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Galgani L, Tzempelikou E, Kalantzi I, Tsiola A, Tsapakis M, Pitta P, Esposito C, Tsotskou A, Magiopoulos I, Benavides R, Steinhoff T, Loiselle SA. Marine plastics alter the organic matter composition of the air-sea boundary layer, with influences on CO 2 exchange: a large-scale analysis method to explore future ocean scenarios. Sci Total Environ 2023; 857:159624. [PMID: 36280077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are substrates for microbial activity and can influence biomass production. This has potentially important implications in the sea-surface microlayer, the marine boundary layer that controls gas exchange with the atmosphere and where biologically produced organic compounds can accumulate. In the present study, we used six large scale mesocosms to simulate future ocean scenarios of high plastic concentration. Each mesocosm was filled with 3 m3 of seawater from the oligotrophic Sea of Crete, in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. A known amount of standard polystyrene microbeads of 30 μm diameter was added to three replicate mesocosms, while maintaining the remaining three as plastic-free controls. Over the course of a 12-day experiment, we explored microbial organic matter dynamics in the sea-surface microlayer in the presence and absence of microplastic contamination of the underlying water. Our study shows that microplastics increased both biomass production and enrichment of carbohydrate-like and proteinaceous marine gel compounds in the sea-surface microlayer. Importantly, this resulted in a ∼3 % reduction in the concentration of dissolved CO2 in the underlying water. This reduction was associated to both direct and indirect impacts of microplastic pollution on the uptake of CO2 within the marine carbon cycle, by modifying the biogenic composition of the sea's boundary layer with the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Galgani
- Environmental Spectroscopy Group, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Italy; Center for Colloids and Surface Science, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; GEOMAR-Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany; Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, USA.
| | - Eleni Tzempelikou
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Ioanna Kalantzi
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Anastasia Tsiola
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Manolis Tsapakis
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Pitta
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Chiara Esposito
- Lake Ecology, Department of Ecoscience and WATEC Aarhus University Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Anastasia Tsotskou
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece; University of Western Macedonia, School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Florina, Greece
| | - Iordanis Magiopoulos
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | - Steven A Loiselle
- Environmental Spectroscopy Group, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Italy; Center for Colloids and Surface Science, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, Florence, Italy
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Kitidis V, Shutler JD, Ashton I, Warren M, Brown I, Findlay H, Hartman SE, Sanders R, Humphreys M, Kivimäe C, Greenwood N, Hull T, Pearce D, McGrath T, Stewart BM, Walsham P, McGovern E, Bozec Y, Gac JP, van Heuven SMAC, Hoppema M, Schuster U, Johannessen T, Omar A, Lauvset SK, Skjelvan I, Olsen A, Steinhoff T, Körtzinger A, Becker M, Lefevre N, Diverrès D, Gkritzalis T, Cattrijsse A, Petersen W, Voynova YG, Chapron B, Grouazel A, Land PE, Sharples J, Nightingale PD. Winter weather controls net influx of atmospheric CO 2 on the north-west European shelf. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20153. [PMID: 31882779 PMCID: PMC6934492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Shelf seas play an important role in the global carbon cycle, absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and exporting carbon (C) to the open ocean and sediments. The magnitude of these processes is poorly constrained, because observations are typically interpolated over multiple years. Here, we used 298500 observations of CO2 fugacity (fCO2) from a single year (2015), to estimate the net influx of atmospheric CO2 as 26.2 ± 4.7 Tg C yr-1 over the open NW European shelf. CO2 influx from the atmosphere was dominated by influx during winter as a consequence of high winds, despite a smaller, thermally-driven, air-sea fCO2 gradient compared to the larger, biologically-driven summer gradient. In order to understand this climate regulation service, we constructed a carbon-budget supplemented by data from the literature, where the NW European shelf is treated as a box with carbon entering and leaving the box. This budget showed that net C-burial was a small sink of 1.3 ± 3.1 Tg C yr-1, while CO2 efflux from estuaries to the atmosphere, removed the majority of river C-inputs. In contrast, the input from the Baltic Sea likely contributes to net export via the continental shelf pump and advection (34.4 ± 6.0 Tg C yr-1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie D Shutler
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Ian Ashton
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Ian Brown
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK
| | | | | | | | - Matthew Humphreys
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Naomi Greenwood
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, UK
| | - Tom Hull
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, UK
| | - David Pearce
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Yann Bozec
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR CNRS - UPMC 7144 - Equipe Chimie Marine, Roscoff, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Gac
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR CNRS - UPMC 7144 - Equipe Chimie Marine, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Mario Hoppema
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Ute Schuster
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Truls Johannessen
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen and Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Abdirahman Omar
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Siv K Lauvset
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingunn Skjelvan
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Are Olsen
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen and Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Arne Körtzinger
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Meike Becker
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen and Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nathalie Lefevre
- Sorbonne Universités (UPMC, Univ Paris 06)-IRD-CNRS-MNHN, LOCEAN, Paris, France
| | - Denis Diverrès
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), centre de Bretagne, Plouzané, France
| | | | | | - Wilhelm Petersen
- Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Yoana G Voynova
- Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Bertrand Chapron
- Institut Francais Recherche Pour ĹExploitation de la Mer, Pointe du Diable, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Antoine Grouazel
- Institut Francais Recherche Pour ĹExploitation de la Mer, Pointe du Diable, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Jonathan Sharples
- University of Liverpool, School of Environmental Sciences, Liverpool, UK
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Weyermann F, Spengler C, Schöffel P, Buchholz S, Steinhoff T, Sonnenkalb M, Wielenberg A, Schaffrath A. Development of AC2 for the simulation of advanced reactor design of Generation 3/3+ and light water cooled SMRs. KERNTECHNIK 2019. [DOI: 10.3139/124.190068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe transition from Generation 2 to Generation 3/3+ and 4 reactors, as well as the development of small modular reactors (SMR), place new demands on computational programs designed to simulate conditions of normal operation, operational occurrences, design basis accidents and severe accidents. On the one hand, most passive safety systems of advanced and innovative plants operate at low pressures even down to vacuum conditions and the driving forces are low compared to active systems. On the other hand, the containment is no longer just a barrier to retain radioactive material in the event of leakage of the cooling system, but it is an important link in the passive cooling chain. This requires an expansion and improvement of the existing simulation programs for the cooling circuit and containment, as well as the realization of a coupling between these simulation programs. The new AC2 program package combines the proven simulation codes ATHLET/ATHLET-CD and COCOSYS in one software suite to hit this target. The individual components of the suite are continuously extended and validated for their application to novel safety systems. This makes it possible to simulate the entire spectrum of accidents for Generation 3/3+, 4 and light water cooled SMR systems with just one program package. This publication gives an overview of the current state of development of AC2 and its individual modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Weyermann
- 1Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) gGmbH, Schwertnergasse 1, 50667 Cologne (DE)
| | - C. Spengler
- 1Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) gGmbH, Schwertnergasse 1, 50667 Cologne (DE)
| | - P. Schöffel
- 1Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) gGmbH, Schwertnergasse 1, 50667 Cologne (DE)
| | - S. Buchholz
- 1Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) gGmbH, Schwertnergasse 1, 50667 Cologne (DE)
| | - T. Steinhoff
- 1Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) gGmbH, Schwertnergasse 1, 50667 Cologne (DE)
| | - M. Sonnenkalb
- 1Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) gGmbH, Schwertnergasse 1, 50667 Cologne (DE)
| | - A. Wielenberg
- 1Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) gGmbH, Schwertnergasse 1, 50667 Cologne (DE)
| | - A. Schaffrath
- 1Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) gGmbH, Schwertnergasse 1, 50667 Cologne (DE)
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Watson AJ, Schuster U, Bakker DCE, Bates NR, Corbière A, González-Dávila M, Friedrich T, Hauck J, Heinze C, Johannessen T, Körtzinger A, Metzl N, Olafsson J, Olsen A, Oschlies A, Padin XA, Pfeil B, Santana-Casiano JM, Steinhoff T, Telszewski M, Rios AF, Wallace DWR, Wanninkhof R. Tracking the Variable North Atlantic Sink for Atmospheric CO
2. Science 2009; 326:1391-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1177394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Watson
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Ute Schuster
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | | | - Antoine Corbière
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case 100, 4 Pl Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Melchor González-Dávila
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Faculty of Marine Science, Department of Chemistry, Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Tobias Friedrich
- Leibniz Institut für Meereswissenschaften, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Judith Hauck
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Christoph Heinze
- University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Allégaten 55, N5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Truls Johannessen
- University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Allégaten 55, N5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Arne Körtzinger
- Leibniz Institut für Meereswissenschaften, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicolas Metzl
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case 100, 4 Pl Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Jon Olafsson
- Marine Research Institute and University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Are Olsen
- University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Allégaten 55, N5007, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Oschlies
- Leibniz Institut für Meereswissenschaften, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - X. Antonio Padin
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Eduardo Cabello 6, Vigo 36208, Spain
| | - Benjamin Pfeil
- University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Allégaten 55, N5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Faculty of Marine Science, Department of Chemistry, Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Tobias Steinhoff
- Leibniz Institut für Meereswissenschaften, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maciej Telszewski
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Aida F. Rios
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Eduardo Cabello 6, Vigo 36208, Spain
| | | | - Rik Wanninkhof
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL 33149, USA
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Steinhoff T, Moritz E, Wollmer MA, Mohajeri MH, Kins S, Nitsch RM. Increased cystatin C in astrocytes of transgenic mice expressing the K670N-M671L mutation of the amyloid precursor protein and deposition in brain amyloid plaques. Neurobiol Dis 2001; 8:647-54. [PMID: 11493029 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.2001.0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystatin C is an essential secretory cofactor for neurogenesis with potent protease inhibitor activities. Polymorphisms of cystatin C are genetically associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the L68Q mutation causes hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis of the Icelandic type, in which cystatin C and beta-amyloid are colocalized in cortical blood vessels. To determine whether cystatin C and beta-amyloid also colocalize in brain amyloid plaques, we analyzed transgenic mice expressing the Swedish APP (SweAPP) mutation. We found high levels of cystatin C in astrocytes surrounding beta-amyloid plaques, and discrete layers of cystatin C attached to amyloid plaque cores covered by a layer of beta-amyloid. In addition, cystatin C accumulated in reactive astrocytes throughout the brain, independently of, and before the onset of, amyloid plaque formation. These results show that expression of SweAPP is associated with increased cystatin C in reactive astrocytes, and they suggest an early role of cystatin C in appositional amyloid plaque growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Steinhoff
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, August-Forel Strasse 1, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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