Roles of social support and social skills in the intercultural adjustment of Japanese adolescent sojourners in the USA

Intercultural adjustment of Japanese high school students who sojourned in the United States for one year is the focus of the study. Building relationships with host nationals using limited English competency is the challenge that seems basic to successful adjustment to life in the USA. A path model was constructed in which English competence leads to better social skills, which in turn affects the amount of social support gained from host nationals. This model was tested through structural equation modeling, and the model's fit to the data was satisfactory. The predictive roles of English proficiency and personality were suggested in a supplementary analysis.

Comparison of gelatin particle agglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests for measles seroepidemiology studies

The prevalence of measles antibody in Japan was surveyed with a newly developed gelatin particle agglutination (PA) test, and the results compared with those of the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The two age-distribution curves of the PA antibody-positive rates at > or = 1:8 and > or = 1:32 were almost the same in all the age groups, except the less-than-1-year-old group for which the rate at > or = 1:8 was higher than that at > or = 1:32 (p < 0.05, chi 2 test). In the vaccinated children, all groups older-than-1-year of age had antibody-positive levels of 96% or more. In contrast, in the unvaccinated children, there was a sharp increase in antibody-positive rates between the 1- and 4-year-old groups, indicative that about 80% of the children were infected by wild measles virus at these ages. A significant number of PA antibody-positive specimens were antibody-negative (< 1:8) by HI. The percentage of specimens in this category, PA (+) but HI (-), was greatest in infants less than one year old, and least in young children, but it increased with age to 97% of the HI (-) specimens from adults of more than 20 years of age. The PA test therefore detected some measles antibodies that HI could not. This test is simple and useful for making serosurveys in both developed and developing countries.

[Antiallergic effects of a novel compound, SWR-00151]

The effects of a newly synthesized compound, SWR-00151 (4-[2-[4-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl)ethyl]-2(1H)-quinolinone), on experimental Type I allergic models were investigated. Results obtained were as follows: The compound (3 approximately 30 mg/kg, p.o.) dose-dependently inhibited 48-hr passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in the rat. From the strong antagonism against the histamine-induced contraction of the isolated guinea pig ileum and the lack of suppressive effect on anaphylactic histamine release from rat peritoneal exudate cells, it is deduced that the compound's inhibitory action against PCA is due to antihistaminic action. Both gamma 1-rich serum- and IgE-rich serum-mediated experimental asthmas in the guinea pig were also considerably inhibited by a small dose (1 mg/kg, p.o.) of the compound. The inhibitory mechanism seems to be almost the same as that of the PCA because the compound did not show any effect on the experimental asthma in guinea pigs pretreated with H1- and H2-antihistaminics. In addition to that, it is well known that the model is largely mediated by anaphylactically released histamine. On the other hand, while ketotifen and oxatomide, which possess potent antihistaminic activity, modestly suppressed a rat experimental asthma SWR-00151 still demonstrated a substantial inhibitory activity, strongly suggesting that histamine does not play an important role in this asthma model. Serotonin was revealed to be partly responsible for the early phase of the reaction by the assessment with methysergide, an antiserotonergic, and SWR-00151 as well as oxatomide and ketotifen showed slight antagonism against serotonin in high concentrations (10(-6) and 10(-5) M) in vitro. When thromboxane (TX) B2 in the plasma was measured during the reaction, significant increased levels of the chemical mediator were found, which were obviously prevented by the treatment with SRW-00151. From these results, SWR-00151 is expected to be a drug effective for the treatment of asthma through mechanisms not only of antihistaminic action but also through inhibition of anaphylactic formation/release of other mediators like TXA2.

Separation of closely related large peptides by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with organic modifiers

Large peptides with similar electrophoretic mobilities were separated by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with organic modifiers. [Leu13]motilin and [Met13]motilin differ by only one neutral amino acid residue. Because the electrophoretic mobilities of these peptides are almost identical, these peptides were not separated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Such large peptides have not been separated by conventional MEKC either, because they interacted strongly with the micelle. However, they were completely separated by MEKC when an organic solvent was added to the micellar solution. Some insulins, larger peptides than motilin, from different origins, which have very similar electrophoretic mobilities, were also successfully separated by the same technique. The size of peptides which were separated without organic modifiers was examined.

[O5-antigenic classification of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from outbreaks of Salmonella enteritis]

S. typhimurium (STM) were isolated from outbreaks of Salmonella enteritis and were studied for their reactivity to monoclonal antibody TMY1 specific for Salmonella O5-antigen with the following results; By using the bacterial agglutination test with TMY1, STM were classified into O5-antigenic molecule positive and negative (copenhagen type) strains, suggesting the usefulness of TMY1 as an exquisite epidemiologic tool for Salmonella enteritis.

Hepatic circulation and hepatic oxygen consumption in alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver

The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in hepatic circulation and oxygen consumption in two groups: those with nonalcoholic obesity-related fatty live and those with alcoholic fatty liver. Although the histological degree of fatty infiltration was equal in the two groups, the delta Er569-650, as an index of the regional liver blood flow estimated by spectrophotometric method, was significantly lower in alcoholic fatty liver than in nonalcoholic fatty liver, and the in vivo hepatic oxygen consumption (VO2), also determined by hepatic reflectance spectrophotometry during peritoneoscopy, tended to be lower in alcoholic fatty liver than in nonalcoholic fatty liver. The oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in local liver blood (SO2) was, however, significantly higher in alcoholic fatty liver than in nonalcoholic fatty liver. These results suggest that an increase in oxygen extraction to maintain oxygen consumption, which was indicated by the lowering of the SO2, was not found in alcoholic fatty liver, in spite of a reduction of oxygen supply to the liver. It is concluded that the impairment of hepatic circulation and hepatic oxygen consumption was more serious in alcoholic fatty liver than in nonalcoholic fatty liver, possibly contributing to a different prognosis for the two forms of fatty liver.