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Churakova Sidorova OV, Porter TJ, Zharkov MS, Fonti MV, Barinov VV, Taynik AV, Kirdyanov AV, Knorre AA, Wegmann M, Trushkina TV, Koshurnikova NN, Vaganov EA, Myglan VS, Siegwolf RTW, Saurer M. Climate impacts on tree-ring stable isotopes across the Northern Hemispheric boreal zone. Sci Total Environ 2023; 870:161644. [PMID: 36707005 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Boreal regions are changing rapidly with anthropogenic global warming. In order to assess risks and impacts of this process, it is crucial to put these observed changes into a long-term perspective. Summer air temperature variability can be well reconstructed from conifer tree rings. While the application of stable isotopes can potentially provide complementary climatic information over different seasons. In this study, we developed new triple stable isotope chronologies in tree-ring cellulose (δ13Ctrc, δ18Otrc, δ2Htrc) from a study site in Canada. Additionally, we performed regional aggregated analysis of available stable isotope chronologies from 6 conifers' tree species across high-latitudinal (HL) and - altitudinal (HA) as well as Siberian (SIB) transects of the Northern Hemispheric boreal zone. Our results show that summer air temperature still plays an important role in determining tree-ring isotope variability at 11 out of 24 sites for δ13Ctrc, 6 out of 18 sites for δ18Otrc and 1 out of 6 sites for δ2Htrc. Precipitation, relative humidity and vapor pressure deficit are significantly and consistently recorded in both δ13Ctrc and δ18Otrc along HL. Summer sunshine duration is captured by all isotopes, mainly for HL and HA transects, indicating an indirect link with an increase in air and leaf temperature. A mixed temperature-precipitation signal is preserved in δ13Ctrc and δ18Otrc along SIB transect. The δ2Htrc data obtained for HL-transect provide information not only about growing seasonal moisture and temperature, but also capture autumn, winter and spring sunshine duration signals. We conclude that a combination of triple stable isotopes in tree-ring studies can provide a comprehensive description of climate variability across the boreal forest zone and improve ecohydrological reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Churakova Sidorova
- Siberian Federal University, 660041 Svobodny 79, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Kasan Federal University, Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technology, Kremlyovskaya str. 18, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation.
| | - Trevor J Porter
- Department of Geography, Geomatics and Environment, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Mikhail S Zharkov
- Siberian Federal University, 660041 Svobodny 79, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Marina V Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Valentin V Barinov
- Siberian Federal University, 660041 Svobodny 79, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anna V Taynik
- Siberian Federal University, 660041 Svobodny 79, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V Kirdyanov
- Siberian Federal University, 660041 Svobodny 79, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation; Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Center 'Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS', 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Akademgorodok, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasya A Knorre
- Siberian Federal University, 660041 Svobodny 79, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation; Science Department, National Park "Krasnoyarsk Stolby", 660006 Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Martin Wegmann
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Limnology center, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tatyana V Trushkina
- Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsky Rabochy 31, 660037 Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Eugene A Vaganov
- Siberian Federal University, 660041 Svobodny 79, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation; Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Center 'Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS', 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Akademgorodok, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir S Myglan
- Siberian Federal University, 660041 Svobodny 79, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Rolf T W Siegwolf
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
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Clackett SP, Porter TJ, Lehnherr I. The tree-ring mercury record of Klondike gold mining at Bear Creek, central Yukon. Environ Pollut 2021; 268:115777. [PMID: 33120147 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Use of elemental mercury (Hg0) to enhance placer gold recovery is an effective method dating back centuries, but is associated with significant atmospheric Hg0 losses. This method was widely used in the Canadian Klondike region during most of the 20th century when the mining industry experienced rapid growth. While the health risks associated with Hg0 pollution are now well understood, few studies have assessed the environmental legacy of Hg0 use in the Klondike. We used an annually resolved Picea glauca tree-ring Hg record (1864-2015) to reconstruct and evaluate changes in local atmospheric Hg0 concentrations associated with gold production at the Bear Creek mining camp. Major temporal trends in the record are consistent with the scale of Bear Creek operations and are distinct from background trends at an unimpacted control site. Tree-ring Hg concentration increased most rapidly from 1923 to 1930, a period when several major mining operations were consolidated at Bear Creek. The highest Hg concentrations, ∼2.5× greater than pre-mining era, occurred in the 1930s, coinciding with maximum gold production at this site. Post-World War II economic factors adversely affected the industry, causing declining tree-ring Hg concentrations from 1939 to 1966. Closure of the Bear Creek camp in 1966 coincided with the strongest tree-ring Hg decline, although a return to background levels did not occur until the 1990s, likely due to re-emission of legacy Hg0 from contaminated soils. Finally, a robust increase was observed over the last decade, similar to other tree-ring Hg records in N.W. Canada, which is linked to rising Hg0 emissions in Asia. The Bear Creek tree-ring Hg record provides a unique opportunity to study the impact of Klondike gold mining on the local environment at annual resolution and demonstrates great potential to use Picea tree rings to study past changes in atmospheric Hg0 from local and global emissions. MAIN FINDINGS: A 151-year long, annually resolved tree-ring Hg record was developed at a historic Klondike gold-mining site to investigate the influence of mining-related Hg0 emissions on the local atmosphere and environment. Compared to a control site, the tree-ring Hg record documents highly elevated atmospheric Hg0 concentrations during the period mining activities were ongoing at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney P Clackett
- Department of Geography, Geomatics and Environment, University of Toronto - Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
| | - Trevor J Porter
- Department of Geography, Geomatics and Environment, University of Toronto - Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada.
| | - Igor Lehnherr
- Department of Geography, Geomatics and Environment, University of Toronto - Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
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Lange J, Carrer M, Pisaric MFJ, Porter TJ, Seo JW, Trouillier M, Wilmking M. Moisture-driven shift in the climate sensitivity of white spruce xylem anatomical traits is coupled to large-scale oscillation patterns across northern treeline in northwest North America. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:1842-1856. [PMID: 31799729 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tree growth at northern treelines is generally temperature-limited due to cold and short growing seasons. However, temperature-induced drought stress was repeatedly reported for certain regions of the boreal forest in northwestern North America, provoked by a significant increase in temperature and possibly reinforced by a regime shift of the pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). The aim of this study is to better understand physiological growth reactions of white spruce, a dominant species of the North American boreal forest, to PDO regime shifts using quantitative wood anatomy and traditional tree-ring width (TRW) analysis. We investigated white spruce growth at latitudinal treeline across a >1,000 km gradient in northwestern North America. Functionally important xylem anatomical traits (lumen area, cell-wall thickness, cell number) and TRW were correlated with the drought-sensitive standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index of the growing season. Correlations were computed separately for complete phases of the PDO in the 20th century, representing alternating warm/dry (1925-1946), cool/wet (1947-1976) and again warm/dry (1977-1998) climate regimes. Xylem anatomical traits revealed water-limiting conditions in both warm/dry PDO regimes, while no or spatially contrasting associations were found for the cool/wet regime, indicating a moisture-driven shift in growth-limiting factors between PDO periods. TRW reflected only the last shift of 1976/1977, suggesting different climate thresholds and a higher sensitivity to moisture availability of xylem anatomical traits compared to TRW. This high sensitivity of xylem anatomical traits permits to identify first signs of moisture-driven growth in treeline white spruce at an early stage, suggesting quantitative wood anatomy being a powerful tool to study climate change effects in the northwestern North American treeline ecotone. Projected temperature increase might challenge growth performance of white spruce as a key component of the North American boreal forest biome in the future, when drier conditions are likely to occur with higher frequency and intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Lange
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marco Carrer
- Department TESAF, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michael F J Pisaric
- Department of Geography and Tourism Studies, Brock University, Saint Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Trevor J Porter
- Department of Geography, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Jeong-Wook Seo
- Department of Wood & Paper Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mario Trouillier
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Wilmking
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Porter TJ, Schoenemann SW, Davies LJ, Steig EJ, Bandara S, Froese DG. Recent summer warming in northwestern Canada exceeds the Holocene thermal maximum. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1631. [PMID: 30967540 PMCID: PMC6456611 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Eastern Beringia is one of the few Western Arctic regions where full Holocene climate reconstructions are possible. However, most full Holocene reconstructions in Eastern Beringia are based either on pollen or midges, which show conflicting early Holocene summer temperature histories. This discrepancy precludes understanding the factors that drove past (and potentially future) climate change and calls for independent proxies to advance the debate. We present a ~13.6 ka summer temperature reconstruction in central Yukon, part of Eastern Beringia, using precipitation isotopes in syngenetic permafrost. The reconstruction shows that early Holocene summers were consistently warmer than the Holocene mean, as supported by midges, and a thermal maximum at ~7.6–6.6 ka BP. This maximum was followed by a ~6 ka cooling, and later abruptly reversed by industrial-era warming leading to a modern climate that is unprecedented in the Holocene context and exceeds the Holocene thermal maximum by +1.7 ± 0.7 °C. Traditional precipitation isotope archives (e.g., ice cores) are fundamental to our knowledge of past climate but limited to glaciated locales. Here the authors show that pore ice in relict permafrost holds equal promise as a proxy and use it to provide insights on the Holocene summer climate history of northwestern Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Porter
- Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Erindale Campus, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
| | - Spruce W Schoenemann
- Environmental Sciences Department, University of Montana Western, Dillon, MT, USA
| | - Lauren J Davies
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eric J Steig
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sasiri Bandara
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Duane G Froese
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Abstract
Tree-rings are a promising high-resolution archive for gaseous atmospheric mercury (composed primarily of Hg0) reconstruction, but the influence of cambial age (ring number from pith) and tree-specific differences are uncertainties with potential implications for interpreting tree-ring Hg signals. We address these uncertainties and reconstruct the last 400 years of Hg0 change using a tree-ring Hg data set from 20 white spruce ( Picea glauca) trees from a pristine site in central Yukon. Cambial age has no significant influence on tree-ring Hg concentration, but tree-specific differences in mean concentration are prevalent and must be normalized to a common mean to accurately constrain long-term trends in the mean tree-ring Hg record. Our record shows stable, low Hg0 concentrations prior to ∼1750 CE, a persistent rise from ∼1750-1950 (increasing more rapidly post-1850), a pause from ∼1951-1975, and then a resumed increase to record-high levels at present. This general pattern is reflected in other proxy-based Hg reconstructions worldwide. This study provides a novel long-term Hg0 reconstruction in the Western subarctic from one of the most widely distributed boreal tree species in North America and, therefore this proxy may also hold potential for investigating broader spatial patterns in Hg0 cycling across the subarctic and northern boreal forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney P Clackett
- Department of Geography , University of Toronto , Erindale Campus , Mississauga L5L 1C6 , Canada
| | - Trevor J Porter
- Department of Geography , University of Toronto , Erindale Campus , Mississauga L5L 1C6 , Canada
| | - Igor Lehnherr
- Department of Geography , University of Toronto , Erindale Campus , Mississauga L5L 1C6 , Canada
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Uludag H, Gao T, Porter TJ, Friess W, Wozney JM. Delivery systems for BMPs: factors contributing to protein retention at an application site. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001; 83-A Suppl 1:S128-35. [PMID: 11314790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs) are being tested in clinical studies for their capacity to elicit bone formation. Biomaterials used in delivery systems also play a critical role in supporting the osteoinductive activity of BMPs, attributable to the controlled presentation of the BMPs to target cells. Despite extensive preclinical studies, the factors contributing to local rhBMP pharmacokinetics remain to be elucidated. METHODS The rhBMP pharmacokinetics were studied in a rat subcutaneous implant and in an intramuscular injection model. In situ levels of rhBMPs were quantitated with use of 125I-labeled tracers. The effects of protein structural features and the nature of the biomaterial implant were explored. Osteoinduction by biomaterial+rhBMP combinations was assessed by a semiquantitative, histology-based bone score. RESULTS With the use of rhBMP-2, rhBMP-4, and an N-truncated rhBMP-2, the protein isoelectric point was found critical for the initial retention of rhBMPs in an implant. Osteoinduction studies carried out in parallel indicated that rhBMPs with a higher implant retention elicited more bone formation. In the clinically used collagen+rhBMP-2 device, collagen crosslinking and sterilization were most influential in rhBMP-2 retention. To increase retention at an application site, thermoreversible polymers were engineered and shown to enhance local rhBMP-2 retention, especially by injectable delivery. CONCLUSIONS Two critical components of an osteoinductive device--namely, the biomaterial and the rhBMP--were shown to influence local protein pharmacokinetics and osteoinductive activity of the device. Designer biomaterials can provide an additional mechanism to modulate local protein pharmacokinetics. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These studies form the foundation of next-generation osteoinductive devices with improved potency at sites of desired bone regeneration and reduced side effects at other sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Uludag
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Yeung B, Porter TJ, Vath JE. Direct isoform analysis of high-mannose-containing glycoproteins by on-line capillary electrophoresis electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 1997; 69:2510-6. [PMID: 9265423 DOI: 10.1021/ac9611172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Yeung
- Biopharmaceutical Characterization and Analysis, Genetics Institute, Inc., Andover, Massacheusetts 01810
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Kotkow
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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Porter TJ, Kent C. Purification and characterization of choline/ethanolamine kinase from rat liver. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:414-22. [PMID: 2152925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline kinase, the first enzyme in the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, was purified 26,000-fold from rat liver to a specific activity of 143,000 nmol.min-1.mg-1 protein. The subunit molecular mass was 47 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, while the apparent native molecular mass was 160 kDa by size exclusion chromatography, suggesting a tetrameric structure. Two peaks of choline kinase activity were obtained by chromatofocusing. These isoforms eluted at pH 4.7 (CKI) and 4.5 (CKII). CKII appeared to be homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Peptide mapping of two isoforms indicated a high degree of similarity, although there were peptides not common to both. Ethanolamine kinase activity copurified with both isoforms. The ratio of choline to ethanolamine kinase activity was 3.7 +/- 0.7 throughout the purification procedure. Choline and ethanolamine were mutually competitive inhibitors. The respective Km values, 0.013 and 1.2 mM, were similar to the Ki values of 0.014 and 2.2 mM. An antibody raised against CKII immunoprecipitated both choline and ethanolamine kinase activities from liver cytosol at the same titer. These data suggest that both activities reside on the same protein and occur at the same active site. Similarly, both activities were immunoprecipitated from brain, lung, and kidney cytosols. Western blot analysis showed both purified liver isoforms, as well as brain, lung and kidney enzymes, to have a molecular mass of 47 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Porter
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Paulson BK, Porter TJ, Kent C. The effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on choline kinase activity in mouse hepatoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989; 1004:274-7. [PMID: 2546593 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(89)90278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Choline kinase catalyzes the first rate-limiting step in the pathway of biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine. This enzyme was shown previously to be induced in liver by treatment of rats with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Ishidate et al. (1980) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 96, 946-952). The present study was undertaken to determine whether choline kinase in the murine hepatoma cell line, Hepa 1c1c7, is inducible by aromatic hydrocarbons and, if so, whether this induction is mediated by the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor. Treatment of Hepa 1c1c7 cells with 10 microM beta-naphthoflavone resulted in a 1.6-fold increase of choline kinase activity, but no response was seen when the cells were exposed to either 5.0 microM benzo[a]pyrene or 1.0 nM 2.3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-doxin, both potent inducers of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Cell line variants with either deficient or elevated aromatic hydrocarbon receptors showed no increase in choline kinase activity following treatment with any of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These results are not consistent with a role for the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor in increased choline kinase activity in Hepa 1c1c7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Paulson
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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