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Hoffmann A, Krause SE, Wuu J, Leurgans S, Guter SJ, Block SS, Salt J, Cook E, Maino DM, Berry-Kravis E. Vocabulary comprehension in adults with fragile X syndrome (FXS). J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:25. [PMID: 31619160 PMCID: PMC6796341 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptive and expressive vocabulary in adult and adolescent males with fragile X syndrome (FXS) have been shown as significantly lower than their chronological age; however, receptive vocabulary has been considered a strength relative to mental age. This has not been formally examined, however, and data are needed to compare receptive vocabulary with other language skills and with mental age in individuals with FXS. This is especially important as vocabulary measures are sometimes used as a proxy to estimate language ability. METHODS This preliminary study examined receptive vocabulary, global language, and cognitive skills in 42 adults (33 males and 9 females) with FXS as a portion of the baseline evaluation prior to randomization in a clinical trial of ampakine CX516. The battery of standardized tests addressed receptive vocabulary with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Third Edition (PPVT-III), receptive and expressive language (termed henceforth as global language) via the Preschool Language Scale, Fourth Edition or the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, Third Edition, and non-verbal cognition via the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fourth Edition (SB-IV). RESULTS Results showed (1) significantly higher receptive vocabulary than global language, (2) significantly better receptive vocabulary than non-verbal cognition, (3) equivalent non-verbal cognition and global language, and (4) severity of autism symptomatology was not correlated to receptive vocabulary or global language once non-verbal cognition was removed as factor. The scores from the PPVT-III did not represent the global language skills in our sample of adults with FXS. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this investigation strongly suggest that the PPVT-III should not be used as a screening tool for language levels or cognitive function in clinical studies since the scores from the PPVT-III were not representative of global language or non-verbal cognitive skills in adults with intellectual disabilities. This finding is critical in order to understand how to evaluate, as well as to treat, language in individuals with FXS. Development of efficient and appropriate tools to measure language, cognition, and behavior in individuals with FXS is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hoffmann
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communication Disorders and Sciences, Rush University, 600 N. Paulina, 1016A AAC, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Sue Ellen Krause
- Krause Speech and Language Services, 233 E. Erie Street, Suite 815, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Joanne Wuu
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Rm 1345, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Sue Leurgans
- Departments of Neurological Sciences, Rush University, 1750 West Harrison, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Stephen J Guter
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Juvenile Research, 1747 W. Roosevelt Road, Room 155, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
| | - Sandra S Block
- Illinois College of Optometry, 3241 S. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Jeff Salt
- Have Dreams, 515 Busse Highway, Suite 150, Park Ridge, IL, 60068, USA
| | - Edwin Cook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Road, Room 155, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
| | - Dominick M Maino
- Illinois College of Optometry, 3241 S. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Elizabeth Berry-Kravis
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences and Biochemistry, Rush University, 1725 W. Harrison Street, Suite 710, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin H. Cook
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Address correspondence to: Edwin H. Cook, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747W Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608
| | - Jayson T. Masaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen J. Guter
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Fedra Najjar
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Montgomery AK, Shuffrey LC, Guter SJ, Anderson GM, Jacob S, Mosconi MW, Sweeney JA, Turner JB, Sutcliffe JS, Cook EH, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. Maternal Serotonin Levels Are Associated With Cognitive Ability and Core Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 57:867-875. [PMID: 30392628 PMCID: PMC6531860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [HT]) system has long been implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Whole-blood 5-HT level (WB5-HT) is a stable, heritable biomarker that is elevated in more than 25% of children with ASD. Recent findings indicate that the maternal 5-HT system may influence embryonic neurodevelopment, but maternal WB5-HT has not been examined in relation to ASD phenotypes. METHOD WB5-HT levels were obtained from 181 individuals (3-27 years of age) diagnosed with ASD, 99 of their fathers, and 119 of their mothers. Standardized assessments were used to evaluate cognitive, behavioral, and language phenotypes. RESULTS Exploratory regression analyses found relationships between maternal WB5-HT and nonverbal IQ (NVIQ), Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) Nonverbal Communication Algorithm scores, and overall adaptive function on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II. Latent class analysis identified a three-class structure in the assessment data, describing children with low, intermediate, and high severity across measures of behavior, cognition, and adaptive function. Mean maternal WB5-HT differed across classes, with the lowest maternal WB5-HT levels seen in the highest-severity group (Welch F2,46.048 = 17.394, p < .001). Paternal and proband WB5-HT did not differ between classes. CONCLUSION Maternal WB5-HT is associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring with ASD. Prospective, longitudinal studies will be needed to better understand the relationship between the function of the maternal serotonin system during pregnancy and brain development. Further studies in animal models may be able to reveal the mechanisms underlying these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia K. Montgomery
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY; Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, White Plains, NY
| | - Lauren C. Shuffrey
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, and the Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, White Plains, NY. They are also with the Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology; Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Stephen J. Guter
- Institute for Juvenile Research at the University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - Matthew W. Mosconi
- Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training, Overland Park. He is also with the Clinical Child Psychology Program and Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies at the University of Kansas, Lawrence
| | | | - J. Blake Turner
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | | | - Edwin H. Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research at the University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, and the Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, White Plains, NY. They are also with the Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology; Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.
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Sagar A, Pinto D, Najjar F, Guter SJ, Macmillan C, Cook EH. De novo unbalanced translocation (4p duplication/8p deletion) in a patient with autism, OCD, and overgrowth syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1656-1662. [PMID: 28407363 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities, such as unbalanced translocations and copy number variants (CNVs), are found in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) [Sanders et al. (2011) Neuron 70: 863-885]. Many chromosomal abnormalities, including sub microscopic genomic deletions and duplications, are missed by G-banded karyotyping or Fragile X screening alone and are picked up by chromosomal microarrays [Shen et al. (2010) Pediatrics 125: e727-735]. Translocations involving chromosomes 4 and 8 are possibly the second most frequent translocation in humans and are often undetected in routine cytogenetics [Giglio et al. (2002) Circulation 102: 432-437]. Deletions of 4p16 have been associated with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome while 4p16 duplications have been associated with an overgrowth syndrome and mild to moderate mental retardation [Partington et al. (1997) Journal of Medical Genetics 34: 719-728]. The 8p23.3 region contains the autism candidate gene DLGAP2, which can contribute to autism when disrupted [Marshall et al. (2008) The American Journal of Human Genetics 82: 477-488] . There has been a case report of a family with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), prominent obsessional behavior, and overgrowth in patients with der (8) t (4;8) p (16;23) [Partington et al. (1997)]. This is an independent report of a male patient with autism, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and an overgrowth syndrome, whose de novo unbalanced translocation der (8) t (4;8) p (16.1→ter; 23.1→ter) was initially missed by routine cytogenetics but detected with SNP microarray, allowing higher resolution of translocation breakpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sagar
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia.,Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dalila Pinto
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Psychiatry, and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center, The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Fedra Najjar
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen J Guter
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Carol Macmillan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Edwin H Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Shuffrey LC, Guter SJ, Delaney S, Jacob S, Anderson GM, Sutcliffe JS, Cook EH, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. Is there sexual dimorphism of hyperserotonemia in autism spectrum disorder? Autism Res 2017; 10:1417-1423. [PMID: 28401654 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 30% of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have elevated whole blood serotonin (5-HT) levels. Genetic linkage and association studies of ASD and of whole blood 5-HT levels as a quantitative trait have revealed sexual dimorphism. Few studies have examined the presence of a sex difference on hyperserotonemia within ASD. To assess whether the rate of hyperserotonemia is different in males than in females with ASD, we measured whole blood 5-HT levels in 292 children and adolescents with ASD, the largest sample in which this biomarker has been assessed. Based upon previous work suggesting that hyperserotonemia is more common prior to puberty, we focused our analysis on the 182 pre-pubertal children with ASD. 42% of pre-pubertal participants were within the hyperserotonemia range. In this population, we found that males were significantly more likely to manifest hyperserotonemia than females (P = 0.03). As expected, no significant difference was found in the post-pubertal population. Additional work will be needed to replicate this intriguing finding and to understand whether it could potentially explain differences in patterns of ASD risk between males and females. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1417-1423. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Shuffrey
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York.,New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, New York.,Teachers College, Columbia University, New York
| | - Stephen J Guter
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago
| | - Shannon Delaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Suma Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | | | - James S Sutcliffe
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
| | - Edwin H Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago
| | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York.,New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, New York
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6
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Najjar F, Owley T, Mosconi MW, Jacob S, Hur K, Guter SJ, Sweeney JA, Gibbons RD, Cook EH, Bishop JR. Pharmacogenetic Study of Serotonin Transporter and 5HT2A Genotypes in Autism. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2015; 25:467-74. [PMID: 26262902 PMCID: PMC4544820 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2014.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and serotonin-2A receptor (HTR2A) genes are associated with response to escitalopram in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS Forty-four participants with ASD were enrolled in a 6 week, forced titration, open label examination of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) escitalopram. Doses increased at weekly intervals starting at 2.5mg daily with a maximum possible dose of 20 mg daily achieved by the end of the study. If adverse events were experienced, participants subsequently received the previously tolerated dose for the duration of study. SLC6A4 (5-HTTLPR) and HTR2A (rs7997012) genotype groups were assessed in relation to treatment outcomes and drug doses. RESULTS Insistence on sameness and irritability symptoms significantly improved over the course of the 6 week treatment period (p<0.0001) in this open-label trial. There were no significant differences observed in the rate of symptom improvement over time across genotype groups. Similarly, dosing trajectory was not significantly associated with genotype groups. CONCLUSIONS Previous studies have identified SLC6A4 and HTR2A associations with SSRI response in patients with depression and 5-HTTLPR (SLC6A4) associations with escitalopram response in ASD. We did not observe evidence for similar relationships in this ASD study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedra Najjar
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Thomas Owley
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matthew W. Mosconi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas Texas
| | - Suma Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kwan Hur
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen J. Guter
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John A. Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas Texas
| | - Robert D Gibbons
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Edwin H. Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffrey R. Bishop
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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7
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Mugzach O, Peleg M, Bagley SC, Guter SJ, Cook EH, Altman RB. An ontology for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to infer ASD phenotypes from Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised data. J Biomed Inform 2015; 56:333-47. [PMID: 26151311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our goal is to create an ontology that will allow data integration and reasoning with subject data to classify subjects, and based on this classification, to infer new knowledge on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and related neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). We take a first step toward this goal by extending an existing autism ontology to allow automatic inference of ASD phenotypes and Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria based on subjects' Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) assessment data. MATERIALS AND METHODS Knowledge regarding diagnostic instruments, ASD phenotypes and risk factors was added to augment an existing autism ontology via Ontology Web Language class definitions and semantic web rules. We developed a custom Protégé plugin for enumerating combinatorial OWL axioms to support the many-to-many relations of ADI-R items to diagnostic categories in the DSM. We utilized a reasoner to infer whether 2642 subjects, whose data was obtained from the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative, meet DSM-IV-TR (DSM-IV) and DSM-5 diagnostic criteria based on their ADI-R data. RESULTS We extended the ontology by adding 443 classes and 632 rules that represent phenotypes, along with their synonyms, environmental risk factors, and frequency of comorbidities. Applying the rules on the data set showed that the method produced accurate results: the true positive and true negative rates for inferring autistic disorder diagnosis according to DSM-IV criteria were 1 and 0.065, respectively; the true positive rate for inferring ASD based on DSM-5 criteria was 0.94. DISCUSSION The ontology allows automatic inference of subjects' disease phenotypes and diagnosis with high accuracy. CONCLUSION The ontology may benefit future studies by serving as a knowledge base for ASD. In addition, by adding knowledge of related NDDs, commonalities and differences in manifestations and risk factors could be automatically inferred, contributing to the understanding of ASD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Mugzach
- Department of Information Systems, University of Haifa, 3498838, Israel.
| | - Mor Peleg
- Department of Information Systems, University of Haifa, 3498838, Israel.
| | - Steven C Bagley
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Stephen J Guter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, United States
| | - Edwin H Cook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, United States
| | - Russ B Altman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
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8
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Anney R, Klei L, Pinto D, Almeida J, Bacchelli E, Baird G, Bolshakova N, Bölte S, Bolton PF, Bourgeron T, Brennan S, Brian J, Casey J, Conroy J, Correia C, Corsello C, Crawford EL, de Jonge M, Delorme R, Duketis E, Duque F, Estes A, Farrar P, Fernandez BA, Folstein SE, Fombonne E, Gilbert J, Gillberg C, Glessner JT, Green A, Green J, Guter SJ, Heron EA, Holt R, Howe JL, Hughes G, Hus V, Igliozzi R, Jacob S, Kenny GP, Kim C, Kolevzon A, Kustanovich V, Lajonchere CM, Lamb JA, Law-Smith M, Leboyer M, Le Couteur A, Leventhal BL, Liu XQ, Lombard F, Lord C, Lotspeich L, Lund SC, Magalhaes TR, Mantoulan C, McDougle CJ, Melhem NM, Merikangas A, Minshew NJ, Mirza GK, Munson J, Noakes C, Nygren G, Papanikolaou K, Pagnamenta AT, Parrini B, Paton T, Pickles A, Posey DJ, Poustka F, Ragoussis J, Regan R, Roberts W, Roeder K, Roge B, Rutter ML, Schlitt S, Shah N, Sheffield VC, Soorya L, Sousa I, Stoppioni V, Sykes N, Tancredi R, Thompson AP, Thomson S, Tryfon A, Tsiantis J, Van Engeland H, Vincent JB, Volkmar F, Vorstman JAS, Wallace S, Wing K, Wittemeyer K, Wood S, Zurawiecki D, Zwaigenbaum L, Bailey AJ, Battaglia A, Cantor RM, Coon H, Cuccaro ML, Dawson G, Ennis S, Freitag CM, Geschwind DH, Haines JL, Klauck SM, McMahon WM, Maestrini E, Miller J, Monaco AP, Nelson SF, Nurnberger JI, Oliveira G, Parr JR, Pericak-Vance MA, Piven J, Schellenberg GD, Scherer SW, Vicente AM, Wassink TH, Wijsman EM, Betancur C, Buxbaum JD, Cook EH, Gallagher L, Gill M, Hallmayer J, Paterson AD, Sutcliffe JS, Szatmari P, Vieland VJ, Hakonarson H, Devlin B. Individual common variants exert weak effects on the risk for autism spectrum disorders. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:4781-92. [PMID: 22843504 PMCID: PMC3471395 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While it is apparent that rare variation can play an important role in the genetic architecture of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), the contribution of common variation to the risk of developing ASD is less clear. To produce a more comprehensive picture, we report Stage 2 of the Autism Genome Project genome-wide association study, adding 1301 ASD families and bringing the total to 2705 families analysed (Stages 1 and 2). In addition to evaluating the association of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we also sought evidence that common variants, en masse, might affect the risk. Despite genotyping over a million SNPs covering the genome, no single SNP shows significant association with ASD or selected phenotypes at a genome-wide level. The SNP that achieves the smallest P-value from secondary analyses is rs1718101. It falls in CNTNAP2, a gene previously implicated in susceptibility for ASD. This SNP also shows modest association with age of word/phrase acquisition in ASD subjects, of interest because features of language development are also associated with other variation in CNTNAP2. In contrast, allele scores derived from the transmission of common alleles to Stage 1 cases significantly predict case status in the independent Stage 2 sample. Despite being significant, the variance explained by these allele scores was small (Vm< 1%). Based on results from individual SNPs and their en masse effect on risk, as inferred from the allele score results, it is reasonable to conclude that common variants affect the risk for ASD but their individual effects are modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Anney
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Lambertus Klei
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Dalila Pinto
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaM5G 1L7
| | - Joana Almeida
- Hospital Pediátrico de Coimbra, 3000–076 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elena Bacchelli
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gillian Baird
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust & King's College, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Nadia Bolshakova
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Sven Bölte
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur and
- University Paris Diderot-Paris 7, CNRS URA 2182, Fondation FondaMental, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sean Brennan
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Jessica Brian
- Autism Research Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children and Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaM5G 1Z8
| | - Jillian Casey
- School of Medicine, Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Judith Conroy
- School of Medicine, Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Catarina Correia
- Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge and Instituto Gulbenkian de Cîencia, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- BioFIG—Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Campus da FCUL, C2.2.12, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Christina Corsello
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily L. Crawford
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, and Centers for Human Genetics Research and Molecular Neuroscience and
| | - Maretha de Jonge
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Eftichia Duketis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Penny Farrar
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Bridget A. Fernandez
- Disciplines of Genetics and Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland,St John's, NL, CanadaA1B 3V6
| | - Susan E. Folstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Eric Fombonne
- Division of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, CanadaH3A 1A1
| | - John Gilbert
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joseph T. Glessner
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Green
- School of Medicine, Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Green
- Academic Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Manchester, Manchester M9 7AA, UK
| | - Stephen J. Guter
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Heron
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Richard Holt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jennifer L. Howe
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaM5G 1L7
| | - Gillian Hughes
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Vanessa Hus
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Roberta Igliozzi
- BioFIG—Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Campus da FCUL, C2.2.12, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Suma Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Graham P. Kenny
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Cecilia Kim
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexander Kolevzon
- The Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, The Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York NY 10029, USA
| | - Vlad Kustanovich
- Autism Genetic Resource Exchange, Autism Speaks, Los Angeles, CA 90036-4234, USA
| | - Clara M. Lajonchere
- Autism Genetic Resource Exchange, Autism Speaks, Los Angeles, CA 90036-4234, USA
| | | | - Miriam Law-Smith
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Groupe hospitalier Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, INSERM U995, AP-HP; University Paris 12, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil 94000, France
| | - Ann Le Couteur
- Institutes of Neuroscience and Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Bennett L. Leventhal
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (NKI), 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, NYU Child Study Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xiao-Qing Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Frances Lombard
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Catherine Lord
- Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Linda Lotspeich
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Child Development, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sabata C. Lund
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, and Centers for Human Genetics Research and Molecular Neuroscience and
| | - Tiago R. Magalhaes
- Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge and Instituto Gulbenkian de Cîencia, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- BioFIG—Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Campus da FCUL, C2.2.12, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carine Mantoulan
- Centre d'Eudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie, University de Toulouse Le Mirail, Toulouse 31200, France
| | - Christopher J. McDougle
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nadine M. Melhem
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Alison Merikangas
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Nancy J. Minshew
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ghazala K. Mirza
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jeff Munson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Carolyn Noakes
- Autism Research Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children and Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaM5G 1Z8
| | - Gudrun Nygren
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katerina Papanikolaou
- University Department of Child Psychiatry, Athens University, Medical School, Agia Sophia Children's Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Barbara Parrini
- Stella Maris Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, 56128 Calambrone (Pisa), Italy
| | - Tara Paton
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaM5G 1L7
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Department of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Health Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - David J. Posey
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Fritz Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Regina Regan
- School of Medicine, Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Wendy Roberts
- Autism Research Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children and Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaM5G 1Z8
| | - Kathryn Roeder
- Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bernadette Roge
- Centre d'Eudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie, University de Toulouse Le Mirail, Toulouse 31200, France
| | - Michael L. Rutter
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Sabine Schlitt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Naisha Shah
- School of Medicine, Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Val C. Sheffield
- Department of Pediatrics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Latha Soorya
- The Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, The Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York NY 10029, USA
| | - Inês Sousa
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Vera Stoppioni
- Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Ospedale Santa Croce, 61032 Fano, Italy
| | - Nuala Sykes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Raffaella Tancredi
- Stella Maris Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, 56128 Calambrone (Pisa), Italy
| | - Ann P. Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CanadaL8N 3Z5
| | - Susanne Thomson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, and Centers for Human Genetics Research and Molecular Neuroscience and
| | - Ana Tryfon
- The Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, The Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York NY 10029, USA
| | - John Tsiantis
- University Department of Child Psychiatry, Athens University, Medical School, Agia Sophia Children's Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Herman Van Engeland
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - John B. Vincent
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Clarke Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaM5G 1X8
| | - Fred Volkmar
- Child Study Centre, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - JAS Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Wallace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Kirsty Wing
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Kerstin Wittemeyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Shawn Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Danielle Zurawiecki
- The Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, The Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York NY 10029, USA
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, CanadaT6G 2J3
| | - Anthony J. Bailey
- BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CanadaV5Z4H4
| | - Agatino Battaglia
- Stella Maris Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, 56128 Calambrone (Pisa), Italy
| | | | - Hilary Coon
- Psychiatry Department, University of Utah Medical School, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Michael L. Cuccaro
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | | | - Sean Ennis
- School of Medicine, Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Christine M. Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Los Angeles School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sabine M. Klauck
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - William M. McMahon
- Psychiatry Department, University of Utah Medical School, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Elena Maestrini
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Judith Miller
- Psychiatry Department, University of Utah Medical School, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Anthony P. Monaco
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Office of the President, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - John I. Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | - Jeremy R. Parr
- Institutes of Neuroscience and Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | | | - Joseph Piven
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3366, USA
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaM5G 1L7
| | - Astrid M. Vicente
- Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge and Instituto Gulbenkian de Cîencia, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- BioFIG—Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Campus da FCUL, C2.2.12, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Thomas H. Wassink
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ellen M. Wijsman
- Department of Biostatistics and
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Catalina Betancur
- INSERM U952
- CNRS UMR 7224 and
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris 75005, France and
| | - Joseph D. Buxbaum
- The Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, The Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York NY 10029, USA
| | - Edwin H. Cook
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Michael Gill
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Joachim Hallmayer
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Child Development, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaM5G 1L7
| | - James S. Sutcliffe
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, and Centers for Human Genetics Research and Molecular Neuroscience and
| | - Peter Szatmari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CanadaL8N 3Z5
| | - Veronica J. Vieland
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
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9
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Casey JP, Magalhaes T, Conroy JM, Regan R, Shah N, Anney R, Shields DC, Abrahams BS, Almeida J, Bacchelli E, Bailey AJ, Baird G, Battaglia A, Berney T, Bolshakova N, Bolton PF, Bourgeron T, Brennan S, Cali P, Correia C, Corsello C, Coutanche M, Dawson G, de Jonge M, Delorme R, Duketis E, Duque F, Estes A, Farrar P, Fernandez BA, Folstein SE, Foley S, Fombonne E, Freitag CM, Gilbert J, Gillberg C, Glessner JT, Green J, Guter SJ, Hakonarson H, Holt R, Hughes G, Hus V, Igliozzi R, Kim C, Klauck SM, Kolevzon A, Lamb JA, Leboyer M, Le Couteur A, Leventhal BL, Lord C, Lund SC, Maestrini E, Mantoulan C, Marshall CR, McConachie H, McDougle CJ, McGrath J, McMahon WM, Merikangas A, Miller J, Minopoli F, Mirza GK, Munson J, Nelson SF, Nygren G, Oliveira G, Pagnamenta AT, Papanikolaou K, Parr JR, Parrini B, Pickles A, Pinto D, Piven J, Posey DJ, Poustka A, Poustka F, Ragoussis J, Roge B, Rutter ML, Sequeira AF, Soorya L, Sousa I, Sykes N, Stoppioni V, Tancredi R, Tauber M, Thompson AP, Thomson S, Tsiantis J, Van Engeland H, Vincent JB, Volkmar F, Vorstman JAS, Wallace S, Wang K, Wassink TH, White K, Wing K, Wittemeyer K, Yaspan BL, Zwaigenbaum L, Betancur C, Buxbaum JD, Cantor RM, Cook EH, Coon H, Cuccaro ML, Geschwind DH, Haines JL, Hallmayer J, Monaco AP, Nurnberger JI, Pericak-Vance MA, Schellenberg GD, Scherer SW, Sutcliffe JS, Szatmari P, Vieland VJ, Wijsman EM, Green A, Gill M, Gallagher L, Vicente A, Ennis S. A novel approach of homozygous haplotype sharing identifies candidate genes in autism spectrum disorder. Hum Genet 2012; 131:565-79. [PMID: 21996756 PMCID: PMC3303079 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable disorder of complex and heterogeneous aetiology. It is primarily characterized by altered cognitive ability including impaired language and communication skills and fundamental deficits in social reciprocity. Despite some notable successes in neuropsychiatric genetics, overall, the high heritability of ASD (~90%) remains poorly explained by common genetic risk variants. However, recent studies suggest that rare genomic variation, in particular copy number variation, may account for a significant proportion of the genetic basis of ASD. We present a large scale analysis to identify candidate genes which may contain low-frequency recessive variation contributing to ASD while taking into account the potential contribution of population differences to the genetic heterogeneity of ASD. Our strategy, homozygous haplotype (HH) mapping, aims to detect homozygous segments of identical haplotype structure that are shared at a higher frequency amongst ASD patients compared to parental controls. The analysis was performed on 1,402 Autism Genome Project trios genotyped for 1 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We identified 25 known and 1,218 novel ASD candidate genes in the discovery analysis including CADM2, ABHD14A, CHRFAM7A, GRIK2, GRM3, EPHA3, FGF10, KCND2, PDZK1, IMMP2L and FOXP2. Furthermore, 10 of the previously reported ASD genes and 300 of the novel candidates identified in the discovery analysis were replicated in an independent sample of 1,182 trios. Our results demonstrate that regions of HH are significantly enriched for previously reported ASD candidate genes and the observed association is independent of gene size (odds ratio 2.10). Our findings highlight the applicability of HH mapping in complex disorders such as ASD and offer an alternative approach to the analysis of genome-wide association data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian P. Casey
- School of Medicine and Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tiago Magalhaes
- Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av Padre Cruz 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioFIG, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Campus da FCUL, C2.2.12, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Cîencia, Rua Quinta Grande, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Judith M. Conroy
- School of Medicine and Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Regina Regan
- School of Medicine and Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Naisha Shah
- School of Medicine and Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Richard Anney
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Denis C. Shields
- School of Medicine and Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Brett S. Abrahams
- Department of Neurology, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Program in Neurogenetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Joana Almeida
- Hospital Pediátrico de Coimbra, 3000–076 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elena Bacchelli
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anthony J. Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 2A1 Canada
| | | | - Agatino Battaglia
- Stella Maris Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tom Berney
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - Nadia Bolshakova
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Patrick F. Bolton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Department of Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, University Paris Diderot-Paris 7, CNRS URA 2182, Fondation FondaMental, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sean Brennan
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Phil Cali
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Catarina Correia
- Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av Padre Cruz 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioFIG, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Campus da FCUL, C2.2.12, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Cîencia, Rua Quinta Grande, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Christina Corsello
- Autism and Communicative Disorders Centre, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2054 USA
| | - Marc Coutanche
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK
| | - Geraldine Dawson
- Autism Speaks, New York, 10016 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3366 USA
| | - Maretha de Jonge
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center, 3508 Utrecht, GA The Netherlands
| | - Richard Delorme
- INSERM U 955, Fondation FondaMental, APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Eftichia Duketis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Annette Estes
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Penny Farrar
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Bridget A. Fernandez
- Disciplines of Genetics and Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s Newfoundland, A1B 3V6 Canada
| | - Susan E. Folstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Suzanne Foley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK
| | - Eric Fombonne
- Division of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1 Canada
| | - Christine M. Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - John Gilbert
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joseph T. Glessner
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Jonathan Green
- Academic Department of Child Psychiatry, Booth Hall of Children’s Hospital, Blackley, Manchester, M9 7AA UK
| | - Stephen J. Guter
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Richard Holt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Gillian Hughes
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Vanessa Hus
- Autism and Communicative Disorders Centre, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2054 USA
| | - Roberta Igliozzi
- Stella Maris Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cecilia Kim
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Sabine M. Klauck
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Kolevzon
- Department of Psychiatry, The Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, 10029 USA
| | - Janine A. Lamb
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Marion Leboyer
- INSERM U995, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, AP-HP, University Paris 12, Fondation FondaMental, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Ann Le Couteur
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - Bennett L. Leventhal
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (NKI), 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, NYU Child Study Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Catherine Lord
- Autism and Communicative Disorders Centre, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2054 USA
| | - Sabata C. Lund
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Centers for Human Genetics Research and Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Elena Maestrini
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carine Mantoulan
- Octogone/CERPP (Centre d’Eudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie), University de Toulouse Le Mirail, 31058 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Christian R. Marshall
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Helen McConachie
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | | | - Jane McGrath
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - William M. McMahon
- Psychiatry Department, University of Utah Medical School, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA
| | - Alison Merikangas
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Judith Miller
- Psychiatry Department, University of Utah Medical School, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA
| | | | - Ghazala K. Mirza
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Jeff Munson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Stanley F. Nelson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Gudrun Nygren
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Katerina Papanikolaou
- University Department of Child Psychiatry, Athens University, Medical School, Agia Sophia Children’s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Jeremy R. Parr
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - Barbara Parrini
- Stella Maris Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Department of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Health Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Dalila Pinto
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Joseph Piven
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, CB3366, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3366 USA
| | - David J. Posey
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Annemarie Poustka
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fritz Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Bernadette Roge
- Octogone/CERPP (Centre d’Eudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie), University de Toulouse Le Mirail, 31058 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Michael L. Rutter
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Ana F. Sequeira
- Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av Padre Cruz 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioFIG, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Campus da FCUL, C2.2.12, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Cîencia, Rua Quinta Grande, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Latha Soorya
- Department of Psychiatry, The Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, 10029 USA
| | - Inês Sousa
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Nuala Sykes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Vera Stoppioni
- Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Ospedale Santa Croce, 61032 Fano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Tancredi
- Stella Maris Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maïté Tauber
- Octogone/CERPP (Centre d’Eudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie), University de Toulouse Le Mirail, 31058 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Ann P. Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5 Canada
| | - Susanne Thomson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Centers for Human Genetics Research and Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - John Tsiantis
- University Department of Child Psychiatry, Athens University, Medical School, Agia Sophia Children’s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Herman Van Engeland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center, 3508 Utrecht, GA The Netherlands
| | - John B. Vincent
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Clarke Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - Fred Volkmar
- Child Study Centre, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Jacob A. S. Vorstman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center, 3508 Utrecht, GA The Netherlands
| | - Simon Wallace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK
| | - Kai Wang
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Thomas H. Wassink
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Kathy White
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK
| | - Kirsty Wing
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Kerstin Wittemeyer
- Autism Centre for Education and Research, School of Education, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Brian L. Yaspan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Centers for Human Genetics Research and Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J3 Canada
| | - Catalina Betancur
- INSERM U952 and CNRS UMR 7224, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Joseph D. Buxbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, The Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, 10029 USA
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, 10029 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, 10029 USA
| | - Rita M. Cantor
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Edwin H. Cook
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Hilary Coon
- Psychiatry Department, University of Utah Medical School, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA
| | - Michael L. Cuccaro
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Program in Neurogenetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Centers for Human Genetics Research and Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Joachim Hallmayer
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Child Development, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304 USA
| | - Anthony P. Monaco
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - John I. Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, 19104 USA
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1 Canada
| | - James S. Sutcliffe
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Centers for Human Genetics Research and Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Peter Szatmari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5 Canada
| | - Veronica J. Vieland
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205 USA
| | - Ellen M. Wijsman
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Andrew Green
- School of Medicine and Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michael Gill
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Astrid Vicente
- Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av Padre Cruz 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioFIG, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Campus da FCUL, C2.2.12, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Cîencia, Rua Quinta Grande, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sean Ennis
- School of Medicine and Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Noor A, Whibley A, Marshall CR, Gianakopoulos PJ, Piton A, Carson AR, Orlic-Milacic M, Lionel AC, Sato D, Pinto D, Drmic I, Noakes C, Senman L, Zhang X, Mo R, Gauthier J, Crosbie J, Pagnamenta AT, Munson J, Estes AM, Fiebig A, Franke A, Schreiber S, Stewart AFR, Roberts R, McPherson R, Guter SJ, Cook EH, Dawson G, Schellenberg GD, Battaglia A, Maestrini E, Jeng L, Hutchison T, Rajcan-Separovic E, Chudley AE, Lewis SME, Liu X, Holden JJ, Fernandez B, Zwaigenbaum L, Bryson SE, Roberts W, Szatmari P, Gallagher L, Stratton MR, Gecz J, Brady AF, Schwartz CE, Schachar RJ, Monaco AP, Rouleau GA, Hui CC, Lucy Raymond F, Scherer SW, Vincent JB. Disruption at the PTCHD1 Locus on Xp22.11 in Autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:49ra68. [PMID: 20844286 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex mode of inheritance. It is one of the most highly heritable of the complex disorders, although the underlying genetic factors remain largely unknown. Here, we report mutations in the X-chromosome PTCHD1 (patched-related) gene in seven families with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and in three families with intellectual disability. A 167-kilobase microdeletion spanning exon 1 was found in two brothers, one with ASD and the other with a learning disability and ASD features; a 90-kilobase microdeletion spanning the entire gene was found in three males with intellectual disability in a second family. In 900 probands with ASD and 208 male probands with intellectual disability, we identified seven different missense changes (in eight male probands) that were inherited from unaffected mothers and not found in controls. Two of the ASD individuals with missense changes also carried a de novo deletion at another ASD susceptibility locus (DPYD and DPP6), suggesting complex genetic contributions. In additional males with ASD, we identified deletions in the 5' flanking region of PTCHD1 that disrupted a complex noncoding RNA and potential regulatory elements; equivalent changes were not found in male control individuals. Thus, our systematic screen of PTCHD1 and its 5' flanking regions suggests that this locus is involved in ~1% of individuals with ASD and intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Noor
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Anney R, Klei L, Pinto D, Regan R, Conroy J, Magalhaes TR, Correia C, Abrahams BS, Sykes N, Pagnamenta AT, Almeida J, Bacchelli E, Bailey AJ, Baird G, Battaglia A, Berney T, Bolshakova N, Bölte S, Bolton PF, Bourgeron T, Brennan S, Brian J, Carson AR, Casallo G, Casey J, Chu SH, Cochrane L, Corsello C, Crawford EL, Crossett A, Dawson G, de Jonge M, Delorme R, Drmic I, Duketis E, Duque F, Estes A, Farrar P, Fernandez BA, Folstein SE, Fombonne E, Freitag CM, Gilbert J, Gillberg C, Glessner JT, Goldberg J, Green J, Guter SJ, Hakonarson H, Heron EA, Hill M, Holt R, Howe JL, Hughes G, Hus V, Igliozzi R, Kim C, Klauck SM, Kolevzon A, Korvatska O, Kustanovich V, Lajonchere CM, Lamb JA, Laskawiec M, Leboyer M, Le Couteur A, Leventhal BL, Lionel AC, Liu XQ, Lord C, Lotspeich L, Lund SC, Maestrini E, Mahoney W, Mantoulan C, Marshall CR, McConachie H, McDougle CJ, McGrath J, McMahon WM, Melhem NM, Merikangas A, Migita O, Minshew NJ, Mirza GK, Munson J, Nelson SF, Noakes C, Noor A, Nygren G, Oliveira G, Papanikolaou K, Parr JR, Parrini B, Paton T, Pickles A, Piven J, Posey DJ, Poustka A, Poustka F, Prasad A, Ragoussis J, Renshaw K, Rickaby J, Roberts W, Roeder K, Roge B, Rutter ML, Bierut LJ, Rice JP, Salt J, Sansom K, Sato D, Segurado R, Senman L, Shah N, Sheffield VC, Soorya L, Sousa I, Stoppioni V, Strawbridge C, Tancredi R, Tansey K, Thiruvahindrapduram B, Thompson AP, Thomson S, Tryfon A, Tsiantis J, Van Engeland H, Vincent JB, Volkmar F, Wallace S, Wang K, Wang Z, Wassink TH, Wing K, Wittemeyer K, Wood S, Yaspan BL, Zurawiecki D, Zwaigenbaum L, Betancur C, Buxbaum JD, Cantor RM, Cook EH, Coon H, Cuccaro ML, Gallagher L, Geschwind DH, Gill M, Haines JL, Miller J, Monaco AP, Nurnberger JI, Paterson AD, Pericak-Vance MA, Schellenberg GD, Scherer SW, Sutcliffe JS, Szatmari P, Vicente AM, Vieland VJ, Wijsman EM, Devlin B, Ennis S, Hallmayer J. A genome-wide scan for common alleles affecting risk for autism. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:4072-82. [PMID: 20663923 PMCID: PMC2947401 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have a substantial genetic basis, most of the known genetic risk has been traced to rare variants, principally copy number variants (CNVs). To identify common risk variation, the Autism Genome Project (AGP) Consortium genotyped 1558 rigorously defined ASD families for 1 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and analyzed these SNP genotypes for association with ASD. In one of four primary association analyses, the association signal for marker rs4141463, located within MACROD2, crossed the genome-wide association significance threshold of P < 5 × 10−8. When a smaller replication sample was analyzed, the risk allele at rs4141463 was again over-transmitted; yet, consistent with the winner's curse, its effect size in the replication sample was much smaller; and, for the combined samples, the association signal barely fell below the P < 5 × 10−8 threshold. Exploratory analyses of phenotypic subtypes yielded no significant associations after correction for multiple testing. They did, however, yield strong signals within several genes, KIAA0564, PLD5, POU6F2, ST8SIA2 and TAF1C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Anney
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
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12
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Pinto D, Pagnamenta AT, Klei L, Anney R, Merico D, Regan R, Conroy J, Magalhaes TR, Correia C, Abrahams BS, Almeida J, Bacchelli E, Bader GD, Bailey AJ, Baird G, Battaglia A, Berney T, Bolshakova N, Bölte S, Bolton PF, Bourgeron T, Brennan S, Brian J, Bryson SE, Carson AR, Casallo G, Casey J, Chung BHY, Cochrane L, Corsello C, Crawford EL, Crossett A, Cytrynbaum C, Dawson G, de Jonge M, Delorme R, Drmic I, Duketis E, Duque F, Estes A, Farrar P, Fernandez BA, Folstein SE, Fombonne E, Freitag CM, Gilbert J, Gillberg C, Glessner JT, Goldberg J, Green A, Green J, Guter SJ, Hakonarson H, Heron EA, Hill M, Holt R, Howe JL, Hughes G, Hus V, Igliozzi R, Kim C, Klauck SM, Kolevzon A, Korvatska O, Kustanovich V, Lajonchere CM, Lamb JA, Laskawiec M, Leboyer M, Le Couteur A, Leventhal BL, Lionel AC, Liu XQ, Lord C, Lotspeich L, Lund SC, Maestrini E, Mahoney W, Mantoulan C, Marshall CR, McConachie H, McDougle CJ, McGrath J, McMahon WM, Merikangas A, Migita O, Minshew NJ, Mirza GK, Munson J, Nelson SF, Noakes C, Noor A, Nygren G, Oliveira G, Papanikolaou K, Parr JR, Parrini B, Paton T, Pickles A, Pilorge M, Piven J, Ponting CP, Posey DJ, Poustka A, Poustka F, Prasad A, Ragoussis J, Renshaw K, Rickaby J, Roberts W, Roeder K, Roge B, Rutter ML, Bierut LJ, Rice JP, Salt J, Sansom K, Sato D, Segurado R, Sequeira AF, Senman L, Shah N, Sheffield VC, Soorya L, Sousa I, Stein O, Sykes N, Stoppioni V, Strawbridge C, Tancredi R, Tansey K, Thiruvahindrapduram B, Thompson AP, Thomson S, Tryfon A, Tsiantis J, Van Engeland H, Vincent JB, Volkmar F, Wallace S, Wang K, Wang Z, Wassink TH, Webber C, Weksberg R, Wing K, Wittemeyer K, Wood S, Wu J, Yaspan BL, Zurawiecki D, Zwaigenbaum L, Buxbaum JD, Cantor RM, Cook EH, Coon H, Cuccaro ML, Devlin B, Ennis S, Gallagher L, Geschwind DH, Gill M, Haines JL, Hallmayer J, Miller J, Monaco AP, Nurnberger JI, Paterson AD, Pericak-Vance MA, Schellenberg GD, Szatmari P, Vicente AM, Vieland VJ, Wijsman EM, Scherer SW, Sutcliffe JS, Betancur C. Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders. Nature 2010; 466:368-72. [PMID: 20531469 DOI: 10.1038/nature09146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1441] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of conditions characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interaction and communication, and the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviours. Individuals with an ASD vary greatly in cognitive development, which can range from above average to intellectual disability. Although ASDs are known to be highly heritable ( approximately 90%), the underlying genetic determinants are still largely unknown. Here we analysed the genome-wide characteristics of rare (<1% frequency) copy number variation in ASD using dense genotyping arrays. When comparing 996 ASD individuals of European ancestry to 1,287 matched controls, cases were found to carry a higher global burden of rare, genic copy number variants (CNVs) (1.19 fold, P = 0.012), especially so for loci previously implicated in either ASD and/or intellectual disability (1.69 fold, P = 3.4 x 10(-4)). Among the CNVs there were numerous de novo and inherited events, sometimes in combination in a given family, implicating many novel ASD genes such as SHANK2, SYNGAP1, DLGAP2 and the X-linked DDX53-PTCHD1 locus. We also discovered an enrichment of CNVs disrupting functional gene sets involved in cellular proliferation, projection and motility, and GTPase/Ras signalling. Our results reveal many new genetic and functional targets in ASD that may lead to final connected pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Pinto
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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13
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of escitalopram in the treatment of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs). METHOD This 10-week study had a forced titration, open-label design. Twenty-eight subjects (mean age 125.1 +/- 33.5 months) with a PDD received escitalopram at a dose that increased weekly to a maximum dose of 20 mg as tolerated. The Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community Version (ABC-CV) and the Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI) were used to assess outcome. RESULTS There was significant improvement in ABC-CV Irritability Subscale Scores (baseline mean 20.5 +/- 5.9 to final mean 10.9 +/- 7.2; p < or = .001) and in the other ABC-CV Subscales. Improvement on Clinical Global Improvement Scale severity rating was also significant (baseline mean 5.2 +/- 1.0 to final mean 4.6 +/- 1.2; p < or = .001). Twenty-five percent of the subjects responded at a dose less than 10 mg and did not tolerate the 10-mg dose, and an additional 36% responded at a dose greater than or equal to 10 mg. Final dose was unrelated to weight and only weakly correlated with age. CONCLUSIONS This open-label study found escitalopram to be useful in treating some difficulties common in PDDs. A wide variability in dose was found that could not be accounted for by weight and only partially by age. The study provides information useful for the design of double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of escitalopram in PDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Owley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago MC 3077, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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14
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Cook EH, Courchesne RY, Cox NJ, Lord C, Gonen D, Guter SJ, Lincoln A, Nix K, Haas R, Leventhal BL, Courchesne E. Linkage-disequilibrium mapping of autistic disorder, with 15q11-13 markers. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 62:1077-83. [PMID: 9545402 PMCID: PMC1377089 DOI: 10.1086/301832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Autistic disorder is a complex genetic disease. Because of previous reports of individuals with autistic disorder with duplications of the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome critical region, we screened several markers across the 15q11-13 region, for linkage disequilibrium. One hundred forty families, consisting predominantly of a child with autistic disorder and both parents, were studied. Genotyping was performed by use of multiplex PCR and capillary electrophoresis. Two children were identified who had interstitial chromosome 15 duplications and were excluded from further linkage-disequilibrium analysis. Use of the multiallelic transmission-disequilibrium test (MTDT), for nine loci on 15q11-13, revealed linkage disequilibrium between autistic disorder and a marker in the gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor subunit gene, GABRB3 155CA-2 (MTDT 28.63, 10 df, P=.0014). No evidence was found for parent-of-origin effects on allelic transmission. The convergence of GABRB3 as a positional and functional candidate along with the linkage-disequilibrium data suggests the need for further investigation of the role of GABRB3 or adjacent genes in autistic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Cook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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