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Boulle A, Davies MA, Hussey H, Ismail M, Morden E, Vundle Z, Zweigenthal V, Mahomed H, Paleker M, Pienaar D, Tembo Y, Lawrence C, Isaacs W, Mathema H, Allen D, Allie T, Bam JL, Buddiga K, Dane P, Heekes A, Matlapeng B, Mutemaringa T, Muzarabani L, Phelanyane F, Pienaar R, Rode C, Smith M, Tiffin N, Zinyakatira N, Cragg C, Marais F, Mudaly V, Voget J, Davids J, Roodt F, van Zyl Smit N, Vermeulen A, Adams K, Audley G, Bateman K, Beckwith P, Bernon M, Blom D, Boloko L, Botha J, Boutall A, Burmeister S, Cairncross L, Calligaro G, Coccia C, Corin C, Daroowala R, Dave JA, De Bruyn E, De Villiers M, Deetlefs M, Dlamini S, Du Toit T, Endres W, Europa T, Fieggan G, Figaji A, Frankenfeld P, Gatley E, Gina P, Govender E, Grobler R, Gule MV, Hanekom C, Held M, Heynes A, Hlatswayo S, Hodkinson B, Holtzhausen J, Hoosain S, Jacobs A, Kahn M, Kahn T, Khamajeet A, Khan J, Khan R, Khwitshana A, Knight L, Kooverjee S, Krogscheepers R, Kruger JJ, Kuhn S, Laubscher K, Lazarus J, Le Roux J, Lee Jones S, Levin D, Maartens G, Majola T, Manganyi R, Marais D, Marais S, Maritz F, Maughan D, Mazondwa S, Mbanga L, Mbatani N, Mbena B, Meintjes G, Mendelson M, Möller E, Moore A, Ndebele B, Nortje M, Ntusi N, Nyengane F, Ofoegbu C, Papavarnavas N, Peter J, Pickard H, Pluke K, Raubenheimer PJ, Robertson G, Rozmiarek J, Sayed A, Scriba M, Sekhukhune H, Singh P, Smith E, Soldati V, Stek C, van den berg R, van der Merwe LR, Venter P, Vermooten B, Viljoen G, Viranna S, Vogel J, Vundla N, Wasserman S, Zitha E, Lomas-Marais V, Lombard A, Stuve K, Viljoen W, Basson DV, Le Roux S, Linden-Mars E, Victor L, Wates M, Zwanepoel E, Ebrahim N, Lahri S, Mnguni A, Crede T, de Man M, Evans K, Hendrikse C, Naude J, Parak M, Szymanski P, Van Koningsbruggen C, Abrahams R, Allwood B, Botha C, Botha MH, Broadhurst A, Claasen D, Daniel C, Dawood R, du Preez M, Du Toit N, Erasmus K, Koegelenberg CFN, Gabriel S, Hugo S, Jardine T, Johannes C, Karamchand S, Lalla U, Langenegger E, Louw E, Mashigo B, Mhlana N, Mnqwazi C, Moodley A, Moodley D, Moolla S, Mowlana A, Nortje A, Olivier E, Parker A, Paulsen C, Prozesky H, Rood J, Sabela T, Schrueder N, Sithole N, Sithole S, Taljaard JJ, Titus G, Van Der Merwe T, van Schalkwyk M, Vazi L, Viljoen AJ, Yazied Chothia M, Naidoo V, Wallis LA, Abbass M, Arendse J, Armien R, Bailey R, Bello M, Carelse R, Forgus S, Kalawe N, Kariem S, Kotze M, Lucas J, McClaughlin J, Murie K, Najjaar L, Petersen L, Porter J, Shaw M, Stapar D, Williams M, Aldum L, Berkowitz N, Girran R, Lee K, Naidoo L, Neumuller C, Anderson K, Begg K, Boerlage L, Cornell M, de Waal R, Dudley L, English R, Euvrard J, Groenewald P, Jacob N, Jaspan H, Kalk E, Levitt N, Malaba T, Nyakato P, Patten G, Schneider H, Shung King M, Tsondai P, Van Duuren J, van Schaik N, Blumberg L, Cohen C, Govender N, Jassat W, Kufa T, McCarthy K, Morris L, Hsiao NY, Marais R, Ambler J, Ngwenya O, Osei-Yeboah R, Johnson L, Kassanjee R, Tamuhla T. Risk Factors for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Death in a Population Cohort Study from the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e2005-e2015. [PMID: 32860699 PMCID: PMC7499501 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) death in sub-Saharan Africa and the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis on COVID-19 outcomes are unknown. METHODS We conducted a population cohort study using linked data from adults attending public-sector health facilities in the Western Cape, South Africa. We used Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, sex, location, and comorbidities, to examine the associations between HIV, tuberculosis, and COVID-19 death from 1 March to 9 June 2020 among (1) public-sector "active patients" (≥1 visit in the 3 years before March 2020); (2) laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 cases; and (3) hospitalized COVID-19 cases. We calculated the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for COVID-19, comparing adults living with and without HIV using modeled population estimates. RESULTS Among 3 460 932 patients (16% living with HIV), 22 308 were diagnosed with COVID-19, of whom 625 died. COVID-19 death was associated with male sex, increasing age, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. HIV was associated with COVID-19 mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.70-2.70), with similar risks across strata of viral loads and immunosuppression. Current and previous diagnoses of tuberculosis were associated with COVID-19 death (aHR, 2.70 [95% CI, 1.81-4.04] and 1.51 [95% CI, 1.18-1.93], respectively). The SMR for COVID-19 death associated with HIV was 2.39 (95% CI, 1.96-2.86); population attributable fraction 8.5% (95% CI, 6.1-11.1). CONCLUSIONS While our findings may overestimate HIV- and tuberculosis-associated COVID-19 mortality risks due to residual confounding, both living with HIV and having current tuberculosis were independently associated with increased COVID-19 mortality. The associations between age, sex, and other comorbidities and COVID-19 mortality were similar to those in other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Boulle
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Mary-Ann Davies
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Hannah Hussey
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Muzzammil Ismail
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Erna Morden
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Ziyanda Vundle
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Division of Health Systems and Public Health, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University
| | - Virginia Zweigenthal
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Hassan Mahomed
- Division of Health Systems and Public Health, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University
- Metro Health Services, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Masudah Paleker
- Division of Health Systems and Public Health, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University
- Metro Health Services, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - David Pienaar
- Rural Health Services, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Yamanya Tembo
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
- Rural Health Services, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Charlene Lawrence
- Communicable Disease Sub-Directorate, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Washiefa Isaacs
- Communicable Disease Sub-Directorate, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Hlengani Mathema
- Communicable Disease Sub-Directorate, Western Cape Government: Health
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
| | - Derick Allen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Taryn Allie
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Jamy-Lee Bam
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Kasturi Buddiga
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Pierre Dane
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Alexa Heekes
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Boitumelo Matlapeng
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Themba Mutemaringa
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Luckmore Muzarabani
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Florence Phelanyane
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Rory Pienaar
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Catherine Rode
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Mariette Smith
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Nicki Tiffin
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town
- Division of Computational Biology, University of Cape Town
| | - Nesbert Zinyakatira
- Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Carol Cragg
- Health Programmes Directorate, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Frederick Marais
- Health Programmes Directorate, Western Cape Government: Health
- Faculty of Health Sciences, North West University
| | - Vanessa Mudaly
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
- Health Programmes Directorate, Western Cape Government: Health
| | | | - Jody Davids
- George Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Adams
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Gordon Audley
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Kathleen Bateman
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Peter Beckwith
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Marc Bernon
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Dirk Blom
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Linda Boloko
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Jean Botha
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Adam Boutall
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Sean Burmeister
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Lydia Cairncross
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Gregory Calligaro
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Cecilia Coccia
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Chadwin Corin
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Remy Daroowala
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Joel A Dave
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Elsa De Bruyn
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Martin De Villiers
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Mimi Deetlefs
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Sipho Dlamini
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Thomas Du Toit
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Wilhelm Endres
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Tarin Europa
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Graham Fieggan
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Anthony Figaji
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Petro Frankenfeld
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Elizabeth Gatley
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Phindile Gina
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Evashan Govender
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Rochelle Grobler
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Manqoba Vusumuzi Gule
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Christoff Hanekom
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Michael Held
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Alana Heynes
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Sabelo Hlatswayo
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Bridget Hodkinson
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | | | - Shakeel Hoosain
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Ashely Jacobs
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Miriam Kahn
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Thania Kahn
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Arvin Khamajeet
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Joubin Khan
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Riaasat Khan
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Alicia Khwitshana
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Lauren Knight
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Sharita Kooverjee
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Rene Krogscheepers
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Jean Jacque Kruger
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Suzanne Kuhn
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Kim Laubscher
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - John Lazarus
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Jacque Le Roux
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Scott Lee Jones
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Dion Levin
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Gary Maartens
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Thina Majola
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Rodgers Manganyi
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - David Marais
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Suzaan Marais
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Francois Maritz
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Deborah Maughan
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Simthandile Mazondwa
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Luyanda Mbanga
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Nomonde Mbatani
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Bulewa Mbena
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Marc Mendelson
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Ernst Möller
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Allison Moore
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Babalwa Ndebele
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Marc Nortje
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Ntobeko Ntusi
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Funeka Nyengane
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Chima Ofoegbu
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Nectarios Papavarnavas
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Jonny Peter
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Henri Pickard
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Kent Pluke
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Peter J Raubenheimer
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Gordon Robertson
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Julius Rozmiarek
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - A Sayed
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Matthias Scriba
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Hennie Sekhukhune
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Prasun Singh
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Elsabe Smith
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Vuyolwethu Soldati
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Cari Stek
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Robert van den berg
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Le Roux van der Merwe
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Pieter Venter
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town
| | - Barbra Vermooten
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Gerrit Viljoen
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Santhuri Viranna
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Jonno Vogel
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Nokubonga Vundla
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Sean Wasserman
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Eddy Zitha
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | | | | | - Katrin Stuve
- Department of Radiology, University of Cape Town
| | | | | | - Sue Le Roux
- Karl Bremer Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
| | | | | | - Mark Wates
- Karl Bremer Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
| | | | - Nabilah Ebrahim
- Khayelitsha District Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Sa’ad Lahri
- Khayelitsha District Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Ayanda Mnguni
- Khayelitsha District Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Thomas Crede
- Mitchells Plain and Heideveld Hospitals, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Martin de Man
- Mitchells Plain and Heideveld Hospitals, Western Cape Government: Health
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Katya Evans
- Mitchells Plain and Heideveld Hospitals, Western Cape Government: Health
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Clint Hendrikse
- Mitchells Plain and Heideveld Hospitals, Western Cape Government: Health
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Jonathan Naude
- Mitchells Plain and Heideveld Hospitals, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Moosa Parak
- Mitchells Plain and Heideveld Hospitals, Western Cape Government: Health
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Patrick Szymanski
- Mitchells Plain and Heideveld Hospitals, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Candice Van Koningsbruggen
- Mitchells Plain and Heideveld Hospitals, Western Cape Government: Health
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Riezaah Abrahams
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Brian Allwood
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Christoffel Botha
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Matthys Henndrik Botha
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Stellenbosch University
| | - Alistair Broadhurst
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Dirkie Claasen
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Che Daniel
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Riyaadh Dawood
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Marie du Preez
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Nicolene Du Toit
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Stellenbosch University
| | - Kobie Erasmus
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Emergency Medical Services, Western Cape Government
| | | | - Shiraaz Gabriel
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Susan Hugo
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Thabiet Jardine
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Clint Johannes
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Sumanth Karamchand
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Usha Lalla
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Eduard Langenegger
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Stellenbosch University
| | - Eize Louw
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Boitumelo Mashigo
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Nonte Mhlana
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Chizama Mnqwazi
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Ashley Moodley
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Stellenbosch University
| | - Desiree Moodley
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Saadiq Moolla
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Abdurasiet Mowlana
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Andre Nortje
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Elzanne Olivier
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Stellenbosch University
| | - Arifa Parker
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Chané Paulsen
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Hans Prozesky
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Jacques Rood
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Tholakele Sabela
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Neshaad Schrueder
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Nokwanda Sithole
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Sthembiso Sithole
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Jantjie J Taljaard
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Gideon Titus
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Tian Van Der Merwe
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Stellenbosch University
| | - Marije van Schalkwyk
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Luthando Vazi
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Abraham J Viljoen
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | - Mogamat Yazied Chothia
- Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health
- Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University
| | | | - Lee Alan Wallis
- Emergency Medical Services, Western Cape Government
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Linda Aldum
- City Health, Community Services and Health, City of Cape Town
| | | | - Raakhee Girran
- City Health, Community Services and Health, City of Cape Town
| | - Kevin Lee
- City Health, Community Services and Health, City of Cape Town
| | - Lenny Naidoo
- City Health, Community Services and Health, City of Cape Town
| | | | - Kim Anderson
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Kerrin Begg
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Lisa Boerlage
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Morna Cornell
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Renée de Waal
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Lilian Dudley
- Metro Health Services, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - René English
- Metro Health Services, Western Cape Government: Health
| | - Jonathan Euvrard
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Pam Groenewald
- South African Medical Research Council Burden of Disease Research Unit
| | - Nisha Jacob
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Heather Jaspan
- Division of Immunology and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Emma Kalk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | | | - Thoko Malaba
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Patience Nyakato
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Gabriela Patten
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | | | | | - Priscilla Tsondai
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - James Van Duuren
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | | | - Lucille Blumberg
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
- University of Pretoria
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand
| | - Nelesh Govender
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
- School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand and School of Pathology, University of Cape Town
| | - Waasila Jassat
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
| | - Tendesayi Kufa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
| | - Kerrigan McCarthy
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
- University of Witwatersrand, South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit and the Centre for the AIDS Programme in South Africa (CAPRISA)
| | - Nei-yuan Hsiao
- National Health Laboratory Service and Division of Virology, School of Pathology, University of Cape Town
| | - Ruan Marais
- National Health Laboratory Service and Division of Virology, School of Pathology, University of Cape Town
| | - Jon Ambler
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town
| | - Olina Ngwenya
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town
| | | | - Leigh Johnson
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Reshma Kassanjee
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Tsaone Tamuhla
- Division of Computational Biology, University of Cape Town
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Grassal A, Delaunay C, Olivier E, Cormier N. État des lieux de l’offre fournisseur des poches vides mono-compartimentées de nutrition parentérale. NUTR CLIN METAB 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2021.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Monni A, Olivier E, Morin A, Olivetti Belardinelli M, Mulvihill K, Scalas L. Approach and avoidance in Gray's, Higgins', and Elliot's perspectives: A theoretical comparison and integration of approach-avoidance in motivated behavior. Personality and Individual Differences 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Rat P, Olivier E, Dutot M. SARS-CoV-2 vs. SARS-CoV-1 management: antibiotics and inflammasome modulators potential. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24:7880-7885. [PMID: 32744716 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202007_22293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 at the origin of COVID-19 shares more than 70% genetic similarity with SARS-CoV-1 that was at the origin of 2003 SARS. Infection-associated symptoms are very similar between SARS and COVID-19 diseases and are the same as community-acquired pneumonia symptoms. Antibiotics were empirically given to SARS patients in the early stages of the pathology whereas a different strategy has been decided in the management of COVID-19 pandemic with a worldwide shutdown. The cytokine storm, both identified in SARS and COVID-19 severe cases, is generated through inflammasome activation, which opens therapeutic perspectives to counteract the pathogenic inflammation. As corticoids have numerous side effects that limit their use, focusing on anti-inflammasome agents could represent a safer alternative for patients with severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rat
- UMR CNRS 8038 CiTCoM, Chimie Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France.
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Olivier E, Archambault I, Dupéré V. Do needs for competence and relatedness mediate the risk of low engagement of students with behavior and social problem profiles? Learning and Individual Differences 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Leroy L, Lafarge X, Blouin L, Bijou F, Durrieu F, Olivier E, Le Moulec S. A fatal allo- and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia with a PD-L1 inhibitor. Ann Oncol 2019; 29:514-515. [PMID: 29088313 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Leroy
- Medical Oncology Department, Bergonie Institute, Bordeaux, France
| | - X Lafarge
- Inserm Unit 1035, EFS, Bordeaux, France
| | - L Blouin
- Inserm Unit 1035, EFS, Bordeaux, France
| | - F Bijou
- Department of Medical Hematology, Bergonie Institute, Bordeaux, France
| | - F Durrieu
- Department of Biology Hematology, Bergonie Institute, Bordeaux, France
| | - E Olivier
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA
| | - S Le Moulec
- Medical Oncology Department, Bergonie Institute, Bordeaux, France.
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7
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Lassalle A, Olivier E, Ferre A, Faucon M, Quint P, Thomare P, Navas D. Évaluation des pratiques d’administration de la nutrition parentérale pédiatrique : audit observationnel et autoévaluation dans un centre hospitalo-universitaire. NUTR CLIN METAB 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2018.09.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Sousselier L, Raitano G, Petoumenou M, Benfenati E, Nguyen N, Ananiadou S, Do Q, Olivier E, Michel S, Rat P. Role of in silico tools and text mining in the risk assessment of selected alkaloids. Toxicol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Olivier E, Archambault I, Dupéré V. Boys' and girls' latent profiles of behavior and social adjustment in school: Longitudinal links with later student behavioral engagement and academic achievement? J Sch Psychol 2018; 69:28-44. [PMID: 30558752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using a person-centered approach, this study identified profiles of students exhibiting behavior and social adjustment problems in school. We conducted Latent Profile Analysis to identify these subgroups in a sample of 582 fifth and sixth graders. We found four profiles among girls-well-adjusted girls (66.10%); girls displaying externalizing behaviors and student-teacher conflict (4.75%); girls exhibiting internalizing behaviors and isolation from peers (10.17%); and girls with student-teacher nonclose interactions and nonprosocial behaviors toward peers (18.98%). We found three profiles among boys-well-adjusted boys (78.05%); boys displaying externalizing behaviors and student-teacher conflict (10.10%); and boys with externalizing, internalizing, and social problems with peers and teachers (11.85%). Next, we investigated longitudinal associations between these profiles and student behavioral engagement and academic achievement. Path analysis revealed that, compared to students with a well-adjusted profile, having a non-adjusted profile was associated with negative changes in teacher-reported behavioral engagement. Girls with an Externalizing Problem/Student-teacher Conflict profile or an Internalizing Problems/Peer Isolation profile also showed negative changes throughout the school year in their self-reported behavioral engagement and in academic achievement. We discussed these results and their practical implications in light of existing literature.
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10
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Olivier E, Archambault I. Hyperactivity, inattention, and student engagement: The protective role of relationships with teachers and peers. Learning and Individual Differences 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Dollfus S, Nathou C, Olivier E. How increasing the effect of rTMS in the treatment of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia? Eur Psychiatry 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) shows a high inter-subjects variability in the efficacy of treatment of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in schizophrenia. The aim of this presentation is to demonstrate the involvement of several factors in the efficacy of rTMS such as the frequency of stimulation, the placebo effect and the brain morphology underlying the target of stimulation.MethodsA meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effect sizes of placebo effect in 21 controlled studies on rTMS in the treatment of AVH in schizophrenia. MRI was also acquired in patients treated by rTMS to evaluate the scalp to cortex distances (SDCs) and the gray matter densities (GMDs) at the target of stimulation. Finally, we evaluated the efficacy of high (20 Hz) frequency stimulation in a controlled placebo study.ResultsWeak or no placebo effect in the control groups led to reveal a superiority of active rTMS over sham rTMS in the treatment of AVH. Clinical efficacy of rTMS was also correlated with the SCD or the GMD at the region of the target stimulation. Finally, we also demonstrated that more responders were observed after 2 weeks in the active group treated by 20 Hz than in the placebo group.ConclusionWe clearly demonstrated that several factors such as high frequency, the placebo effect, anatomical cortical variations can impact on the efficacy of rTMS. These results fundamentally inform the design and the method of further controlled studies, particularly with respect to studies of rTMS in the treatment of AVH.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Maffongelli L, Bartoli E, Sammler D, Kölsch S, Campus C, Olivier E, Fadiga L, D'Ausilio A. Distinct brain signatures of content and structure violation during action observation. Neuropsychologia 2015; 75:30-9. [PMID: 26004058 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sentences, musical phrases and goal-directed actions are composed of elements that are linked by specific rules to form meaningful outcomes. In goal-directed actions including a non-canonical element or scrambling the order of the elements alters the action's content and structure, respectively. In the present study we investigated event-related potentials of the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity recorded during observation of both alterations of the action content (obtained by violating the semantic components of an action, e.g. making coffee with cola) and alterations of the action structure (obtained by inverting the order of two temporally adjacent pictures of sequences depicting daily life actions) interfering with the normal flow of the motor acts that compose an action. Action content alterations elicited a bilateral posterior distributed EEG negativity, peaking at around 400 ms after stimulus onset similar to the ERPs evoked by semantic violations in language studies. Alteration of the action structure elicited an early left anterior negativity followed by a late left anterior positivity, which closely resembles the ERP pattern found in language syntax violation studies. Our results suggest a functional dissociation between the processing of action content and structure, reminiscent of a similar dissociation found in the language or music domains. Importantly, this study provides further support to the hypothesis that some basic mechanisms, such as the rule-based structuring of sequential events, are shared between different cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Bartoli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - D Sammler
- Max Planck Institute, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Kölsch
- Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - C Campus
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - E Olivier
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - L Fadiga
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy; Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - A D'Ausilio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
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van Rooyen I, Neethling J, Henry A, Janzén E, Mokoduwe S, van Vuuren AJ, Olivier E. Effects of phosphorous-doping and high temperature annealing on CVD grown 3C-SiC. Nuclear Engineering and Design 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2011.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Davare M, Zénon A, Pourtois G, Desmurget M, Olivier E. Role of the medial part of the intraparietal sulcus in implementing movement direction. Cereb Cortex 2011; 22:1382-94. [PMID: 21862445 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) to visually guided movements has been originally inferred from observations made in patients suffering from optic ataxia. Subsequent electrophysiological studies in monkeys and functional imaging data in humans have corroborated the key role played by the PPC in sensorimotor transformations underlying goal-directed movements, although the exact contribution of this structure remains debated. Here, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to interfere transiently with the function of the left or right medial part of the intraparietal sulcus (mIPS) in healthy volunteers performing visually guided movements with the right hand. We found that a "virtual lesion" of either mIPS increased the scattering in initial movement direction (DIR), leading to longer trajectory and prolonged movement time, but only when TMS was delivered 100-160 ms before movement onset and for movements directed toward contralateral targets. Control experiments showed that deficits in DIR consequent to mIPS virtual lesions resulted from an inappropriate implementation of the motor command underlying the forthcoming movement and not from an inaccurate computation of the target localization. The present study indicates that mIPS plays a causal role in implementing specifically the direction vector of visually guided movements toward objects situated in the contralateral hemifield.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Davare
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Mars RB, Olivier E, Behrens TE, Johansen-Berg H, Rushworth MF. Connectivity-based parcellation of the human parietal cortex. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)71580-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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16
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Duque J, Mazzocchio R, Stefan K, Hummel F, Olivier E, Cohen LG. Memory Formation in the Motor Cortex Ipsilateral to a Training Hand. Cereb Cortex 2007; 18:1395-406. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhm173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Davare M, Duque J, Vandermeeren Y, Thonnard JL, Olivier E. Role of the Ipsilateral Primary Motor Cortex in Controlling the Timing of Hand Muscle Recruitment. Cereb Cortex 2006; 17:353-62. [PMID: 16525129 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhj152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise contribution of the ipsilateral primary motor cortex (iM1) to hand movements remains controversial. To address this issue, we elicited transient virtual lesions of iM1 by means of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in healthy subjects performing either a grip-lift task or a step-tracking task with their right dominant hand. We found that, irrespective of the task, a virtual lesion of iM1 altered the timing of the muscle recruitment. In the grip-lift task, this led to a less coordinated sequence of grip and lift movements and in the step-tracking task, to a perturbation of the movement trajectory. In the step-tracking task, we have demonstrated that disrupting iM1 activity may, depending on the TMS delay, either advance or delay the muscle recruitment. The present study suggests that iM1 plays a critical role in hand movements by contributing to the setting of the muscle recruitment timing, most likely through either inhibitory or facilitatory transcallosal influences onto the contralateral M1 (cM1). iM1 would therefore contribute to shape precisely the muscular command originating from cM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Davare
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Bleyenheuft Y, Olivier E, Thonnard JL. Motor control of precision grip in patients with congenital hemiplegia. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/10255840512331388155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Duparc F, Noyon M, Ozeel J, Gerometta A, Michot C, Tadjalli M, Moslemy H, Safaei S, Heiman A, Wish-Baratz S, Melnikov T, Smoliar E, Hakan AY, Yucel F, Kachlík DK, Pešl MP, Báča VB, Stingl JS, Kachlík KD, Čech ČP, Báča BV, Mompeó B, Marrero-Rodriguez A, Zeybek A, Sağlam B, Çikler E, Çetinel Ş, Ercan F, Şener G, Kawawa Y, Kohda E, Tatsuya T, Moroi M, Kunimasa T, Nagamoto M, Terada H, Labuschagne BCJ, van der Krieke TJ, Hoogland PV, Muller CJF, Lyners R, Vorster W, Matusz P, Zaboi DE, Xu SC, Tu LL, Wang Q, Zhang M, Han H, Tao W, Jiao Y, Pang G, Aydin ME, Kopuz C, Demir MT, Yildirim M, Kale A, Ince Y, Khamanarong K, Jeeravipoolvarn P, Chaijaroonkhanarak W, Gawgleun W, Fujino T, Uz A, Apaydin N, Bozkurt M, Elhan A, Sheibani MT, Adibmoradi M, Jahovic N, Alican I, Erkanli G, Arbak S, Karakaş S, Taşer F, Güneş H, Yildiz Y, Yazici Y, Aland RC, Kippers V, Song WC, Park SH, Shin C, Koh KS, Russo G, Pomara F, Veca M, Cacciola F, Martorana U, Gravante G, Tobenas-Dujardin AC, Laquerrière A, Muller JM, Fréger P, López-Serna N, Álvarez-González E, Torres-Gonzàlez V, Laredo-López G, Esparza-González GV, Álvarez-Cantú R, Garza-González CE, Guzmán-López S, Aldur MM, Çelik HH, Sürücü S, Denk C, Yang HJ, Gil YC, Kim TJ, Lee HY, Lee WJ, Lee H, Hu KS, Akita K, Kim HJ, Jung HS, Gurbuz H, Balik S, Wavreille G, Chantelot C, Demondion X, Fontaine C, Çavdar S, Yalin A, Saka E, Özdoǧmuş Ö, Çakmak Ö, Elevli L, Saǧlam B, Coquerel-Beghin D, Milliez PY, Lemierre G, Oktem G, Vatansever S, Ayla S, Uysal A, Aktas S, Karabulut B, Bilir A, Uslu S, Aktug H, Yurtseven ME, Celik HH, Tatar I, Surucu S, Karaduman A, Tunali S, Neuhüttler S, Kröll A, Moriggl B, Brenner E, Loukas M, Arora S, Louis RG, Fogg QA, Wagner T, Tedman RA, Ching HY, Eze N, Bottrill ID, Blyth P, Faull RLM, Vuletic J, Elizondo-Omaña RE, Rodríguez MAG, López SG, de la Garza OT, Liu YH, Zhang KL, Lu DH, Kwak HH, Park HD, Youn KH, Kang HJ, Kang HC, Han SH, Ikiz ZAA, Ucerler H, Uygur M, Kutoglu T, Dina C, Iliescu D, Şapte E, Bordei P, Lekšan I, Marcikić M, Radić R, Nikolić V, Kurbel S, Selthofer R, Báča V, Doubková A, Kachlík D, Stingl J, Džupa V, Grill R, Nam YS, Paik DJ, Shin CS, Kim SJ, Kim DG, Jin CS, Kim DI, Lee UY, Kwak DS, Lee JH, Han CH, Carpino A, Rago V, Romeo F, Carani C, Andò S, Arican RY, Coskun N, Sarikcioglu L, Sindel M, Arican YR, Altun U, Ozsoy U, Oguz N, Yildirim FB, Nakajima K, Duygulu E, Aydin H, Gurer EI, Ozkan O, Tuzuner S, Özsoy U, Çubukçu S, Demirel BM, Akkin SM, Marur T, Weiglein AH, Maghiar TT, Borza C, Bumbu A, Bumbu G, Polle G, Auquit-Auckbur I, Dujardin F, Biga N, Olivier E, Defives T, Ghazali S, Anastasi G, Rizzo G, Favaloro A, Miliardi D, Giacobbe O, Santoro G, Trimarchi F, Cutroneo G, Govsa F, Bilge O, Ozer MA, Erdogmus S, Grizzi F, Pelillo F, Mori M, Franceschini B, Portinaro N, Godlewski G, Viala M, Rouanet JP, Prat D, Rahmé ZS, Prudhomme M, Eken E, Kwiatkowska M, Liegmann J, Chmielewski R, Grimmond J, Kwiatkowski M, Schintler MV, Windisch G, Wittgruber G, Prandl EC, Prodinger P, Anderhuber F, Scharnagl E, Gerbino A, Buscemi M, Leone A, Mandracchia R, Peri G, Lipari D, Farina-Lipari E, Valentino B, D’Arpa S, Cordova A, Bucchieri F, Ribbene A, David S, Palma A, Davies DE, Haitchi HM, Holgate ST, La Rocca G, Anzalone R, Campanella C, Rappa F, Bartolotta T, Cappello F, Bellafiore M, Sivverini G, Palumbo D, Macaluso F, Farina F, Di Felice V, Montalbano A, Ardizzone N, Marcianò V, Zummo G, Tanyeli E, Üzel M, Carini F, Scardina GA, Varia P, Valenza V, Messina P, Meiring JH, Schumann C, Whitmore I, Greyling LM, Hamel O, Hamel A, Robert R, Garçon M, Lagier S, Blin Y, Armstrong O, Rogez JM, Le Borgne J, Ifrim CF, Maghiar A, Botea M, Ifrim M, Pop O, Sandor M, Behdadipour Z, Saberi M, Esfandiary E, Gentile C, Marconi A, Livrea MA, Uzan G, D’Alessio P, Ridola CG, Grassi N, Pantuso G, Bottino A, Cacace E, Li Petri S, Di Gaudio F, Guercio G, Latteri MA, Nobile D, Cipolla C, Caruso G, Salvaggio G, Lo Cascio A, Fatta G, Lagalla R, Campisi A, Verderame F, Martegani A, Cardinale AE, Luedinghausen MV. Poster presentation. Surg Radiol Anat 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03371476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Vialle R, Court C, Khouri N, Olivier E, Miladi L, Tassin JL, Defives T, Dubousset J. Anatomical study of the paraspinal approach to the lumbar spine. Eur Spine J 2005; 14:366-71. [PMID: 15526219 PMCID: PMC3489211 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-004-0802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Revised: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The original description of the paraspinal posterior approach to the lumbar spine was for spinal fusion, especially regarding lumbosacral spondylolisthesis treatment. In spite of the technical details described by Wiltse, exact location of the area where the sacrospinalis muscle has to be split remains somewhat unclear. The goal of this study was to provide topographic landmarks to facilitate this surgical approach. Thirty cadavers were dissected in order to precisely describe the anatomy of the trans-muscular paraspinal approach. The level of the natural cleavage plane between the multifidus and the longissimus part of the sacrospinalis muscle was noted and measurements were done between this level and the midline at the level of the spinous process of L4. A natural cleavage plane between the multifidus and the longissimus part of the sacrospinalis muscle was present in all cases. There was a fibrous separation between the two muscular parts in 55 out of 60 cases. The mean distance between the level of the cleavage plane and the midline was 4 cm (2.4-5.5 cm). In all cases, small arteries and veins were present, precisely at the level of the cleavage plane. We found it possible to easily localize the anatomical cleavage plane between the multifidus part and the longissimus part of the sacrospinalis muscle. First the superficial muscular fascia is opened near the midline, exposing the posterior aspect of the sacrospinalis muscle. Then, the location of the muscular cleft can be found by identifying the perforating vessels leaving the anatomical inter-muscular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Vialle
- Ecole de Chirurgie de l'Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, 8-10 rue des fossés, Saint-Marcel, 75005 Paris, France.
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Duque J, Mazzocchio R, Dambrosia J, Murase N, Olivier E, Cohen LG. Kinematically Specific Interhemispheric Inhibition Operating in the Process of Generation of a Voluntary Movement. Cereb Cortex 2004; 15:588-93. [PMID: 15342437 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhh160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Unilateral hand movements are accompanied by a transient decrease in corticospinal (CS) excitability of muscles in the opposite hand. However, the rules that govern this phenomenon are not completely understood. We measured the amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEP) in the left first dorsal interosseus (FDI) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the primary motor cortex in order to assess CS excitability changes that preceded eight possible combinations of unilateral and bilateral index finger movements with different right hand positions. Left FDI MEP amplitude (MEP(Left FDI)) increased when this muscle acted as an agonist and tended to decrease when it was an antagonist. Additionally, MEP(Left FDI) decreased substantially before right index finger abduction (a movement mediated by the right FDI) when both hands were lying flat (a movement mirroring left index finger abduction) but not when the right hand was turned at 90 degrees or flat with the palm up. Therefore, CS excitability of the resting FDI was differentially modulated depending on the direction of the opposite index finger movement, regardless of muscles engaged in the task. These results indicate that inhibitory interactions preceding unilateral finger movements are determined by movement kinematics possibly to counteract the default production of mirror motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Duque
- Human Cortical Physiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
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Vargas CD, Olivier E, Craighero L, Fadiga L, Duhamel JR, Sirigu A. The Influence of Hand Posture on Corticospinal Excitability during Motor Imagery: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study. Cereb Cortex 2004; 14:1200-6. [PMID: 15142965 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhh080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the interaction between proprioceptive information and motor imagery, we herein investigate how compatible and incompatible postural signals influence corticospinal excitability during the mental simulation of hand movements. Subjects were asked to imagine themselves joining the tips of the thumb and the little finger while they maintained one of the two following hand postures: posture A (PA, compatible), little finger, index and thumb extended, the remaining fingers flexed; or posture B (PB, incompatible), index and thumb extended, other fingers flexed. All subjects rated the imagined finger opposition movements as easier to perform when the hand was kept in PA than in PB (P < 0.01) and the correlation between the duration of motor imagery and movement execution was also higher for PA than PB (P < 0.01). For each posture, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the left motor cortex were recorded from the right opponens pollicis muscle during both motor imagery (MI) and rest (R) conditions. MEP area varied according to the hand posture: PA induced a higher increase in corticospinal excitability, when compared with PB. These results indicate that the actual limb posture affects the process of motor imagery. The source of this postural modulation effect is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Vargas
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences, UMR 5015, 67 Boulevard Pinel, 69675, Bron Cedex, France
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate long-latency motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation in congenital hemiplegia (CH) and to seek for correlation with paretic hand movement deficits. METHODS MEPs were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous of both hands in 12 CH patients and 12 age-matched controls; dexterity and upper limb function were quantitatively assessed in both groups. RESULTS In CH patients, long-latency MEPs, occurring much later than the commonly reported MEPs, were frequently observed in the paretic and non-paretic hands. Four distinct groups of long-latency MEPs were found, each cluster being identified by its mean latency, namely 35, 85, 160 and 225 ms. The residual dexterity of the paretic hand was correlated with the presence of contralateral MEPs with a 20 and 225 ms latency and was negatively correlated with ipsilateral MEPs, irrespective of their latency. In controls, only few MEPs with a latency of 225 ms were found in 4 out of 12 subjects. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of MEPs found in CH patients differs dramatically from that reported in adult stroke patients, suggesting that long-latency MEPs are a rather distinctive consequence of early corticospinal lesions. The hypothesis that a given cluster of long-latency MEPs is mediated by a particular pathway appears very unlikely. Rather, we suggest that an exacerbation of cortical and/or spinal excitability is at the origin of these long-latency MEPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Vandermeeren
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Université catholique de Louvain, 54, Avenue Hippocrate, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
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Olivier E, Defives T. [Spinal locations of pigmented villonodular synovitis: case report and review of the literature]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 2003; 89:549-57. [PMID: 14593293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Pigmented villonodular synovitis is rarely observed in the spine: less than thirty cases have been reported. We report a new case observed in the cervical spine and review the pertinent literature. The clinical and radiological presentation of these forms of villonodular synovitis is non-specific and similar to that if primary or secondary spinal tumors. Histology is indispensable for certain diagnosis. Complete surgical resection is the treatment of choice but with a risk of recurrence to the order of 20%. Non-surgical treatments have not proven to be effective for spinal villonodular synovitis. Regular MRI surveillance is indicated. Spinal localizations may raise difficult technical problems in the event of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Olivier
- Département de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Traumatologique et Chirurgie Plastique, CHU Charles Nicolle, 1, rue de Germont, 76000 Rouen
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Vandermeeren Y, Bastings E, Good D, Rouiller E, Olivier E. [Plasticity of motor maps in primates: recent advances and therapeutical perspectives]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2003; 159:259-75. [PMID: 12703042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, there have been considerable advances in understanding the neuronal bases of sensory and motor map reorganisation in adults and it is now clear that cortical representations are not invariant and stable, but rather, are dynamic and can continuously be modified. In human subjects, substantial advances in this field have been possible because of the spectacular development of non-invasive imaging and brain stimulation techniques. This review addresses specific questions about the capacity of motor maps in adult primates, including man, to change in response to behaviourally relevant experiences or as a result of central or peripheral lesion. The first part of this review deals with recent progress in understanding the role of the primary motor cortex (M1) in both motor control and cognition. The organisation and function of multiple "non-primary" motor areas located rostrally to the primary motor cortex and in the cingulate cortex are also discussed. This review then focuses on advances made in understanding motor cortex plasticity in different conditions. Firstly, since representations in M1 have been shown to change after motor learning, the contribution of M1 in motor learning has been insinuated; arguments against and in favour of this view are discussed. In addition, data suggesting that intracortical circuitry of M1 may play a role in map reorganisation following motor learning are also evaluated. Secondly, a large body of evidence from both animal and human observations is reviewed that confirms that M1 representations can also be altered as a result of changes in availability of effectors or following sensory deprivation. The mechanisms underlying such a plasticity of cortical maps following peripheral lesions are increasingly well understood. Thirdly, we discuss data showing that a corticospinal system lesion can lead to a complete reorganisation of the area allocated to the hand representation in the primary motor cortex or to a reorganization of the whole network of motor areas responsible for voluntary movements. As a conclusion, therapeutical perspectives that result from a better understanding of those various mechanisms responsible for motor map plasticity are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Vandermeeren
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgique
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Missal M, Coimbra A, Lefèvre P, Olivier E. Further evidence that a shared efferent collicular pathway drives separate circuits for smooth eye movements and saccades. Exp Brain Res 2002; 147:344-52. [PMID: 12428142 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-002-1274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2002] [Accepted: 09/05/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to find out whether smooth eye movements (SEMs) evoked by superior colliculus (SC) stimulation are, as suggested by Breznen et al. (1996), artefactual eye movements resulting from a non-physiological response of the saccadic generator. This question was reinvestigated in head-restrained cats. Long-lasting SC stimulation was found to evoke, in a comparable proportion, either a single saccade followed by an uninterrupted SEM or a staircase of two or three saccades interleaved with SEMs. These two different patterns of eye movements could be elicited at a near-threshold current and at low stimulation frequencies. In most cases, SEM direction clearly differed from that of the preceding saccade. This difference between SEM and saccade directions varied in a systematic way as a function of the initial saccade direction. As demonstrated by computer simulation, this observation can be explained if the neural circuit controlling SEMs reaches a saturation level earlier than the saccadic burst-generator. Our results in cats were reminiscent of those reported by Breznen et al. (1996) in the monkey only in some instances, when high frequency stimulation (400-600 Hz) was applied. Indeed, in the case of near-threshold stimulation-elicited staircase saccades, increasing the stimulation frequency led to a progressive disappearance of the smaller subsequent saccades that were substituted by uninterrupted SEM-like movements. Altogether, the present results confirm the view that SEMs are genuine eye movements. These results rule out the hypothesis that SEMs result from a saturation of the saccadic generator and strengthen the hypothesis that SEMs and saccades are distinct movements. We suggest that the same collicular efferent cells carry out the motor command to saccadic and SEM circuits and that the position error originating from the SC may be distributed amongst separate downstream motor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Missal
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5449 Ave Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of the present study was to compare the indirect estimate of the central motor conduction time (CMCT) with direct measurement of the corticospinal conduction time between the motor cortex and cervical enlargement in macaque monkeys. METHODS Responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex were recorded from intrinsic hand muscles in adult macaque monkeys. The CMCT was calculated by subtracting the peripheral conduction time, measured with the F-wave method, from the latency of the motor evoked potentials (MEPs). In two monkeys, the actual conduction time between the motor cortex and cervical enlargement was measured directly by different invasive techniques. RESULTS We found that the indirect calculation of CMCT overestimates the corticospinal conduction time to a significant extent. CONCLUSIONS One possible source of error is an underestimate of the MEP peripheral conduction time. A collision test confirmed this hypothesis and showed that only a marginal proportion of the motoneurones that respond to a weak corticospinal input also participate in the F-wave. A more accurate estimate of the CMCT could be obtained by using the longest F-wave latency, rather than the shortest, to calculate the peripheral conduction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Olivier
- Sobell Department for Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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Missal M, Coimbra A, Lefèvre P, Olivier E. A quantitative analysis of the correlations between eye movements and neural activity in the pretectum. Exp Brain Res 2002; 143:373-82. [PMID: 11889515 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-002-0999-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2001] [Accepted: 12/05/2001] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The study of the saccadic system has focused mainly on neurons active before the beginning of saccades, in order to determine their contribution in movement planning and execution. However, most oculomotor structures contain also neurons whose activity starts only after the onset of saccades, the maximum of their activity sometimes occurring near saccade end. Their characteristics are still largely unknown. We investigated pretectal neurons with saccade-related activity in the alert cat during eye movements towards a moving target. They emitted a high-frequency burst of action potentials after the onset of saccades, irrespective of their direction, and will be referred to as "pretectal saccade-related neurons". The delay between saccade onset and cell activity varied from 17 to 66 ms on average. We found that burst parameters were correlated with the parameters of saccades; the peak eye velocity was correlated with the peak of the spike density function, the saccade amplitude with the number of spikes in the burst, and burst duration increased with saccade duration. The activity of six pretectal saccade-related neurons was studied during smooth pursuit at different velocities. A correlation was found between smooth pursuit velocity and mean firing rate. A minority of these neurons (2/6) were also visually responsive. Their visual activity was proportional to the difference between eye and target velocity during smooth pursuit (retinal slip). These results indicate that the activity of pretectal saccade-related neurons is correlated with the characteristics of eye movements. This finding is in agreement with the known anatomical projections from premotor regions of the saccadic system to the pretectum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Missal
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, School of Medicine, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 5449 av. Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Soury E, Olivier E, Simon D, Ruminy P, Kitada K, Hiron M, Daveau M, Boyd Y, Serikawa T, Guenet JL, Salier JP. Chromosomal assignments of mammalian genes with an acute inflammation-regulated expression in liver. Immunogenetics 2001; 53:634-42. [PMID: 11797096 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-001-0374-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2001] [Revised: 09/04/2001] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A set of acute inflammation-regulated genes expressed in liver has been assigned to rat, mouse, and human chromosomes by detecting species-specific PCR amplicons in rat(x)mouse or mouse(x)hamster somatic cell hybrids or radiation hybrids or by in silico matches of corresponding rat cDNAs to various libraries of previously assigned rat, mouse, or human genes or expressed-sequence tags. This allowed us to assign 24, 22, and 21 inflammation-regulated genes to rat, mouse, and human chromosomes, respectively. From these assignments as well as those previously determined for a larger set of genes with an acute inflammation-regulated transcription in liver, we further investigated whether such genes are clustered onto given chromosomes. A cluster was found on rat Chromosome (Chr) 6q with a conserved synteny on mouse Chr 12 and human Chr 14q13-q32, and another cluster previously reported on human Chr 1q has been extended with five further genes. Our data suggest that during an acute inflammation, a higher-order regulation may control some liver-expressed genes that share a given chromosome area.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Soury
- Inserm Unit-519 and Institut Fédératif de Recherches Multidisciplinaires sur les Peptides, Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, 22 Bvd Gambetta, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
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Olivier E, Baker SN, Nakajima K, Brochier T, Lemon RN. Investigation into non-monosynaptic corticospinal excitation of macaque upper limb single motor units. J Neurophysiol 2001; 86:1573-86. [PMID: 11600621 DOI: 10.1152/jn.2001.86.4.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been considerable recent debate as to relative importance, in the primate, of propriospinal transmission of corticospinal excitation to upper limb motoneurons. Previous studies in the anesthetized macaque monkey suggested that, compared with the cat, the transmission of such excitation via a system of C3-C4 propriospinal neurons may be relatively weak. However, it is possible that in the anesthetized preparation, propriospinal transmission of cortical inputs to motoneurons may be depressed. To address this issue, the current study investigated the responses of single motor units (SMUs) to corticospinal inputs in either awake (n = 1) or lightly sedated (n = 3) macaque monkeys. Recordings in the awake state were made during performance of a precision grip task. The responses of spontaneously discharging SMUs to electrical stimulation of the pyramidal tract (PT) via chronically implanted electrodes were examined for evidence of non-monosynaptic, presumed propriospinal, effects. Single PT stimuli (up to 250 microA; duration, 0.2 ms, 2 Hz) were delivered during steady discharge of the SMU (10-30 imp/s). SMUs were recorded from muscles acting on the thumb (adductor pollicis and abductor pollicis brevis, n = 18), wrist (extensor carpi radialis, n = 29) and elbow (biceps, n = 9). In all SMUs, the poststimulus time histograms to PT stimulation consisted of a single peak at a fixed latency and with a brief duration [0.74 +/- 0.25 (SD) ms, n = 56], consistent with the responses being mediated by monosynaptic action of cortico-motoneuronal (CM) impulses. Later peaks, indicating non-monosynaptic action, were not present even when the probability of the initial peak response was low and when there was no evidence for suppression of ongoing SMU activity following this peak (n = 20 SMUs). Even when repetitive (double-pulse) PT stimuli were used to facilitate transmission through oligosynaptic linkages, no later peaks were observed (16 SMUs). In some thumb muscle SMUs (n = 8), responses to PT stimulation were compared with those evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation, using a figure-eight coil held over the motor cortex. Responses varied according the orientation of the coil: in the latero-medial position, single peak responses similar to those from the PT were obtained; their latencies confirmed direct excitation of CM cells, and there were no later peaks. In the posterio-anterior orientation, responses had longer latencies and consisted of two to three subpeaks. At least under the conditions that we have tested, the results provide no positive evidence for transmission of cortical excitation to upper limb motoneurons by non-monosynaptic pathways in the macaque monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Olivier
- Sobell Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
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Corneil BD, Olivier E, Richmond FJ, Loeb GE, Munoz DP. Neck muscles in the rhesus monkey. II. Electromyographic patterns of activation underlying postures and movements. J Neurophysiol 2001; 86:1729-49. [PMID: 11600635 DOI: 10.1152/jn.2001.86.4.1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded in < or = 12 neck muscles in four alert monkeys whose heads were unrestrained to describe the spatial and temporal patterns of neck muscle activation accompanying a large range of head postures and movements. Some head postures and movements were elicited by training animals to generate gaze shifts to visual targets. Other spontaneous head movements were made during orienting, tracking, feeding, expressive, and head-shaking behaviors. These latter movements exhibited a wider range of kinematic patterns. Stable postures and small head movements of only a few degrees were associated with activation of a small number of muscles in a reproducible synergy. Additional muscles were recruited for more eccentric postures and larger movements. For head movements during trained gaze shifts, movement amplitude, velocity, and acceleration were correlated linearly and agonist muscles were recruited without antagonist muscles. Complex sequences of reciprocal bursts in agonist and antagonist muscles were observed during very brisk movements. Turning movements of similar amplitudes that began from different initial head positions were associated with systematic variations in the activities of different muscles and in the relative timings of these activities. Unique recruitment synergies were observed during feeding and head-shaking behaviors. Our results emphasize that the recruitment of a given muscle was generally ordered and consistent but that strategies for coordination among various neck muscles were often complex and appeared to depend on the specifics of musculoskeletal architecture, posture, and movement kinematics that differ substantially among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Corneil
- Medical Research Council Group in Sensory-Motor Neuroscience, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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33
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Pourtois G, Vandermeeren Y, Olivier E, de Gelder B. Event-related TMS over the right posterior parietal cortex induces ipsilateral visuo-spatial interference. Neuroreport 2001; 12:2369-74. [PMID: 11496112 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200108080-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is implicated in visuo-spatial processing, as illustrated by patients with visuo-spatial neglect, but the precise time-course of its contribution is still an open question. In the present study we assessed whether single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can interfere with the performance of normal subjects in a standard visuo-spatial task. Participants had to perform a landmark task while TMS was applied over the right PPC, the homologue region in the left hemisphere or the right primary motor cortex. Stimulation was time-locked to the stimulus presentation with a stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) varying between 50 and 200 ms. Our results indicate that TMS interfered mainly with the visuo-spatial task when applied over the right PPC at an early stage (50 ms post-stimulus). The interference effect of single-pulse TMS in the present visuo-spatial processing is revealed by a processing cost for ipsilateral targets. These results are in agreement with neuropsychological and brain imaging studies showing a right hemispheric dominance in visuo-spatial processing but add crucial information about the time-course of visuo-spatial processing within the right PPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pourtois
- Donders Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Neurosciences, Department of Psychology, University of Tilburg, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Pauluis Q, Baker SN, Olivier E. Precise burst synchrony in the superior colliculus of the awake cat during moving stimulus presentation. J Neurosci 2001; 21:615-27. [PMID: 11160441 PMCID: PMC6763831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the synchrony that occurs between cell discharges in the superior colliculus of the awake cat. We trained cats to perform a visual fixation in the presence of a visual moving stimulus and then recorded 686 pairs of neighboring cells in the superior colliculus during task performance. A new method to assess the significance of precise discharge synchronization is described, which permits analysis of nonstationary data. Of 181 pairs with sufficient data for quantitative analysis, 125 showed a cross-correlation histogram (CCH) with features assessed as significant using this approach. CCHs frequently showed an isolated central peak (41 of 125) or a peak flanked by one or two troughs (68 of 125), and in a few cases an oscillatory pattern of approximately 65 Hz (16 of 125). This is in contrast to the oscillation frequency reported for the visual cortex and shows that oscillations in the superior colliculus probably arise from a cortex-independent mechanism. Our method also permits direct quantification of the correlation shift predictors, assessing precise time locking of spikes to the stimulus. Only 1 of 125 cross-correlation shift predictors had a significant central peak, meaning that most of the CCH features were not related to cell discharges time-locked to the stimulus presentation. Further investigation using a burst-jittering method showed that synchrony in the superior colliculus is attributable to precise synchronization of short bursts of spikes. Such synchrony could be related to the network dynamics and the common inhibitory feedback from local interneurons, which would act as temporal selectors of the cells with greatest or fastest response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Pauluis
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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35
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Olivier E, Sebastiano R, Citterio A, Gelfi C, Righetti PG. Quantitation of protein binding to the capillary wall in acidic, isoelectric buffers and means for minimizing the phenomenon. J Chromatogr A 2000; 894:273-80. [PMID: 11100870 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Notwithstanding the use of acidic, amphoteric, isoelectric buffers with isoelectric points (pI) in the pH 2-3 range, adsorption of proteins to the naked silica wall can be non-negligible. Two such buffers have been tested: iminodiacetic acid (IDA; pI 2.23, apparent pH 3.2 in 7 M urea) and aspartic acid (pI 2.77, apparent pH 3.7 in 7 M urea). Three potential quenchers of such interactions have been tested: hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC; number average molecular mass, Mr 27,000), TEPA (tetraethylenepentamine) and a novel, quatemarized piperazine [N(methyl-N-omega-iodobutyl)-N'-methylpiperazine] (Q-Pip), either alone or in binary and ternary mixtures. Human alpha- and beta-globin chains have been used as test proteins in capillary electrophoresis separations. It has been found that mixtures of these compounds are the worst possible remedy. E.g., a ternary mixture comprising 0.5% HEC, 0.5 mM TEPA and 1 mM Q-Pip still leaves behind 4.5% adsorbed protein onto the silica surface in runs in IDA buffer and 7 M urea (pH 3.2). Conversely, 0.5 mM TEPA or 1 mM Q-Pip, when used alone, minimize adsorption down to only 1.8% and 0.5%, respectively. When the same globin chain separations are performed in Asp and 7 M urea (pH 3.7), the situation is much worse: 44% protein is adsorbed in a ternary mixture of 0.5% HEC, 1 mM Q-Pip and 0.5 mM TEPA. However, when used alone, 0.5 mM TEPA and 1 mM Q-Pip reduce globin adsorption to levels of 8% and 5%, respectively. TEPA and Q-Pip are found to be in all cases the best quenchers of protein interaction to naked fused-silica; in addition they exhibit the unique property of smoothing the base-line and giving reproducible runs. The best method for desorbing bound protein was found to be an electrophoretic step consisting in driving sodium dodecylsulphate micelles from the cathodic reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Olivier
- Department of Agricultural and Industrial Biotechnology, University of Verona, Italy
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Olivier E, Soury E, Ruminy P, Husson A, Parmentier F, Daveau M, Salier JP. Fetuin-B, a second member of the fetuin family in mammals. Biochem J 2000; 350 Pt 2:589-97. [PMID: 10947975 PMCID: PMC1221288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
A set of orthologous plasma proteins found in human, sheep, pig, cow and rodents, now collectively designated fetuin-A, constitutes the fetuin family. Fetuin-A has been identified as a major protein during fetal life and is also involved in important functions such as inhibition of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity, protease inhibitory activities and development-associated regulation of calcium metabolism and osteogenesis. Furthermore, fetuin-A is a key partner in the recovery phase of an acute inflammatory response. We now describe a second protein of the fetuin family, called fetuin-B, which is found at least in human and rodents. On grounds of domain homology, overall conservation of cysteine residues and chromosomal assignments of the corresponding genes in these species, fetuin-B is unambiguously a paralogue of fetuin-A. Yet, fetuin-A and fetuin-B exhibit significant differences at the amino acid sequence level, notably including variations with respect to the archetypal fetuin-specific signature. Differences and similarities in terms of gene regulation were also observed. Indeed, studies performed during development in rat and mouse showed for the first time high expression of a member of the fetuin family in adulthood, as shown with the fetuin-B mRNA in rat. However, like its fetuin-A counterpart, the fetuin-B mRNA level is down-regulated during the acute phase of experimentally induced inflammation in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Olivier
- INSERM Unit-519 and Institut Fédératif de Recherches Multidisciplinaires sur les Peptides, Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, 22 Bvd Gambetta, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
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Morita H, Olivier E, Baumgarten J, Petersen NT, Christensen LO, Nielsen JB. Differential changes in corticospinal and Ia input to tibialis anterior and soleus motor neurones during voluntary contraction in man. Acta Physiol Scand 2000; 170:65-76. [PMID: 10971225 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2000.00762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded in the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles following transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex. In the soleus, the H-reflex amplitude increased with the contraction level to the same extent as that of MEPs, whereas in the tibialis anterior, the H-reflex amplitude increased significantly less than that of MEPs. The latency of the MEPs decreased with contraction, whereas this was not the case of the H-reflexes. In the tibialis anterior, the response probability of single-motor units (SMU) to TMS increased more substantially during voluntary contraction than following stimulation of the peroneal nerve. In the tibialis anterior, the response probability of SMU increased more substantially during voluntary contraction than following stimulation of the peroneal nerve. The short-latency facilitation, presumably monosynaptic of origin, of the soleus H-reflex evoked by subthreshold TMS increased as a function of the plantarflexion force. This was not the case for the heteronymous Ia facilitation of the soleus H-reflex following stimulation of the femoral nerve. It is concluded that the corticospinal input to lower limb motor neurones generated by TMS increases with the level of voluntary contraction, whereas this is true only to a limited extent for the synaptic input from Ia afferents. It is suggested that this reflects changes in the susceptibility of corticospinal cells to TMS during voluntary contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Morita
- Division of Neurophysiology, Department of Medical Physiology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Olivier E, Corvisier J, Pauluis Q, Hardy O. Evidence for glutamatergic tectotectal neurons in the cat superior colliculus: a comparison with GABAergic tectotectal neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2000; 12:2354-66. [PMID: 10947814 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The tectotectal commissural pathway is commonly regarded as responsible for the reciprocal inhibition that takes place between the two superior colliculi (SC). Although this hypothesis has received strong support from electrophysiological studies, more recent investigations have suggested that some collicular cells, e.g. fixation neurons, may establish excitatory connections with cells in the contralateral SC through the collicular commissure. The goal of the present study was to seek immunohistochemical evidence for glutamatergic tectotectal cells in the cat SC by using a double-labelling technique. Tectotectal cells were retrogradely labelled with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) -horseradish peroxidase (HRP) coupled to colloidal gold injected in the contralateral SC, and neurons containing glutamate or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were then identified with immunohistochemical techniques. The present study provides evidence that, in the cat SC, equal numbers of tectotectal cells are immunopositive to glutamate and GABA, suggesting that the tectotectal pathway may consist of two distinct functional components. The finding that an equal number of tectotectal cells are GABAergic and glutamatergic is somewhat surprising as electrophysiological studies have invariantly indicated that the inhibitory component of the tectotectal projection predominates. Another striking feature of the GABAergic and glutamatergic tectotectal cell populations is their identical topographic distribution in the SC. These results suggest that not only cells in the rostral fixation zone establish excitatory connections with the contralateral SC. Tectotectal projections could be potentially important to shape the spatial pattern of saccade-related activity that may occur simultaneously in the two SC during vertical and oblique orienting movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Olivier
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium.
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Abstract
The activity of vertical burst neurons (BNs) was recorded in the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF-BNs) and in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (NIC-BNs) in head-restrained cats while performing saccades or smooth pursuit. BNs emitted a high-frequency burst of action potentials before and during vertical saccades. On average, these bursts led saccade onset by 14 +/- 4 ms (mean +/- SD, n = 23), and this value was in the range of latencies ( approximately 5-15 ms) of medium-lead burst neurons (MLBNs). All NIC-BNs (n = 15) had a downward preferred direction, whereas riMLF-BNs showed either a downward (n = 3) or an upward (n = 5) preferred direction. We found significant correlations between saccade and burst parameters in all BNs: vertical amplitude was correlated with the number of spikes, maximum vertical velocity with maximum of the spike density, and saccade duration with burst duration. A correlation was also found between instantaneous vertical velocity and neuronal activity during saccades. During fixation, all riMLF-BNs and approximately 50% of NIC-BNs (7/15) were silent. Among NIC-BNs active during fixation (8/15), only two cells had an activity correlated with the eye position in the orbit. During smooth pursuit, most riMLF-BNs were silent (7/8), but all NIC-BNs showed an activity that was significantly correlated with the eye velocity. This activity was unaltered during temporary disappearance of the visual target, demonstrating that it was not visual in origin. For a given neuron, its ON-direction during smooth pursuit and saccades remained identical. The activity of NIC-BNs during both saccades and smooth pursuit can be described by a nonlinear exponential function using the velocity of the eye as independent variable. We suggest that riMLF-BNs, which were not active during smooth pursuit, are vertical MLBNs responsible for the generation of vertical saccades. Because NIC-BNs discharged during both saccades and pursuit, they cannot be regarded as MLBNs as usually defined. NIC-BNs could, however, be the site of convergence of both the saccadic and smooth pursuit signals at the premotoneuronal level. Alternatively, NIC-BNs could participate in the integration of eye velocity to eye position signals and represent input neurons to a common integrator.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Missal
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Coimbra AJ, Lefèvre P, Missal M, Olivier E. Difference between visually and electrically evoked gaze saccades disclosed by altering the head moment of inertia. J Neurophysiol 2000; 83:1103-7. [PMID: 10669522 DOI: 10.1152/jn.2000.83.2.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences between gaze shifts evoked by collicular electrical stimulation and those triggered by the presentation of a visual stimulus were studied in head-free cats by increasing the head moment of inertia. This maneuver modified the dynamics of these two types of gaze shifts by slowing down head movements. Such an increase in the head moment of inertia did not affect the metrics of visually evoked gaze saccades because their duration was precisely adjusted to compensate for these changes in movement dynamics. In contrast, the duration of electrically evoked gaze shifts remained constant irrespective of the head moment of inertia, and therefore their amplitude was significantly reduced. These results suggest that visually and electrically evoked gaze saccades are controlled by different mechanisms. Whereas the accuracy of visually evoked saccades is likely to be assured by on-line feedback information, the absence of duration adjustment in electrically evoked gaze shifts suggests that feedback information necessary to maintain their metrics is not accessible or is corrupted during collicular stimulation. This is of great importance when these two types of movements are compared to infer the role of the superior colliculus in the control of orienting gaze shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Coimbra
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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41
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Pauluis Q, Baker SN, Olivier E. Emergent oscillations in a realistic network: the role of inhibition and the effect of the spatiotemporal distribution of the input. J Comput Neurosci 1999; 6:289-310. [PMID: 10406139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
We have simulated a network of 10,000 two-compartment cells, spatially distributed on a two-dimensional sheet; 15% of the cells were inhibitory. The input to the network was spatially delimited. Global oscillations frequently were achieved with a simple set of connectivity rules. The inhibitory neurons paced the network, whereas the excitatory neurons amplified the input, permitting oscillations at low-input intensities. Inhibitory neurons were active over a greater area than excitatory ones, forming a ring of inhibition. The oscillation frequency was modulated to some extent by the input intensity, as has been shown experimentally in the striate cortex, but predominantly by the properties of the inhibitory neurons and their connections: the membrane and synaptic time constants and the distribution of delays. In networks that showed oscillations and in those that did not, widely distributed inputs could lead to the specific recruitment of the inhibitory neurons and to near zero activity of the excitatory cells. Hence the spatial distribution of excitatory inputs could provide a means of selectively exciting or inhibiting a target network. Finally, neither the presence of oscillations nor the global spike activity provided any reliable indication of the level of excitatory output from the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Pauluis
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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42
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Olivier E, Soury E, Risler JL, Smih F, Schneider K, Lochner K, Jouzeau JY, Fey GH, Salier JP. A novel set of hepatic mRNAs preferentially expressed during an acute inflammation in rat represents mostly intracellular proteins. Genomics 1999; 57:352-64. [PMID: 10329001 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1999.5795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A cloning of hepatic cDNAs associated with the early phase of an acute, systemic inflammation was carried out by differential screening of arrayed cDNA clones from rat livers obtained at 4-8 h postchallenge with Freund's complete adjuvant. End sequencing of 174 selected clones provided three cDNA groups that coded for: (i) 23 known acute-phase proteins, (ii) 31 known proteins whose change in hepatic synthesis during an acute phase was so far unsuspected, and (iii) 36 novel proteins whose cDNAs were completely sequenced. For 16 proteins in the third group the hepatic mRNA could be detected and quantitated by Northern blot hybridization in Freund's adjuvant-challenged animals, and an extrahepatic expression in healthy animals was further investigated. Matching the open reading frames of the 36 novel proteins with general and specialized data libraries indicated the potential relationships of 16 of these proteins with known protein families/superfamilies and/or the presence of functional domains previously described in other proteins. Overall, our search for novel inflammation-associated proteins selected mostly known or as yet undescribed proteins with an intracellular or membrane location, which extends our knowledge of the proteins involved in the intracellular metabolism of hepatic cells during a systemic, acute-phase response. Finally, some of the cDNAs above allowed us to successfully identify hepatic mRNAs that are differentially expressed in acute vs chronic (polyarthritis) inflammatory conditions in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Olivier
- INSERM Unit-519 and Institut Fédératif de Recherches Multidisciplinaires sur les Peptides, Rouen Cédex, 76183, France
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Pauluis Q, Baker SN, Olivier E. Emergent oscillations in a realistic network: the role of inhibition and the effect of the spatiotemporal distribution of the input. J Comput Neurosci 1999; 6:27-48. [PMID: 10193645 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008804916112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have simulated a network of 10,000 two-compartment cells, spatially distributed on a two-dimensional sheet; 15% of the cells were inhibitory. The input to the network was spatially delimited. Global oscillations frequently were achieved with a simple set of connectivity rules. The inhibitory neurons paced the network, whereas the excitatory neurons amplified the input, permitting oscillations at low-input intensities. Inhibitory neurons were active over a greater area than excitatory ones, forming a ring of inhibition. The oscillation frequency was modulated to some extent by the input intensity, as has been shown experimentally in the striate cortex, but predominantly by the properties of the inhibitory neurons and their connections: the membrane and synaptic time constants and the distribution of delays. In networks that showed oscillations and in those that did not, widely distributed inputs could lead to the specific recruitment of the inhibitory neurons and to near zero activity of the excitatory cells. Hence the spatial distribution of excitatory inputs could provide a means of selectively exciting or inhibiting a target network. Finally, neither the presence of oscillations nor the global spike activity provided any reliable indication of the level of excitatory output from the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Pauluis
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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44
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Baker SN, Olivier E, Lemon RN. An investigation of the intrinsic circuitry of the motor cortex of the monkey using intra-cortical microstimulation. Exp Brain Res 1998; 123:397-411. [PMID: 9870600 DOI: 10.1007/s002210050585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The motor cortex contains a distributed map of muscles, with a single muscle represented over a wide cortical area. We have searched for inter-connections between distant sites projecting to common muscles by delivering pairs of 20-microA single-pulse intracortical microstimuli (ICMS) to sites separated by 1.5-2 mm in the hand-area primary motor cortex of two macaque monkeys performing a precision grip task. The facilitation of hand- and forearm-muscle rectified EMG was measured. When stimuli were delivered simultaneously, responses were quantified using a technique to correct for non-linearities inherent in the use of averaged, rectified EMG. A spatial facilitation was seen for such simultaneous stimuli; however, it was of the same magnitude as that occurring when ICMS was paired with stimulation of corticospinal axons in the pyramidal tract (PT), so that it was likely to be spinal in origin. When two such distant sites were stimulated separated by a 10- or 20-ms delay, the second response scaled with the level of background EMG in the same way as a response to the PT stimulus. By contrast, when the same site was stimulated twice with these delays, the second response showed a facilitation compared with a similarly timed PT response. There would therefore appear to be a local facilitation of the cortical output at these intervals, which is not seen between distant sites. Antidromically identified pyramidal-tract neurones (PTNs) were recorded whilst stimuli were delivered to a cortical site, with a distance between stimulating and recording electrodes of also 1.5-2 mm. The most common response was a facilitation followed by a suppression. Six of eleven PTNs showed a facilitation in their discharge following this stimulation (maximum connection strength s=0.19), 8/11 showed a suppression (maximum s=0.16). It is concluded that powerful inter-connections do exist between distributed parts of the motor output and that there is widespread cortical activation after even a single ICMS pulse. However, these inter-connections do not lead to interactions between cortical outputs following stimulation, as assessed from the EMG. It is proposed that this is likely to reflect differences in the summation of output cells to local versus remote stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Baker
- Sobell Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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45
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Abstract
The presence of a commissure connecting the two superior colliculi suggests they do not act independently, but the function of the tectotectal connection has never been firmly identified. To develop a better understanding of this commissural system, the present study determined the distribution and morphology of tectotectal neurons in the cat and macaque monkey, two animals with well-studied, but different orienting strategies. First, we compared the distribution of tectotectal cells retrogradely labeled following WGA-HRP injections into the contralateral superior colliculus. In monkeys, labeled tectotectal cells were found in all layers, but were concentrated in the intermediate gray layer (75%), particularly dorsally, and the adjacent optic layer (12%). Tectotectal cells were distributed throughout nearly the entire rostrocaudal extent of the colliculus. In cats, tectotectal cells were found in all the layers beneath the superficial gray, but the intermediate gray layer contained the greatest concentration (56%). Labeled cells were almost exclusively located in the rostral half of the cat superior colliculus, in contrast to the monkey distribution. In the context of the representation of visuomotor space in the colliculus, the distribution of monkey and cat tectotectal cells suggests a correspondence with oculomotor range. So these neurons may be involved in directing orienting movements performed within the oculomotor range. The somatodendritic morphology of tectotectal cells in these two species was revealed by homogeneous retrograde labeling from injections of biocytin or biotinylated dextran amine into the contralateral colliculus. The cell classes contributing to this pathway are fairly consistent across the two species. A variety of neuronal morphologies were observed, so there is no single tectotectal cell type. Instead, cell types similar to those found in each layer, excepting the largest neurons, were present among tectotectal cells. This suggests that a sample of each layer's output is sent to the contralateral colliculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Olivier
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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46
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Daveau M, Jean L, Soury E, Olivier E, Masson S, Lyoumi S, Chan P, Hiron M, Lebreton JP, Husson A, Jegou S, Vaudry H, Salier JP. Hepatic and extra-hepatic transcription of inter-alpha-inhibitor family genes under normal or acute inflammatory conditions in rat. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 350:315-23. [PMID: 9473307 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The expression and level of the mRNAs for the five genes that code for a set of plasma proteins collectively referred to as the inter-alpha-inhibitor family have been studied in rat under a normal condition or in the course of a turpentine-induced, systemic inflammation. In healthy rats, all five mRNAs [H1, H2, H3, H4, and alpha1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor (AMBP)] are expressed primarily in liver and two of them (H2 and H3) are found to a lower extent in brain. By in situ hybridization onto sections of a normal brain, the H3 mRNA has been precisely localized to the hypothalamus, amygdala, pontine area, optic tectum, and cerebellum. By reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of total RNAs obtained from a panel of organs, low amounts of one or more mRNA(s) could be detected in other locations (e.g., intestine and stomach). Furthermore, the extrahepatic expressions of several of these genes are up- or downregulated at 20 h after the start of a turpentine-induced inflammation. In liver, the contents of H3 and H4 mRNA are upregulated, whereas those of AMBP and H2 are downregulated during the acute phase. This is accounted for by changes in gene transcription, the kinetics of which is gene-specific. This behavior of H1, H2, H3, H4, and AMBP mRNAs in rat liver is in keeping with more limited analyses made at mRNA and/or protein levels in other species (human, pig) suffering from an acute inflammation. Therefore, the inflammation-associated regulation of these five genes that is conserved between species indicates that the inter-alpha-inhibitor family members are likely to be important partners of the acute phase response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daveau
- INSERM Unit-78 and Institut Fédératif de Recherches Multidisciplinaires sur les Peptides, Boisguillaume, France
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Soury E, Olivier E, Daveau M, Hiron M, Claeyssens S, Risler JL, Salier JP. The H4P heavy chain of inter-alpha-inhibitor family largely differs in the structure and synthesis of its prolin-rich region from rat to human. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 243:522-30. [PMID: 9480842 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The family of plasma proteins collectively referred to as Inter-alpha-Inhibitor (I alpha I) family is comprised of a set of multi-polypeptide molecules and a single-chain molecule designated I alpha IH4P. Although the 4 heavy chain precursors H1P to H4P that lead to these molecules are evolutionarily related, only H4P harbours a Pro-rich region (PRR) in its C-terminal third. A comparison of hepatic H4P cDNAs in human and rat has now unraveled an extensive variability of this PRR. Within the rat PRR, 6 repeats of a Gly-X-Pro motif participate in a collagen-like pattern that is absent in human. Within the human PRR, a domain that is absent in rat can be transcribed or deleted by alternative splicing which results in two variant forms of human H4P. In rat liver, the single mRNA is up-regulated by an acute, systemic inflammation whereas neither mRNA is up-regulated in human liver. Finally the shortest human mRNA is also transcribed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells where it is down-regulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Therefore, in contrast to what is seen for the ITIH1 to -3 genes, the rat and human ITIH4 gene transcriptions and products thereof present marked differences, which suggests species-specific functions for I alpha IH4P.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Soury
- INSERM Unit-78, Boisguillaume, France
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Maier MA, Olivier E, Baker SN, Kirkwood PA, Morris T, Lemon RN. Direct and indirect corticospinal control of arm and hand motoneurons in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). J Neurophysiol 1997; 78:721-33. [PMID: 9307107 DOI: 10.1152/jn.1997.78.2.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anatomic evidence suggests that direct corticomotoneuronal (CM) projections to hand motoneurons in the New World squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) are weak or absent, but electrophysiological evidence is lacking. The nature of the corticospinal linkage to these motoneurons was therefore investigated first with the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex under ketamine sedation in five monkeys. TMS produced early responses in hand muscle electromyogram, but thresholds were high (compared with macaque monkey) and the onset latency was variable. Second, stimulation of the pyramidal tract (PT) was carried out with the use of chronically implanted electrodes in ketamine-sedated monkeys; this produced more robust responses that were markedly facilitated by repetitive stimulation, with little decrease in latency on the third compared with the first shock. Finally, postsynaptic potentials were recorded intracellularly from 93 arm and hand motoneurons in five monkeys under general chloralose anesthesia. After a single PT stimulus, the most common response was a small, slowly rising excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), either alone (35 of 93 motoneurons) or followed by an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (39 of 93). The segmental delay of the early EPSPs was within the monosynaptic range (mean 0.85 ms); however, the rise time of these EPSPs was slow (mean 1.3 ms) and their amplitude was small (mean 0.74 mV). These values are significantly slower and smaller than EPSPs in a comparable sample of Old World macaque monkey motoneurons. The results show that CM connections do exist in the squirrel monkey but that they are weak and possibly located on the remote dendrites of the motoneurons. The findings are consistent with earlier anatomic studies. Repetitive PT stimulation produced large, late EPSPs in some motoneurons, suggesting that, in this species, there are relatively strong nonmonosynaptic pathways linking the corticospinal tract to hand motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Maier
- Sobell Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
1. Recordings were made of local field potential (slow waves) and pyramidal tract neurone (PTN) discharge from pairs of sites separated by a horizontal distance of up to 1.5 mm in the primary motor cortex of two conscious macaque monkeys performing a precision grip task. 2. In both monkeys, the slow wave recordings showed bursts of oscillations in the 20-30 Hz range. Spectral analysis revealed that the oscillations were coherent between the two simultaneously recorded cortical sites. In the monkey from which most data were recorded, the mean frequency of peak coherence was 23.4 Hz. 3. Coherence in this frequency range was also seen between cortical slow wave recordings and rectified EMG of hand and forearm muscles active during the task, and between pairs of rectified EMGs. 4. The dynamics of the coherence were investigated by analysing short, quasi-stationary data segments aligned relative to task performance. This revealed that the 20-30 Hz coherent oscillations were present mainly during the hold phase of the precision grip task. 5. The spikes of identified PTNs were used to compile spike-triggered averages of the slow wave recordings. Oscillations were seen in 11/17 averages of the slow wave recorded on the same electrode as the triggering spike, and 11/17 averages of the slow wave recorded on the distant electrode. The mean period of these oscillations was 45.8 ms. 6. It is concluded that oscillations in the range 20-30 Hz are present in monkey motor cortex, are coherent between spatially separated cortical sites, and encompass the pyramidal tract output neurones. They are discernable in the EMG of active muscles, and show a consistent task-dependent modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Baker
- Sobell Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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