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Martien KK, Chivers SJ, Baird RW, Archer FI, Gorgone AM, Hancock-Hanser BL, Mattila D, McSweeney DJ, Oleson EM, Palmer C, Pease VL, Robertson KM, Schorr GS, Schultz MB, Webster DL, Taylor BL. Nuclear and mitochondrial patterns of population structure in North Pacific false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens). J Hered 2014; 105:611-26. [PMID: 24831238 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esu029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) are large delphinids typically found in deep water far offshore. However, in the Hawaiian Archipelago, there are 2 resident island-associated populations of false killer whales, one in the waters around the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) and one in the waters around the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). We use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences and genotypes from 16 nuclear DNA (nucDNA) microsatellite loci from 206 individuals to examine levels of differentiation among the 2 island-associated populations and offshore animals from the central and eastern North Pacific. Both mtDNA and nucDNA exhibit highly significant differentiation between populations, confirming limited gene flow in both sexes. The mtDNA haplotypes exhibit a strong pattern of phylogeographic concordance, with island-associated populations sharing 3 closely related haplotypes not found elsewhere in the Pacific. However, nucDNA data suggest that NWHI animals are at least as differentiated from MHI animals as they are from offshore animals. The patterns of differentiation revealed by the 2 marker types suggest that the island-associated false killer whale populations likely share a common colonization history, but have limited contemporary gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Martien
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Susan J Chivers
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Robin W Baird
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Frederick I Archer
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Antoinette M Gorgone
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Brittany L Hancock-Hanser
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - David Mattila
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Daniel J McSweeney
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Erin M Oleson
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Carol Palmer
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Victoria L Pease
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Kelly M Robertson
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Gregory S Schorr
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Mark B Schultz
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Daniel L Webster
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Barbara L Taylor
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
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Chivers SJ, Baird RW, McSweeney DJ, Webster DL, Hedrick NM, Salinas JC. Genetic variation and evidence for population structure in eastern North Pacific false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens). CAN J ZOOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1139/z07-059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
False killer whales ( Pseudorca crassidens (Owen, 1846)) are incidentally taken in the North Pacific pelagic long-line fishery, but little is known about their population structure to assess the impact of these takes. Using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequence data, we quantified genetic variation for the species and tested for genetic differentiation among geographic strata. Our data set of 124 samples included 115 skin-biopsy samples collected from false killer whales inhabiting the eastern North Pacific Ocean (ENP), and nine samples collected from animals sampled at sea or on the beach in the western North Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans. Twenty-four (24) haplotypes were identified, and nucleotide diversity was low (π = 0.37%) but comparable with that of closely related species. Phylogeographic concordance in the distribution of haplotypes was revealed and a demographically isolated population of false killer whales associated with the main Hawaiian islands was identified (ΦST= 0.47, p < 0.0001). This result supports recognition of the existing management unit, which has geo-political boundaries corresponding to the USA’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of Hawai‘i. However, a small number of animals sampled within the EEZ but away from the near-shore island area, which is defined as <25 nautical miles (1 nautical mile = 1.852 km) from shore, had haplotypes that were the same or closely related to those found elsewhere in the ENP, which suggests that there may be a second management unit within the Hawaiian EEZ. Biologically meaningful boundaries for the population(s) cannot be identified until we better understand the distribution and ecology of false killer whales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J. Chivers
- National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC), 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Cascadia Research Collective, 218 1/2 W. 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501,USA
- Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725, USA
- Bridger Consulting Group, 1056 Boylan Road, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
- Departamento de Biologia Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, C.P. 23080, Apartado postal 19-B, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Robin W. Baird
- National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC), 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Cascadia Research Collective, 218 1/2 W. 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501,USA
- Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725, USA
- Bridger Consulting Group, 1056 Boylan Road, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
- Departamento de Biologia Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, C.P. 23080, Apartado postal 19-B, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Daniel J. McSweeney
- National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC), 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Cascadia Research Collective, 218 1/2 W. 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501,USA
- Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725, USA
- Bridger Consulting Group, 1056 Boylan Road, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
- Departamento de Biologia Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, C.P. 23080, Apartado postal 19-B, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Daniel L. Webster
- National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC), 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Cascadia Research Collective, 218 1/2 W. 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501,USA
- Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725, USA
- Bridger Consulting Group, 1056 Boylan Road, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
- Departamento de Biologia Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, C.P. 23080, Apartado postal 19-B, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Nicole M. Hedrick
- National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC), 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Cascadia Research Collective, 218 1/2 W. 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501,USA
- Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725, USA
- Bridger Consulting Group, 1056 Boylan Road, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
- Departamento de Biologia Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, C.P. 23080, Apartado postal 19-B, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Juan Carlos Salinas
- National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC), 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Cascadia Research Collective, 218 1/2 W. 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501,USA
- Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725, USA
- Bridger Consulting Group, 1056 Boylan Road, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
- Departamento de Biologia Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, C.P. 23080, Apartado postal 19-B, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
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