VWI-APP: Vessel wall imaging-dedicated automated processing pipeline for intracranial atherosclerotic plaque quantification

BACKGROUND

Quantitative plaque assessment based on 3D magnetic resonance (MR) vessel wall imaging (VWI) has been shown to provide valuable numerical markers of the burden and risk of intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD). However, plaque quantification is currently time-consuming and observer-dependent due to the demand for heavy manual effort. A VWI-dedicated automated processing pipeline (VWI-APP) is desirable.

PURPOSE

To develop and evaluate a VWI-APP for end-to-end quantitative analysis of intracranial atherosclerotic plaque.

METHODS

We retrospectively enrolled 91 subjects with ICAD (80 for pipeline development, 10 for an end-to-end pipeline evaluation, and 1 for demonstrating longitudinal plaque assessment) who had undergone VWI and MR angiography. In an end-to-end evaluation, diameter stenosis (DS), normalized wall index (NWI), remodeling ratio (RR), plaque wall contrast ratio (CR), and total plaque volume (TPV) were quantified at each culprit lesion using the developed VWI-APP and a computer-aided manual approach by a neuroradiologist, respectively. The time consumed in each quantification approach was recorded. Two-sided paired t-tests and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to determine the difference and agreement in each plaque metric between VWI-APP and manual quantification approaches.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference between VWI-APP and manual quantification in each plaque metric. The ICC was 0.890, 0.813, 0.827, 0.891, and 0.991 for DS, NWI, RR, CR, and TPV, respectively, suggesting good to excellent accuracy of the pipeline method in plaque quantification. Quantitative analysis of each culprit lesion on average took 675.7 s using the manual approach but shortened to 238.3 s with the aid of VWI-APP.

CONCLUSIONS

VWI-APP is an accurate and efficient approach to intracranial atherosclerotic plaque quantification. Further clinical assessment of this automated tool is warranted to establish its utility in the risk assessment of ICAD lesions.

Comparative evaluation of the antibacterial activity of red diode laser therapy and 0.2% chlorhexidine against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans on implant healing abutments: An ex vivo study

Aims

The intraoral microbiota has a high potential to undergo dysbiosis, causing inflammatory changes with respect to the tissues surrounding either a natural tooth or an implant. Thus, the longevity of implant prosthesis depends on a thorough implant decontamination protocol. Among all the techniques available for doing so, laser is garnering increasing popularity, owing to minimal bleeding, high efficiency, and faster healing. However, limited literature exists regarding the superiority of lasers over chlorhexidine (CHX), the indisputable gold standard antibacterial chemical agent. The aim of this study was to compare the percentage of bacterial reduction of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans from implant healing abutments post red diode laser therapy versus 0.2% CHX treatment.

Settings and Design

The current study had an ex vivo, observational, case-control design.

Materials and Methods

Patients reporting for the second stage of the implant surgery were taken as the source of data and the healing abutments, the clinical samples. Eleven patients were chosen with one intraoral implant serving as the test site for laser treatment and another, the control site for CHX treatment. Microbiological analysis was performed via quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction to compare the bacterial reduction percentage after each treatment.

Statistical Analysis Used

Repeated measures ANOVA and independent sample t test were used.

Results

The mean bacterial viability of the test group (laser) was 1.2%-1.6%, and 0.6%-1.4% for the control group (CHX). The former caused a mean bacterial reduction of 96.1% while the latter, 96.3%. Both the treatments caused a highly statistically significant reduction of viable bacterial counts (P = 0.001). However, when compared, there was no statistically significant difference in the bacterial reduction, when compared in between the two (P = 0.902).

Conclusion

Laser treatment is at par with chemical implant surface decontamination. It can help bypass the complications of CHX and revolutionize the protocols for implant surface decontamination.

Effect of carbonated beverages on flexural strength property of restorative glass ionomer cement

Glass ionomer cement (GIC) releases fluorides and has good biocompatibility, carbonated drinks, sometimes known as fizzy drinks, are carbonated liquids that contain dissolved carbon dioxide, sweeteners, and natural or artificial flavoring. The aim of our study is to determine the flexural strength of GIC after immersing in carbonated beverages. Twelve samples of GIC filling material were used among which six samples prepared were from the Dtech brand and six were prepared from the Shofu brand for the in vitro study. Bar-shaped specimens were prepared from each group with the dimension of 2 mm × 2 mm × 25 mm. They were immersed in Sprite, fizz drinks, and in distilled water as a control group. The immersion period was 7 days. Then, the determination of maximum force and displacement was done using INSTRON E3000 (ElectroPuls) universal testing machine, then the collected data were used to determine flexural strength. The mean flexural strength of Dtech GIC was 24.84 ± 6.523 Mpa. The mean flexural strength of Dtech GIC was 18.57 ± 11.60 Mpa. The independent sample t-test showed that P = 0.247 (>0.05) which was statistically not significant. The flexural strength of GIC material decreased after being immersed in Sprite and fizz drinks.

Safety and Efficacy of Siddha Medicine preparation in the management of COVID-19: A Prospective Randomised Open Label Study

Background

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies has surged since the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. However, the efficacy and safety of these CAM therapies remains majorly unexplored. Objective of the current study is to understand the efficacy and safety of one such traditional CAM therapy of South India, known as 'Siddha' system of medicine, in the management for the COVID-19 patients.

Methods

We conducted a randomised, controlled, open label trial in patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection who had an oxygen saturation of 90% or more while breathing ambient air. Patients were randomized into two groups in a 1:1 ratio to either intervention group, receiving seven days of siddha medicine (Intervention group; n=50) or standard care (control group; n=50). The primary end point was clinical markers and patient recovery status on day 8.

Results

A total of 100 patients with confirmed COVID-19 with average age of 37 yrs (interquartile range, 28-49) participated in the study. There was no statsistically difference between groups at baseline (P>0.05). After intervention, patients in the intervention group had statistically (P<0.05) significant reduction in the symptoms when compared to standard care. By end of the intervention period, 6 patients (12%) were hospitalized in the control group and none of them were reported for intervention group.

Conclusion

Among patients with mild to moderate COVID-19, 7 days of siddha medicine showed a significant reduction in the clinical sysmptoms and requirement of hospitalisation, with no adverse events. Therefore, the particular siddha medicine preparation could be used safely and effectively for the management of COVID-19 patients.

Clinical Trial Registration

CTRI/2020/08/026999.

Bacterial community structure of early-stage biofilms is dictated by temporal succession rather than substrate types in the southern coastal seawater of India

Bacterial communities colonized on submerged substrata are recognized as a key factor in the formation of complex biofouling phenomenon in the marine environment. Despite massive maritime activities and a large industrial sector in the nearshore of the Laccadive Sea, studies describing pioneer bacterial colonizers and community succession during the early-stage biofilm are scarce. We investigated the biofilm-forming bacterial community succession on three substrata viz. stainless steel, high-density polyethylene, and titanium over 15 days of immersion in the seawater intake area of a power plant, located in the southern coastal region of India. The bacterial community composition of biofilms and peripheral seawater were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequenced 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The obtained metataxonomic results indicated a profound influence of temporal succession over substrate type on the early-stage biofilm-forming microbiota. Bacterial communities showed vivid temporal dynamics that involved variations in abundant bacterial groups. The proportion of dominant phyla viz. Proteobacteria decreased over biofilm succession days, while Bacteroidetes increased, suggesting their role as initial and late colonizers, respectively. A rapid fluctuation in the proportion of two bacterial orders viz. Alteromonadales and Vibrionales were observed throughout the successional stages. LEfSe analysis identified specific bacterial groups at all stages of biofilm development, whereas no substrata type-specific groups were observed. Furthermore, the results of PCoA and UPGMA hierarchical clustering demonstrated that the biofilm-forming community varied considerably from the planktonic community. Phylum Proteobacteria preponderated the biofilm-forming community, while the Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria dominated the planktonic community. Overall, our results refute the common assumption that substrate material has a decisive impact on biofilm formation; rather, it portrayed that the temporal succession overshadowed the influence of the substrate material. Our findings provide a scientific understanding of the factors shaping initial biofilm development in the marine environment and will help in designing efficient site-specific anti-biofouling strategies.

Jagat and Bala intraocular lens supporting system: An artificial platform for intraocular lens implantation in an aphakic patient with inadequate capsular support

We describe a novel device, Jagat and Bala Intraocular lens Supporting System (JBISS), an artificial Intraocular lens (IOL) platform that facilitates IOL fixation in an aphakic patient with poor capsular support and also facilitates IOL exchange in case of myopic shift or refractive surprise. Implantation of JBISS along with IOL was carried out in four patients and results are promising without any adverse events.

Identifying Risk Factors for Anthracycline Chemotherapy-induced Phlebitis in Women with Breast Cancer: An Observational Study

AIMS

Anthracycline chemotherapy administered via a peripheral cannula results in severe anthracycline chemotherapy-induced phlebitis (ACIP) in about 20-30% of patients. Administering chemotherapy via a central venous catheter (CVC) prevents ACIP. However, CVCs are associated with an increased risk of thrombosis and sepsis. Our aim was to identify risk factors associated with severe ACIP and to provide evidence about the individual risk of developing symptoms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A prospective observational study of 263 women with breast cancer receiving peripheral administration of anthracycline chemotherapy at a UK cancer centre was conducted between May 2016 and January 2018. Data were collected at baseline and every 3 weeks following each chemotherapy treatment, using both healthcare professional- and participant-reported symptom assessments.

RESULTS

After three cycles of chemotherapy, 27% of participants experienced severe ACIP. Factors associated with symptom severity were identified as: arm used for chemotherapy administration, epirubicin dose, age, pre-existing hypertension, comorbidity, ethnic group and pain during chemotherapy administration. The sequence of arm used for chemotherapy administration was the single most significant factor (P < 0.001). When alternating arms were used no other risk factor was influential. Where alternating arms were not used, younger age and higher dose were associated with higher-grade symptoms, with age being more influential than dose. The cumulative effect of increasing symptom severity with repeated cycles was also identified (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

It is recommended that a CVC is not routinely required for women with breast cancer who have not undergone an axillary node clearance and receive chemotherapy in alternate arms. The need for a CVC for women who are planned to receive all anthracycline chemotherapy cycles in the same arm should be assessed in the light of peripheral venous access assessment and the key risk factors of age, dose and number of cycles.

Printed titanium implants in UK craniomaxillofacial surgery. Part I: access to digital planning and perceived scope for use in common procedures

This first part of a two-part study examines perceived applications for and barriers to using printed titanium in light of current caseloads, funding pathways, and use of digital planning. It aims to demonstrate the scope for printed titanium in modern practice and to guide industry about the needs of UK surgeons. A cross-sectional study over 14 weeks was performed electronically with support from the British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (BAOMS) and a national trainee-led recruitment team. Ethics approval was obtained at the lead centre. A total of 132 participants joined the study (70% consultants, 25% specialty registrars, and 5% other), approximating a 29% response rate from consultant/registrar BAOMS members throughout mainland UK. Eighty-eight per cent used CAD-CAM design, with highly variable funding/access, design/manufacturing workflows (in-house/outsourced). Eighty-eight per cent were involved with trauma, 61% with orthognathic, and 52% with oncology-reconstruction surgery. Favourite applications for printed titanium were orbital floor repair (89%) and free-flap jaw reconstruction (87%). Most participants also cited maxillary/zygomatic osteotomies and cranioplasty (range 61%-73%). Although a popular application (78%), the evidence base in temporomandibular joint surgery is limited. Those performing orthognathic surgery perceived more indications than those who did not (p=0.013). Key barriers included cost, turnaround time and logistics, and the need to be trained in traditional techniques. Printed titanium was useful for both common and niche procedures, but was specifically limited in emergency trauma. Most surgeons had experience in CAD-CAM surgery but technical understanding appeared unclear. Limiting factors included variable funding and production pathways, perceived costs, and logistics, but in-house design can minimise them. In part II, we quantify perceived benefits and limitations and whether surgeons' understanding and knowledge are sufficient to rationalise them.

Printed titanium implants in UK craniomaxillofacial surgery. Part II: perceived performance (outcomes, logistics, and costs)

This second part explores perceptions and understanding of clinical performance, turnaround, and costs for printed titanium implants or plates in common procedures, evaluating both 'in-house' and 'outsourced' CAD-CAM pathways. A cross-sectional study, supported by the British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (BAOMS) and a national trainee-led recruitment team, was conducted over 14 weeks. A total of 132 participants took part (demographic data is reported in Part I). For fibular-flap mandibular reconstruction, most participants (69% - 91%) perceived printed titanium as superior to intraoperatively or preoperatively hand-bent plates for surgical duration, accuracy, dental restorability, and aesthetics. There was less agreement about complications and plate-failure risks. Most perceived printed plates to be superior to traditional wafer-based maxillary osteotomy for surgical duration (61%) and maxillary positioning (60%). For orbital floor repair, most perceived improvements in surgical duration (83%, especially higher-volume operators p=0.009), precision (84%), and ease of placement (69%). Rarely (less than 5%) was any outcome rated inferior to traditional techniques for any procedure. Perceived turnaround times and costs were variable, but the greatest consensus was for two-segment fibular-flap reconstructions and orbital floor repair. Industry estimates were generally consistent between two company representatives, but manufacturing-only costs differed when using in-house (departmental) designers. Costs and turnaround times are questionable barriers since few understand 'real-world' figures. Designing in-house can dramatically alter costs. Improved accuracy and surgical duration are common themes but biomechanical benefits are less-well understood. This study paints a picture of the potentially routine applications and benefits of printed titanium, capacity for uptake, understanding amongst surgeons, and areas for improvement.

P1945High levels of unawareness and suboptimal management of hypertension in India: data from a large community based study

Background

Hypertension is the most common cause of the rising cardiovascular disease (CVD) epidemic in India. However, despite availability of proven therapies management remains sub-optimal.

Purpose

To determine the hypertension control rates and associated factors among adults with known hypertension in urban and rural India.

Methods

We conducted a representative population based cross-sectional survey among 12243 participants aged ≥30 years residing in rural and urban North and South India. Participants were selected using a multistage cluster random sampling technique. Trained personnel collected the data using an interviewer administered questionnaire, measured blood pressure, conducted anthropometry and collected bio-samples. Hypertension was defined as known hypertension (self-report of physician diagnosis) or systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 mmHg. Control was defined as SBP <140 mmHg and DBP <90 mmHg among those with known hypertension. The associations were measured using logistic regression.

Results

The mean (±SD) age of participants was 47.7 (±12.5) years, women comprised 54%. The age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was 29.0% (95% CI: 28.2- 29.8) and known hypertension was 14.0% (13.4- 14.6). Among all hypertensives 38.6% (37.0–40.2) were on treatment and 26.2% (24.6–28.0) had their blood pressure controlled, while among known hypertensives 79.8% (77.8–81.7) were on treatment and 55.7% (53.3–58.1) had their blood pressure controlled. In multivariate analysis, participants from North Indian site [OR: 1.9 (1.6–2.3)], urban residents [1.3 (1.1–1.6)], younger participants [1.5 (1.2–1.8)], men [2.0 (1.5–2.6)], those with low socio-economic status [1.6 (1.1–2.3)], without comorbidities and those without a family history hypertension were more likely to be unaware about their hypertensive status and less likely to take treatment. Hypertension control was significantly higher in participants from South Indian site [1.5 (1.2–1.0)], the highly educated [1.6 (1.1–2.4)], those without heart diseases [1.8 (1.1–3.1)], those without central obesity [1.4 (1.1–1.9)], physically active individuals [1.5 (1.1–2.0)] and current non-alcohol users [1.9 (1.3–2.6)].

Conclusions

Many individuals with hypertension remain unaware and sub-optimally managed. This warrants the implementation of tailored public education to raise awareness, complemented by active screening for the early detection and effective management of hypertension, in order to stem the rising tide of preventable CVD in India.

Acknowledgement/Funding

Unrestricted educational grant from Eli Lilly under the Lilly NCD Partnership

Production responses and cost-benefit of long-acting pre-lambing anthelmintic treatment of yearling ewes in two commercial flocks in New Zealand

AIMS

To investigate the production responses and cost-benefit of administering a controlled-release anthelmintic capsule (CRC) to pregnant yearling ewes prior to lambing.

METHODS

Yearling ewes from two commercial sheep flocks (A, n=489; B, n=248) in the North Island of New Zealand were enrolled in the study. Prior to lambing, CRC containing albendazole and abamectin were administered to half the ewes while the other half remained untreated. Ewe liveweights and body condition scores were measured prior to lambing, at weaning and, for Flock B, prior to subsequent mating. Lambs were matched to dams shortly after birth and the weight and number of lamb weaned per ewe were determined. A cost-benefit analysis was undertaken for Flock B considering the increased weight of lamb weaned per ewe, and the weight of ewes at the next mating and the benefit in terms of lambs born.

RESULTS

The mean weight at weaning of treated ewes was greater for treated than untreated ewes by 2.76 (95% CI 0.64-4.88) kg in Flock A (p<0.001) and 2.35 (95% CI -0.41-5.12) kg in Flock B (p=0.003); the weight of lamb weaned per ewe was greater for treated than untreated ewes by 1.43 (95% CI -0.71 to -3.49) kg in Flock A (p=0.041) and 3.97 (95% CI 1.59-6.37) kg in Flock B (p<0.001), and ewe liveweight prior to subsequent mating was greater for treated than untreated ewes in Flock B by 4.60 (95% CI 3.6-5.6) kg (p<0.001). There was no difference in the percentage of lambs reared to weaning between treated and untreated ewes in either flock (p>0.8). The overall cost-benefit of treatment for Flock B was NZ$9.44 per treated ewe.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Pre-lambing CRC administration to yearling ewes resulted in increased ewe weaning weights and weight of lamb weaned in both the flocks studied. There was an economic benefit in the one flock where this was assessed.

An assessment of an Australasian pathway for the introduction of transanal total mesorectal excision (taTME)

AIM

To evaluate the use of a pathway for the introduction of transanal total mesorectal excision (taTME) into Australia and New Zealand.

METHOD

A pathway for surgeons with an appropriate level of specialist training and baseline skill set was initiated amongst colorectal surgeons; it includes an intensive course, a series of proctored cases and ongoing contribution to audit. Data were collected for patients who had taTME, for benign and malignant conditions, undertaken by the initial adopters of the technique.

RESULTS

A total of 133 taTME procedures were performed following the introduction of a training pathway in March 2015. The indication was rectal cancer in 84% of cases. There was one technique-specific visceral injury, which occurred prior to that surgeon completing the pathway. There were no cases of postoperative mortality; morbidity occurred in 27.1%. The distal resection margin was clear in all cases of rectal cancer, and the circumferential resection margin was positive in two cases. An intact or nearly intact total mesorectal excision was obtained in more than 98% of cases.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates the safe and controlled introduction of a new surgical technique in a defined surgeon population with the use of a pathway for training. The authors recommend a similar pathway to facilitate the introduction of taTME to colorectal surgical practice.

Normothermic Ex Vivo Kidney Perfusion Following Static Cold Storage-Brief, Intermediate, or Prolonged Perfusion for Optimal Renal Graft Reconditioning?

Normothermic ex vivo kidney perfusion (NEVKP) demonstrated superior results compared to hypothermic storage in donation after circulatory death (DCD) kidney transplantation. It is unknown whether an optimal perfusion time exists following hypothermic storage to allow for the recovery of renal grafts from cold ischemic injury. In a porcine model of DCD kidney autotransplantation, the impact of initial static cold storage (SCS) (8 h) followed by various periods of NEVKP recovery was investigated: group A, 8 hSCS only (control); group B, 8 hSCS + 1 hNEVKP (brief NEVKP); group C, 8 hSCS + 8 hNEVKP (intermediate NEVKP); and group D, 8 hSCS + 16 hNEVKP (prolonged NEVKP). All grafts were preserved and transplanted successfully. One animal in group D was sacrificed and excluded by postoperative day 3 due to hind limb paralysis, but demonstrated good renal function. Postoperative graft assessment during 8 days' follow-up demonstrated lowest levels of peak serum creatinine for intermediate (C) and prolonged (D) NEVKP (p = 0.027). Histological assessment on day 8 demonstrated a significant difference in tubular injury (p = 0.001), with highest values for group B. These results suggest that longer periods of NEVKP following SCS are feasible and safe for postponing surgical transplant procedure and superior to brief NEVKP, reducing the damage caused during cold ischemic storage of renal grafts.

Continuous Normothermic Ex Vivo Kidney Perfusion Is Superior to Brief Normothermic Perfusion Following Static Cold Storage in Donation After Circulatory Death Pig Kidney Transplantation

Hypothermic preservation is known to cause renal graft injury, especially in donation after circulatory death (DCD) kidney transplantation. We investigated the impact of cold storage (SCS) versus short periods of normothermic ex vivo kidney perfusion (NEVKP) after SCS versus prolonged, continuous NEVKP with near avoidance of SCS on kidney function after transplantation. Following 30 min of warm ischemia, kidneys were removed from 30-kg Yorkshire pigs and preserved for 16 h with (A) 16 h SCS, (B) 15 h SCS + 1 h NEVKP, (C) 8 h SCS + 8 h NEVKP, and (D) 16 h NEVKP. After contralateral kidney resection, grafts were autotransplanted and pigs followed up for 8 days. Perfusate injury markers such as aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase remained low; lactate decreased significantly until end of perfusion in groups C and D (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002). Grafts in group D demonstrated significantly lower serum creatinine peak when compared to all other groups (p < 0.001) and 24-h creatinine clearance at day 3 after surgery was significantly higher (63.4 ± 19.0 mL/min) versus all other groups (p < 0.001). Histological assessment on day 8 demonstrated fewer apoptotic cells in group D (p = 0.008). In conclusion, prolonged, continuous NEVKP provides superior short-term outcomes following DCD kidney transplantation versus SCS or short additional NEVKP following SCS.

Assessing the impact of a program for late surgical intervention in early-blind children

OBJECTIVE

Many blind children in the developing world are unable to obtain timely treatment due to lack of financial and medical resources. Can public health programs that identify and treat such children several years after the onset of blindness enhance their quality of life? The notion that visual development is subject to an early 'critical period' argues against this possibility. However, there are inadequate empirical data from humans on this issue. To address this need, we examined the quality of life of children living in India and who were treated for early-onset blindness (before one year of age), due to cataracts or corneal opacities.

STUDY DESIGN

Survey study.

METHODS

As part of an ongoing scientific effort named Project Prakash, we screened over 40,000 children in rural northern India to identify those suffering from early-onset blindness. They were provided eye surgeries in a tertiary care ophthalmic center in New Delhi. We subsequently surveyed 64 Prakash children, ranging in age from 5 to 22 years and obtained their responses on a multi-dimensional quality of life questionnaire.

RESULTS

Nearly all of the subjects indicated that their quality of life had improved after treatment. Children reported marked enhancement in their mobility, independence, and safety, and also in social integration. Surprisingly, we found no significant correlations between quality of life metrics and factors such as age at treatment, gender, time since treatment, and pre-surgery and post-surgery acuity.

CONCLUSIONS

A key question for public health policy makers is whether a program of surgical intervention for older blind children is likely to be beneficial, or if the resources are better spent on rehabilitation via vocational training and assistive devices. The marked improvements in quality of life we find in our data strongly argue for the provision of surgical care regardless of a child's age.

Performance study of a laboratory model shallow solar pond with and without single transparent glass cover for solar thermal energy conversion applications

The thermal performance of a shallow solar pond with and without the single transparent glass cover has been investigated experimentally. This experiment has been performed during the summer season of 2014 under the operational condition for five different storage volumes of water upto a maximum of 10liter. The pond performance is investigated in terms of the rate of energy collected and its collection efficiency. A Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) black sheet liner of 200μm thickness was laid on all the interior sides of the pond for solar energy absorption. A clear transparent PVC plastic sheet of 150μm thickness was laid over the water surface as evaporation suppressing membrane. Calibrated Copper constantan thermocouples were used to measure the temperatures of the system. A highest temperature of 81.5°C has been achieved for the stored volume of 2liter of water, when the pond was used with a single transparent glass cover of 5mm thickness. When the shallow solar pond was used without the transparent glass cover the system attained a maximum temperature of 62°C for the same stored volume of 2liter. A comparison between the two conditions of with and without the transparent glass cover, on the thermal performance of the SSP has been reported. A shallow solar pond system of the present type could be used us a source of warm water, of desired temperature, below 10°C which are required for the domestic and industrial utilities. The global warming is increased day by day; inorder to reduce global warming a typical method of small scale shallow solar pond has been used to absorb the radiation from the sun to convert it to useful heat energy by the source of water. The SSP is an eco friendly way to generate energy without polluting our environment and in an environment safety manner. Based on environmental safety this study has experimentally investigated the thermal performance of the shallow solar pond.

Chilling requirements for hatching of a New Zealand isolate of Nematodirus filicollis

The eggs of some species of the parasitic nematode Nematodirus require a period of chilling before they can hatch; N. filicollis is one such species. This study investigated this requirement for chilling in a New Zealand strain of this species. Eggs of N. filicollis were extracted from lamb's faeces and incubated at 20°C to allow development to the third stage larvae within the egg. These eggs were then placed into tissue culture plates and incubated at: 2.7°C (±0.99), 3.6°C (±0.90), 4.7°C (±0.35), 6.4°C (±0.37), 8.0°C (±1.54) or 9.9°C (±0.14) for up to 224 days. At 14day intervals until day 84, then every 28 days, one plate was removed from each temperature and placed at 13.1°C (±0.44) for 14 days. Eggs were then assessed for hatching. From this data, chill units were calculated by subtracting the culture temperature from a constant threshold of 11°C and multiplying by the number of days for which the sample was cultured; then the Gompertz model fitted. Even though hatching overall was low, a greater proportion of eggs hatched with chill accumulation. Maximum hatching of eggs required 800-1000 chill units. Consequently in the field, more than one season of chilling would be required before hatching. As such a generation time could take more than one year to complete. This is different to the hatching dynamics of N. spathiger, the other main species found in New Zealand sheep, which does not display this requirement for chilling and hatches immediately once the third stage larvae are developed.

Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging- a sensitive tool in managing consecutive exotropia

Background: Proper evaluation and accurate diagnosis are crucial in managing a case of strabismus. Objective: Report a case of prolonged large angle complicated consecutive exotropia where dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging helped us to diagnose and simplify the management plan. Case: A 19-year-old male presented with outward deviation of both eyes for last 16 years with right face turn, without diplopia and trauma. However, he had history of two consecutive squint surgeries, a month apart, at the age of 3 years. Observation: Visual acuity (best corrected) in the right and left eye was 6/36 and 6/6 respectively. Extraocular movements revealed minus (-) 4 adduction deficits in the left eye with right eye suppression. Prism Alternate Cover Test (PACT) showed 65 prism diopter (PD) base in (BI), for primary and near gazes with lateral incommitance and without any pattern. Forced Duction Test (FDT) showed restriction of the left lateral rectus. Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging revealed posterior insertion of the left medial rectus with thinning of the tendinous insertion of the left lateral and medial rectus in neutral position. On adduction of left eye, there was slight increased bulk of the left medial rectus. Medial Rectus (MR) advancement 5.5 mm and Lateral Rectus (LR) recession 9mm was done. Repeat FDT showed improvement in resistance. After 3 month, the patient had excellent outcome with 5 PD primary position exotropia and 2 units of improvement in left eye adduction. Conclusion: Precise workup and appropriate investigation decreases the undue interventions with excellent outcome in a case of large angle consecutive XT. 

Study of Outcome of an Implanted Autologous Auricular Cartilage: A Preliminary Experimental Research in Rabbits

To investigate the viability of the implanted crushed and uncrushed auricular cartilage graft with intact perichondrium with respect to macroscopic and microscopic parameters. Cartilage grafts from 8 white New Zealand rabbits were harvested from the right auricle, with intact perichondrial layers. There were two categories Pre implant and Post-implant and two types, mildly crushed and uncrushed cartilage graft. The cartilage grafts were implanted into the subcutaneous pockets over the right upper paraspinal area. At the end of 2 months, implanted grafts were retrieved and examined histopathologically. There was a difference among the both types of cartilages in both the categories with respect to chronic inflammation, fibrosis, cartilage mass viability and vascularization. The mildly crushed auricular autologous cartilage with intact perichondrium does not lose the viability and maintains the structural integrity and thus increasing the clinical predictability for cosmetic correction of nose in rhinoplasty.

Production benefits from pre- and post-lambing anthelmintic treatment of ewes on commercial farms in the southern North Island of New Zealand

AIMS

To measure the magnitude and variability in production responses to anthelmintic treatments administered to adult ewes around lambing.

METHODS

Ewes carrying twin lambs, from sheep and beef farms (eight in Year 1 and six in Year 2) in the Wairarapa region of New Zealand, were enrolled in 14 trials (part of an experiment carried out on one farm in one year). Experiment 1 compared ewes treated 2-4 weeks pre-lambing with a controlled release capsule (CRC) containing abamectin, albendazole, Se and Co, to ewes injected pre-lambing with a long-acting Se plus vitamin B12 product, and to untreated ewes. Experiment 2 included these treatments, plus a CRC administered at pregnancy scanning. Experiment 3 included the same treatments as Experiment 1, plus administration of a CRC containing albendazole, Se and Co, injectable moxidectin or oral derquantel plus abamectin, all administered pre-lambing, or oral derquantel plus abamectin administered 4-6 weeks after lambing. Variables compared were ewe liveweight at weaning and pre-mating, lamb liveweight at weaning, total weight of lamb weaned per ewe and ewe dag score at weaning.

RESULTS

Ewes treated with a CRC pre-lambing were heavier than untreated ewes (mean 3.2 kg) at weaning in 12/14 trials, and pre-mating (mean 2.8 kg) in 9/14 trials (p<0.001). Compared with mineral-treated ewes the mean difference was 2.8 kg pre-lambing (9/14 trials) and 1.7 kg pre-weaning (6/14 trials). Lambs reared by treated ewes were heavier (mean 1.55 kg) at weaning in 6/14 trials (p<0.001), but there was no effect of CRC treatment on total weight of lambs weaned per ewe (p=0.507). Variation in weight of lamb weaned per ewe was largely explained by differences in lamb survival from birth to weaning (p<0.001), with no effect of CRC treatment (p>0.65). Treatment of ewes with a CRC at pregnancy scanning was neither better nor worse than a pre-lambing treatment (p=0.065). There was no difference in the response from treatment with either of the two CRC or moxidectin. Treatment with short-acting oral anthelmintics resulted in no consistent benefit.

CONCLUSIONS

Anthelmintic treatments administered to ewes around lambing resulted in variable responses between farms and years, which in some trials were negative for some variables, and some of the variability was due to the mineral component of the CRC. The widespread perception amongst farmers and veterinarians that anthelmintic treatment of ewes around lambing will always result in positive benefits is not supported.

Measurement of bremsstrahlung-induced reaction cross-section for 93Nb using electron Linac

Cross sections for (γ, n) reaction at bremsstrahlung end point energies of 10 and 12.5MeV on niobium have been measured by the activation technique. Induced activities were measured by a high-resolution γ-ray spectrometer with a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. Theoretically the (γ, n) cross-section of 93Nb as a function of photon energies were also calculated using TALYS 1.4 computer code. We compared the measured data with the flux weighted average values from the available literature data based on experiments with mono-energetic photons and the theoretical calculation by the model code TALYS 1.4. The experimental values are found to be in good agreement with the theoretical value from TALYS 1.4 but are slightly higher than the flux-weighted values from mono-energetic photons

Evaluation of Physical Properties of Tissue Conditioning Materials as used in Functional Impression - A Lab Study

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to identify the basic physical properties of 3 commonly available tissue-conditioning materials to gain knowledge for their clinical use as impression materials.

MATERIALS & METHODS

A total of 60 samples were prepared and each sample was mixed and prepared according to manufacture direction. Finally five specimens of each tissue conditioners were subjected for each of the above test at different time duration.

RESULTS & CONCLUSION

The study showed that all the materials underwent water loss from the time of mixing to 24 hr & became hard. The plasticity of coecomfort & viscogel decreased from the time of mixing upto 1hr & 2hr respectively & again increased after that till 24 hrs, but the softone showed decreased plasticity after 30 min till 24hrs. Softone & coecomfort at 30 min showed better flow & more plasticity than that of viscogel. The dimensional accuracy of softone & viscogel at 30min is better than that of coecomfort. Thus softone at 30 min after mixing has better Dimensional accuracy, Plasticity and Flow; suitable for making functional impression then that of Coe-comfort and Viscogel. How to cite this article: Shylesh K B S, Hallikerimath R B, Rajeev V V, Ganesh S, Meenakshi S. Evaluation of Physical Properties of Tissue Conditioning Materials as used in Functional Impression - A Lab Study. J Int Oral Health 2013; 5(3):20-27.

Comparative Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Various Disinfecta- nts on two Microorganisms and the effect of same on Flexural Strength of Acrylic Denture Base Resin - An In Vitro Study

BACKGROUND

To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of various disinfectants on Candida albicans (C.albicans) and Staphylococcus aureus (Staph.aureus) inoculated on acrylic denture base resin and effect of disinfectants on flexural strength of denture base resin.

MATERIALS & METHODS

A total of 130 acrylic denture base resin specimens were fabricated and processed according to manufacturer instructions. 82 sterile specimens were used for microbiological study. 2 specimens were cultured for organism growth to ensure sterility. 40 sterile specimens each were inoculated by immersing in Sabouraud & Nutrient broth containing microorganisms for 45 minutes each. Then the specimens were immersed in chlorhexidine, glutaraldehyde & distilled water (control) for 4 & 8 minutes. Then the specimens were neutralized. After neutralization the specimens were cultured onto Sabouraud's broth for C.albicans and Nutrient broth for Staph.aureus incubated for 72 h and observed for turbidity. At the end of 72 h subculture were made onto Sabourads dextrose agar media for C.albicans, Blood agar media for Staph.aureus and incubated for 48 h to observe growth. For flexural strength testing, 8 specimens each was immersed in the above mentioned disinfectants and distilled water for 8 & 16 minutes. Each of which was then subjected to 3 point flexural load in Lloyd's Universal testing machine. The peak load was recorded and flexural strength values were calculated.

RESULTS

The microbiological study revealed that both disinfectants were equally effective at 4 minutes against C.albicans & Staph.aureus microorganisms. Flexural strength test revealed no significant difference between test and control groups.

CONCLUSION

Chlorhexdine and Glutaraldehyde disinfectans are equally effective against C.albicans and Staph.aureus microorganisms. Heat polymerized acrylic denture base resin did not demonstrate any significant change in flexural strength between control and test specimens. How to cite this article: Ganesh S, Gujjari A K, Shylesh K B S, Ravi M B, Sowmya S, Meenakshi S.Comparative Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Various Disinfectants on two Microorganisms and the effect of same on Flexural Strength of Acrylic Denture Base Resin - An In Vitro Study. J Int Oral Health 2013; 5(3):55-62.

Electron irradiation effects on optical properties of semiorganic antimony thiourea tetra chloride single crystals

Antimony thiourea tetra chloride single crystals were grown by solution growth technique at room temperature. The UV-visible, fourier transform infrared and fluorescence spectra were recorded and electron irradiation effects on these properties were studied. The optical absorption edge of the UV-visible spectrum slightly shifts towards longer wavelength with the increase of irradiation dose. The fluorescence quantum yield is decreased for electron irradiated antimony thiourea tetra chloride crystals. The presence of functional group of the as-grown and electron irradiated complex was confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectral study.

Correlation of glutathione S-transferases with overall survival in patients with gastric carcinoma

Glutathione S-transferases (GST) are enzymes involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and are divided into four subclasses, Alpha, Mu, Pi, and Theta. Most human gastrointestinal tumors contain increased amounts of GST Pi and GST enzyme activity. The relationship between GST parameters and tumor and patient characteristics, including overall survival, were studied retrospectively in normal and malignant gastric tissue from 49 patients with primary gastric carcinoma. Twelve patients (24%) were alive at the end of the study with a mean follow-up time of 4.1+/-0.4 years. Levels of GST Alpha, Mu, Pi and GST enzyme activity were not related to tumor stage, localization and diameter of the tumor, number of eosinophils in the tumor, presence of intestinal metaplasia in normal gastric mucosa, or gender and age of the patient. Optimal dichotomization and uni- and multivariate analyses were done with the Cox proportional hazard model. None of the clinicopathological parameters were associated with survival, except the number of eosinophils in the tumor. In contrast, high levels of GST Pi in both normal mucosa (Hazard ratio 3.0, p=0.02) and in gastric carcinoma (HR 2.2, p=0.05) and the presence of GST Mu in normal (HR 0.4, p=0.05) and malignant (HR 0.3, p=0.009) gastric tissue were found to have a significant prognostic value, independent from the clinicopathological parameters, when added separately to a Cox model. In conclusion, the levels of GST Mu and Pi in both normal or carcinomatous gastric tissue have an independent prognostic impact on overall survival.

High acceptability of a vaginal ring intended as a microbicide delivery method for HIV prevention in African women

Vaginal rings (VRs) are new methods for continuous delivery of microbicides. This is the first study to quantitatively and qualitatively explore the acceptability of rings in Africa: 157 HIV-negative, sexually active women aged 18-35 used a placebo silicone elastomer ring for 12 weeks. They completed product acceptability questionnaires every 4 weeks. We conducted 6 exit focus group discussions with a subset of 48 women and 19 in-depth interviews with male partners. Retention in the study was high (97 %). Initial insertion at the clinic was successful on first attempt for 81 % of participants. Most women were comfortable using the ring, and very few (≤2 %) could feel it during daily activities or had ring-related physical or emotional problems. In the qualitative interviews many participants reported that they initially had concerns about using the ring. However, only a minority of women actually reported concerns with the ring during the study. The most frequent concern was that the ring would get lost inside the body (20 %), and this was significantly correlated with study site, frequently thinking about the ring and reporting that the ring was not very easy to remove. Qualitative data suggest that informants grew to like the ring because it felt securely placed, was unnoticeable during daily activities, and felt "normal" during sex. The ring appeared to be highly acceptable for women and men. Initial concerns with this novel method suggest a need for enhanced product counseling when VRs are introduced.