1
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Parsons MF, Allan MF, Li S, Shepherd TR, Ratanalert S, Zhang K, Pullen KM, Chiu W, Rouskin S, Bathe M. 3D RNA-scaffolded wireframe origami. Nat Commun 2023; 14:382. [PMID: 36693871 PMCID: PMC9872083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid RNA:DNA origami, in which a long RNA scaffold strand folds into a target nanostructure via thermal annealing with complementary DNA oligos, has only been explored to a limited extent despite its unique potential for biomedical delivery of mRNA, tertiary structure characterization of long RNAs, and fabrication of artificial ribozymes. Here, we investigate design principles of three-dimensional wireframe RNA-scaffolded origami rendered as polyhedra composed of dual-duplex edges. We computationally design, fabricate, and characterize tetrahedra folded from an EGFP-encoding messenger RNA and de Bruijn sequences, an octahedron folded with M13 transcript RNA, and an octahedron and pentagonal bipyramids folded with 23S ribosomal RNA, demonstrating the ability to make diverse polyhedral shapes with distinct structural and functional RNA scaffolds. We characterize secondary and tertiary structures using dimethyl sulfate mutational profiling and cryo-electron microscopy, revealing insight into both global and local, base-level structures of origami. Our top-down sequence design strategy enables the use of long RNAs as functional scaffolds for complex wireframe origami.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly F Parsons
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Matthew F Allan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Tyson R Shepherd
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Inscripta, Inc., Boulder, CO, 80027, USA
| | - Sakul Ratanalert
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Krista M Pullen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Wah Chiu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,CryoEM and Bioimaging Division, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Silvi Rouskin
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Bathe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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2
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Banal JL, Shepherd TR, Berleant J, Huang H, Reyes M, Ackerman CM, Blainey PC, Bathe M. Random access DNA memory using Boolean search in an archival file storage system. Nat Mater 2021; 20:1272-1280. [PMID: 34112975 PMCID: PMC8564878 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA is an ultrahigh-density storage medium that could meet exponentially growing worldwide demand for archival data storage if DNA synthesis costs declined sufficiently and if random access of files within exabyte-to-yottabyte-scale DNA data pools were feasible. Here, we demonstrate a path to overcome the second barrier by encapsulating data-encoding DNA file sequences within impervious silica capsules that are surface labelled with single-stranded DNA barcodes. Barcodes are chosen to represent file metadata, enabling selection of sets of files with Boolean logic directly, without use of amplification. We demonstrate random access of image files from a prototypical 2-kilobyte image database using fluorescence sorting with selection sensitivity of one in 106 files, which thereby enables one in 106N selection capability using N optical channels. Our strategy thereby offers a scalable concept for random access of archival files in large-scale molecular datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Banal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tyson R Shepherd
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Berleant
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Miguel Reyes
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Paul C Blainey
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark Bathe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Veneziano R, Moyer TJ, Stone MB, Wamhoff EC, Read BJ, Mukherjee S, Shepherd TR, Das J, Schief WR, Irvine DJ, Bathe M. Role of nanoscale antigen organization on B-cell activation probed using DNA origami. Nat Nanotechnol 2020; 15:716-723. [PMID: 32601450 PMCID: PMC7415668 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy can be increased by arraying immunogens in multivalent form on virus-like nanoparticles to enhance B-cell activation. However, the effects of antigen copy number, spacing and affinity, as well as the dimensionality and rigidity of scaffold presentation on B-cell activation remain poorly understood. Here, we display the clinical vaccine immunogen eOD-GT8, an engineered outer domain of the HIV-1 glycoprotein-120, on DNA origami nanoparticles to systematically interrogate the impact of these nanoscale parameters on B-cell activation in vitro. We find that B-cell signalling is maximized by as few as five antigens maximally spaced on the surface of a 40-nm viral-like nanoparticle. Increasing antigen spacing up to ~25-30 nm monotonically increases B-cell receptor activation. Moreover, scaffold rigidity is essential for robust B-cell triggering. These results reveal molecular vaccine design principles that may be used to drive functional B-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Veneziano
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
- George Mason University, Volgenau School of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Tyson J Moyer
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew B Stone
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eike-Christian Wamhoff
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Read
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sayak Mukherjee
- The Ohio State University, Department of Pediatrics, Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tyson R Shepherd
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jayajit Das
- The Ohio State University, Department of Pediatrics, Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William R Schief
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- The Ohio State University, Department of Pediatrics, Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Mark Bathe
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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4
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Liu X, Golden LC, Lopez JA, Shepherd TR, Yu L, Fuentes EJ. Conformational Dynamics and Cooperativity Drive the Specificity of a Protein-Ligand Interaction. Biophys J 2019; 116:2314-2330. [PMID: 31146922 PMCID: PMC6588728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular recognition is critical for the fidelity of signal transduction in biology. Conversely, the disruption of protein-protein interactions can lead to disease. Thus, comprehension of the molecular determinants of specificity is essential for understanding normal biological signaling processes and for the development of precise therapeutics. Although high-resolution structures have provided atomic details of molecular interactions, much less is known about the influence of cooperativity and conformational dynamics. Here, we used the Tiam2 PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain and a quadruple mutant (QM), engineered by swapping the identity of four residues important for specificity in the Tiam1 PDZ into the Tiam2 PDZ domain, as a model system to investigate the role of cooperativity and dynamics in PDZ ligand specificity. Surprisingly, equilibrium binding experiments found that the ligand specificity of the Tiam2 QM was switched to that of the Tiam1 PDZ. NMR-based studies indicated that Tiam2 QM PDZ, but not other mutants, had extensive microsecond to millisecond motions distributed throughout the entire domain suggesting structural cooperativity between the mutated residues. Thermodynamic analyses revealed energetic cooperativity between residues in distinct specificity subpockets that was dependent upon the identity of the ligand, indicating a context-dependent binding mechanism. Finally, isothermal titration calorimetry experiments showed distinct entropic signatures along the mutational trajectory from the Tiam2 wild-type to the QM PDZ domain. Collectively, our studies provide unique insights into how structure, conformational dynamics, and thermodynamics combine to modulate ligand-binding specificity and have implications for the evolution, regulation, and design of protein-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Lisa C Golden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Josue A Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Liping Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Carver College of Medicine Medical Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ernesto J Fuentes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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5
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Wamhoff EC, Banal JL, Bricker WP, Shepherd TR, Parsons MF, Veneziano R, Stone MB, Jun H, Wang X, Bathe M. Programming Structured DNA Assemblies to Probe Biophysical Processes. Annu Rev Biophys 2019; 48:395-419. [PMID: 31084582 PMCID: PMC7035826 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-052118-115259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Structural DNA nanotechnology is beginning to emerge as a widely accessible research tool to mechanistically study diverse biophysical processes. Enabled by scaffolded DNA origami in which a long single strand of DNA is weaved throughout an entire target nucleic acid assembly to ensure its proper folding, assemblies of nearly any geometric shape can now be programmed in a fully automatic manner to interface with biology on the 1-100-nm scale. Here, we review the major design and synthesis principles that have enabled the fabrication of a specific subclass of scaffolded DNA origami objects called wireframe assemblies. These objects offer unprecedented control over the nanoscale organization of biomolecules, including biomolecular copy numbers, presentation on convex or concave geometries, and internal versus external functionalization, in addition to stability in physiological buffer. To highlight the power and versatility of this synthetic structural biology approach to probing molecular and cellular biophysics, we feature its application to three leading areas of investigation: light harvesting and nanoscale energy transport, RNA structural biology, and immune receptor signaling, with an outlook toward unique mechanistic insight that may be gained in these areas in the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike-Christian Wamhoff
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
| | - James L Banal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
| | - William P Bricker
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
| | - Tyson R Shepherd
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
| | - Molly F Parsons
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
| | - Rémi Veneziano
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
| | - Matthew B Stone
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
| | - Hyungmin Jun
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
| | - Mark Bathe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
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6
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Abstract
Scalable production of kilobase single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) with sequence control has applications in therapeutics, gene synthesis and sequencing, scaffolded DNA origami, and archival DNA memory storage. Biological production of circular ssDNA (cssDNA) using M13 addresses these needs at low cost. However, one unmet goal is to minimize the essential protein coding regions of the exported DNA while maintaining its infectivity and production purity to produce sequences less than 3,000 nt in length, relevant to therapeutic and materials science applications. Toward this end, synthetic miniphage with inserts of custom sequence and size offers scalable, low-cost synthesis of cssDNA at milligram and higher scales. Here, we optimize growth conditions using an E. coli helper strain combined with a miniphage genome carrying only an f1 origin and a β-lactamase-encoding (bla) antibiotic resistance gene, enabling isolation of pure cssDNA with a minimum sequence genomic length of 1,676 nt, without requiring additional purification from contaminating DNA. Low-cost scalability of isogenic, custom-length cssDNA is demonstrated for a sequence of 2,520 nt using a bioreactor, purified with low endotoxin levels (<5 E.U./ml). We apply these exonuclease-resistant cssDNAs to the self-assembly of wireframe DNA origami objects and to encode digital information on the miniphage genome for biological amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson R Shepherd
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Rebecca R Du
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hellen Huang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Eike-Christian Wamhoff
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mark Bathe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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7
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Jun H, Shepherd TR, Zhang K, Bricker WP, Li S, Chiu W, Bathe M. Automated Sequence Design of 3D Polyhedral Wireframe DNA Origami with Honeycomb Edges. ACS Nano 2019; 13:2083-2093. [PMID: 30605605 PMCID: PMC6679942 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
3D polyhedral wireframe DNA nanoparticles (DNA-NPs) fabricated using scaffolded DNA origami offer complete and independent control over NP size, structure, and asymmetric functionalization on the 10-100 nm scale. However, the complex DNA sequence design needed for the synthesis of these versatile DNA-NPs has limited their widespread use to date. While the automated sequence design algorithms DAEDALUS and vHelix-BSCOR apply to DNA-NPs synthesized using either uniformly dual or hybrid single-dual duplex edges, respectively, these DNA-NPs are relatively compliant mechanically and are therefore of limited utility for some applications. Further, these algorithms are incapable of handling DNA-NP edge designs composed of more than two duplexes, which are needed to enhance DNA-NP mechanical stiffness. As an alternative, here we introduce the scaffolded DNA origami sequence design algorithm TALOS, which is a generalized procedure for the fully automated design of wireframe 3D polyhedra composed of edges of any cross section with an even number of duplexes, and apply it to DNA-NPs composed uniformly of single honeycomb edges. We also introduce a multiway vertex design that enables the fabrication of DNA-NPs with arbitrary edge lengths and vertex angles and apply it to synthesize a highly asymmetric origami object. Sequence designs are demonstrated to fold robustly into target DNA-NP shapes with high folding efficiency and structural fidelity that is verified using single particle cryo-electron microscopy and 3D reconstruction. In order to test its generality, we apply TALOS to design an in silico library of over 200 DNA-NPs of distinct symmetries and sizes, and for broad impact, we also provide the software as open source for the generation of custom NP designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungmin Jun
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tyson R. Shepherd
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Microbiology and Immunology, and James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William P. Bricker
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Microbiology and Immunology, and James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Wah Chiu
- Department of Bioengineering, Microbiology and Immunology, and James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Mark Bathe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Corresponding Author
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8
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Veneziano R, Shepherd TR, Ratanalert S, Bellou L, Tao C, Bathe M. In vitro synthesis of gene-length single-stranded DNA. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6548. [PMID: 29695837 PMCID: PMC5916881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24677-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) increases the likelihood of homology directed repair with reduced cellular toxicity. However, ssDNA synthesis strategies are limited by the maximum length attainable, ranging from a few hundred nucleotides for chemical synthesis to a few thousand nucleotides for enzymatic synthesis, as well as limited control over nucleotide composition. Here, we apply purely enzymatic synthesis to generate ssDNA greater than 15 kilobases (kb) using asymmetric PCR, and illustrate the incorporation of diverse modified nucleotides for therapeutic and theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Veneziano
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Tyson R Shepherd
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sakul Ratanalert
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Leila Bellou
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chaoqun Tao
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mark Bathe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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9
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Shepherd TR, Du L, Liljeruhm J, Samudyata, Wang J, Sjödin MOD, Wetterhall M, Yomo T, Forster AC. De novo design and synthesis of a 30-cistron translation-factor module. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:10895-10905. [PMID: 28977654 PMCID: PMC5737471 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the many goals of synthetic biology are synthesizing large biochemical systems and simplifying their assembly. While several genes have been assembled together by modular idempotent cloning, it is unclear if such simplified strategies scale to very large constructs for expression and purification of whole pathways. Here we synthesize from oligodeoxyribonucleotides a completely de-novo-designed, 58-kb multigene DNA. This BioBrick plasmid insert encodes 30 of the 31 translation factors of the PURE translation system, each His-tagged and in separate transcription cistrons. Dividing the insert between three high-copy expression plasmids enables the bulk purification of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and translation factors necessary for affordable, scalable reconstitution of an in vitro transcription and translation system, PURE 3.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson R Shepherd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 36, Sweden
| | - Liping Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Josefine Liljeruhm
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 36, Sweden
| | - Samudyata
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 36, Sweden
| | - Jinfan Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 36, Sweden
| | - Marcus O D Sjödin
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
| | - Magnus Wetterhall
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
| | - Tetsuya Yomo
- Institute of Biology and Information Science, School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Anthony C Forster
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 36, Sweden.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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10
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Liu X, Speckhard DC, Shepherd TR, Sun YJ, Hengel SR, Yu L, Fowler CA, Gakhar L, Fuentes EJ. Distinct Roles for Conformational Dynamics in Protein-Ligand Interactions. Structure 2016; 24:2053-2066. [PMID: 27998539 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conformational dynamics has an established role in enzyme catalysis, but its contribution to ligand binding and specificity is largely unexplored. Here we used the Tiam1 PDZ domain and an engineered variant (QM PDZ) with broadened specificity to investigate the role of structure and conformational dynamics in molecular recognition. Crystal structures of the QM PDZ domain both free and bound to ligands showed structural features central to binding (enthalpy), while nuclear-magnetic-resonance-based methyl relaxation experiments and isothermal titration calorimetry revealed that conformational entropy contributes to affinity. In addition to motions relevant to thermodynamics, slower microsecond to millisecond switching was prevalent in the QM PDZ ligand-binding site consistent with a role in ligand specificity. Our data indicate that conformational dynamics plays distinct and fundamental roles in tuning the affinity (conformational entropy) and specificity (excited-state conformations) of molecular interactions. More broadly, our results have important implications for the evolution, regulation, and design of protein-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA; Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | | | - Tyson R Shepherd
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA; Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Young Joo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA; Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Sarah R Hengel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA; Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Liping Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA; Carver College of Medicine Medical Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA; Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - C Andrew Fowler
- Carver College of Medicine Medical Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA; Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Lokesh Gakhar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA; Protein Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA; Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Ernesto J Fuentes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA; Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA.
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11
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Fuentes EJ, Liu X, Speckhard DC, Shepherd TR, Hengel SR, Liping L, Fowler CA, Gakhar L. Conformational Dynamics and Structure Underlie the Novel Ligand Binding Specificity of a Tiam1 PDZ Domain Mutant. Biophys J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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12
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Fuentes EJ, Liu X, Speckhard DC, Shepherd TR. Structural and Dynamic Features Underlie the Switch of Ligand Binding Specificity in a Tiam1 PDZ Domain Mutant. Biophys J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.3658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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13
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Punekar AS, Liljeruhm J, Shepherd TR, Forster AC, Selmer M. Structural and functional insights into the molecular mechanism of rRNA m6A methyltransferase RlmJ. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:9537-48. [PMID: 23945937 PMCID: PMC3814359 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
RlmJ catalyzes the m6A2030 methylation of 23S rRNA during ribosome biogenesis in Escherichia coli. Here, we present crystal structures of RlmJ in apo form, in complex with the cofactor S-adenosyl-methionine and in complex with S-adenosyl-homocysteine plus the substrate analogue adenosine monophosphate (AMP). RlmJ displays a variant of the Rossmann-like methyltransferase (MTase) fold with an inserted helical subdomain. Binding of cofactor and substrate induces a large shift of the N-terminal motif X tail to make it cover the cofactor binding site and trigger active-site changes in motifs IV and VIII. Adenosine monophosphate binds in a partly accommodated state with the target N6 atom 7 Å away from the sulphur of AdoHcy. The active site of RlmJ with motif IV sequence 164DPPY167 is more similar to DNA m6A MTases than to RNA m62A MTases, and structural comparison suggests that RlmJ binds its substrate base similarly to DNA MTases T4Dam and M.TaqI. RlmJ methylates in vitro transcribed 23S rRNA, as well as a minimal substrate corresponding to helix 72, demonstrating independence of previous modifications and tertiary interactions in the RNA substrate. RlmJ displays specificity for adenosine, and mutagenesis experiments demonstrate the critical roles of residues Y4, H6, K18 and D164 in methyl transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash S Punekar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, PO Box 596, SE 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Liu Y, Collins C, Kiosses WB, Murray AM, Joshi M, Shepherd TR, Fuentes EJ, Tzima E. A novel pathway spatiotemporally activates Rac1 and redox signaling in response to fluid shear stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:863-73. [PMID: 23733346 PMCID: PMC3678169 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201207115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The GEF Tiam1 acts as a novel molecular link to the VE-cadherin–p67phox–Par3 polarity complex, leading to localized activation of Rac1 and NADPH oxidase in response to fluid flow. Hemodynamic forces regulate embryonic organ development, hematopoiesis, vascular remodeling, and atherogenesis. The mechanosensory stimulus of blood flow initiates a complex network of intracellular pathways, including activation of Rac1 GTPase, establishment of endothelial cell (EC) polarity, and redox signaling. The activity of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase can be modulated by the GTP/GDP state of Rac1; however, the molecular mechanisms of Rac1 activation by flow are poorly understood. Here, we identify a novel polarity complex that directs localized Rac1 activation required for downstream reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Vav2 is required for Rac1 GTP loading, whereas, surprisingly, Tiam1 functions as an adaptor in a VE-cadherin–p67phox–Par3 polarity complex that directs localized activation of Rac1. Furthermore, loss of Tiam1 led to the disruption of redox signaling both in vitro and in vivo. Our results describe a novel molecular cascade that regulates redox signaling by the coordinated regulation of Rac1 and by linking components of the polarity complex to the NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Liu X, Shepherd TR, Murray AM, Xu Z, Fuentes EJ. The structure of the Tiam1 PDZ domain/ phospho-syndecan1 complex reveals a ligand conformation that modulates protein dynamics. Structure 2013; 21:342-54. [PMID: 23395182 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1) domains are protein-protein interaction modules often regulated by ligand phosphorylation. Here, we investigated the specificity, structure, and dynamics of Tiam1 PDZ domain/ligand interactions. We show that the PDZ domain specifically binds syndecan1 (SDC1), phosphorylated SDC1 (pSDC1), and SDC3 but not other syndecan isoforms. The crystal structure of the PDZ/SDC1 complex indicates that syndecan affinity is derived from amino acids beyond the four C-terminal residues. Remarkably, the crystal structure of the PDZ/pSDC1 complex reveals a binding pocket that accommodates the phosphoryl group. Methyl relaxation experiments of PDZ/SCD1 and PDZ/pSDC1 complexes reveal that PDZ-phosphoryl interactions dampen dynamic motions in a distal region of the PDZ domain by decoupling them from the ligand-binding site. Our data are consistent with a selection model by which specificity and phosphorylation regulate PDZ/syndecan interactions and signaling events. Importantly, our relaxation data demonstrate that PDZ/phospho-ligand interactions regulate protein dynamics and their coupling to distal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Punekar AS, Shepherd TR, Liljeruhm J, Forster AC, Selmer M. Crystal structure of RlmM, the 2'O-ribose methyltransferase for C2498 of Escherichia coli 23S rRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:10507-20. [PMID: 22923526 PMCID: PMC3488215 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RlmM (YgdE) catalyzes the S-adenosyl methionine (AdoMet)-dependent 2'O methylation of C2498 in 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) of Escherichia coli. Previous experiments have shown that RlmM is active on 23S rRNA from an RlmM knockout strain but not on mature 50S subunits from the same strain. Here, we demonstrate RlmM methyltransferase (MTase) activity on in vitro transcribed 23S rRNA and its domain V. We have solved crystal structures of E. coli RlmM at 1.9 Å resolution and of an RlmM-AdoMet complex at 2.6 Å resolution. RlmM consists of an N-terminal THUMP domain and a C-terminal catalytic Rossmann-like fold MTase domain in a novel arrangement. The catalytic domain of RlmM is closely related to YiiB, TlyA and fibrillarins, with the second K of the catalytic tetrad KDKE shifted by two residues at the C-terminal end of a beta strand compared with most 2'O MTases. The AdoMet-binding site is open and shallow, suggesting that RNA substrate binding may be required to form a conformation needed for catalysis. A continuous surface of conserved positive charge indicates that RlmM uses one side of the two domains and the inter-domain linker to recognize its RNA substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash S Punekar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, PO Box 596, SE 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor proteins of the Tiam family are activators of the Rho GTPase Rac1 and critical for cell morphology, adhesion, migration, and polarity. These proteins are modular and contain a variety of interaction domains, including a single post-synaptic density-95/discs large/zonula occludens-1 (PDZ) domain. Previous studies suggest that the specificities of the Tiam1 and Tiam2 PDZ domains are distinct. Here, we sought to conclusively define these specificities and determine their molecular origin. Using a combinatorial peptide library, we identified a consensus binding sequence for each PDZ domain. Analysis of these consensus sequences and binding assays with peptides derived from native proteins indicated that these two PDZ domains have overlapping but distinct specificities. We also identified residues in two regions (S(0) and S(-2) pockets) of the Tiam1 PDZ domain that are important determinants of ligand specificity. Site-directed mutagenesis of four nonconserved residues in these two regions along with peptide binding analyses confirmed that these residues are crucial for ligand affinity and specificity. Furthermore, double mutant cycle analysis of each region revealed energetic couplings that were dependent on the ligand being investigated. Remarkably, a Tiam1 PDZ domain quadruple mutant had the same specificity as the Tiam2 PDZ domain. Finally, analysis of Tiam family PDZ domain sequences indicated that the PDZ domains segregate into four distinct families based on the residues studied here. Collectively, our data suggest that Tiam family proteins have highly evolved PDZ domain-ligand interfaces with distinct specificities and that they have disparate PDZ domain-dependent biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson R Shepherd
- Department of Biochemistry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
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Fuentes EJ, Shepherd TR. Structural and Thermodynamic Origins of Ligand Specificity in Homologous PDZ Domains from the Tiam-Family of Guanine Exchange Factors. Biophys J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.3081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
Tiam-family guanine exchange proteins are activators of the Rho GTPase Rac1 and critical for cell morphology, adhesion, migration, and polarity. These modular proteins contain a variety of signaling domains, including a single postsynaptic density-95/discs large/zonula occludens-1 (PDZ) domain. Here, we show how structural and thermodynamic approaches applied to the Tiam1 PDZ domain can be used to gain unique insights into the affinity and specificity of PDZ-ligand interactions with peptides derived from Syndecan1 and Caspr4 proteins. First, we describe a fluorescence anisotropy-based assay that can be used to determine PDZ-ligand interactions, and describe important considerations in designing binding experiments. Second, we used site-specific mutagenesis in combination with double-mutant cycle analysis to probe the binding energetics and cooperativity of residues in two ligand binding pockets (S(0) and S(-2)) that are involved in Tiam1 PDZ-ligand interactions. Peptide ligand binding results and double-mutant cycle analysis revealed that the S(0) pocket was important for Syndecan1 and Caspr4 peptide interactions and that the S(-2) pocket provided selectivity for the Syndecan1 ligand. Finally, we devised a "peptide evolution" strategy whereby a Model consensus peptide was "evolved" into either the Syndecan1 or Caspr4 peptide by site-directed mutagenesis. These results corroborated the PDZ mutational analysis of the S(0) pocket and identified the P(-4) position in the ligand as critical for Syndecan1 affinity and selectivity. Together, these studies show that a combined structural and thermodynamic approach is powerful for obtaining insights into the origin of Tiam1 PDZ-ligand domain affinity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson R Shepherd
- Department of Biochemistry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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