and the consequence of ectopic expression of mda-7 on human breast tumor formation in vivo in nude mice. Infection of wild-type, mutant, and null p53 human breast cancer cells with a recombinant type 5 adenovirus expressing mda-7, Ad.mda-7 S, inhibited growth and induced programmed cell death (apoptosis). Induction of apoptosis correlated with an increase in BAX protein, an established inducer of programmed cell death, and an increase in the ratio of BAX to BCL-2, an established inhibitor of apoptosis. Infection of breast carcinoma cells with Ad.mda-7 S before injection into nude mice inhibited tumor development. In contrast, ectopic expression of mda-7 did not significantly alter cell cycle kinetics, growth rate, or survival in normal human mammary epithelial cells. These data suggest that mda-7 induces its selective anticancer properties in human breast carcinoma cells by promoting apoptosis that occurs independent of p53 status. On the basis of its selective anticancer inhibitory activity and its direct antitumor effects, mda-7 may represent a new class of cancer suppressor genes that could prove useful for the targeted therapy of human cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Z Su
- Department of Urology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Mitochondrial processing peptidase is a heterodimer consisting of alpha-mitochondrial processing peptidase (alpha-MPP) and beta-MPP. We investigated the role of alpha-MPP in substrate recognition using a recombinant yeast MPP. Disruption of amino acid residues between 10 and 129 of the alpha-MPP did not essentially impair binding activity with beta-MPP and processing activity, whereas truncation of the C-terminal 41 amino acids led to a significant loss of binding and processing activity. Several acidic amino acids in the region conserved among the enzymes from various species were mutated to asparagine or glutamine, and effects on processing of the precursors were analyzed. Glu353 is required for processing of malate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and adrenodoxin precursors. Glu377 and Asp378 are needed only for the processing of aspartate aminotransferase and adrenodoxin precursors, both of which have a longer extension peptide than the others studied. However, processing of the yeast alpha-MPP precursor, which has a short extension peptide of nine amino acids, was not affected by these mutations. Thus, effects of substitution of acidic amino acids on the processing differed with the precursor protein and depended on length of the extension peptides. alpha-MPP may function as a substrate-recognizing subunit by interacting mainly with basic amino acids at a region distal to the cleavage site in precursors with a longer extension peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Shimokata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|