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Boulle A, Davies MA, Hussey H, Ismail M, Morden E, Vundle Z, Zweigenthal V, Mahomed H, Paleker M, Pienaar D, Tembo Y, Lawrence C, Isaacs W, Mathema H, Allen D, Allie T, Bam JL, Buddiga K, Dane P, Heekes A, Matlapeng B, Mutemaringa T, Muzarabani L, Phelanyane F, Pienaar R, Rode C, Smith M, Tiffin N, Zinyakatira N, Cragg C, Marais F, Mudaly V, Voget J, Davids J, Roodt F, van Zyl Smit N, Vermeulen A, Adams K, Audley G, Bateman K, Beckwith P, Bernon M, Blom D, Boloko L, Botha J, Boutall A, Burmeister S, Cairncross L, Calligaro G, Coccia C, Corin C, Daroowala R, Dave JA, De Bruyn E, De Villiers M, Deetlefs M, Dlamini S, Du Toit T, Endres W, Europa T, Fieggan G, Figaji A, Frankenfeld P, Gatley E, Gina P, Govender E, Grobler R, Gule MV, Hanekom C, Held M, Heynes A, Hlatswayo S, Hodkinson B, Holtzhausen J, Hoosain S, Jacobs A, Kahn M, Kahn T, Khamajeet A, Khan J, Khan R, Khwitshana A, Knight L, Kooverjee S, Krogscheepers R, Kruger JJ, Kuhn S, Laubscher K, Lazarus J, Le Roux J, Lee Jones S, Levin D, Maartens G, Majola T, Manganyi R, Marais D, Marais S, Maritz F, Maughan D, Mazondwa S, Mbanga L, Mbatani N, Mbena B, Meintjes G, Mendelson M, Möller E, Moore A, Ndebele B, Nortje M, Ntusi N, Nyengane F, Ofoegbu C, Papavarnavas N, Peter J, Pickard H, Pluke K, Raubenheimer PJ, Robertson G, Rozmiarek J, Sayed A, Scriba M, Sekhukhune H, Singh P, Smith E, Soldati V, Stek C, van den berg R, van der Merwe LR, Venter P, Vermooten B, Viljoen G, Viranna S, Vogel J, Vundla N, Wasserman S, Zitha E, Lomas-Marais V, Lombard A, Stuve K, Viljoen W, Basson DV, Le Roux S, Linden-Mars E, Victor L, Wates M, Zwanepoel E, Ebrahim N, Lahri S, Mnguni A, Crede T, de Man M, Evans K, Hendrikse C, Naude J, Parak M, Szymanski P, Van Koningsbruggen C, Abrahams R, Allwood B, Botha C, Botha MH, Broadhurst A, Claasen D, Daniel C, Dawood R, du Preez M, Du Toit N, Erasmus K, Koegelenberg CFN, Gabriel S, Hugo S, Jardine T, Johannes C, Karamchand S, Lalla U, Langenegger E, Louw E, Mashigo B, Mhlana N, Mnqwazi C, Moodley A, Moodley D, Moolla S, Mowlana A, Nortje A, Olivier E, Parker A, Paulsen C, Prozesky H, Rood J, Sabela T, Schrueder N, Sithole N, Sithole S, Taljaard JJ, Titus G, Van Der Merwe T, van Schalkwyk M, Vazi L, Viljoen AJ, Yazied Chothia M, Naidoo V, Wallis LA, Abbass M, Arendse J, Armien R, Bailey R, Bello M, Carelse R, Forgus S, Kalawe N, Kariem S, Kotze M, Lucas J, McClaughlin J, Murie K, Najjaar L, Petersen L, Porter J, Shaw M, Stapar D, Williams M, Aldum L, Berkowitz N, Girran R, Lee K, Naidoo L, Neumuller C, Anderson K, Begg K, Boerlage L, Cornell M, de Waal R, Dudley L, English R, Euvrard J, Groenewald P, Jacob N, Jaspan H, Kalk E, Levitt N, Malaba T, Nyakato P, Patten G, Schneider H, Shung King M, Tsondai P, Van Duuren J, van Schaik N, Blumberg L, Cohen C, Govender N, Jassat W, Kufa T, McCarthy K, Morris L, Hsiao NY, Marais R, Ambler J, Ngwenya O, Osei-Yeboah R, Johnson L, Kassanjee R, Tamuhla T. Risk Factors for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Death in a Population Cohort Study from the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e2005-e2015. [PMID: 32860699 PMCID: PMC7499501 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) death in sub-Saharan Africa and the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis on COVID-19 outcomes are unknown. METHODS We conducted a population cohort study using linked data from adults attending public-sector health facilities in the Western Cape, South Africa. We used Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, sex, location, and comorbidities, to examine the associations between HIV, tuberculosis, and COVID-19 death from 1 March to 9 June 2020 among (1) public-sector "active patients" (≥1 visit in the 3 years before March 2020); (2) laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 cases; and (3) hospitalized COVID-19 cases. We calculated the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for COVID-19, comparing adults living with and without HIV using modeled population estimates. RESULTS Among 3 460 932 patients (16% living with HIV), 22 308 were diagnosed with COVID-19, of whom 625 died. COVID-19 death was associated with male sex, increasing age, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. HIV was associated with COVID-19 mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.70-2.70), with similar risks across strata of viral loads and immunosuppression. Current and previous diagnoses of tuberculosis were associated with COVID-19 death (aHR, 2.70 [95% CI, 1.81-4.04] and 1.51 [95% CI, 1.18-1.93], respectively). The SMR for COVID-19 death associated with HIV was 2.39 (95% CI, 1.96-2.86); population attributable fraction 8.5% (95% CI, 6.1-11.1). CONCLUSIONS While our findings may overestimate HIV- and tuberculosis-associated COVID-19 mortality risks due to residual confounding, both living with HIV and having current tuberculosis were independently associated with increased COVID-19 mortality. The associations between age, sex, and other comorbidities and COVID-19 mortality were similar to those in other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Boulle
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Mary-Ann Davies
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Hannah Hussey
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Muzzammil Ismail
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Erna Morden
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Ziyanda Vundle
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Division of Health Systems and Public Health, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University
| | - Virginia Zweigenthal
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Hassan Mahomed
- Division of Health Systems and Public Health, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University
- Metro Health Services, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Masudah Paleker
- Division of Health Systems and Public Health, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University
- Metro Health Services, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - David Pienaar
- Rural Health Services, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Yamanya Tembo
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
- Rural Health Services, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Charlene Lawrence
- Communicable Disease Sub-Directorate, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Washiefa Isaacs
- Communicable Disease Sub-Directorate, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Hlengani Mathema
- Communicable Disease Sub-Directorate, Western Cape Government: Health
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
| | - Derick Allen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Taryn Allie
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Jamy-Lee Bam
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Kasturi Buddiga
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Pierre Dane
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Alexa Heekes
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Boitumelo Matlapeng
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Themba Mutemaringa
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Luckmore Muzarabani
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Florence Phelanyane
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Rory Pienaar
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Catherine Rode
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Mariette Smith
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Nicki Tiffin
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town
- Division of Computational Biology, University of Cape Town
| | - Nesbert Zinyakatira
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Carol Cragg
- Health Programmes Directorate, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Frederick Marais
- Health Programmes Directorate, Western Cape Government: Health
- Faculty of Health Sciences, North West University
| | - Vanessa Mudaly
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
- Health Programmes Directorate, Western Cape Government: Health
| | | | - Jody Davids
- George Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Adams
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Gordon Audley
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Kathleen Bateman
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Peter Beckwith
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Marc Bernon
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Dirk Blom
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Linda Boloko
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Jean Botha
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Adam Boutall
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Sean Burmeister
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Lydia Cairncross
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Gregory Calligaro
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Cecilia Coccia
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Chadwin Corin
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Remy Daroowala
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Joel A Dave
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Elsa De Bruyn
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Martin De Villiers
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Mimi Deetlefs
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Sipho Dlamini
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Thomas Du Toit
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Wilhelm Endres
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Tarin Europa
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Graham Fieggan
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Anthony Figaji
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Petro Frankenfeld
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Elizabeth Gatley
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Phindile Gina
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Evashan Govender
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Rochelle Grobler
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Manqoba Vusumuzi Gule
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Christoff Hanekom
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Michael Held
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Alana Heynes
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Sabelo Hlatswayo
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Bridget Hodkinson
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | | | - Shakeel Hoosain
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Ashely Jacobs
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Miriam Kahn
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Thania Kahn
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Arvin Khamajeet
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Joubin Khan
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Riaasat Khan
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Alicia Khwitshana
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Lauren Knight
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Sharita Kooverjee
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Rene Krogscheepers
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Jean Jacque Kruger
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Suzanne Kuhn
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Kim Laubscher
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - John Lazarus
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Jacque Le Roux
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Scott Lee Jones
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Dion Levin
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Gary Maartens
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Thina Majola
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Rodgers Manganyi
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - David Marais
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Suzaan Marais
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Francois Maritz
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Deborah Maughan
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Simthandile Mazondwa
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Luyanda Mbanga
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Nomonde Mbatani
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Bulewa Mbena
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Marc Mendelson
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Ernst Möller
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Allison Moore
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Babalwa Ndebele
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Marc Nortje
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Ntobeko Ntusi
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Funeka Nyengane
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Chima Ofoegbu
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Nectarios Papavarnavas
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Jonny Peter
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Henri Pickard
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Kent Pluke
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Peter J Raubenheimer
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Gordon Robertson
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Julius Rozmiarek
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - A Sayed
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Matthias Scriba
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Hennie Sekhukhune
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Prasun Singh
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Elsabe Smith
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Vuyolwethu Soldati
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Cari Stek
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Robert van den berg
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Le Roux van der Merwe
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Pieter Venter
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Barbra Vermooten
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Gerrit Viljoen
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Santhuri Viranna
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Jonno Vogel
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Nokubonga Vundla
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Sean Wasserman
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Eddy Zitha
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | | | | | - Katrin Stuve
- Department of Radiology, University of Cape Town
| | | | | | - Sue Le Roux
- Karl Bremer Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
| | | | | | - Mark Wates
- Karl Bremer Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
| | | | - Nabilah Ebrahim
- Khayelitsha District Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Sa’ad Lahri
- Khayelitsha District Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Ayanda Mnguni
- Khayelitsha District Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Thomas Crede
- Mitchells Plain and Heideveld Hospitals, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Martin de Man
- Mitchells Plain and Heideveld Hospitals, Western Cape Government: Health
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Katya Evans
- Mitchells Plain and Heideveld Hospitals, Western Cape Government: Health
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Clint Hendrikse
- Mitchells Plain and Heideveld Hospitals, Western Cape Government: Health
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Jonathan Naude
- Mitchells Plain and Heideveld Hospitals, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Moosa Parak
- Mitchells Plain and Heideveld Hospitals, Western Cape Government: Health
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Patrick Szymanski
- Mitchells Plain and Heideveld Hospitals, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Candice Van Koningsbruggen
- Mitchells Plain and Heideveld Hospitals, Western Cape Government: Health
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Riezaah Abrahams
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Brian Allwood
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Christoffel Botha
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Matthys Henndrik Botha
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Stellenbosch University
| | - Alistair Broadhurst
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Dirkie Claasen
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Che Daniel
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Riyaadh Dawood
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Marie du Preez
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Nicolene Du Toit
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Stellenbosch University
| | - Kobie Erasmus
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Emergency Medical Services, Western Cape Government
| | | | - Shiraaz Gabriel
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Susan Hugo
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Thabiet Jardine
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Clint Johannes
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Sumanth Karamchand
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Usha Lalla
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Eduard Langenegger
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Stellenbosch University
| | - Eize Louw
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Boitumelo Mashigo
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Nonte Mhlana
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Chizama Mnqwazi
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Ashley Moodley
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Stellenbosch University
| | - Desiree Moodley
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Saadiq Moolla
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Abdurasiet Mowlana
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Andre Nortje
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Elzanne Olivier
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Stellenbosch University
| | - Arifa Parker
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Chané Paulsen
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Hans Prozesky
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Jacques Rood
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Tholakele Sabela
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Neshaad Schrueder
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Nokwanda Sithole
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Sthembiso Sithole
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Jantjie J Taljaard
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Gideon Titus
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Tian Van Der Merwe
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Stellenbosch University
| | - Marije van Schalkwyk
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Luthando Vazi
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Abraham J Viljoen
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Mogamat Yazied Chothia
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | | | - Lee Alan Wallis
- Emergency Medical Services, Western Cape Government
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Linda Aldum
- City Health, Community Services and Health, City of Cape Town
| | | | - Raakhee Girran
- City Health, Community Services and Health, City of Cape Town
| | - Kevin Lee
- City Health, Community Services and Health, City of Cape Town
| | - Lenny Naidoo
- City Health, Community Services and Health, City of Cape Town
| | | | - Kim Anderson
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Kerrin Begg
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Lisa Boerlage
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Morna Cornell
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Renée de Waal
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Lilian Dudley
- Metro Health Services, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - René English
- Metro Health Services, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Jonathan Euvrard
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Pam Groenewald
- South African Medical Research Council Burden of Disease Research Unit
| | - Nisha Jacob
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Heather Jaspan
- Division of Immunology and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Emma Kalk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | | | - Thoko Malaba
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Patience Nyakato
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Gabriela Patten
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | | | | | - Priscilla Tsondai
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - James Van Duuren
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | | | - Lucille Blumberg
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
- University of Pretoria
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand
| | - Nelesh Govender
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
- School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand and School of Pathology, University of Cape Town
| | - Waasila Jassat
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
| | - Tendesayi Kufa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
| | - Kerrigan McCarthy
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
- University of Witwatersrand, South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit and the Centre for the AIDS Programme in South Africa (CAPRISA)
| | - Nei-yuan Hsiao
- National Health Laboratory Service and Division of Virology, School of Pathology, University of Cape Town
| | - Ruan Marais
- National Health Laboratory Service and Division of Virology, School of Pathology, University of Cape Town
| | - Jon Ambler
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town
| | - Olina Ngwenya
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town
| | | | - Leigh Johnson
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Reshma Kassanjee
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Tsaone Tamuhla
- Division of Computational Biology, University of Cape Town
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