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Oka Y, Abe-Sato K, Tabuse H, Yasukawa Y, Yahara T, Nishimoto T, Kamitani M, Fukunaga T, Ochiai N, Kumasaka-Abe T, Hitaka K, Gunji E, Ohara H, Takeda T, Kojima N, Asami T. Discovery of TP0628103: A Highly Potent and Selective MMP-7 Inhibitor with Reduced OATP-Mediated Clearance Designed by Shifting Isoelectric Points. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1406-1420. [PMID: 38214909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) has been shown to play an important role in pathophysiological processes such as cancer and fibrosis. We previously discovered selective MMP-7 inhibitors by molecular hybridization and structure-based drug design. However, the systemic clearance (CLtot) of the biologically active lead compound was very high. Because our studies revealed that hepatic uptake by organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) was responsible for the high CLtot, we found a novel approach to reducing their uptake based on isoelectric point (IP) values as an indicator for substrate recognition by OATP1B1/1B3. Our "IP shift strategy" to adjust the IP values culminated in the discovery of TP0628103 (18), which is characterized by reduced in vitro OATP-mediated hepatic uptake and in vivo CLtot. Our in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of OATP-mediated clearance and the "IP shift strategy" provide crucial insights for a new medicinal chemistry approach to reducing the systemic clearance of OATP1B1/1B3 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Oka
- Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Kumi Abe-Sato
- Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tabuse
- Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Yasukawa
- Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Tohru Yahara
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishimoto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kamitani
- Discovery Technologies Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Takuya Fukunaga
- Discovery Technologies Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Ochiai
- Discovery Technologies Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kumasaka-Abe
- Discovery Technologies Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hitaka
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Emi Gunji
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ohara
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Takuya Takeda
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Naoki Kojima
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Taiji Asami
- Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
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2
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Abe-Sato K, Tabuse H, Kanazawa H, Kamitani M, Endo M, Tokura S, Wakabayashi S, Yahara T, Takeda T, Hitaka K, Gunji E, Kojima N, Oka Y. Structure-Based Optimization and Biological Evaluation of Potent and Selective MMP-7 Inhibitors for Kidney Fibrosis. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14653-14668. [PMID: 37861435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) has been shown to play important roles in pathophysiological processes involved in the development/progression of diseases such as cancer and fibrosis. We discovered selective MMP-7 inhibitors composed of arylsulfonamide, carboxylate, and short peptides by a molecular hybridization approach. These compounds interacted with MMP-7 via multiple hydrogen bonds in the cocrystal structures. To obtain compounds for in vivo evaluation, we attempted structural optimization, particularly targeting Tyr167 at the S3 subsite through structure-based drug design, and identified compound 15 as showing improved MMP-7 potency and MMP subtype selectivity. A novel π-π stacking interaction with Tyr167 was achieved when 4-pyridylalanine was introduced as the P3 residue. Compound 15 suppressed the progression of kidney fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner in a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction. Thus, we demonstrated, for the first time, that potent and selective MMP-7 inhibitors could prevent the progression of kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Abe-Sato
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tabuse
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Harumi Kanazawa
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kamitani
- Discovery Technologies Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Mayumi Endo
- Discovery Technologies Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Seiken Tokura
- Discovery Technologies Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wakabayashi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Tohru Yahara
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Takuya Takeda
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hitaka
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Emi Gunji
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Naoki Kojima
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Yusuke Oka
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403, Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
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3
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Middleton D, Armstrong K, Baba Y, Balslev H, Chayamarit K, Chung R, Conn B, Fernando E, Fujikawa K, Kiew R, Luu H, Aung MM, Newman M, Tagane S, Tanaka N, Thomas D, Tran T, Utteridge T, van Welzen P, Widyatmoko D, Yahara T, Wong K. Progress on Southeast Asia’s Flora projects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.26492/gbs71(2).2019-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Kato K, Hasegawa Y, Iwata K, Ichikawa T, Yahara T, Tsuji S, Sugiura M, Yamaguchi JI. Recommendation to Exclude Bile-Duct-Cannulated Rats with Hyperbilirubinemia for Proper Conduct of Biliary Drug Excretion Studies. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1180-3. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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5
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Salomon JJ, Gausterer JC, Yahara T, Hosoya KI, Huwer H, Hittinger M, Schneider-Daum N, Lehr CM, Ehrhardt C. Organic cation transporter function in different in vitro models of human lung epithelium. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 80:82-8. [PMID: 26296865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organic cation transporters (OCT) encoded by members of the solute carrier (SLC) 22 family of genes are involved in the disposition of physiological substrates and xenobiotics, including drugs used in the treatment of chronic obstructive lung diseases and asthma. The aim of this work was to identify continuously growing epithelial cell lines that closely mimic the organic cation transport of freshly isolated human alveolar type I-like epithelial cells (ATI) in primary culture, and which consequently, can be utilised as in vitro models for the study of organic cation transport at the air-blood barrier. OCT activity was investigated by measuring [(14)C]-tetraethylammonium (TEA) uptake into monolayers of Calu-3, NCI-H441 and A549 lung epithelial cell lines in comparison to ATI-like cell monolayers in primary culture. Levels of time-dependent TEA uptake were highest in A549 and ATI-like cells. In A549 cells, TEA uptake had a saturable and a non-saturable component with Km=528.5±373.1μM, Vmax=0.3±0.1nmol/min/mg protein and Kd=0.02μl/min/mg protein. TEA uptake into Calu-3 and NCI-H441 cells did not reach saturation within the concentration range studied. RNAi experiments in A549 cells confirmed that TEA uptake was mainly facilitated by OCT1 and OCT2. Co-incubation studies using pharmacological OCT modulators suggested that organic cation uptake pathways share several similarities between ATI-like primary cells and the NCI-H441 cell line, whereas more pronounced differences exist between primary cells and the A549 and Calu-3 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna J Salomon
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julia C Gausterer
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tohru Yahara
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hosoya
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hanno Huwer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Völklingen Heart Centre, Völklingen, Germany
| | - Marius Hittinger
- Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nicole Schneider-Daum
- Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Carsten Ehrhardt
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Yahara T, Tachikawa M, Akanuma SI, Kubo Y, Hosoya KI. Amino acid residues involved in the substrate specificity of TauT/SLC6A6 for taurine and γ-aminobutyric acid. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 37:817-25. [PMID: 24790004 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Taurine transporter (TauT/SLC6A6) is an "honorary" γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter because of its low affinity for GABA. The sequence analysis of TauT implied the role of Gly57, Phe58, Leu306 and Glu406 in the substrate recognition of TauT, and amino acid-substitutions were performed. Immunocytochemistry supported no marked effect of mutations on the expression of TauT. TauT-expressing oocytes showed a reduction in [(3)H]taurine uptake by G57E, F58I, L306Q and E406C, and change in [(3)H]GABA uptake by G57E and E406C, suggesting their significant roles in the function of TauT. G57E lost the activity of [(3)H]taurine and [(3)H]GABA uptake, suggesting that Gly57 is involved in the determination of substrate pocket volume and in the interaction with substrates. E406C exhibited a decrease and an increase in the affinity for taurine and GABA, respectively, suggesting the involvement of Glu406 in the substrate specificity of TauT. The inhibition study supported the role of Glu406 in the substrate specificity since [(3)H]taurine and [(3)H]GABA uptake by E406C was less sensitive to taurine and β-alanine, and more sensitive to GABA and nipecotic acid than was the case with wild type of TauT. F58I had an increased affinity for GABA, suggesting the involvement of Phe58 in the substrate accessibility. The kinetic parameters showed the decreased and increased affinities of L306Q for taurine and GABA, respectively, supporting that substrate recognition of TauT is conformationally regulated by the branched-side chain of Leu306. In conclusion, the present results suggest that these residues play important roles in the transport function and substrate specificity of TauT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yahara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Jessica Salomon
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Tohru Yahara
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Ken‐ichi Hosoya
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Carsten Ehrhardt
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
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8
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Yahara T, Tachikawa M, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI. Hypertonicity enhances GABA uptake by cultured rat retinal capillary endothelial cells. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2010; 25:611-5. [PMID: 20930424 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-10-nt-057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have reported previously that taurine transporter (TauT) mediates γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a substrate in a conditionally immortalized rat retinal capillary endothelial cell line (TR-iBRB2 cells). This study investigates how TauT-mediated GABA transport is regulated in TR-iBRB2 cells under hypertonic conditions. [³H]GABA uptake by TR-iBRB2 cells exposed to 12 h- to 24 h-hypertonic culture medium was significantly greater than that of isotonic culture medium. [³H]GABA uptake by TR-iBRB2 cells was Na(+)-, Cl(-)-, and concentration-dependent with a Michaelis-Menten (K(m)) constant of 3.5 mM under isotonic conditions and K(m) of 0.324 and 5.48 mM under hypertonic conditions. Under hypertonic conditions, [³H]GABA uptake by TR-iBRB2 cells was more potently inhibited by substrates of TauT, such as taurine and β-alanine, than those of GABA transporters such as GABA, nipecotic acid, and betaine. These results suggest that an unknown high-affinity GABA transport process and TauT-mediated GABA transport are enhanced under hypertonic conditions. In conclusion, hypertonicity enhances GABA uptake by cultured rat retinal capillary endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yahara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
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9
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Miyake K, Miyake T, Terachi T, Yahara T. Relative fitness of females and hermaphrodites in a natural gynodioecious population of wild radish, Raphanus sativus L. (Brassicaceae): comparison based on molecular genotyping. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:2012-9. [PMID: 19678867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In many gynodioecious species, sex determination involves both cytoplasmic male-sterility (CMS) genes and nuclear genes that restore male function. Differences in fitness among genotypes affect the dynamics of those genes, and thus that of gynodioecy. We used a molecular marker to discriminate between hermaphrodites with and without a CMS gene in gynodioecious Raphanus sativus. We compared fitness through female function among the three genotypes: females, hermaphrodites with the CMS gene and those without it. Although there was no significant difference among the genotypes in seed size, hermaphrodites without the CMS gene produced significantly more seeds, and seeds with a higher germination rate than the other genotypes, suggesting no fitness advantage for females and no benefit to bearing the CMS gene. Despite the lack of fitness advantage for females in the parameter values we estimated, a theoretical model of gynodioecy shows it can be maintained if restorer genes impose a cost paid in pollen production. In addition, we found that females invest more resources into female reproduction than hermaphrodites when they become larger. If environmental conditions enable females to grow larger this would facilitate the dynamics of CMS genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Miyake
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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10
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Rai Y, Tanaka M, Mitsuyama M, Uga T, Tanaka S, Nanba K, Furusawa H, Murata K, Nishimura R, Oikawa T, Kamada Y, Maeda S, Maeda J, Honjyo S, Iwase H, Yamamoto Y, Masuno K, Shibuta K, Kai Y, Taniguchi H, Yahara T, Yokoyama G, Yoshinaga Y, Umeda S, Hisamatsu K, Tamura K. 0142 Feasibility study of fluorouracil/epirubicin/cyclophosphamide (FEC75) followed by docetaxel (DOC) as adjuvant chemotherapy in Japanese patients with node positive breast cancer. Breast 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9776(09)70173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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11
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Nagai H, Yoshida T, Kamiya K, Yahara T, Tachida H. Development and characterization of microsatellite markers in Zanthoxylum ailanthoides (Rutaceae). Mol Ecol Resour 2009; 9:667-9. [PMID: 21564723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nine microsatellite markers were developed for Zanthoxylum ailanthoides, a typical pioneer tree. Averaged over the nine loci, the number of alleles per locus was 5.1. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.233 to 0.833 and from 0.314 to 0.823, with averages of 0.606 and 0.641, respectively. No loci showed significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or linkage equilibrium after Bonferroni correction (P > 0.05). These markers will be useful for parentage analyses and studies of population genetic structure in the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nagai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 4-2-1 Ropponmatsu, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810-8560, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ooi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812‐8581, Japan
| | - T. Yahara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812‐8581, Japan
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13
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Toh U, Fujii T, Seki N, Nakagawa S, Mishima M, Fukunaga M, Ogo E, Yahara T, Yamana H, Shirouzu K. Strategy to augment the efficacy of immunotherapy for refractory breast cancer using trastuzumab combined adoptive cell therapy. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.3062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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14
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Kamiya K, Moritsuka E, Yoshida T, Yahara T, Tachida H. High population differentiation and unusual haplotype structure in a shade-intolerant pioneer tree species, Zanthoxylum ailanthoides (Rutaceae) revealed by analysis of DNA polymorphism at four nuclear loci. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:2329-38. [PMID: 18429965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Differences in demographic history, life-history traits, and breeding systems affect nucleotide variation patterns. It is expected that shade-intolerant pioneer tree species have different patterns of genetic polymorphism and population structure than climax species. We studied patterns of nucleotide polymorphism at four putative starch pathway loci (agpSA, agpSB, agpL, and GBSSI) in Zanthoxylum ailanthoides, a shade-intolerant pioneer tree species that occupies forest gaps in warm-temperate forests of East Asia. Genetic diversity was lower within each population than among populations, and differentiation among populations was high across the loci (F(ST) = 0.32-0.64), as expected from the insect-pollinated breeding system and the metapopulation structure of this pioneer species. Numbers of haplotypes were smaller than those expected from the observed numbers of segregating sites. Single haplotypes accounted for more than 47% of all the sampled genes at the respective loci. These variation patterns were incompatible with neutral predictions for populations of a finite island model. Complex population dynamics, such as bottleneck and/or admixture, in the history of this pioneer tree species might have resulted in the observed patterns of genetic variation and population structure, which are different from those of climax wind-pollinated tree species, such as conifers. In contrast to the other loci investigated in this study, agpL showed nearly no variation in Z. ailanthoides (one singleton only), but there was some extent of variation in a closely related species, Zanthoxylum schinifolium. This suggests possibly a recent selective sweep at or near the locus in Z. ailanthoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kamiya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 4-2-1 Ropponmatsu, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810-8560, Japan
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15
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Murayama K, Yahara T, Terachi T. Variation of female frequency and cytoplasmic male-sterility gene frequency among natural gynodioecious populations of wild radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Mol Ecol 2004; 13:2459-64. [PMID: 15245417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In gynodioecious plant populations, sex determination often involves both cytoplasmic male-sterility (CMS) genes and specific nuclear genes that restore male function. How gynodioecy is maintained under the joint dynamics of CMS and restorer genes remains controversial. Although many theoretical models deal with interactions between CMS genes and restorer genes with sexual phenotypes and predict changes in their frequencies, it is difficult to observe the frequencies because no molecular markers have been established for either CMS or restorer genes in well-studied gynodioecious plants. This is the first report of the frequency of a CMS gene determined using a molecular marker in natural populations of a gynodioecious plant. Using a set of CMS gene-specific polymerase chain reaction primers, we compared female and CMS gene frequencies in 18 natural populations of Raphanus sativus. Female frequency was relatively low, ranging from 0 to 0.21. In contrast, the CMS gene frequency was highly variable among populations, ranging from 0 to 1. Estimated restorer gene frequency seemed less variable than observed CMS gene frequency, probably due to higher gene flow than in the CMS gene. Genetic drift may play a role in maintaining high variability of the CMS gene, although other possibilities are not excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Murayama
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
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Ohashi K, Yahara T. Visit larger displays but probe proportionally fewer flowers: counterintuitive behaviour of nectar-collecting bumble bees achieves an ideal free distribution. Funct Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Funayama S, Terashima I, Yahara T. Effects of virus infection and light environment on population dynamics of Eupatorium makinoi (Asteraceae). Am J Bot 2001; 88:616-622. [PMID: 11302846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of virus infection on dynamics of three Eupatorium makinoi populations in contrasting light environments, Gora-dani (a shaded population) and Minou 1 and Minou 2 (open-site populations). Censuses of the plants were taken for 8 yr in Gora-dani and 4 yr in Minou 1 and Minou 2. After the epidemics of virus infection, most plants were virus infected at both sites. The number of plants and the proportion of flowering individuals decreased rapidly and simultaneously in the shaded population in Gora-dani. By contrast, in the open-site populations of Minou, the proportion of flowering plants decreased first, and then the number of plants decreased gradually. Growth analysis of the plants in the Gora-dani population revealed that stem growth was significantly suppressed by infection and that flowering and survivorship of the infected plants decreased with reducing plant height. Since light availability affected plant growth and thereby flowering and survivorship, the differences in population dynamics between the two field sites could be caused by the differences in light environments. Although populations in open sites may persist for considerable periods after virus epidemics, the individual local populations of E. makinoi would eventually become extinct irrespective of light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Funayama
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; and
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Abstract
Parental control of primary sex ratio has been reported in a mammal (red deer), some birds, and a snake. However, it remains uncertain whether other vertebrates including Amphibia can control sex ratio. In this paper, we examined the possibility in a wild population of the Japanese frog Rana rugosa which has female heterogamety. Sex ratios of their eggs were determined using DNA markers. The eggs were sampled in the field from May to August in 1998. Each egg was then sexed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using a sex-specific DNA marker. The result showed a male bias early in the season which changed to a female bias later, suggesting that females of R. rugosa can control the primary sex ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sakisaka
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Yoshida S, Tajiri T, Yahara T, Yoshizumi T, Tanaka K, Muraoka T, Yamasaki K, Shirouzu K. Administration of opiate receptor antagonist inhibits mucosal atrophy of the gut in fasting rats. J Surg Res 2000; 93:177-81. [PMID: 10945961 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2000.5970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether the opiate mu receptor antagonist naloxone would prevent atrophy of the gut in 24-h-fasted rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 76, body weight 200-225 g) were catheterized in the jugular vein on Day 0. The rats were fed standard rat chow for 4 days. On Day 4, the diet was changed to the standard liquid diet, and the rats were allowed free access to the liquid diet. On Day 7, the rats were randomized into five groups: (1) free fed, (2) free fed plus naloxone, (3) pair fed, (4) fasting, (5) free fed plus morphine, (6) fasting plus naloxone. Either naloxone (0.16 mg/kg/h) or morphine (0. 21 mg/kg/h) was continuously infused via venous catheter for 24 h. On Day 8, 24 h after fasting or free feeding, the animals were sacrificed. RESULTS Twenty-four hours of fasting caused atrophy of the jejunum and elevated morphine levels in the brain (free fed, 931. 3 +/- 122.3 fmol/g, vs fasting, 1419.0 +/- 150.0, P < 0.05). Morphine infusion reduced villus height, mucosal weight, and protein content in jejunum as compared with the free fed rats receiving saline. Administration of naloxone caused an increase in villus height (fasting, 587.0 +/- 25.8 microm, vs fasting plus naloxone, 670.0 +/- 17.4, P < 0.05), mucosal weight (fasting, 17.4 +/- 1.8 mg/cm, vs fasting plus naloxone, 22.6 +/- 1.9, P < 0.05), and protein content (fasting, 13.5 +/- 0.7 microg/cm, vs fasting plus naloxone, 16.7 +/- 0.6, P < 0.05) in jejunum. CONCLUSION Mucosal atrophy of the jejunum is caused by endogenous opioid in fasting rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshida
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kurume University, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan.
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Yoshida S, Ohta J, Yamasaki K, Kamei H, Harada Y, Yahara T, Kaibara A, Ozaki K, Tajiri T, Shirouzu K. Effect of surgical stress on endogenous morphine and cytokine levels in the plasma after laparoscopoic or open cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 2000; 14:137-40. [PMID: 10656946 DOI: 10.1007/s004649900085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endogenous morphine in the brain leads to various biological responses after surgery. The aim of this study was to determine whether morphine levels in the plasma would be enhanced by open laparotomy rather than by laparoscopic procedures. METHODS We compared 19 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy with five patients who underwent resection of the gallbladder by open laparotomy. Morphine levels in the plasma were measured by an electrochemical detection system. RESULTS Postoperative endogenous morphine levels were higher with open laparotomy than with the laparoscopic technique (three h after surgery: open, 200 +/- 52.6 fmol/ml vs laparoscopy, 17.6 +/- 3.7, p < 0.01). This morphine elevation accounted for higher levels of cytokine, greater pain scores, and longer duration of fasting in open laparotomized patients than in laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients. Stress hormone levels in the plasma were also higher with open laparotomy than with laparoscopy. CONCLUSION Morphine synthesis was enhanced by open laparotomy, resulting in greater biological response postoperatively than that seen with laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshida
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kurume University, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume-shi, Fukuoka, 030-0011 Japan
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Sato H, Yahara T. Trade-offs between flower number and investment to a flower in selfing and outcrossing varieties of Impatiens hypophylla (Balsaminaceae). Am J Bot 1999; 86:1699-1707. [PMID: 10602763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Floral resource allocation was compared on a whole-plant basis between two varieties of Impatiens hypophylla that differ in flower size. There were significant negative correlations between flower number and investments to a flower at both the within-population and between-variety levels. In individual flowers, var. hypophylla with larger flowers invested significantly more resources to male and pollinator-attractive functions, whereas investments to female function did not differ between the varieties. In experimental populations placed in the field, pollinators preferred the larger flowers of var. hypophylla even within the same habitat of var. microhypophylla, which has smaller flowers. There was a significant lack of observed heterozygosity only in var. microhypophylla. Thus, the outcrossing variety had more attractive but fewer flowers, while the selfing variety had less attractive but more abundant flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sato
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Yoshida S, Yoshizumi T, Kamei H, Ozaki K, Yahara T, Tajiri T, Yamasaki K, Shirouzu K. Effect of intracerebroventricular injection of tumor necrosis factor alpha on gut mucosal protein turnover in mice fed enterally. J Surg Res 1999; 87:73-6. [PMID: 10527706 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1999.5742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether mucosal protein turnover is enhanced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in mice fed enterally. METHODS Male B6C3F1 mice (n = 37, 20.0-25.0 g) were catheterized in the ICV space using stereotaxic coordination, and subsequently a catheter was inserted into the stomach for enteral feeding on Day 0. The animals were fed a standard mouse diet and water ad libitum for 4 days. On Day 4, enteral feeding was begun with a standard liquid diet, and either artificial cerebrospinal fluid (control) or recombinant human (Rh) TNF-alpha (5 ng/h) was continuously given via the ICV catheter using an osmotic pump. On either Day 5 or 7, the mice were sacrificed 10 min after injection of [U-(14)C]phenylalanine (5 microCi/mouse, ip). Fractional synthetic rates (FSRs) of jejunal mucosa and muscle were measured by the pool flooding technique. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in the plasma were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Body weight was significantly reduced by ICV injection of TNF-alpha, because muscle FSR was decreased with TNF-alpha. There were no differences in IL-6 levels in the plasma between the two groups. The FSR of jejunal mucosa was elevated by infusion of TNF-alpha as compared with control mice on both Days 5 and 7 [Day 5: (control) 99.5 +/- 17. 6%/day vs (TNF) 150.5 +/- 20.5%/day, P < 0.05; Day 7: (control) 54.8 +/- 8.8%/day vs (TNF) 102.7 +/- 19.1%/day, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION injection of TNF-alpha enhanced the mucosal protein synthesis rate without elevating IL-6 levels as compared with control mice, suggesting that the central nervous system links to the gut to regulate mucosal protein turnover through cytokine in the brain, but plasma IL-6 is not involved in this linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshida
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kurume University, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830, Japan.
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Yahara T, Noda C, Miyano A, Miyamichi T, Nakayama M. [Examination of soluble cell adhesion molecules in pregnancy induced hypertension]. Rinsho Byori 1999; 47:871-4. [PMID: 10518425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to determine whether or not the soluble-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (sELAM-1) are sensitive markers of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). sICAM-1 concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the mild PIH compared to non-pregnant women and normal pregnant groups. sVCAM-1 concentrations in the mild PIH group and the severe PIH group were significantly higher than the non-pregnant women group (p < 0.0001, p < 0.01, respectively) and the normal pregnant group (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0005, respectively). The concentrations of sELAM-1 in the mild PIH group were also significantly higher compared to normal pregnant group (p < 0.01). Our results suggest that soluble cell adhesion molecules may be useful markers detecting endothelial damage and dysfunction in patients with PIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yahara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Osaka Medical Center
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Koqa T, Suga K, Aoyama Y, Yanaga H, Yahara T, Shirouzu K. Efficiency of cytology for breast cancer without the evidence of malignancy on imaging diagnosis. Eur J Cancer 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(98)80307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yahara T, Ooi K, Oshita S, Ishii I, Ikegami M. Molecular evolution of a host-range gene in geminiviruses infecting asexual populations of Eupatorium makinoi. Genes Genet Syst 1998; 73:137-41. [PMID: 9794079 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.73.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Asexual plants of Eupatorium makinoi is frequently infected with tobacco leaf curl geminivirus (TLCV). The host range of TLCV is narrow, and ORF C4 is considered to function as a host range determinant. Using this TLCV-Eupatorium system, we tested the expectation that the rate of amino acid replacements will be accelerated in ORF C4 if resistant genes of the host plants drive molecular evolution in ORF C4. ORF C4 is entirely contained within a longer ORF C1 encoding a replication protein. We analyzed 21 sequences containing ORF C4 and a part of ORF C1. While per-site number of synonymous substitutions exceeded that of replacements in ORF C1, per-site number of replacements exceeded that of synonymous substitutions in ORF C4. However, this excess of per-site replacement in ORF C4 was mostly explained by the overlap gene nature, because most synonymous substitutions in ORF C1 change amino acid of ORF C4. In conclusion, not positive but negative selection is a predominant mode characterizing molecular evolution of ORF C4.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yahara
- Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Ohashi K, Yahara T. Effects of variation in flower number on pollinator visits in Cirsium purpuratum (Asteraceae). Am J Bot 1998; 85:219. [PMID: 21684905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We examined the functional relationships between floral display and two types of bumble bee response, the visitation rate per plant and the number of flowers visited on a plant, in an artificially arranged field population of Cirsium purpuratum. To reduce the variance in data, we collected data for each day separately and adopted a Latin square design in selecting the focal plants within a day. We then tested several types of regressions to each set of data to find the best-fitting line accounting for the observed relationship between pollinator response and display size. We found that the visitation rate of bumble bees per plant was a decelerating function of floral display, and that the number of flowering heads visited on a plant increased linearly with display size. Predicted from the above two functions, the visitation rate per head was independent of floral display and nearly constant within each day. Our results suggest that conventional methods in collecting and analyzing data on pollinator visitation may yield large variance in data derived from temporal and spatial heterogeneity and that improved methods employed here are effective in reducing the variance and estimating patterns of pollinator response to floral display more accurately.
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Yahara T, Noda C, Miyano A, Miyamichi T, Nakayama M, Shinohara K, Kidoguchi K. [A case of congenital complete heart block in a mother with anti-52 kD SS-A/Ro antibodies]. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi 1997; 20:437-41. [PMID: 9391307 DOI: 10.2177/jsci.20.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of congenital complete heart block (CCHB). A 38-year-old woman was admitted our hospital because of fetal bradycardia at 21 weeks 3 days of gestational age. She had no symptom of collagen disease. On admission, laboratory data showed positive anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-SS-A/Ro antibodies and anti-52 kD SS-A/Ro antibodies. But anti-60 kD SS-A/Ro and anti-SS-B/La antibodies were negative. Consequently anti-52 kD SS-A/Ro antibodies positive woman had an infant with CCHB. The baby was equipped with pacemaker at the age of 2 months. This report suggests that anti-52 kD SS-A/Ro antibodies may play an important role in the development of CCHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yahara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health
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Funayama S, Hikosaka K, Yahara T. Effects of virus infection and growth irradiance on fitness components and photosynthetic properties of Eupatorium makinoi (Compositae). Am J Bot 1997; 84:823. [PMID: 21708634 DOI: 10.2307/2445818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of geminivirus infection on fitness components and on photosynthetic properties of the host plant, Eupatorium makinoi, grown at two irradiance levels in a natural-light greenhouse. Under the low-light condition (13% full sunlight), more than a half of the infected plants died during the 9-mo experiment, while most of uninfected plants survived. Growth rate was also lowered by infection. At high light (50% full sunlight), by contrast, virus infection did not cause mortality despite slight decrease in growth rate. Flowering occurred only at high light, and reproductive outputs of the plants were markedly reduced by the infection. Infected leaves had distinct yellow variegations and, when compared with uninfected leaves, they showed (1) comparable light-saturated photosynthetic rate per unit area, but (2) lower initial slope of light-response curve of photosynthesis on an incident irradiance basis. The lower initial slope was mainly due to reduction of light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complexes in the variegated parts. Since the differences in plant performance, depending both on infection and on growth irradiance, were largely explained by the differences in growth rate and/or plant size, the reduced photosynthetic production in the infected plants would be a major factor explaining the inferior performance of the host plants.
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Ichikura T, Tomimatsu S, Okusa Y, Yahara T, Uefuji K, Tamakuma S. Thymidylate synthase inhibition by an oral regimen consisting of tegafur-uracil (UFT) and low-dose leucovorin for patients with gastric cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1996; 38:401-5. [PMID: 8765432 DOI: 10.1007/s002800050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) remains a standard therapy for patients with advanced gastric cancer. There has been no study using an oral regimen with a combination of tegafur, a masked compound of 5-FU, and leucovorin in gastric cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine whether orally administered low-dose leucovorin enhances thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibition when added to tegafur-uracil (UFT) in patients with gastric cancer. METHODS A group of 26 patients with resectable gastric cancer were assigned to one of two regimens: UFT alone or UFT plus leucovorin. UFT, equivalent to 400 mg/day tegafur, with or without 30 mg/day leucovorin, was administered orally in divided daily doses every 12 h for 3 consecutive days prior to surgery. Tumor specimens were taken immediately following gastrectomy, and the TS inhibition rate (TSIR) was determined using a ligand-binding assay. RESULTS The TSIR was significantly higher in the UFT plus leucovorin group than in the UFT alone group (P < 0.01). The TSIR in the patients treated with UFT alone ranged between 14% and 50%, while six of the eight patients treated with UFT plus leucovorin had a TSIR of 55% or higher. The remaining two patients in the group treated with UFT plus leucovorin, with a TSIR of 31% and 44%, had undifferentiated tumors. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that orally administered low-dose leucovorin can add to the efficacy of UFT in patients with gastric cancer, and provide preliminary data for a randomized clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ichikura
- First Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Early gastric cancer can be treated by endoscopic excision or simple wedge surgical resection. Standard gastrectomy often is advised if submucosal invasion is found, even though only 15-25% of these patients have lymph node metastases. In this study, the risk of lymph node involvement was examined by multivariate analysis to develop a simple discriminant function for surgical decision making in this setting. METHODS The authors determined factors significantly correlated with lymph node involvement in a retrospective review of 196 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma invading into, but not beyond, the submucosa. Depth and horizontal spread of cancer in the submucosa were evaluated in addition to ordinary pathologic factors. Discriminant analysis for lymph node involvement was performed using explanatory variables chosen from the results of the univariate analyses. RESULTS Lymph node involvement correlated significantly with larger tumor size; greater dimension of submucosal invasion; deeper submucosal invasion; gross appearance of Type I, IIc + III or IIa + IIc; and severity of vessel invasion. Of the variables, the amount of lymphatic invasion, macroscopic appearance, and maximum dimension of submucosal infiltration were selected as effective predictors of lymph node involvement according to discriminant analysis. A correct discrimination of 74.8% was obtained with a linear discriminant function using these variables. Lymph node involvement was observed in 50% of the cases with a discriminant score less than -1 and in 25% of those with a score between -1 and 0, whereas no lymph node involvement was observed in those with a score greater than 2. CONCLUSIONS Discriminant function as used in this study provided a useful criterion for additional surgery for patients with gastric carcinoma invading the submucosa who were treated initially by localized excision. Prophylactic lymph node dissection may not be necessary for a discriminant score greater than 2, whereas extended lymphadenectomy would be recommended for a score less than -1.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ichikura
- First Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Early gastric cancer can be treated by endoscopic excision or simple wedge surgical resection. Standard gastrectomy often is advised if submucosal invasion is found, even though only 15-25% of these patients have lymph node metastases. In this study, the risk of lymph node involvement was examined by multivariate analysis to develop a simple discriminant function for surgical decision making in this setting. METHODS The authors determined factors significantly correlated with lymph node involvement in a retrospective review of 196 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma invading into, but not beyond, the submucosa. Depth and horizontal spread of cancer in the submucosa were evaluated in addition to ordinary pathologic factors. Discriminant analysis for lymph node involvement was performed using explanatory variables chosen from the results of the univariate analyses. RESULTS Lymph node involvement correlated significantly with larger tumor size; greater dimension of submucosal invasion; deeper submucosal invasion; gross appearance of Type I, IIc + III or IIa + IIc; and severity of vessel invasion. Of the variables, the amount of lymphatic invasion, macroscopic appearance, and maximum dimension of submucosal infiltration were selected as effective predictors of lymph node involvement according to discriminant analysis. A correct discrimination of 74.8% was obtained with a linear discriminant function using these variables. Lymph node involvement was observed in 50% of the cases with a discriminant score less than -1 and in 25% of those with a score between -1 and 0, whereas no lymph node involvement was observed in those with a score greater than 2. CONCLUSIONS Discriminant function as used in this study provided a useful criterion for additional surgery for patients with gastric carcinoma invading the submucosa who were treated initially by localized excision. Prophylactic lymph node dissection may not be necessary for a discriminant score greater than 2, whereas extended lymphadenectomy would be recommended for a score less than -1.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ichikura
- First Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Denda T, Kosuge K, Watanabe K, Ito M, Suzuki Y, Short PS, Yahara T. Intron length variation of the Adh gene in Brachyscome (Asteraceae). Plant Mol Biol 1995; 28:1067-1073. [PMID: 7548824 DOI: 10.1007/bf00032667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of the partial sequence of the Adh (alcohol dehydrogenase) gene from 10 Brachyscome species were sequenced and compared. These products contained the 5' three fourths of exon 4 and whole sequences of intron 3. They varied extensively in length due to the differences in length of intron 3. A total of 10 long insertions were flanked by direct repeats of 5 to 12 bp sequences, indicating inserted elements. These inserted elements were classified into the following five categories based on nucleotide sequence characteristics and length; (1) a region homologous to that of 5S RNA genes (5S DNA), (2) A-rich structure at the 3' end-like short interspersed elements (SINEs) in animals, (3) a sequence of 280 bp with no characteristic features, (4) a sequence of 125 bp with no characteristic features, (5) termini of 11 bp inverted repeats flanked by 5 bp sequence of direct repeats characteristics of a transposon.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Denda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Japan
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Yahara T, Shimizu A. [The significance of quantitation of anti-SS-A, SS-B antibodies in pregnant women and neonates]. Rinsho Byori 1986; 34:651-7. [PMID: 3489115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Shimizu T, Oira M, Yahara T, Oka N. [Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor of the maxilla: report of a case (author's transl)]. Nihon Koku Geka Gakkai Zasshi 1973; 19:174-7. [PMID: 4523095 DOI: 10.5794/jjoms.19.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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