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Stranzinger S, Faulhammer E, Biserni S, Ferrari A, D'Elpidio G, Cicognani S, Khinast JG. Micro-dosing of powders into capsules using a new automated micro-dosing system: effect of powder characteristics and operating conditions on the filling of 0.5 mg - 100 mg weights. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37394978 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2023.2226213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the applicability of a novel micro-dosing system for precisely filling low powder doses (down to a few mg) into capsules along with weighing the filled powder mass accurately. METHODS Ten commonly used pharmaceutical powders, ranging from cohesive to free-flowing, were selected and filled at three target fill weights (0.5 mg, 1 mg, and 10 mg), to investigate the effect of distinct powder properties on the filling performance. The fill weight and variability, filling speed and yield (% and number of conforming capsules out of all capsules collected), as well as the system's long-term performance were assessed. RESULTS The filling accuracy was found to be good for all investigated powders. In particular, the results demonstrate that the tested powders, including the challenging cohesive ones, could be dosed at standard deviations within 0.23 mg at a 10 mg target weight, within 0.07 mg at a 1 mg target weight, and within 0.05 mg at a 0.5 mg target weight. In all cases, free-flowing powders showed lower standard deviations. Intermediate and cohesive powders had slightly higher standard deviations but were still within an acceptable range. CONCLUSION The study shows the suitability of the tested micro-dosing system for filling low powder doses into capsules, which is of particular importance for dosing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) directly in capsules, i.e., an API-in-capsule (AIC) approach for clinical trials (often in conjunction with highly potent APIs), and for low-dose powder filling for inhalation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stranzinger
- Research Centre Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - E Faulhammer
- Research Centre Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - S Biserni
- MG2, Via del Savena, 18, I-40065 Pian di Macina di Pianoro, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Ferrari
- MG2, Via del Savena, 18, I-40065 Pian di Macina di Pianoro, Bologna, Italy
| | - G D'Elpidio
- MG2, Via del Savena, 18, I-40065 Pian di Macina di Pianoro, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Cicognani
- MG2, Via del Savena, 18, I-40065 Pian di Macina di Pianoro, Bologna, Italy
| | - J G Khinast
- Research Centre Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Bergamaschi G, Barteselli C, Del Rio V, Borrelli de Andreis F, Pellegrino I, Mengoli C, Miceli E, Colaneri M, Zuccaro V, Di Stefano M, Bruno R, Di Sabatino A, Achilli G, Alimenti E, Alunno G, Antoci V, Aprile M, Argelli A, Aronico N, Ballesio A, Bellini G, Berbenni A, Bertolino G, Bianchi PI, Biserni S, Bonfichi A, Bosoni T, Brattoli M, Calabretta F, Callisti M, Cambiè G, Canta R, Canu P, Cebrelli C, Cecco A, Cicalini C, Clemente M, Clerici L, Codega S, Conca F, Coppola L, Costanzo F, Cremonte ME, Cresci R, Delliponti M, Del Rio V, Delogu C, Derosa G, Dionisi D, Di Terlizzi F, Dota M, Falaschi F, Fazzino E, Ferrami L, Ferrara S, Ferrari MG, Ferruccio N, Freddi G, Frenna C, Frigerio C, Fumoso F, Fusco A, Galeazzo A, Gaspari V, Gentile A, Giangreco A, Gori G, Grandi G, Gregorio V, Grimaldi P, Italia A, Lapia F, Latorre MA, Lenti MV, Lepore F, Lobello A, Lovati E, Lucotti PC, Lusetti F, Maimaris S, Mambella J, Martignoni A, Melazzini F, Mercanti C, Merli S, Moltisanti GC, Monti ME, Morbegno L, Mordà F, Mugellini A, Muggia C, Muscia R, Nardone A, Padovini L, Palumbo I, Parisi IM, Pecci A, Peroo GP, Petrucci C, Pieresca C, Pino G, Pitotti L, Poma S, Preti PS, Quadrelli A, Rascaroli A, Rigano G, Rossi CM, Rotola G, Ruggeri D, Russo MC, Sabatini U, Saglio S, Santacroce G, Savioli G, Savioli J, Scalia SS, Scalvini D, Shoval Y, Soffiantini C, Soriano S, Spadaro D, Staniscia A, Stefani D, Vai F, Varallo M, Vernero M. Impaired respiratory function reduces haemoglobin oxygen affinity in COVID-19. Br J Haematol 2023; 200:e44-e47. [PMID: 36572525 PMCID: PMC9880731 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Bergamaschi
- Internal Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Barteselli
- Internal Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine & Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Virginia Del Rio
- Internal Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine & Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Borrelli de Andreis
- Internal Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine & Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ivan Pellegrino
- Internal Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine & Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Caterina Mengoli
- Internal Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Miceli
- Internal Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Colaneri
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic & Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Zuccaro
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michele Di Stefano
- Internal Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Bruno
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic & Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- Internal Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine & Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Stranzinger S, Faulhammer E, Scheibelhofer O, Calzolari V, Biserni S, Paudel A, Khinast JG. Study of a low-dose capsule filling process by dynamic and static tests for advanced process understanding. Int J Pharm 2018; 540:22-30. [PMID: 29407875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Precise filling of capsules with doses in the mg-range requires a good understanding of the filling process. Therefore, we investigated the various process steps of the filling process by dynamic and static mode tests. Dynamic tests refer to filling of capsules in a regular laboratory dosator filling machine. Static tests were conducted using a novel filling system developed by us. Three grades of lactose excipients were filled into size 3 capsules with different dosing chamber lengths, nozzle diameters and powder bed heights, and, in the dynamic mode, with two filling speeds (500, 3000 caps/h). The influence of the gap at the bottom of the powder container on the fill weight and variability was assessed. Different gaps resulted in a change in fill weight in all materials, although in different ways. In all cases, the fill weight of highly cohesive Lactohale 220 increased when decreasing the gap. Furthermore, experiments with the stand-alone static test tool indicated that this very challenging powder could successfully be filled without any pre-compression in the range of 5 mg-20 mg with acceptable RSDs. This finding is of great importance since for very fine lactose powders high compression ratios (dosing-chamber-length-to-powder-bed height compression ratios) may result in jamming of the piston. Moreover, it shows that the static mode setup is suitable for studying fill weight and variability. Since cohesive powders, such as Lactohale 220, are hard to fill, we investigated the impact of vibration on the process. Interestingly, we found no correlation between the reported fill weight changes in dynamic mode at 3000 cph and static mode using similar vibration. However, we could show that vibrations during sampling in the static mode dramatically reduced fill weight variability. Overall, our results indicate that by fine-tuning instrumental settings even very challenging powders can be filled with a low-dose dosator capsule filling machine. This study is a further step towards a scientific qualification of dosator nozzles for low-fill weight (1-45 mg) capsule filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stranzinger
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria; Graz University of Technology, Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - E Faulhammer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria
| | - O Scheibelhofer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria
| | - V Calzolari
- MG2, Via del Savena, 18, I-40065 Pian di Macina di Pianoro, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Biserni
- MG2, Via del Savena, 18, I-40065 Pian di Macina di Pianoro, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria; Graz University of Technology, Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - J G Khinast
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria; Graz University of Technology, Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Stranzinger S, Faulhammer E, Calzolari V, Biserni S, Dreu R, Šibanc R, Paudel A, Khinast JG. The effect of material attributes and process parameters on the powder bed uniformity during a low-dose dosator capsule filling process. Int J Pharm 2017; 516:9-20. [PMID: 27826028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to assess the effect of process parameters of a dosator nozzle machine on the powder bed uniformity of inhalation powders with various characteristics during a low-dose dosator capsule filling process. Three grades of lactose excipients were extensively characterized and filled into size 3 capsules using different dosing chamber lengths (2.5, 5mm), nozzle diameters (1.9, 3.4mm), powder bed heights (5, 10mm) and filling speeds (500, 3000capsules/h). The fill weight and the weight variability of Lactohale 100 (large particles, good flowability, low cohesion) remained almost the same, regardless of the process parameters throughout the capsule filling run time. Moreover, for this powder an increase in the fill weight at a higher filling speed was observed in all cases. Fill weight variability was significantly higher for lower dosing chamber volumes at a filling speed of 3000 capsules per hour. Lactohale 220 (small particles, poor flowability, high cohesion) delivered entirely different results. After a certain run time, depending on instrumental settings, a 'steady-state' with constant fill weights and low weight variability was achieved. For this highly cohesive powder, a high dosing chamber volume requires a low filling speed in order for the powder to completely fill the dosator nozzle. Moreover, it was established that a dosing chamber length of 2.5mm and a powder bed height of 10mm were required due to the powder's high fill weight variability over time, while the dosator size had no effect on it. In summary, the layer uniformity, the fill weight and the weight variability strongly depend on the powder characteristics and the instrumental settings. The results indicate that Lactohale 220 requires special attention during low-dose capsule filling. The study presents excellent insights into the effect of material attributes and process parameters on the layer uniformity and the quality of end product.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stranzinger
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Graz University of Technology, Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - E Faulhammer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - V Calzolari
- MG2, Via del Savena 18, 40065 Pian di Macina di Pianoro, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Biserni
- MG2, Via del Savena 18, 40065 Pian di Macina di Pianoro, Bologna, Italy
| | - R Dreu
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - R Šibanc
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Graz University of Technology, Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - J G Khinast
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Graz University of Technology, Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Besenhard M, Faulhammer E, Fathollahi S, Reif G, Calzolari V, Biserni S, Ferrari A, Lawrence S, Llusa M, Khinast J. Accuracy of micro powder dosing via a vibratory sieve–chute system. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 94:264-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Faulhammer E, Llusa M, Wahl PR, Paudel A, Lawrence S, Biserni S, Calzolari V, Khinast JG. Development of a design space and predictive statistical model for capsule filling of low-fill-weight inhalation products. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:221-30. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1040416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Faulhammer
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria,
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, Graz, Austria,
| | - M. Llusa
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, Graz, Austria,
| | - P. R. Wahl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, Graz, Austria,
| | - A. Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, Graz, Austria,
| | - S. Lawrence
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex, UK, and
| | - S. Biserni
- MG2, Pian di Macina di Pianoro, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - J. G. Khinast
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria,
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering, Graz, Austria,
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