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Pollard S, De Silva AO, Simmons DBD. Metabolic, neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects of PFAAs and their mixtures on the proteome of the head kidney and plasma from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Sci Total Environ 2024; 928:172389. [PMID: 38615763 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
PFAAs (Perfluoroalkyl acids) are a class of bioaccumulative, persistent and ubiquitous environmental contaminants which primarily occupy the hydrosphere and its sediments. Currently, a paucity of toxicological information exists for short chain PFAAs and complex mixtures. In order to address these knowledge gaps, we performed a 3-week, aqueous exposure of rainbow trout to 3 different concentrations of a PFAA mixture (50, 100 and 500 ng/L) modeled after the composition determined in Lake Ontario. We conducted an additional set of exposures to individual PFAAs (25 nM each of PFOS (12,500 ng/L), PFOA (10,300 ng/L), PFBS (7500 ng/L) or PFBA (5300 ng/L) to evaluate differences in biological response across PFAA congeners. Untargeted proteomics and phosphorylated metabolomics were conducted on the blood plasma and head kidney tissue to evaluate biological response. Plasma proteomic responses to the mixtures revealed several unexpected outcomes including Similar proteomic profiles and biological processes as the PFOS exposure regime while being orders of magnitude lower in concentration and an atypical dose response in terms of the number of significantly altered proteins (FDR < 0.1). Biological pathway analysis revealed the low mixture, medium mixture and PFOS to significantly alter (FDR < 0.05) a number of processes including those involved in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and the nervous system. We implicate plasma increases in PPARD and PPARG as being directly related to these biological processes as they are known to be important regulators in all 3 processes. In contrast to the blood plasma, the high mixture and PFOA exposure regimes caused the greatest change to the head kidney proteome, altering many proteins being involved in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation. Our findings support the pleiotropic effect PFAAs have on aquatic organisms at environmentally relevant doses including those on PPAR signaling, metabolic dysregulation, immunotoxicity and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pollard
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Pollard S, Offenberger J, Lee F, Liu M, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Price R, Howarth P. THE SUSTAINED OCS-SPARING EFFECT OF MEPOLIZUMAB: RESULTS FROM THE REAL-WORLD REALITI-A STUDY AT 2 YEARS. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.08.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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3
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Lier S, Rein I, Lund S, Lång A, Lång E, Meyer N, Dutta A, Anand S, Nesse G, Johansen R, Klungland A, Rinholm J, Bøe S, Anand A, Pollard S, Lerdrup M, Pandey D. P10.12.A CDK12/CDK13 inhibition disrupts a transcriptional program critical for glioblastoma survival. Neuro Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac174.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent and aggressive malignant tumor of the central nervous system. With a median survival of only one year, GBM patients have a particularly poor prognosis, highlighting a clear need for novel therapeutic strategies to target this disease. Transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK), which phosphorylate key residues of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) C-terminal domain (CTD), play a major role in sustaining aberrant transcriptional programs that are key to development and maintenance of cancer cells.
Material and Methods
We used pharmacological inhibition and genetic ablation to study effects of CDK12/CDK13 depletion on the proliferatory and migratory capacity of GBM cells and mouse xenografts. SLAM-seq, CUT&RUN and cell cycle assays were used to study the mechanistic effects of CDK12/CDK13 depletion in GBM cells.
Results
CDK12/CDK13 depletion markedly reduced the proliferatory and migratory capacity of GBM cells, as well as in vivo growth. CDK12/CDK13 inhibition potentiated existing chemotherapeutic treatments. Mechanistically, inhibition of CDK12/CDK13 leads to a genome-wide abrogation of RNAPII CTD phosphorylation, which in turn disrupts transcription and cell cycle progression in GBM cells.
Conclusion
These results provide proof-of-concept for the potential of CDK12 and CDK13 as therapeutic targets for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lier
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
- Dept. of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - I Rein
- Dept. of Radiation Biology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - S Lund
- Dept. of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - A Lång
- Dept. of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - E Lång
- Dept. of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - N Meyer
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
- Dept. of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - A Dutta
- Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati , Assam , India
| | - S Anand
- Department of Informatics, Systems and Communications, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan , Italy
| | - G Nesse
- Dept. of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - R Johansen
- Dept. of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - A Klungland
- Dept. of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
- Dept. of Biosciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - J Rinholm
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
- Dept. of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - S Bøe
- Dept. of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - A Anand
- Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati , Assam , India
| | - S Pollard
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, SCRM Building, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - M Lerdrup
- Center for Chromosome Stability (CCS), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - D Pandey
- Dept. of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
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4
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Pollard S, Anderson JC, Bah F, Mateus M, Sidhu M, Simmons D. Non-Lethal Blood Sampling of Fish in the lab and Field With Methods for Dried Blood Plasma Spot Omic Analyses. Front Genet 2022; 13:795348. [PMID: 35401689 PMCID: PMC8988233 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.795348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is global acknowledgment that humane methods in animal research are a priority, but few environmental effects monitoring programs use nonlethal methods for fish. The goal of the present study was to determine the impacts of sampling small volumes of blood in larger-bodied fish on survival and healing. In addition to evaluating survival following blood sampling, we evaluated the utility of dried blood spots as an alternative for sample processing and storage in the field. In our approach, we housed 80 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in our flow-through aquatic facility. We then anaesthetized using MS-222 and sampled 1 μl/g bw of blood via puncture of the caudal vasculature. We tested four different post-blood sampling treatments on the puncture wound: 1. application of liquid bandage; 2. a swab of betadine; 3. a swab of fish mucous; and 4. compared survival outcomes to a group where no post-treatment was performed (negative control). Overall, we observed 90% survival among all treatments, with the most effective approach being the negative control (100% survival). Based upon these results, we repeated the blood sampling with no-post treatment by housing 20 rainbow trout (not previously tested upon) in cages at a nearby creek and monitored survival for 2 weeks post sampling. The survival rate was 95% with full healing of the puncture site in all subjects. In addition to this, we tested the efficacy of dry blood spotting on proteomic, lipidomic and amino acid analysis as an alternative method for blood sample processing and storage. It was found that dried plasma spotting using parafilm in conjunction with a modified Bligh-Dyer extraction offered the best balance for good recovery of protein, lipid and amino acids relative to wet plasma and Noviplex dried plasma spot cards. In this article, we will present the detailed results of these combined studies and describe what we have determined to be the safest non-lethal blood sampling protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pollard
- Aquatic Omics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - J C Anderson
- Aquatic Omics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - F Bah
- Aquatic Omics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Mateus
- Aquatic Omics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Sidhu
- Aquatic Omics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dbd Simmons
- Aquatic Omics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
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5
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Fraz S, Lee AH, Pollard S, Srinivasan K, Vermani A, David E, Wilson JY. Paternal Exposure to Carbamazepine Impacts Zebrafish Offspring Reproduction Over Multiple Generations. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:12734-12743. [PMID: 31393713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic low-concentration chemical exposures may have both direct health outcomes on adults and indirect effects on their offspring. Using zebrafish, we examined the impacts of chronic, low-concentration carbamazepine (CBZ) exposure on a suite of male reproductive endpoints in the parents and four generations of offspring reared in clean water. CBZ is one of the most frequently detected pharmaceutical residues in water, is a histone deacetylase inhibitor in mammals, and is reported to lower androgens in mammals and fish. Exposure of adult zebrafish to 10 μg/L CBZ for 6 weeks decreased reproductive output, courtship and aggressive behaviors, 11-ketotestosterone (11KT), and sperm morphology but did not impact milt volume or sperm swimming speed. Pairwise breeding generated lineages of offspring with both parents exposed and two lineages where only one parent was exposed; the control lineage had unexposed parents. Reproductive output and male reproductive indices were assessed in F1-F4 offspring to determine whether parental CBZ exposure had transgenerational impacts. The offspring of CBZ-exposed males had lower 11KT, reproductive output, altered courtship, aggression, and sperm morphology compared to the lineage from unexposed parents. Our results indicate that parental carbamazepine exposure history impacts the unexposed progeny up to the F4 generations and that paternal, but not maternal, exposure is most important for the reproductive health of male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamaila Fraz
- Department of Life Sciences , McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West , Hamilton , L8S4K1 ON , Canada
| | - Abigail H Lee
- Department of Life Sciences , McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West , Hamilton , L8S4K1 ON , Canada
| | - Simon Pollard
- Department of Life Sciences , McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West , Hamilton , L8S4K1 ON , Canada
| | - Krishna Srinivasan
- Department of Life Sciences , McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West , Hamilton , L8S4K1 ON , Canada
| | - Abhilasha Vermani
- Department of Life Sciences , McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West , Hamilton , L8S4K1 ON , Canada
| | - Ephraim David
- Department of Life Sciences , McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West , Hamilton , L8S4K1 ON , Canada
| | - Joanna Y Wilson
- Department of Life Sciences , McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West , Hamilton , L8S4K1 ON , Canada
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6
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Fraz S, Lee AH, Pollard S, Srinivasan K, Vermani A, Wilson JY. Parental gemfibrozil exposure impacts zebrafish F 1 offspring, but not subsequent generations. Aquat Toxicol 2019; 212:194-204. [PMID: 31132737 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gemfibrozil (GEM) is a fibrate lipid regulator and one of the most commonly occurring fresh water pharmaceuticals. The negative effects of fibrates including GEM on fish reproduction have been frequently reported including effects of F0 GEM exposure on reproduction of the unexposed F1 offspring. We predicted that chronic, direct exposure of zebrafish with low concentrations of GEM would adversely affect parental male reproduction and unexposed offspring for multiple generations. Adult zebrafish were exposed to 10 μg/L GEM for 6 weeks and a range of reproductive indices were analyzed. The F1-F4 offspring were reared in clean water from 3 distinct lineages where only a single or both parents were exposed and compared to a control lineage where parents were unexposed. Reproductive indices were examined in unexposed F1-F4 offspring to test the hypothesis of multi- or trans- generational impacts. Exposure to GEM caused a decline in breeding success and mean embryo production in F0 parents and a reduction in whole body 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), altered male courtship, aggression and sperm morphology. Our results indicate that paternal exposure alone is sufficient to result in reproductive effects in unexposed male offspring but that effects are mostly limited to F1. We suggest that GEM may act as a reproductive endocrine disruptor in fish and that chronic exposure reduced male reproductive fitness but not over multiple generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamaila Fraz
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
| | - Abigail H Lee
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
| | - Simon Pollard
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
| | - Krishna Srinivasan
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
| | - Abhilasha Vermani
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
| | - Joanna Y Wilson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
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7
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Caporale N, Germain P, Cheroni C, Chorev NE, Tobon AL, Trattaro S, D’Agostino G, Bressan R, Pollard S, Testa G. From cohorts to organoids: endocrine disruption in human neurodevelopmental models. Toxicol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Delgado J, Pollard S, Pearn K, Snary EL, Black E, Prpich G, Longhurst P. U.K. Foot and Mouth Disease: A Systemic Risk Assessment of Existing Controls. Risk Anal 2017; 37:1768-1782. [PMID: 27862133 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This article details a systemic analysis of the controls in place and possible interventions available to further reduce the risk of a foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in the United Kingdom. Using a research-based network analysis tool, we identify vulnerabilities within the multibarrier control system and their corresponding critical control points (CCPs). CCPs represent opportunities for active intervention that produce the greatest improvement to United Kingdom's resilience to future FMD outbreaks. Using an adapted 'features, events, and processes' (FEPs) methodology and network analysis, our results suggest that movements of animals and goods associated with legal activities significantly influence the system's behavior due to their higher frequency and ability to combine and create scenarios of exposure similar in origin to the U.K. FMD outbreaks of 1967/8 and 2001. The systemic risk assessment highlights areas outside of disease control that are relevant to disease spread. Further, it proves to be a powerful tool for demonstrating the need for implementing disease controls that have not previously been part of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Delgado
- Cranfield University, Institute for Environment, Health, Risks and Futures, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Simon Pollard
- Cranfield University, Institute for Environment, Health, Risks and Futures, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Kerry Pearn
- Cranfield University, Institute for Environment, Health, Risks and Futures, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Emma L Snary
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Edgar Black
- Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Area 1D, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London, SW1P 3JR, UK
| | - George Prpich
- Cranfield University, Institute for Environment, Health, Risks and Futures, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Phil Longhurst
- Cranfield University, Institute for Environment, Health, Risks and Futures, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
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9
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Pollard S, Bansback N, FitzGerld JM, Bryan S. The burden of nonadherence among adults with asthma: a role for shared decision-making. Allergy 2017; 72:705-712. [PMID: 27873330 DOI: 10.1111/all.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A shared approach to decision-making framework has been suggested for chronic disease management especially where multiple treatment options exist. Shared decision-making (SDM) requires that both physician and patients are actively engaged in the decision-making process, including information exchange; expressing treatment preferences; as well as agreement over the final treatment decision. Although SDM appears well supported by patients, practitioners and policymakers alike, the current challenge is to determine how best to make SDM a reality in everyday clinical practice. Within the context of asthma, adherence rates are poor and are linked to outcomes such as reduced asthma control, increased symptoms, healthcare expenditures, and lower patient quality of life. It has been suggested that SDM can improve treatment adherence and that ignoring patients' personal goals and preferences may result in reduced rates of adherence. Furthermore, understanding predictors of poor treatment adherence is a necessary step toward developing effective strategies to improve the patient-reported and clinically important outcomes. Here, we describe why a shared approach to treatment decision-making for asthma has the potential to be an effective tool for improving adherence, with associated clinical and patient-related outcomes. In addition, we explore insights into the reasons why SDM has not been implemented into routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Pollard
- School of Population and Public Health; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation; Vancouver Coastal Research Institute; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - N. Bansback
- School of Population and Public Health; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation; Vancouver Coastal Research Institute; Vancouver BC Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences; St Paul's Hospital; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - J. M. FitzGerld
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation; Vancouver Coastal Research Institute; Vancouver BC Canada
- Institute for Heart and Lung Health; Faculty of Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - S. Bryan
- School of Population and Public Health; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation; Vancouver Coastal Research Institute; Vancouver BC Canada
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10
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Nicholson A, Pollard S, Lima J, Romero K, Tarazona-Meza C, Malpartida-Guzmán G, Mougey E, Hansel N, Checkley W. Serum Folate Concentrations, Asthma, Atopy, and Asthma Control in
Peruvian Children and Adolescents. Ann Glob Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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11
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Soane E, Schubert I, Pollard S, Rocks S, Black E. Confluence and Contours: Reflexive Management of Environmental Risk. Risk Anal 2016; 36:1090-1107. [PMID: 26720858 PMCID: PMC4991296 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Government institutions have responsibilities to distribute risk management funds meaningfully and to be accountable for their choices. We took a macro-level sociological approach to understanding the role of government in managing environmental risks, and insights from micro-level psychology to examine individual-level risk-related perceptions and beliefs. Survey data from 2,068 U.K. citizens showed that lay people's funding preferences were associated positively with beliefs about responsibility and trust, yet associations with perception varied depending on risk type. Moreover, there were risk-specific differences in the funding preferences of the lay sample and 29 policymakers. A laboratory-based study of 109 participants examined funding allocation in more detail through iterative presentation of expert information. Quantitative and qualitative data revealed a meso-level framework comprising three types of decisionmakers who varied in their willingness to change funding allocation preferences following expert information: adaptors, responders, and resistors. This research highlights the relevance of integrated theoretical approaches to understanding the policy process, and the benefits of reflexive dialogue to managing environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Soane
- London School of Economics and Political ScienceLondonUK
| | | | - Simon Pollard
- Centre for Environmental Risks and FuturesCranfield University School of Applied SciencesBedfordshireUK
| | - Sophie Rocks
- Centre for Environmental Risks and FuturesCranfield University School of Applied SciencesBedfordshireUK
| | - Edgar Black
- Department for EnvironmentFood and Rural AffairsLondonUK
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Coulon F, Jones K, Li H, Hu Q, Gao J, Li F, Chen M, Zhu YG, Liu R, Liu M, Canning K, Harries N, Bardos P, Nathanail P, Sweeney R, Middleton D, Charnley M, Randall J, Richell M, Howard T, Martin I, Spooner S, Weeks J, Cave M, Yu F, Zhang F, Jiang Y, Longhurst P, Prpich G, Bewley R, Abra J, Pollard S. China's soil and groundwater management challenges: Lessons from the UK's experience and opportunities for China. Environ Int 2016; 91:196-200. [PMID: 26970591 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There are a number of specific opportunities for UK and China to work together on contaminated land management issues as China lacks comprehensive and systematic planning for sustainable risk based land management, encompassing both contaminated soil and groundwater and recycling and reuse of soil. It also lacks comprehensive risk assessment systems, structures to support risk management decision making, processes for verification of remediation outcome, systems for record keeping and preservation and integration of contamination issues into land use planning, along with procedures for ensuring effective health and safety considerations during remediation projects, and effective evaluation of costs versus benefits and overall sustainability. A consequence of the absence of these overarching frameworks has been that remediation takes place on an ad hoc basis. At a specific site management level, China lacks capabilities in site investigation and consequent risk assessment systems, in particular related to conceptual modelling and risk evaluation. There is also a lack of shared experience of practical deployment of remediation technologies in China, analogous to the situation before the establishment of the independent, non-profit organisation CL:AIRE (Contaminated Land: Applications In Real Environments) in 1999 in the UK. Many local technology developments are at lab-scale or pilot-scale stage without being widely put into use. Therefore, a shared endeavour is needed to promote the development of technically and scientifically sound land management as well as soil and human health protection to improve the sustainability of the rapid urbanisation in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Coulon
- Cranfield University, School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield, MK430AL, UK.
| | - Kevin Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Hong Li
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Qing Hu
- Engineering Innovation Centre, South University of Science and Technology of China, 1088 Xue Yuan Da Dao, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jingyang Gao
- Engineering Innovation Centre, South University of Science and Technology of China, 1088 Xue Yuan Da Dao, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Fasheng Li
- Department of Soil Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), 8 Dayangfang BeiYuan Road., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Mengfang Chen
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science (ISSAS), 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- The Institute of Urban Environment (IUE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Rongxia Liu
- The Administrative Centre for China's Agenda21 (ACCA21), 8 Yuyuantan Nanlu, Haidian District, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Science, Technology & Innovation, British Consulate-General Guangzhou, 5 Zhujiang Road West, Zhujiang New Town, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Kate Canning
- Arup, Energy and Resources, 6th floor, 3 Piccadilly place, Manchester M3 1 BN, UK
| | | | - Paul Bardos
- University of Brighton, Environment and Technology, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Paul Nathanail
- School of Geography, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK & Land Quality Management Ltd, University of Innovation Park, Sir Colin Campbell Bldg, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Rob Sweeney
- CL:AIRE, 32 Bloomsbury Street, London WC1B 3QJ, UK
| | - David Middleton
- Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA, UK), Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London, SW1P 3JR, UK
| | - Maggie Charnley
- Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA, UK), Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London, SW1P 3JR, UK
| | - Jeremy Randall
- RAW, Randall and Walsh Associated Limited, 339 Yorktown road, Sandhurst GU47 0PX, UK
| | - Martin Richell
- RAW, Randall and Walsh Associated Limited, 339 Yorktown road, Sandhurst GU47 0PX, UK
| | - Trevor Howard
- Environment Agency (England), Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol, BS1 5AH, UK
| | - Ian Martin
- Environment Agency (England), Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol, BS1 5AH, UK
| | - Simon Spooner
- Atkins, Water Ground and Environment, Epsom, KT18 5BW, UK and Nottingham University, Ningbo, 199 Taikang E Rd, Yinzhou, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, China
| | - Jason Weeks
- Cranfield University, School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield, MK430AL, UK
| | - Mark Cave
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Fang Yu
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, 8 Dayangfang BeiYuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Cranfield University, School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield, MK430AL, UK
| | - Phil Longhurst
- Cranfield University, School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield, MK430AL, UK
| | - George Prpich
- Cranfield University, School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield, MK430AL, UK
| | - Richard Bewley
- AECOM, Bridgewater House, Whitworth Street Manchester, M1 6LT, UK
| | - Jonathan Abra
- KTN, Innovation Suite, The Heath, Runcorn, Cheshire WA7 4QX, UK
| | - Simon Pollard
- Cranfield University, School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield, MK430AL, UK
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13
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Luís A, Lickorish F, Pollard S. Evolution of strategic risks under future scenarios for improved utility master plans. Water Res 2016; 88:719-727. [PMID: 26584343 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Integrated, long-term risk management in the water sector is poorly developed. Whilst scenario planning has been applied to singular issues (e.g. climate change), it often misses a link to risk management because the likelihood of impacts in the long-term are frequently unaccounted for in these analyses. Here we apply the morphological approach to scenario development for a case study utility, Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres (EPAL). A baseline portfolio of strategic risks threatening the achievement of EPAL's corporate objectives was evolved through the lens of three future scenarios, 'water scarcity', 'financial resource scarcity' and 'strong economic growth', built on drivers such as climate, demographic, economic, regulatory and technological changes and validated through a set of expert workshops. The results represent how the baseline set of risks might develop over a 30 year period, allowing threats and opportunities to be identified and enabling strategies for master plans to be devised. We believe this to be the first combined use of risk and futures methods applied to a portfolio of strategic risks in the water utility sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luís
- EPAL, SA, Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, Av. Liberdade, 24, 1250-144 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | | - Simon Pollard
- Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.
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14
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Perez D, Sharples KJ, Broom R, Jeffery M, Proctor J, Hinder V, Pollard S, Edwards J, Simpson A, Scott J, Benge S, Krissansen G, Geursen A, Palmano K, MacGibbon A, Keefe D, Findlay M. A randomised phase IIb trial to assess the efficacy of ReCharge ice cream in preventing chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea. Support Care Cancer 2015; 23:3307-15. [PMID: 26018599 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-015-2755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea (CID) has a significant impact. A medicinal food product (ReCharge) containing iron-saturated lactoferrin and anhydrous milk fat reduces the detrimental effects of chemotherapy on the gut in animals. We report results of a randomised blinded placebo-controlled phase IIb trial investigating the efficacy and safety of ReCharge in preventing CID. METHODS Eligible patients were adults due to start the first cycle of a 2- or 3-week-cycle chemotherapy regimen, had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) status of 3 or less, had adequate haematological, liver and renal function and provided written informed consent. Patients (197) were randomised to ReCharge or placebo. They consumed 100-g study product for 2 weeks before and 6 weeks after starting chemotherapy, completed daily diaries for 8 weeks and attended clinic visits until 12 weeks (2-week cycles) or 14 weeks (3-week cycles). The primary outcome was days with CID. RESULTS The mean number of days with diary-recorded CID was marginally but not statistically significantly lower on ReCharge than placebo (-2.0, 95 % CI (-4.7 to 0.7), p = 0.2). The proportion reporting diarrhoea in the previous cycle at the clinic visit was 30 % lower (p = 0.012) on ReCharge. Missing diary data may have contributed to the discrepancy. No significant differences were found in quality of life or other adverse events. CONCLUSIONS We found no clear evidence that ReCharge reduced CID as measured by patient self-report diary. The converse finding of benefit as recorded at clinic visits and incomplete adherence to diary completion indicates that further research is required into methods for measuring CID.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Perez
- University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand. .,Department of Oncology, Dunedin Hospital, Private Bag 1921, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
| | - K J Sharples
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Cancer Trials New Zealand, University of Auckland Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R Broom
- Auckland Regional Cancer & Blood Service, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M Jeffery
- Medical Oncology, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J Proctor
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, University of Auckland Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - V Hinder
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, University of Auckland Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S Pollard
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, University of Auckland Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J Edwards
- Wellington Blood & Cancer Centre, Capital & Coast District Health Board, Kilbirnie, New Zealand
| | - A Simpson
- Wellington Blood & Cancer Centre, Capital & Coast District Health Board, Kilbirnie, New Zealand
| | - J Scott
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, University of Auckland Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S Benge
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, University of Auckland Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - G Krissansen
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, University of Auckland Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A Geursen
- LactoPharma NZ LTD-Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd., Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - K Palmano
- LactoPharma NZ LTD-Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd., Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - A MacGibbon
- LactoPharma NZ LTD-Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd., Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - D Keefe
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M Findlay
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, University of Auckland Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Luís A, Lickorish F, Pollard S. Assessing interdependent operational, tactical and strategic risks for improved utility master plans. Water Res 2015; 74:213-226. [PMID: 25744185 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Risk management plays a key role in water utilities. Although risk tools are well-established at operational levels, approaches at the strategic level are rarely informed by systemic assessments of the water supply and lack a long-term perspective. Here, we report a baseline strategic risk analysis, founded on a systemic analysis of operational risks developed 'bottom-up' and validated in a large water utility. Deploying an action-oriented research method, supported by semi- structured interviews with in-house water utility risk experts, deep connections are established between operational risk and strategic risk that surpass those existing elsewhere in the sector. Accessible presentational formats - influence diagrams, risk "heat-maps" and supporting narratives are used to promote Board-level risk discussions, and characterise a baseline set of strategic risks core to forward utility master planning. Uniquely, the influence of operational events, exposures and potential harms, together with the mitigating measures in place to mediate these risks are linked to corporate objectives on business sustainability, profitability, water quality, water quantity, supply disruption and reputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luís
- EPAL, SA, Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, Av. Liberdade, 24, 1250-144 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Fiona Lickorish
- Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - Simon Pollard
- Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK.
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16
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Soane E, Schubert I, Lunn R, Pollard S. The relationship between information processing style and information seeking, and its moderation by affect and perceived usefulness: Analysis vs. procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Bulstrode H, Pollard S. O05 * FOXG1 IS A CANDIDATE TRANSCRIPTIONAL MASTER REGULATOR IN NEURAL STEM CELLS AND GLIOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou250.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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18
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Velis CA, Wagland S, Longhurst P, Robson B, Sinfield K, Wise S, Pollard S. Response to comment on "solid recovered fuel: materials flow analysis and fuel property development during the mechanical processing of Biodried waste". Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:14535-14536. [PMID: 24308757 DOI: 10.1021/es404413x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Costas A Velis
- Cranfield University , Centre for Energy and Resource Technology, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, U.K.
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19
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Delgado J, Pollard S, Snary E, Black E, Prpich G, Longhurst P. A systems approach to the policy-level risk assessment of exotic animal diseases: network model and application to classical swine fever. Risk Anal 2013; 33:1454-1472. [PMID: 23231448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exotic animal diseases (EADs) are characterized by their capacity to spread global distances, causing impacts on animal health and welfare with significant economic consequences. We offer a critique of current import risk analysis approaches employed in the EAD field, focusing on their capacity to assess complex systems at a policy level. To address the shortcomings identified, we propose a novel method providing a systematic analysis of the likelihood of a disease incursion, developed by reference to the multibarrier system employed for the United Kingdom. We apply the network model to a policy-level risk assessment of classical swine fever (CSF), a notifiable animal disease caused by the CSF virus. In doing so, we document and discuss a sequence of analyses that describe system vulnerabilities and reveal the critical control points (CCPs) for intervention, reducing the likelihood of U.K. pig herds being exposed to the CSF virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Delgado
- Centre for Environmental Risks and Futures, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
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20
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Harvey VJ, Sharples KJ, Isaacs RJ, Jameson MB, Jeffery GM, McLaren BR, Pollard S, Riley GA, Simpson AB, Hinder VA, Scott JN, Dzhelali MV, Findlay MP. A randomized phase II study comparing capecitabine alone with capecitabine and oral cyclophosphamide in patients with advanced breast cancer-cyclox II. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:1828-1834. [PMID: 23463624 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capecitabine and cyclophosphamide are active in patients with advanced breast cancer, have non-overlapping toxic effects and synergy pre-clinically. We explored the efficacy and toxic effect of an all-oral combination of capecitabine with cyclophosphamide versus capecitabine alone in a multicentre, randomized, phase II study. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer were randomized to treatment with capecitabine given continuously (666 mg/m(2) b.i.d. days 1-28) alone (C) or with oral cyclophosphamide (100 mg/m(2) days 1-14 of a 28-day cycle) (CCy) for up to six cycles. RESULTS Eighty-two patients were randomized. There was no complete response. The proportions with partial response were 36% on C and 44% on CCy, a difference of 7.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) -13.4 to 29.1]. Significant toxic effect was uncommon: grade ≥3 diarrhoea in 4 (10%) versus 1 (3%) patients; grade ≥3 fatigue in 2 (5%) versus 5 patients (13%) and grade ≥2 hand-foot syndrome in 7 (17%) versus 11 (28%) patients receiving C versus CCy, respectively. Median progression-free survival was 3.1 months on C and 6.9 months on CCy, not significantly different statistically. There was no difference in overall survival. CONCLUSION The difference in tumour response suggests a reasonable chance that CCy is superior to C alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Harvey
- Regional Cancer and Blood Centre, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland.
| | - K J Sharples
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, Division of Oncology, University of Auckland, Auckland; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin
| | - R J Isaacs
- Midcentral Regional Cancer Treatment Service, Palmerston North Hospital, Palmerston North
| | - M B Jameson
- Waikato Regional Cancer Centre, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton
| | - G M Jeffery
- Oncology Service, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch
| | - B R McLaren
- Southern Blood and Cancer Service, Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin
| | - S Pollard
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, Division of Oncology, University of Auckland, Auckland
| | - G A Riley
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, Division of Oncology, University of Auckland, Auckland
| | - A B Simpson
- Wellington Blood and Cancer Centre, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - V A Hinder
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, Division of Oncology, University of Auckland, Auckland
| | - J N Scott
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, Division of Oncology, University of Auckland, Auckland
| | - M V Dzhelali
- Wellington Blood and Cancer Centre, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - M P Findlay
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, Division of Oncology, University of Auckland, Auckland
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21
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Velis CA, Wagland S, Longhurst P, Robson B, Sinfield K, Wise S, Pollard S. Solid recovered fuel: materials flow analysis and fuel property development during the mechanical processing of biodried waste. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:2957-2965. [PMID: 23398118 DOI: 10.1021/es3021815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Material flows and their contributions to fuel properties are balanced for the mechanical section of a mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) plant producing solid recovered fuel (SRF) for the UK market. Insights for this and similar plants were secured through a program of sampling, manual sorting, statistics, analytical property determination, and material flow analysis (MFA) with error propagation and data reconciliation. Approximately three-quarters of the net calorific value (Q(net,p,ar)) present in the combustible fraction of the biodried flow is incorporated into the SRF (73.2 ± 8.6%), with the important contributors being plastic film (30.7 MJ kg(ar)(-1)), other packaging plastic (26.1 MJ kg(ar)(-1)), and paper/card (13.0 MJ kg(ar)(-1)). Nearly 80% w/w of the chlorine load in the biodried flow is incorporated into SRF (78.9 ± 26.2%), determined by the operation of the trommel and air classifier. Through the use of a novel mass balancing procedure, SRF quality is understood, thus improving on the understanding of quality assurance in SRF. Quantification of flows, transfer coefficients, and fuel properties allows recommendations to be made for process optimization and the production of a reliable and therefore marketable SRF product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas A Velis
- Cranfield University, Centre for Energy and Resource Technology, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
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22
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Newsome PN, Allison ME, Andrews PA, Auzinger G, Day CP, Ferguson JW, Henriksen PA, Hubscher SG, Manley H, McKiernan PJ, Millson C, Mirza D, Neuberger JM, Oben J, Pollard S, Simpson KJ, Thorburn D, Tomlinson JW, Wyatt JS. Guidelines for liver transplantation for patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Gut 2012; 61:484-500. [PMID: 22234978 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Noel Newsome
- Department of NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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23
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Perez-Pomares JM, Ruiz-Villalba A, Ziogas A, Segovia JC, Ehrbar M, Munoz-Chapuli R, De La Rosa A, Dominguez JN, Hove-Madsen L, Sankova B, Sedmera D, Franco D, Aranega Jimenez A, Babaeva G, Chizh N, Galchenko S, Sandomirsky B, Schwarzl M, Seiler S, Steendijk P, Huber S, Maechler H, Truschnig-Wilders M, Pieske B, Post H, Simrick S, Kreutzer R, Rao C, Terracciano CM, Kirchhof P, Fabritz L, Brand T, Theveniau-Ruissy M, Parisot P, Francou A, Saint-Michel E, Mesbah K, Kelly RG, Wu HT, Sie SS, Chen CY, Kuan TC, Lin CS, Ismailoglu Z, Guven M, Yakici A, Ata Y, Ozcan S, Yildirim E, Ongen Z, Miroshnikova V, Demina E, Rodygina T, Kurjanov P, Denisenko A, Schwarzman A, Rubanenko A, Shchukin Y, Germanov A, Goldbergova M, Parenica J, Lipkova J, Pavek N, Kala P, Poloczek M, Vasku A, Parenicova I, Spinar J, Gambacciani C, Chiavacci E, Evangelista M, Vesentini N, Kusmic C, Pitto L, Chernova A, Nikulina SUY, Arvanitis DA, Mourouzis I, Pantos C, Kranias EG, Cokkinos DV, Sanoudou D, Vladimirskaya TE, Shved IA, Kryvorot SG, Schirmer IM, Appukuttan A, Pott L, Jaquet K, Ladilov Y, Archer CR, Bootman MD, Roderick HL, Fusco A, Sorriento D, Santulli G, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G, Hagenmueller M, Riffel J, Gatzoulis MA, Stoupel EG, Garcia R, Merino D, Montalvo C, Hurle MA, Nistal JF, Villar AV, Perez-Moreno A, Gilabert R, Bernhold E, Ros E, Amat-Roldan I, Katus HA, Hardt SE, Maqsood A, Zi M, Prehar S, Neyses L, Ray S, Oceandy D, Khatami N, Wadowski P, Wagh V, Hescheler J, Sachinidis A, Mohl W, Chaudhry B, Burns D, Henderson DJ, Bax NAM, Van Marion MH, Shah B, Goumans MJ, Bouten CVC, Van Der Schaft DWJ, Bax NAM, Van Oorschot AAM, Maas S, Braun J, Van Tuyn J, De Vries AAF, Gittenberger-De Groot AC, Goumans MJ, Bageghni S, Drinkhill MJ, Batten TFC, Ainscough JFX, Onate B, Vilahur G, Ferrer-Lorente R, Ybarra J, Diez-Caballero A, Ballesta-Lopez C, Moscatiello F, Herrero J, Badimon L, Martin-Rendon E, Clifford DM, Fisher SA, Brusnkill SJ, Doree C, Mathur A, Clarke M, Watt SM, Hernandez-Vera R, Badimon L, Kavanagh D, Yemm AI, Frampton J, Kalia N, Terajima Y, Shimizu T, Tsuruyama S, Ishii H, Sekine H, Hagiwara N, Okano T, Vrijsen KR, Chamuleau SAJ, Sluijter JPG, Doevendans PFM, Madonna R, Delli Pizzi S, Di Donato L, Mariotti A, Di Carlo L, D'ugo E, Teberino MA, Merla A, T A, De Caterina R, Kolker L, Ali NN, Maclellan K, Moore M, Wheeler J, Harding SE, Fleck RA, Rowlinson JM, Kraenkel N, Ascione R, Madeddu P, O'sullivan JF, Leblond AL, Kelly G, Kumar AHS, Metharom P, Buneker CK, Alizadeh-Vikali N, Hynes BG, O'connor R, Caplice NM, Noseda M, De Smith AJ, Leja T, Rao PH, Al-Beidh F, Abreu Pavia MS, Blakemore AI, Schneider MD, Stathopoulou K, Cuello F, Ehler E, Haworth RS, Avkiran M, Morawietz H, Eickholt C, Langbein H, Brux M, Goettsch C, Goettsch W, Arsov A, Brunssen C, Mazilu L, Parepa IR, Suceveanu AI, Suceveanu AP, De Man FS, Guignabert C, Tu L, Handoko ML, Schalij I, Fadel E, Postmus PE, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Humbert M, Eddahibi S, Sorriento D, Santulli G, Del Giudice C, Anastasio A, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G, Fazal L, Azibani F, Bihry N, Merval R, Polidano E, Samuel JL, Delcayre C, Zhang Y, Mi YM, Ren LL, Cheng YP, Guo R, Liu Y, Jiang YN, Mourouzis I, Pantos C, Kokkinos AD, Cokkinos DV, Tretjakovs P, Jurka A, Bormane I, Mikelsone I, Reihmane D, Elksne K, Krievina G, Verbovenko J, Bahs G, Lopez-Andres N, Rousseau A, Calvier L, Akhtar R, Labat C, Cruickshank K, Diez J, Zannad F, Lacolley P, Rossignol P, Hamesch K, Subramanian P, Li X, Thiemann A, Heyll K, Dembowsky K, Chevalier E, Weber C, Schober A, Yang L, Kim G, Gardner B, Earley J, Hofmann-Bowman M, Cheng CF, Lian WS, Lin H, Jinjolia NJ, Abuladze GA, Tvalchrelidze SHT, Khamnagadaev I, Shkolnikova M, Kokov L, Miklashevich I, Drozdov I, Ilyich I, Bingen BO, Askar SFA, Ypey DL, Van Der Laarse A, Schalij MJ, Pijnappels DA, Roney CH, Ng FS, Chowdhury RA, Chang ETY, Patel PM, Lyon AR, Siggers JH, Peters NS, Obergrussberger A, Stoelzle S, Bruggemann A, Haarmann C, George M, Fertig N, Moreira D, Souza A, Valente P, Kornej J, Reihardt C, Kosiuk J, Arya A, Hindricks G, Adams V, Husser D, Bollmann A, Camelliti P, Dudhia J, Dias P, Cartledge J, Connolly DJ, Terracciano CM, Nobles M, Sebastian S, Tinker A, Opel A, Tinker A, Daimi H, Haj Khelil A, Be Chibani J, Barana A, Amoros I, Gonzalez De La Fuente M, Caballero R, Aranega A, Franco D, Kelly A, Bernus O, Kemi OJ, Myles RC, Ghouri IA, Burton FL, Smith GL, Del Lungo M, Sartiani L, Spinelli V, Baruscotti M, Difrancesco D, Mugelli A, Cerbai E, Thomas AM, Aziz Q, Khambra T, Tinker A, Addlestone JMA, Cartwright EJ, Wilkinson R, Song W, Marston S, Jacquet A, Mougenot NM, Lipskaia AJ, Paalberends ER, Stam K, Van Dijk SJ, Van Slegtenhorst M, Dos Remedios C, Ten Cate FJ, Michels M, Niessen HWM, Stienen GJM, Van Der Velden J, Read MI, Andreianova AA, Harrison JC, Goulton CS, Kerr DS, Sammut IA, Schwarzl M, Seiler S, Wallner M, Huber S, Steendijk P, Maechler H, Truschnig-Wilders M, Von Lewinski D, Pieske B, Post H, Kindsvater D, Saes M, Morano I, Muegge A, Jaquet K, Buyandelger B, Kostin S, Gunkel S, Vouffo J, Ng K, Chen J, Eilers M, Isaacson R, Milting H, Knoell R, Cattin ME, Crocini C, Schlossarek S, Maron S, Hansen A, Eschenhagen T, Carrier L, Bonne G, Coppini R, Ferrantini C, Olivotto I, Del Lungo M, Belardinelli L, Poggesi C, Mugelli A, Cerbai E, Leung MC, Messer AE, Copeland O, Marston SB, Mills AM, Collins T, O'gara P, Thum T, Regalla K, Lyon AR, Macleod KT, Harding SE, Rao C, Prodromakis T, Chaudhry U, Darzi A, Yacoub MH, Athanasiou T, Terracciano CM, Bogdanova A, Makhro A, Hoydal M, Stolen TO, Johnssen AB, Alves M, Catalucci D, Condorelli G, Koch LG, Britton SL, Smith GL, Wisloff U, Bito V, Claus P, Vermeulen K, Huysmans C, Ventura-Clapier R, Sipido KR, Seliuk MN, Burlaka AP, Sidorik EP, Khaitovych NV, Kozachok MM, Potaskalova VS, Driesen RB, Galan DT, Vermeulen K, Claus P, Sipido KR, De Paulis D, Arnoux T, Schaller S, Pruss RM, Poitz DM, Augstein A, Braun-Dullaeus RC, Schmeisser A, Strasser RH, Micova P, Balkova P, Hlavackova M, Zurmanova J, Kasparova D, Kolar F, Neckar J, Novak F, Novakova O, Pollard S, Babba M, Hussain A, James R, Maddock H, Alshehri AS, Baxter GF, Dietel B, Altendorf R, Daniel WG, Kollmar R, Garlichs CD, Sirohi R, Roberts N, Lawrence D, Sheikh A, Kolvekar S, Yap J, Arend M, Walkinshaw G, Hausenloy DJ, Yellon DM, Posa A, Szabo R, Szalai Z, Szablics P, Berko MA, Orban K, Murlasits ZS, Balogh L, Varga C, Ku HC, Su MJ, Chreih RM, Ginghina C, Deleanu D, Ferreira ALBJ, Belal A, Ali MA, Fan X, Holt A, Campbell R, Schulz R, Bonanad C, Bodi V, Sanchis J, Morales JM, Marrachelli V, Nunez J, Forteza MJ, Chaustre F, Gomez C, Chorro FJ, Csont T, Fekete V, Murlasits Z, Aypar E, Bencsik P, Sarkozy M, Varga ZV, Ferdinandy P, Duerr GD, Zoerlein M, Dewald D, Mesenholl B, Schneider P, Ghanem A, Rittling S, Welz A, Dewald O, Duerr GD, Dewald D, Becker E, Peigney C, Ghanem A, Welz A, Dewald O, Bouleti C, Galaup A, Monnot C, Ghaleh B, Germain S, Timmermans A, Ginion A, De Meester C, Sakamoto K, Vanoverschelde JL, Horman S, Beauloye C, Bertrand L, Maroz-Vadalazhskaya N, Drozd E, Kukharenko L, Russkich I, Krachak D, Seljun Y, Ostrovski Y, Martin AC, Le Bonniec B, Lecompte T, Dizier B, Emmerich J, Fischer AM, Samama CM, Godier A, Mogensen S, Furchtbauer EM, Aalkjaer C, Choong WL, Jovanovic A, Khan F, Daniel JM, Dutzmann JM, Widmer-Teske R, Guenduez D, Sedding D, Castro MM, Cena JJC, Cho WJC, Goobie GG, Walsh MPW, Schulz RS, Daniel JM, Dutzmann J, Widmer-Teske R, Preissner KT, Sedding D, Aziz Q, Khambra T, Sones W, Thomas AM, Kotlikoff M, Tinker A, Serizawa K, Yogo K, Aizawa K, Hirata M, Tashiro Y, Ishizuka N, Varela A, Katsiboulas M, Tousoulis D, Papaioannou TG, Vaina S, Davos CH, Piperi C, Stefanadis C, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG, Hermenegildo C, Lazaro-Franco M, Sobrino A, Bueno-Beti C, Martinez-Gil N, Walther T, Peiro C, Sanchez-Ferrer CF, Novella S, Ciccarelli M, Franco A, Sorriento D, Del Giudice C, Dorn GW, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G, Cseplo P, Torok O, Springo ZS, Vamos Z, Kosa D, Hamar J, Koller A, Bubb KJ, Ahluwalia A, Stepien EL, Gruca A, Grzybowska J, Goralska J, Dembinska-Kiec A, Stepien EL, Stolinski J, Grzybowska J, Goralska J, Partyka L, Gruca A, Dembinska-Kiec A, Zhang H, Sweeney D, Thomas GN, Fish PV, Taggart DP, Watt SM, Martin-Rendon E, Cioffi S, Bilio M, Martucciello S, Illingworth E, Caporali A, Shantikumar S, Marchetti M, Martelli F, Emanueli C, Marchetti M, Meloni M, Caporali A, Al Haj Zen A, Sala-Newby G, Emanueli C, Del Turco S, Saponaro C, Dario B, Sartini S, Menciassi A, Dario P, La Motta C, Basta G, Santiemma V, Bertone C, Rossi F, Michelon E, Bianco MJ, Castelli A, Shin DI, Seung KB, Seo SM, Park HJ, Kim PJ, Baek SH, Shin DI, Seung KB, Seo SM, Park HJ, Choi YS, Her SH, Kim DB, Kim PJ, Lee JM, Park CS, Rocchiccioli S, Cecchettini A, Pelosi G, Kusmic C, Citti L, Parodi O, Trivella MG, Michel-Monigadon D, Burger F, Dunoyer-Geindre S, Pelli G, Cravatt B, Steffens S, Didangelos A, Mayr U, Yin X, Stegemann C, Shalhoub J, Davies AH, Monaco C, Mayr M, Lypovetska S, Grytsenko S, Njerve IU, Pettersen AA, Opstad TB, Bratseth V, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I, Dumitriu IE, Baruah P, Antunes RF, Kaski JC, Forteza MJ, Bodi V, Trapero I, Benet I, Alguero C, Chaustre FJ, Gomez C, Sanchis J, Chorro FJ, Mangold A, Puthenkalam S, Distelmaier K, Adlbrecht C, Preissner KT, Lang IM, Koizumi T, Inoue I, Komiyama N, Nishimura S, Korneeva ON, Drapkina OM, Fornai L, Angelini A, Kiss A, Giskes F, Eijkel G, Fedrigo M, Valente ML, Thiene G, Heeren RMA, Vilahur G, Padro T, Casani L, Suades R, Badimon L, Bertoni B, Carminati R, Carlini V, Pettinari L, Martinelli C, Gagliano N, Noppe G, Buchlin P, Marquet N, Baeyens N, Morel N, Vanoverschelde JL, Bertrand L, Beauloye C, Horman S, Baysa A, Sagave J, Dahl CP, Gullestad L, Carpi A, Di Lisa F, Giorgio M, Vaage J, Valen G, Vafiadaki E, Papalouka V, Arvanitis DA, Terzis G, Spengos K, Kranias EG, Manta P, Sanoudou D, Gales C, Genet G, Dague E, Cazorla O, Payre B, Mias C, Ouille A, Lacampagne A, Pathak A, Senard JM, Abonnenc M, Da Costa Martins P, Srivastava S, Didangelos A, Yin X, Gautel M, De Windt L, Mayr M, Comelli L, Rocchiccioli S, Lande C, Ucciferri N, Trivella MG, Citti L, Cecchettini A, Ikonen L, Vuorenpaa H, Kujala K, Sarkanen JR, Heinonen T, Ylikomi T, Aalto-Setala K, Capros H, Sprincean N, Usurelu N, Egorov V, Stratu N, Matchkov V, Bouzinova E, Moeller-Nielsen N, Wiborg O, Aalkjaer C, Gutierrez PS, Aparecida-Silva R, Borges LF, Moreira LFP, Dias RR, Kalil J, Stolf NAG, Zhou W, Suntharalingam K, Brand N, Vilar Compte R, Ying L, Bicknell K, Dannoura A, Dash P, Brooks G, Tsimafeyeu I, Tishova Y, Wynn N, Oyeyipo IP, Olatunji LA, Maegdefessel L, Azuma J, Toh R, Raaz U, Merk DR, Deng A, Spin JM, Tsao PS, Lande C, Cecchettini A, Tedeschi L, Taranta M, Naldi I, Citti L, Trivella MG, Grimaldi S, Cinti C, Bousquenaud M, Maskali F, Poussier S, Marie PY, Boutley H, Karcher G, Wagner DR, Devaux Y, Torre I, Psilodimitrakopoulos S, Iruretagoiena I, Gonzalez-Tendero A, Artigas D, Loza-Alvarez P, Gratacos E, Amat-Roldan I, Murray L, Carberry DM, Dunton P, Miles MJ, Suleiman MS, Kanesalingam K, Taylor R, Mc Collum CN, Parniczky A, Solymar M, Porpaczy A, Miseta A, Lenkey ZS, Szabados S, Cziraki A, Garai J, Koller A, Myloslavska I, Menazza SM, Canton MC, Di Lisa FDL, Schulz RS, Oliveira SHV, Morais CAS, Miranda MR, Oliveira TT, Lamego MRA, Lima LM, Goncharova NS, Naymushin AV, Kazimli AV, Moiseeva OM, Lima LM, Carvalho MG, Sabino AP, Mota APL, Sousa MO, Niessner A, Richter B, Hohensinner PJ, Rychli K, Zorn G, Berger R, Moertl D, Pacher R, Wojta J, Huelsmann M, Kukharchik G, Nesterova N, Pavlova A, Gaykovaya L, Krapivka N, Konstantinova I, Sichinava L, Prapa S, Mccarthy KP, Kilner PJ, Xu XY, Johnson MR, Ho SY. Poster session 2. Cardiovasc Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Velis C, Wagland S, Longhurst P, Robson B, Sinfield K, Wise S, Pollard S. Solid recovered fuel: influence of waste stream composition and processing on chlorine content and fuel quality. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:1923-1931. [PMID: 22191490 DOI: 10.1021/es2035653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Solid recovered fuel (SRF) produced by mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) of municipal waste can replace fossil fuels, being a CO(2)-neutral, affordable, and alternative energy source. SRF application is limited by low confidence in quality. We present results for key SRF properties centered on the issue of chlorine content. A detailed investigation involved sampling, statistical analysis, reconstruction of composition, and modeling of SRF properties. The total chlorine median for a typical plant during summer operation was 0.69% w/w(d), with lower/upper 95% confidence intervals of 0.60% w/w(d) and 0.74% w/w(d) (class 3 of CEN Cl indicator). The average total chlorine can be simulated, using a reconciled SRF composition before shredding to <40 mm. The relative plastics vs paper mass ratios in particular result in an SRF with a 95% upper confidence limit for ash content marginally below the 20% w/w(d) deemed suitable for certain power plants; and a lower 95% confidence limit of net calorific value (NCV) at 14.5 MJ kg(ar)(-1). The data provide, for the first time, a high level of confidence on the effects of SRF composition on its chlorine content, illustrating interrelationships with other fuel properties. The findings presented here allow rational debate on achievable vs desirable MBT-derived SRF quality, informing the development of realistic SRF quality specifications, through modeling exercises, needed for effective thermal recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas Velis
- Centre for Energy and Resource Technology, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
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Hornibrook J, Pollard S. Medical image. Horse tick in a human ear. N Z Med J 2011; 124:83-84. [PMID: 22237572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Hornibrook
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Danovi D, Folarin A, Pollard S. 1406 POSTER DISCUSSION Live Image Based Screen on Glioblastoma Stem Cells. Eur J Cancer 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(11)70899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liu J, Pankhurst LJ, Deacon LJ, Abate W, Hayes ET, Drew GH, Longhurst PJ, Pollard S, Longhurst J, Tyrrel SF, Jackson SK. Evaluation of inflammatory effects of airborne endotoxin emitted from composting sources. Environ Toxicol Chem 2011; 30:602-6. [PMID: 21154847 DOI: 10.1002/etc.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Because of the lack of effective methodology, the biological effects of environmental endotoxin have not been assessed. Here we have collected and measured airborne endotoxin at different locations around composting sites. Increased endotoxin concentrations were observed close to composting activities and also at nearby boundary areas. Analysis of proinflammatory effects of the environmental endotoxin on interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 release from human D562 pharyngeal epithelial and MM6 monocytic cell cultures showed an association between endotoxin level and cytokine induction. The cytokine-inducing effect of bioaerosol extracts was inhibited by polymyxin B, indicating that endotoxin was the cause of cytokine responses we found. The environmental endotoxin was also more active for stimulating cytokines in airway epithelial cells than commercially purified Escherichia coli endotoxin. Our results suggest that these in vitro inflammatory cell models may contribute to the assessment of health impacts of environmental endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Coulon F, Al Awadi M, Cowie W, Mardlin D, Pollard S, Cunningham C, Risdon G, Arthur P, Semple KT, Paton GI. When is a soil remediated? Comparison of biopiled and windrowed soils contaminated with bunker-fuel in a full-scale trial. Environ Pollut 2010; 158:3032-40. [PMID: 20656385 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A six month field scale study was carried out to compare windrow turning and biopile techniques for the remediation of soil contaminated with bunker C fuel oil. End-point clean-up targets were defined by human risk assessment and ecotoxicological hazard assessment approaches. Replicate windrows and biopiles were amended with either nutrients and inocula, nutrients alone or no amendment. In addition to fractionated hydrocarbon analysis, culturable microbial characterisation and soil ecotoxicological assays were performed. This particular soil, heavy in texture and historically contaminated with bunker fuel was more effectively remediated by windrowing, but coarser textures may be more amendable to biopiling. This trial reveals the benefit of developing risk and hazard based approaches in defining end-point bioremediation of heavy hydrocarbons when engineered biopile or windrow are proposed as treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Coulon
- Centre for Resource Management and Efficiency, Sustainable Systems Department, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
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McAdam EJ, Bagnall JP, Koh YKK, Chiu TY, Pollard S, Scrimshaw MD, Lester JN, Cartmell E. Removal of steroid estrogens in carbonaceous and nitrifying activated sludge processes. Chemosphere 2010; 81:1-6. [PMID: 20719356 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A carbonaceous (heterotrophic) activated sludge process (ASP), nitrifying ASP and a nitrifying/denitrifying ASP have been studied to examine the role of process type in steroid estrogen removal. Biodegradation efficiencies for total steroid estrogens (Sigma(EST)) of 80 and 91% were recorded for the nitrifying/denitrifying ASP and nitrifying ASP respectively. Total estrogen biodegradation (Sigma(EST)) was only 51% at the carbonaceous ASP, however, the extent of biodegradation in the absence of nitrification clearly indicates the important role of heterotrophs in steroid estrogen removal. The low removal efficiency did not correlate with biomass activity for which the ASP(carbonaceous) recorded 80 microg kg(-1) biomass d(-1) compared to 61 and 15 microg kg(-1) biomass d(-1) at the ASP(nitrifying) and ASP(nitrifying/denitrifying) respectively. This finding was explained by a moderate correlation (r(2)=0.55) between total estrogen loading (Sigma(EST) mgm(-3)d(-1)) and biomass activity (microg Sigma(EST) degraded kg(-1) d(-1)) and has established the impact of loading on steroid estrogen removal at full-scale. At higher solids retention time (SRT), steroid estrogen biodegradation of>80% was observed, as has previously been reported. It is postulated that hydraulic retention time (HRT) is as important as SRT as this governs both reaction time and loading. This observation is based on the high specific estrogen activity determined at the ASP(carbonaceous) plant, the significance of estrogen loading and the positive linear correlation between SRT and HRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan J McAdam
- Centre for Water Science, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
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Goldsmith PJ, Ridgway DM, Pine JK, Ecuyer C, Baker R, Newstead C, Hostert L, Pollard S, Attia M, Menon KV, Ahmad N. SEQUENTIAL TRANSPLANT OF PAIRED KIDNEYS FOLLOWING DONATION AFTER CARDIAC DEATH (DCD): IMPACT OF LONGER COLD ISCHAEMIA TIME ON THE SECOND KIDNEY ON GRAFT AND PATIENT OUTCOME. Transplantation 2010. [DOI: 10.1097/00007890-201007272-00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Summerill C, Smith J, Webster J, Pollard S. An international review of the challenges associated with securing 'buy-in' for water safety plans within providers of drinking water supplies. J Water Health 2010; 8:387-398. [PMID: 20154401 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2010.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Since publication of the 3rd Edition of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Drinking Water Quality guidelines, global adoption of water safety plans (WSPs) has been gathering momentum. Most guidance lists managerial commitment and 'buy-in' as critical to the success of WSP implementation; yet the detail on how to generate it is lacking. This commentary discusses aspects of managerial commitment to WSPs. We argue that the public health motivator should be clearer and a paramount objective and not lost among other, albeit legitimate, drivers such as political or regulatory pressures and financial efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Summerill
- Cranfield University, Centre for Water Science, School of Applied Sciences, College Road, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
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Deacon L, Pankhurst L, Liu J, Drew GH, Hayes ET, Jackson S, Longhurst J, Longhurst P, Pollard S, Tyrrel S. Endotoxin emissions from commercial composting activities. Environ Health 2009; 8 Suppl 1:S9. [PMID: 20102594 PMCID: PMC2796505 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-8-s1-s9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes an exploratory study of endotoxin emissions and dispersal from a commercial composting facility. Replicated samples of air were taken by filtration at different locations around the facility on 10 occasions. Measurements were made of endotoxin and associated culturable microorganisms. The inflammatory response of cell cultures exposed to extracts from the filters was measured. Endotoxin was detected in elevated concentrations close to composting activities. A secondary peak, of lesser magnitude than the peak at source was detected at 100-150 m downwind of the site boundary. Unexpectedly high concentrations of endotoxin were measured at the most distant downwind sampling point. Extracted endotoxin was found to stimulate human monocytes and a human lung epithelial cell line to produce significant amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines. On a weight basis, endotoxin extracted from the composting source has a greater inflammatory cytokine inducing effect than commercial E. coli endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Deacon
- Mouchel, No.1 Waterhouse Square, 138-142 Holborn, London, EC1N 2ST, UK
| | - Louise Pankhurst
- Centre for Resource Management and Efficiency, Sustainable Systems, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Jian Liu
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Gillian H Drew
- Centre for Resource Management and Efficiency, Sustainable Systems, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Enda T Hayes
- Air Quality Management Resource Centre, University of the West of England, Bristol, Faculty of Enivronment and Technology, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Simon Jackson
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - James Longhurst
- Air Quality Management Resource Centre, University of the West of England, Bristol, Faculty of Enivronment and Technology, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Philip Longhurst
- Centre for Resource Management and Efficiency, Sustainable Systems, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Simon Pollard
- Centre for Resource Management and Efficiency, Sustainable Systems, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Sean Tyrrel
- Centre for Resource Management and Efficiency, Sustainable Systems, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
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Massanari M, Milgrom H, Pollard S, Maykut RJ, Kianifard F, Fowler-Taylor A, Geba GP, Zeldin RK. Adding omalizumab to the therapy of adolescents with persistent uncontrolled moderate--severe allergic asthma. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2009; 48:859-65. [PMID: 19564449 DOI: 10.1177/0009922809339054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of omalizumab among adolescents with moderate-severe allergic asthma inadequately controlled with inhaled corticosteroids. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data from patients 12 to 17 years of age were pooled from 5 placebo-controlled registration trials of omalizumab. Impact on asthma control was assessed by need for rescue bursts of oral corticosteroids, lung function, symptom scores, and unscheduled office visits. RESULTS In adolescents (n = 146), addition of omalizumab decreased mean number of rescue bursts (0.3 vs 0.9) versus placebo; relative risk 0.47 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22-0.99; P = .047). At study conclusion, mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second increased 268 mL (13.8%) in omalizumab-treated subjects versus 98 mL (5.5%) for placebo (least squares mean treatment difference 146 mL [95% CI, 19.4-272.6; P = .024]). Omalizumab significantly improved asthma symptom scores and reduced unscheduled office visits. CONCLUSION Omalizumab added to baseline therapy improves measures of asthma control in adolescents with persistent moderate-severe allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Massanari
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936-1080, USA.
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Koh YKK, Chiu TY, Boobis AR, Scrimshaw MD, Bagnall JP, Soares A, Pollard S, Cartmell E, Lester JN. Influence of operating parameters on the biodegradation of steroid estrogens and nonylphenolic compounds during biological wastewater treatment processes. Environ Sci Technol 2009; 43:6646-6654. [PMID: 19764230 DOI: 10.1021/es901612v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated operational factors influencing the removal of steroid estrogens and nonylphenolic compounds in two sewage treatment works, one a nitrifying/denitrifying activated sludge plant and the other a nitrifying/denitrifying activated sludge plant with phosphorus removal. Removal efficiencies of >90% for steroid estrogens and for longer chain nonylphenol ethoxylates (NP4-12EO) were observed at both works, which had equal sludge ages of 13 days. However, the biological activity in terms of milligrams of estrogen removed per day per tonne of biomass was found to be 50-60% more efficient in the nitrifying/denitrifying activated sludge works compared to the works which additionallyincorporated phosphorusremoval. A temperature reduction of 6 degrees C had no impact on the removal of free estrogens, but removal of the conjugated estrone-3-sulfate was reduced by 20%. The apparent biomass sorption (LogKp) values were greater in the nitrifying/denitrifying works than those in the nitrifying/denitrifying works with phosphorus removal for both steroid estrogens and honylphenolic compounds possibly indicating a different cell surface structure and therefore microbial population. The difference in biological activity (mg tonne(-1) d(-1)) identified in this study, of up to seven times, suggests thatthere is the potential for enhancing the removal of estrogens and nonylphenols if more detailed knowledge of the factors responsible for these differences can be identified and maximized, thus potentially improving the quality of receiving waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoong K K Koh
- Public Utilities Board, Technology and Water Quality Office, 40 Scotts Road no. 15-01, Environment Building, 228231, Singapore
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Wu S, Hrudey S, French S, Bedford T, Soane E, Pollard S. A role for human reliability analysis (HRA) in preventing drinking water incidents and securing safe drinking water. Water Res 2009; 43:3227-3238. [PMID: 19493557 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of water quality incidents and disease outbreaks suggests an imperative to analyse and understand the roles of operators and organisations in the water supply system. One means considered in this paper is through human reliability analysis (HRA). We classify the human errors contributing to 62 drinking water accidents occurring in affluent countries from 1974 to 2001; define the lifecycle of these incidents; and adapt Reason's 'Swiss cheese' model for drinking water safety. We discuss the role of HRA in human error reduction and drinking water safety and propose a future research agenda for human error reduction in the water sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Wu
- Cranfield University, Centre for Water Science, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
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Affeld K, Worner S, Didham RK, Sullivan J, Henderson R, Olarte JM, Thorpe S, Clunie L, Early J, Emberson R, Johns P, Dugdale J, Mound L, Smithers C, Pollard S, Ward J. The invertebrate fauna of epiphyte mats in the canopy of northern rata (Myrtaceae:Metrosideros robusta A.Cunn.) on the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/03014220909510150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Harvey VJ, Sharples K, Isaacs R, Jameson MB, Jeffery M, McLaren B, Pollard S, Riley G, Simpson A, Findlay MP. A randomized phase II study comparing capecitabine (C) with C plus oral cyclophosphamide (CCy) in patients (pts) with advanced breast cancer (BC). J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Garg A, Smith R, Hill D, Simms N, Pollard S. Wastes as co-fuels: the policy framework for solid recovered fuel (SRF) in Europe, with UK implications. Environ Sci Technol 2007; 41:4868-74. [PMID: 17711195 DOI: 10.1021/es062163e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
European Union (EU) member states are adopting the mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) of municipal solid waste (MSW) to comply with EU Landfill Directive (LD) targets on landfill diversion. We review the policy framework for MSW-derived solid recovered fuel (SRF), composed of paper, plastic, and textiles, in the energy-intensive industries. A comparatively high calorific value (15-18 MJ/ kg) fuel, SRF has the potential to partially replace fossil fuel in energy-intensive industries, alongside MSW in dedicated combustion facilities. Attempts by the European standards organization (CEN) to classify fuel properties consider net calorific value (CV) and chlorine and mercury content. However, the particle size, moisture content, and fuel composition also require attention and future studies must address these parameters. We critically review the implications of using SRF as a co-fuel in thermal processes. A thermodynamic analysis provides insight into the technical and environmental feasibility of co-combusting SRF in coal-fired power plants and cement kilns. Results indicate the use of SRF as co-fuel can reduce global warming and acidification potential significantly. This policy analysis is of value to waste managers, policy specialists, regulators, and the waste management research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Garg
- Sustainable Systems Department, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
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Macleod C, Duarte-Davidson R, Fisher B, Ng B, Willey D, Shi JP, Martin I, Drew G, Pollard S. Modeling human exposures to air pollution control (APC) residues released from landfills in England and Wales. Environ Int 2006; 32:500-9. [PMID: 16443274 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Human exposures to air pollution control (APC) residues released from 6 landfills were modeled and assessed. Following a qualitative risk characterisation, direct and indirect exposures were quantified. Site-specific air dispersion modeling was conducted for PM(10), PCDDs/PCDFs, Pb, Cd, As and Cr(VI) concentrations at the closest residential points of exposure for 4 landfill sites accepting, in total, 75% w/w of the APC residues disposed of in 2000-2001 (UK). Inhalation risks, assessed by reference to air quality standards at residential exposure points, were assessed as insignificant. Preliminary modeling suggested that indirect exposures from PCDDs/PCDFs at the 95th percentile level for the site where APC deposition rates were highest could potentially exceed the tolerable daily soil intake (TDSI) but this warrants further study given the model limitations. These results offer an initial screen of the significance of potential risks from APC disposal, which is of value in addressing concerns about the uncertainty of potential risks to human health from bulk APC disposal at strategic locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Macleod
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, IGER, North Wyke, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK
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40
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Gottberg A, Morris J, Pollard S, Mark-Herbert C, Cook M. Producer responsibility, waste minimisation and the WEEE Directive: case studies in eco-design from the European lighting sector. Sci Total Environ 2006; 359:38-56. [PMID: 16169574 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The EU Directive on Waste Electrical and Electrical Equipment (WEEE) (2002/96/EC), to be implemented in stages from August 2004, attempts to tackle the growing quantity WEEE by making producers responsible for the costs of the collection and recycling of their products at the end of usable life. This is considered to give producers a financial incentive to reduce waste at source through eco-design. This link is, however, under-researched and little is known generally about the effectiveness of extended producer responsibility (EPR) and policies to promote it. This paper presents the findings of an exploratory study to address these important gaps in knowledge. Literature review was used to develop an analytical framework to explain the relationships between the drivers for eco-design and the role of policies to promote EPR. This was applied to eight case studies of firms from the European lighting sector. While quantitative data to confirm the link between EPR and eco-design were difficult to obtain, the case studies showed that EPR has had little effect on product development so far. Within the sector studied, most producers have been able to pass on incremental costs associated with EPR to customers with negligible effects on sales. This reflects perceptions in the lighting sector that, because demand for products is relatively price inelastic and the regulation affects all producers equally, EPR is unlikely to drive eco-design at least in the short run. The cases also showed that choice between individual and centrally provided waste recovery schemes rested on perceptions of relative costs and practicability. It was evident that other drivers, such as bans on hazardous substances, product declarations and supply chain pressures, were often more effective promoters of eco-design. Thus it seems a mix of policy measures is required rather than reliance on economic instruments alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Gottberg
- Institute of Water and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, UK
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41
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Pollard S, Hiley V, Landsdown M. Under-representation of ethnic minorities in clinical trials of patients with breast cancer: the United Kingdom experience. EJC Suppl 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(06)80168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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42
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Martin BJ, Cheli CD, Sterling K, Ward M, Pollard S, Lifsey D, Mercante D, Martin L, Rayford W. Prostate Specific Antigen Isoforms and Human Glandular Kallikrein 2—Which Offers the Best Screening Performance in a Predominantly Black Population? J Urol 2006; 175:104-7. [PMID: 16406882 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)00069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Free prostate specific antigen, complexed PSA and human glandular kallikrein 2 have independently been tested against the gold standard of total PSA for prostate cancer screening in largely white populations. With the incidence of prostate cancer much higher in black men, we sought to evaluate these markers simultaneously in a predominantly black population. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 138 men, of whom 108 were black, underwent ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate for tPSA levels greater than 2.5 ng/ml or an abnormal digital rectal examination. Sera were drawn before biopsy and analyzed for tPSA, fPSA, cPSA and hK2 concentrations using standard methods (hK2 assay is for research use only, not for use in diagnostic procedures). The areas under the receiver operator characteristic curves were determined for each marker as well as biomarker combinations. Additionally, each parameter's specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and theoretical screening efficiency were assessed at or above the 95% sensitivity level. RESULTS A total of 43 (31.1%) men had prostate cancer by biopsy. While the AUC for %fPSA was statistically the highest (0.822, p <0.001), cPSA offered the highest specificity (31.6%) and positive predictive power (31.7%) of any of the tested biomarkers at comparable sensitivity (greater than 95%). The calculated efficiency of cPSA (51.4%) was also higher than the other markers. Nearly 20% of biopsies would be avoided using cPSA vs standard tPSA screening methods. CONCLUSIONS Comparing the major PSA isoforms and hK2, cPSA alone appears to offer superior diagnostic discrimination for cancer detection in a predominantly black population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Martin
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Duffy S, Jackson TL, Lansdown M, Philips K, Wells M, Pollard S, Clack G, Coibion M, Bianco AR. The ATAC (‘Arimidex’, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) adjuvant breast cancer trial: first results of the endometrial sub-protocol following 2 years of treatment. Hum Reprod 2005; 21:545-53. [PMID: 16210385 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamoxifen treatment results in a doubling of the risk of endometrial cancer after 1-2 years of treatment and a quadrupling after 5 years. Anastrozole, a third-generation aromatase inhibitor, with superior efficacy to tamoxifen, may also offer tolerability benefits in terms of effects on the endometrium. METHODS AND RESULTS A sub-protocol of the ATAC trial compared the incidence/type of intrauterine changes following treatment with these agents in a subgroup of patients (n = 285) from the main trial. After 2 years anastrozole treatment, endometrial thickness remained </= 5 mm (baseline: 3.0 mm); in patients receiving tamoxifen, endometrial thickness increased by 3.2 mm to 7.0 mm, with a similar trend in the combination group. At baseline, 26/285 patients (9.1%) had endometrial abnormalities, most commonly polyps. After 2 years the number of endometrial abnormalities appeared lower with anastrozole treatment compared with tamoxifen although these differences were not statistically significant (odds ratio: 0.44; 95% confidence interval 0.146, 1.314; P = 0.14). Most abnormalities occurred within the first year of treatment (anastrozole: 4/6; tamoxifen: 7/10; combination: 10/16; total: 21/32). Fewer patients in the anastrozole group (1.4%) required medical intervention (tamoxifen 12.5%; combination 13.6%). CONCLUSIONS Fewer endometrial abnormalities occurred during 2 years treatment with anastrozole compared with tamoxifen although statistical significance was not reached in this sub-protocol analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Duffy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St James' University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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Hurst C, Longhurst P, Pollard S, Smith R, Jefferson B, Gronow J. Assessment of municipal waste compost as a daily cover material for odour control at landfill sites. Environ Pollut 2005; 135:171-177. [PMID: 15701404 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of municipal waste compost as a daily cover material to reduce the odorous emissions associated with landfill surfaces was investigated. Trials were carried out using landfill gas, a certified sulphurous gas mix and ambient air as a control. Odorous gas was passed through portable test column filled with compost at different densities (590 kg/m3 and 740 kg/m3). Gas samples were taken from the inlet, outlet and at varying column depths and examined using a combination of sensory analysis (olfactometry) and a novel analytical method (Transportable Selected Ion Flow Tube--TSIFT). Results for the trials using landfill gas showed a 69% odour reduction (OU/m3) through the column for compost with a bulk density of 590 kg/m3, and a reduction of 97% using compost with a bulk density of 740 kg/m3. TSIFT analysis showed an overall decrease in the concentration of terpenes, and sulphurous compounds in the outlet gas from the column for both bulk densities. No significant trend could be identified for the concentrations at different depths within the column. Results show the ability of compost to reduce landfill odours under differing conditions. The inconclusive data provided by TSIFT analysis may be due to the analysis of compounds that are not contributing to odour, and thus highlights the potential for synergetic effects and the importance of sensory measurement when examining odorous emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hurst
- Integrated Waste Management Centre, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
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45
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Duffy S, Jackson TL, Lansdown M, Philips K, Wells M, Pollard S, Clack G, Coibion M, Bianco AR. The ATAC (‘Arimidex’, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) adjuvant breast cancer trial: baseline endometrial sub-protocol data on the effectiveness of transvaginal ultrasonography and diagnostic hysteroscopy. Hum Reprod 2005; 20:294-301. [PMID: 15513977 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 'Arimidex', Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial is a randomized, double-blind trial comparing anastrozole ('Arimidex'), alone or in combination with tamoxifen, relative to tamoxifen alone as 5 year adjuvant treatment for post-menopausal women with early breast cancer. Since tamoxifen is associated with endometrial pathology, the ATAC endometrial sub-protocol was initiated to establish the background prevalence of intrauterine pathology, and to assess prospectively the incidence and nature of intrauterine changes following endocrine therapy. Another aim was to provide data from which advice could be generated on the best endometrium screening method for patients receiving tamoxifen. METHODS Patients underwent endometrial assessments at entry to the sub-protocol. The baseline investigations comprised transvaginal ultrasound scanning (TVUS), a hysteroscopy and an endometrial biopsy. RESULTS A total of 285 gynaecologically asymptomatic women from 31 centres in 10 countries entered the endometrial sub-protocol. The mean uterine volume was 47.7 cm3. The median endometrial thickness overall was 3 mm. Twenty-four histologically confirmed, pathological changes were observed. Twenty-three pathologies were confirmed by TVUS, and 21 were identified by hysteroscopy and confirmed by histopathology. Women with or without intrauterine pathology had median endometrial thickness of 5 and 3 mm respectively. CONCLUSIONS The presence of pathology was associated with increased endometrial thickness. The relative sensitivity and specificity of hysteroscopy and endometrial thickness for the diagnosis of endometrial pathology was comparable to other studies. If screening of the endometrium prior to treatment is appropriate, this study supports the use of an endometrial thickness of 3 mm, as assessed by TVUS, as a threshold for needing further investigation. This study demonstrates that if the endometrial thickness is >3 mm, hysteroscopy and biopsy is the optimal method of detecting intrauterine pathology in women with breast cancer who are about to commence endocrine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Duffy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St James' University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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Duffy S, Jackson TL, Lansdown M, Philips K, Wells M, Pollard S, Clack G, Cuzick J, Coibion M, Bianco AR. The ATAC adjuvant breast cancer trial in postmenopausal women: baseline endometrial subprotocol data. BJOG 2003; 110:1099-106. [PMID: 14664881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) trial is a randomised, double-blind trial comparing 'Arimidex' (anastrozole), alone or in combination with tamoxifen, relative to tamoxifen alone as a five year adjuvant treatment for postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. Because tamoxifen is associated with endometrial pathology, the ATAC endometrial subprotocol was initiated to establish the background prevalence of pathology, and to assess prospectively the incidence and nature of intrauterine changes before and following endocrine therapy. SETTING International. POPULATION AND STUDY DESIGN: Two hundred and eighty-five women entered the subprotocol: the mean age was 60 years (range 44-80 years); 113 women (40%) had taken hormone replacement therapy prior to randomisation, and 238 women were parous (84%). The age at onset of the menopause was 32-58 years, with the majority becoming menopausal between 46 and 55 years of age. Two hundred and seventy-two women had a hysteroscopy before they commenced trial medication. Hysteroscopy was performed successfully in 265 women. In six women, failure of hysteroscopy at baseline led to withdrawal from the study. Three of the women who withdrew had a pipelle biopsy taken. Therefore, the total number of endometrial biopsies at baseline was 268. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES To assess the demographic characteristics of women entering the endometrial subprotocol and their hysteroscopic and histological findings before commencing trial medication. RESULTS At hysteroscopy, there was a diagnosis of endometrial polyps in 34 women (13%), fibroids in 16 women (6%) and one case of suspicious endometrium, which was confirmed as a polyp on histology. Only 21 of the 34 polyps seen hysteroscopically were proven histologically (62% accuracy of hysteroscopy). Final histology found the prevalence of endometrial diagnostic categories as follows: 123 inactive endometrium (46%), 20 benign polyps (7%), 17 secretory endometrium (6%), 7 proliferative endometrium (3%), 3 atypical hyperplasia (2 in a polyp), 1 simple hyperplasia (in a polyp) and 1 fibroid. The remaining women had pipelle samples with insufficient tissue obtained, indicating a normal endometrial cavity. CONCLUSION This is the first study of such size in gynaecologically asymptomatic breast cancer patients. This paper describes the findings in individual patients before any trial treatment was given. In this baseline group, 82% (219/268) of women had a normal endometrial cavity; 18% (49/268) had endometrial activity (proliferative or secretory endometrium in 9%) or an intracavity abnormality (hyperplasia, polyps and a fibroid in 9%). In total, 36% of biopsies had insufficient tissue for diagnosis, which in combination with a normal hysteroscopy was classed as normal. The appearance of a polyp hysteroscopically in this group was not proven histologically in approximately 40% of cases. The development of uterine pathology over time in the ATAC study will subsequently be assessed against the findings of this baseline paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Duffy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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Duffy S, Jackson T, Lansdown M, Philips K, Wells M, Pollard S, Clack G, Cuzick J, Coibion M, Bianco A. The ATAC adjuvant breast cancer trial in postmenopausal women: baseline endometrial subprotocol data. BJOG 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2003.02120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Martin B, Cheli CD, Lifsey D, Ward M, Pollard S, Jefferson L, Thiel RP, Rayford W. Complexed PSA performance for prostate cancer detection in an African-American population. Urology 2003; 62:835-9. [PMID: 14624904 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(03)00675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Complexed prostate-specific antigen (cPSA) has been shown to improve the differentiation of benign and malignant disease compared with total PSA (tPSA) in studies evaluating predominantly white populations of men. We sought to evaluate the diagnostic performance of cPSA relative to tPSA in a population of African-American men. METHODS Consecutive African-American men scheduled for prostate biopsy were enrolled prospectively at the Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans. Serum was collected before the biopsy procedure and tested with the Immuno 1 tPSA and cPSA methods. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed and the area under the curve was calculated for tPSA and cPSA. RESULTS A total of 156 patients were evaluated, 51 (32.7%) of whom were diagnosed with prostate cancer. The median PSA value for men with prostate cancer was 4.96 ng/mL and for those with benign disease was 3.93 ng/mL. The receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that the area under the curve for cPSA (0.679) was statistically greater than that achieved for tPSA (0.642, P = 0.004). Using cutoff values for cPSA of 2.3 ng/mL and for tPSA of 2.85 ng/mL provided a specificity of 31.4% and 26.7%, respectively, at a sensitivity for prostate cancer detection of 95%. This was not statistically significant (P = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS cPSA offers modest improvement in prostate cancer detection compared with tPSA in African-American men, but not at the clinically relevant 95% sensitivity level. Additional work is needed to improve prostate cancer detection in this high-risk cohort of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Martin
- Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Middleton SJ, Pollard S, Friend PJ, Watson C, Calne RY, Davies M, Cameron EAB, Gimson AE, Bradley JA, Shaffer J, Jamieson NV. Adult small intestinal transplantation in England and Wales. Br J Surg 2003; 90:723-7. [PMID: 12808622 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 1996 two transplantation centres in the UK were commissioned by the National Specialist Commissioning Advisory Group for England and Wales to assess small intestinal transplantation in adults. The joint experience of the two centres is presented. METHODS Patients with irreversible small intestinal failure and complications of parenteral nutrition, and those with abdominal disease requiring extensive visceral resection, were assessed as candidates and where appropriate listed for surgery. RESULTS Thirty-six patients were assessed for small intestinal transplantation and, of these, 14 underwent surgery. Twelve patients survived the transplantation procedure. Of these, seven patients were alive at 1 year, five at 3 years and three at 5 years. Three patients remain alive. Patient and graft survival improved with experience; the 1-year survival rate improved in the last 4 years of this experience from 43 to 57 per cent, and the 3-year survival rate from 29 to 43 per cent. CONCLUSION Small intestinal transplantation is associated with a high mortality rate but may benefit carefully selected patients in whom conservative management is likely to carry a greater mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Middleton
- Department of Gastroenterology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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Aller MI, Paniagua MA, Pollard S, Stephenson FA, Fernandez-Lopez A. The GABA(A) receptor complex in the chicken brain: immunocytochemical distribution of alpha 1- and gamma 2-subunits and autoradiographic distribution of BZ1 and BZ2 binding sites. J Chem Neuroanat 2003; 25:1-18. [PMID: 12573455 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-0618(02)00071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two antibodies, raised against the rat GABA(A) receptor alpha1- and gamma2-subunits, were used for an immunocytochemical study of the distribution of these proteins in the chicken brain. The immunoreactive bands obtained by Western blotting and the similar labelling distribution found in the rat and chicken brain support the suitability of these antibodies for the labelling of GABA(A) receptors in birds. We found abundant alpha1 and gamma2 immunoreactivity throughout the chicken brain, mainly in the paleostriata and lobus paraolfactorius, dorsal thalamus and some nuclei of the brainstem. The alpha1-subunit was more abundant in the telencephalon, thalamus and cerebellum, while the presence of the gamma2-subunit was stronger in the optic tectum and brainstem. We also report the autoradiographic distribution of the BZ1 and BZ2 benzodiazepine receptor subtypes in the chicken brain using [3H]flunitrazepam. Benzodiazepine binding was unevenly distributed throughout the chicken brain, and the anatomical distribution of the BZ1 and BZ2 subtypes was similar to that described in mammals. The highest binding values were found in the olfactory bulb, paleostriatum primitivum, optic tectum, nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis pars dorsalis and nucleus isthmi pars parvocellularis, the BZ2 subtype being predominant in the paleostriatum primitivum and optic tectum. A general agreement in the distribution of BZ1 and alpha1 immunoreactivity was observed in structures such as the olfactory bulb, paleostriata, lobus parolfactorius and dorsal thalamus, although some discrepancies were observed in areas such as the optic tectum or nucleus isthmi pars parvocellularis, with high BZ1 binding and low or no alpha1 immunolabelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Aller
- Facultad de Biología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Anatomía, Universidad de León, Spain
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