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Lo JO, Hedges JC, Chou WH, Tager KR, Bachli ID, Hagen OL, Murphy SK, Hanna CB, Easley CA. Influence of substance use on male reproductive health and offspring outcomes. Nat Rev Urol 2024:10.1038/s41585-024-00868-w. [PMID: 38664544 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-024-00868-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of substance use globally is rising and is highest among men of reproductive age. In Africa, and South and Central America, cannabis use disorder is most prevalent and in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, Central America, Canada and the USA, opioid use disorder predominates. Substance use might be contributing to the ongoing global decline in male fertility, and emerging evidence has linked paternal substance use with short-term and long-term adverse effects on offspring development and outcomes. This trend is concerning given that substance use is increasing, including during the COVID-19 pandemic. Preclinical studies have shown that male preconception substance use can influence offspring brain development and neurobehaviour through epigenetic mechanisms. Additionally, human studies investigating paternal health behaviours during the prenatal period suggest that paternal tobacco, opioid, cannabis and alcohol use is associated with reduced offspring mental health, in particular hyperactivity and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The potential effects of paternal substance use are areas in which to focus public health efforts and health-care provider counselling of couples or individuals interested in conceiving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie O Lo
- Department of Urology, Oregon Heath & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Jason C Hedges
- Department of Urology, Oregon Heath & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Wesley H Chou
- Department of Urology, Oregon Heath & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kylie R Tager
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia College of Public Health, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ian D Bachli
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia College of Public Health, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Olivia L Hagen
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Carol B Hanna
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Charles A Easley
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia College of Public Health, Athens, GA, USA
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Chou WH, Chakiryan NH. Editorial Comment. J Urol 2024; 211:572-573. [PMID: 38241207 DOI: 10.1097/ju.0000000000003836.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley H Chou
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Nicholas H Chakiryan
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Urology, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Translational Oncology Program, Portland, Oregon
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Frendl DM, Chou WH, Chen YW, Chang DC, Kim MM. Early vs Delayed Transurethral Surgery in Acute Urinary Retention: Does Timing Make a Difference? J Urol 2023; 210:492-499. [PMID: 37249443 DOI: 10.1097/ju.0000000000003559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our goal was to compare outcomes of early vs delayed transurethral surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia after an episode of acute urinary retention compared to men without preoperative acute retention. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis using data from the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System from 2002-2016. We identified men ≥40 years old who underwent primary ambulatory transurethral resection or photoselective vaporization of the prostate, assessing surgical failure as time to reoperation or recatheterization. We categorized presurgical acute urinary retention by number of episodes: none (reference), 1, or ≥2 precatheterizations, and time from first retention episode to surgery: none (reference), 0-6 months, and >6 months. We used Fine-Gray competing-risk models to predict surgical failure at 10 years, with presurgical acute retention as the primary predictor, adjusted for age, race, insurance, Charlson Comorbidity Index score, preoperative urinary infection, and procedure type, with death as the competing risk. RESULTS Among 17,474 patients undergoing transurethral surgery, 10% had preoperative acute retention with a median time to surgery of 2.4 months (IQR: 1-18). Among men with preoperative retention, 37% had ≥6 months of delay to surgery. The 10-year cumulative treatment failure rate was 17.2% among catheter naïve men vs 34.0% with ≥2 precatheterizations and 32.9% with ≥6 months delay to surgery. Delays from catheterization to surgery were associated with higher rates of treatment failure (<6 months SHR 1.49, P < .001; ≥6 months SHR 2.11, P < .001) vs catheter naïve men. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative acute urinary retention and delay to surgery once catheterized are associated with poorer long-term postoperative outcomes after surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Frendl
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Wesley H Chou
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Codman Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David C Chang
- Codman Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle M Kim
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Weinberg MS, Zafar A, Magdamo C, Chung SY, Chou WH, Nayan M, Deodhar M, Frendl DM, Feldman AS, Faustman DL, Arnold SE, Vakulenko-Lagun B, Das S. Association of BCG Vaccine Treatment With Death and Dementia in Patients With Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2314336. [PMID: 37204792 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance The BCG vaccine-used worldwide to prevent tuberculosis-confers multiple nonspecific beneficial effects, and intravesical BCG vaccine is currently the recommended treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Moreover, BCG vaccine has been hypothesized to reduce the risk of Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD), but previous studies have been limited by sample size, study design, or analyses. Objective To evaluate whether intravesical BCG vaccine exposure is associated with a decreased incidence of ADRD in a cohort of patients with NMIBC while accounting for death as a competing event. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study was performed in patients aged 50 years or older initially diagnosed with NMIBC between May 28, 1987, and May 6, 2021, treated within the Mass General Brigham health care system. The study included a 15-year follow-up of individuals (BCG vaccine treated or controls) whose condition did not clinically progress to muscle-invasive cancer within 8 weeks and did not have an ADRD diagnosis within the first year after the NMIBC diagnosis. Data analysis was conducted from April 18, 2021, to March 28, 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was time to ADRD onset identified using diagnosis codes and medications. Cause-specific hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression after adjusting for confounders (age, sex, and Charlson Comorbidity Index) using inverse probability scores weighting. Results In this cohort study including 6467 individuals initially diagnosed with NMIBC between 1987 and 2021, 3388 patients underwent BCG vaccine treatment (mean [SD] age, 69.89 [9.28] years; 2605 [76.9%] men) and 3079 served as controls (mean [SD] age, 70.73 [10.00] years; 2176 [70.7%] men). Treatment with BCG vaccine was associated with a lower rate of ADRD (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.69-0.99), with an even lower rate of ADRD in patients aged 70 years or older at the time of BCG vaccine treatment (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.60-0.91). In competing risks analysis, BCG vaccine was associated with a lower risk of ADRD (5-year risk difference, -0.011; 95% CI, -0.019 to -0.003) and a decreased risk of death in patients without an earlier diagnosis of ADRD (5-year risk difference, -0.056; 95% CI, -0.075 to -0.037). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, BCG vaccine was associated with a significantly lower rate and risk of ADRD in a cohort of patients with bladder cancer when accounting for death as a competing event. However, the risk differences varied with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Weinberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Affan Zafar
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Colin Magdamo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | | | - Wesley H Chou
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Madhur Nayan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Urology, New York University, New York
| | | | - Daniel M Frendl
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Adam S Feldman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Denise L Faustman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Immunobiology Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Steven E Arnold
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Sudeshna Das
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Chou WH, Covinsky K, Zhao S, Boscardin WJ, Finlayson E, Suskind AM. Functional and cognitive outcomes after suprapubic catheter placement in nursing home residents: A national cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2022; 70:2948-2957. [PMID: 35696283 PMCID: PMC9588579 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term functional and cognitive outcomes in nursing home residents after procedures are poorly understood. Our objective was to evaluate these outcomes after suprapubic tube (SPT) placement. METHODS We performed a retrospective, cohort study in the nursing home setting. Participants were long-term nursing home residents who underwent SPT placement from 2014 to 2016 in the United States. SPT placements were identified in Medicare Inpatient, Outpatient, and Carrier files using International Classification of Diseases and Current Procedural Terminology codes. Residents were identified through the Minimum Data Set (MDS) 3.0 for Nursing Home Residents. MDS Activities of Daily Living (MDS-ADL) and Brief Interview for Mental Status (BIMS) scores were used to assess function and cognition, respectively. Outcomes of interest were worsening MDS-ADL and BIMS scores at 1 year postoperatively, 30-day postoperative complications, and 1-year mortality. Functional and cognitive trajectories were modeled to 1 year postoperatively using mixed-effect spline models. RESULTS From 2014 to 2016, 9647 residents with a mean age of 80.9 (SD 8.1) years underwent SPT placement. At 1 year postoperatively, 37.6% of residents died, while of survivors, 33.7% had worsening MDS-ADL and 36.2% worsened BIMS. Residents had steeper postoperative rates of functional decline compared to relatively stable preoperative trends that never recovered to baseline status. However, robustly characterizing an association between SPT placement and functional decline would require a propensity score matched cohort without SPT placement. Decline in cognitive status was not clearly associated with SPT placement, suggesting either the natural course of a vulnerable population or limitations of BIMS scores. CONCLUSIONS Outcomes important to older adults, such as functional ability and cognitive status, do not show improvement after SPT placement. These findings emphasize that this "minor" procedure should be considered with caution in this population and primarily for palliation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth Covinsky
- Division of Geriatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Shoujun Zhao
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - W. John Boscardin
- Division of Geriatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Emily Finlayson
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Anne M. Suskind
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Chou WH, McGregor B, Schmidt A, Carvalho FLF, Hirsch MS, Chang SL, Kibel A, Mossanen M. Cyclophosphamide-associated bladder cancers and considerations for survivorship care: A systematic review. Urol Oncol 2021; 39:678-685. [PMID: 34134927 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We performed a systematic review to assess the clinical features of cyclophosphamide-associated bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to August 2020 according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies that associated bladder cancer with prior cyclophosphamide use on an individual level were included. RESULTS We identified 121 studies spanning over a 50-year period with 285 patients. The most common malignant indication for cyclophosphamide was lymphoma (25%), while the most common non-malignant indication was ANCA-associated vasculitides (26%). Hematuria and dysuria were the most prevalent symptoms prior to a cyclophosphamide-associated bladder cancer diagnosis, and median age at diagnosis was 55 years. Conventional urothelial carcinoma (UC) was the most common bladder-associated diagnosis (74%), although a broad range of cancer types were represented, notably leiomyosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma. About half of bladder cancers were muscle invasive at diagnosis and median latency time was 10.0 years; 33% of patients had a bladder cancer related death. CONCLUSIONS We describe the largest pooled analysis of patients with cyclophosphamide-associated bladder cancer. These bladder cancers have a propensity for younger age at diagnosis, more advanced stage at diagnosis, and variant histology. There was a substantial number of patients with latency time of ≥20 years independent of cumulative cyclophosphamide dose. These findings support consideration of screening and long-term surveillance of cancer survivors with a history of cyclophosphamide therapy for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley H Chou
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bradley McGregor
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Andrew Schmidt
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Filipe L F Carvalho
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Michelle S Hirsch
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Steven L Chang
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115; Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Adam Kibel
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215; Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Matthew Mossanen
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215; Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115.
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Reese SW, Tully KH, Nabi J, Paciotti M, Chou WH, Trinh QD. Temporal Trends in the Incidence of Testicular Cancer in the United States over the Past Four Decades. Eur Urol Oncol 2020; 4:834-836. [PMID: 32665140 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Testicular cancer is the most commonly diagnosed solid-organ neoplasm among young men, with variable incidence across racial groups. Testicular cancer incidence has increased since the 1970s, most notably among white men. Such trends in testicular cancer remain poorly understood. We investigated age-adjusted incidence rates of testicular cancer from 1975 to 2015 using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results data to further understand the nature of the temporal trends and potential drivers of disease. Across this time period, white men had the highest incidence and the largest increase in rate; however, we also note more recent increases in the incidence of testicular cancer across all racial groups being examined. PATIENT SUMMARY: We analyzed the rate of testicular cancer in the United States between 1975 and 2015. In that time, white patients had the highest rate and increase in rate of testicular cancer, but non-white patients also had increasing rates of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Reese
- Division of Urological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karl H Tully
- Department of Urology and Neurourology, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Junaid Nabi
- Division of Urological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Paciotti
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Wesley H Chou
- Division of Urological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Quoc-Dien Trinh
- Division of Urological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Chou WH, Rinderknecht TN, Mohabir PK, Phillips AW. Skin Necrosis Distal to a Rapid Infusion Catheter: Understanding Possible Complications of Large-bore Vascular Access Devices. Cureus 2019; 11:e3854. [PMID: 30891394 PMCID: PMC6411335 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid infusion catheters (RICs) allow expedient conversion of peripheral intravenous (PIV) catheters to peripheral sheaths; however, little is known about potential complications. In this case, a 64-year-old male polytrauma patient had a 20-gauge PIV catheter in the right cephalic vein upsized to an 8.5 French (Fr) RIC without incident during an arrest with pulseless electrical activity (PEA). On RIC post-placement day two, the patient developed edema and ecchymosis extending from the right dorsal mid-hand to the antecubital fossa, just distal to the RIC insertion point. Compartments were soft; the volar surface (including an arterial line location), fingers, and upper arm were normal. The RIC flushed and returned blood appropriately. Ultrasound revealed a noncompressible cephalic vein either related to the catheter or thrombosis, and imaging of the hand showed an ulnar styloid fracture and a minimally displaced triquetral fracture. The RIC was removed immediately. Over the next week, the areas of ecchymosis developed bullae and then sloughed, leaving open wounds extending into the dermis. The patient later expired from unrelated causes. The area and timing of the skin necrosis were highly suspicious for a catheter-associated complication, despite the presence of the arterial line and small distal fractures. The necrosis was potentially due to thrombosis of the superficial venous outflow system, leading to congestion and skin compromise, but we found no similar reports. Alternatively, the catheter may have ruptured the vein and caused a gravity-dependent ecchymosis, but the volar surface was not impacted, and the catheter was functioning properly. The RIC may also have encroached on the arterial space, decreasing flow, but we would have expected distal hand changes. The only published reports we could find on RIC complications involved a lost guide wire, fragmentation of a catheter during placement, and a case of compartment syndrome, raising the question of whether skin necrosis is truly a rare event or simply underreported with the RIC. Although the exact causal relationship remains unknown in our case, RICs should be removed as soon as possible after immediate stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul K Mohabir
- Internal Medicine, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, USA
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Noren DP, Chou WH, Lee SH, Qutub AA, Warmflash A, Wagner DS, Popel AS, Levchenko A. Endothelial cells decode VEGF-mediated Ca2+ signaling patterns to produce distinct functional responses. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra20. [PMID: 26905425 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad3188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A single extracellular stimulus can promote diverse behaviors among isogenic cells by differentially regulated signaling networks. We examined Ca(2+) signaling in response to VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), a growth factor that can stimulate different behaviors in endothelial cells. We found that altering the amount of VEGF signaling in endothelial cells by stimulating them with different VEGF concentrations triggered distinct and mutually exclusive dynamic Ca(2+) signaling responses that correlated with different cellular behaviors. These behaviors were cell proliferation involving the transcription factor NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) and cell migration involving MLCK (myosin light chain kinase). Further analysis suggested that this signal decoding was robust to the noisy nature of the signal input. Using probabilistic modeling, we captured both the stochastic and deterministic aspects of Ca(2+) signal decoding and accurately predicted cell responses in VEGF gradients, which we used to simulate different amounts of VEGF signaling. Ca(2+) signaling patterns associated with proliferation and migration were detected during angiogenesis in developing zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Noren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Wesley H Chou
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- Yale Systems Biology Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Amina A Qutub
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Aryeh Warmflash
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA. Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Daniel S Wagner
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Aleksander S Popel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Yale Systems Biology Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
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Loh KP, Low LS, Wong WH, Zhou S, Huang SH, De Silva R, Duan W, Chou WH, Zhu YZ. A comparison study of cerebral protection using Ginkgo biloba extract and Losartan on stroked rats. Neurosci Lett 2006; 398:28-33. [PMID: 16443325 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been well documented that oxidative stress is involved in stroke. Currently, many neuroprotective strategies have been targeted at molecules that are able to act as an oxidant to intervene with free-radical mediated apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra. In particular, natural products which contain antioxidant properties have undoubtedly efficacious for stroke treatment. In the current study, therapeutic effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) against cerebral protection in Wistar rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was evaluated. A comparison study was conducted by using Losartan, an antihypertensive drug. Gene expression levels of pro-apoptotic genes (AT2 receptor, Fas, Bax and Bcl-xS) have shown to have significant reduction by EGb- and Losartan-treated groups as compared to vehicle group. Significant reduction of immunoreactivity of protein production of these genes, together with least nuclear green fluorescence observed in TUNEL, EGb, as an antioxidant drug, is concluded to have potent and promising therapeutic effect for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Loh
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Creer S, Thorpe RS, Malhotra A, Chou WH, Stenson AG. The utility of AFLPs for supporting mitochondrial DNA phylogeographical analyses in the Taiwanese bamboo viper, Trimeresurus stejnegeri. J Evol Biol 2004; 17:100-7. [PMID: 15000653 DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) assay was performed on individuals representing discrete haplotypes from two genetically distinct mtDNA lineages of the bamboo viper, Trimeresurus stejnegeri (Schmidt), within Taiwan. AFLP (525 polymorphic markers from five primer pairs) and mtDNA genetic distances were highly correlated and an analysis of molecular variance, and a Bayesian approach similarly partitioned estimates of genetic similarity according to the mtDNA phylogeographical pattern. These results are discussed in relation to biogeographical hypotheses, comparative rates of mtDNA molecular evolution, and in the identification of evolutionary significant units of Taiwanese T. stejnegeri. In spite of the high degree of congruence between the genetic datasets, the AFLP phylogenetic analysis did not support the mtDNA tree, suggesting that no contemporary barriers to gene flow exist between individuals from the two mtDNA lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Creer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
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Creer S, Malhotra A, Thorpe RS, Chou WH. Multiple causation of phylogeographical pattern as revealed by nested clade analysis of the bamboo viper (Trimeresurus stejnegeri) within Taiwan. Mol Ecol 2001; 10:1967-81. [PMID: 11555241 DOI: 10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess the utility of nested clade analysis, both standard phylogenetic algorithms and nested clade analysis were performed on a geographically widespread survey of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes of the bamboo viper, Trimeresurus stejnegeri, within Taiwan. Gross tree topologies were congruent for all analyses and indicated the presence of two geographically overlapping clades within Taiwan. The smaller lineage was restricted to the north and east coasts, whereas the larger lineage occupied all but the northern range of the species within Taiwan including the Pacific offshore populations of Green and Orchid Islands. The phylogeographical pattern supports the existence of at least one colonization event from the continent since the initial isolation of Taiwan from the mainland in the Pliocene. However, determining the exact number of colonization events was not possible due to the simultaneous vicariant forces of hypothesized continental landbridge connections and the occurrence of dramatic in situ orogenesis throughout the Pleistocene. Nested clade analysis provided multiple temporal and spatial population historical inferences that are not possible with standard analyses and therefore should become widely applied to future phylogeographical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Creer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK.
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13
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Chou WH, Yan FX, de Leon J, Barnhill J, Rogers T, Cronin M, Pho M, Xiao V, Ryder TB, Liu WW, Teiling C, Wedlund PJ. Extension of a pilot study: impact from the cytochrome P450 2D6 polymorphism on outcome and costs associated with severe mental illness. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20:246-51. [PMID: 10770465 DOI: 10.1097/00004714-200004000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The influence of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) genetic variability was examined in psychiatric inpatients by evaluating adverse drug events (ADEs), hospital stays, and total costs over a 1-year period in an extension of a previously published brief report. One hundred consecutive psychiatric patients from Eastern State Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky, were genotyped for CYP2D6 expression. ADEs were evaluated by a neurologic rating scale, modified Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser Side Effect Rating Scale, or chart review. Information on total hospitalization days and total costs were gathered for a 1-year period. Forty-five percent of the patients received medications that were primarily dependent on the CYP2D6 enzyme for their elimination. When the analysis was restricted to just those patients in each group receiving medication heavily dependent on the CYP2D6 enzyme, the following were observed: (1) a trend toward greater numbers of ADEs from medications as one moved from the group with ultrarapid CYP2D6 activity (UM) to the group with absent CYP2D6 activity (PM); (2) the cost of treating patients with extremes in CYP2D6 activity (UM and PM) was on average $4,000 to $6,000 per year greater than the cost of treating patients in the efficient metabolizer (EM) and intermediate metabolizer (IM) groups; and (3) total duration of hospital stay was more pronounced for those in CYP2D6 PM group. Variance of hospital stays and costs calculated from these preliminary data suggests that 1,500 to 2,000 patients must be evaluated over at least a 1-year period to determine whether the CYP2D6 genetic variation significantly alters the duration of hospital stay and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Chou
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0082, USA
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14
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Salcedo E, Huber A, Henrich S, Chadwell LV, Chou WH, Paulsen R, Britt SG. Blue- and green-absorbing visual pigments of Drosophila: ectopic expression and physiological characterization of the R8 photoreceptor cell-specific Rh5 and Rh6 rhodopsins. J Neurosci 1999; 19:10716-26. [PMID: 10594055 PMCID: PMC6784940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Color discrimination requires the input of different photoreceptor cells that are sensitive to different wavelengths of light. The Drosophila visual system contains multiple classes of photoreceptor cells that differ in anatomical location, synaptic connections, and spectral sensitivity. The Rh5 and Rh6 opsins are expressed in nonoverlapping sets of R8 cells and are the only Drosophila visual pigments that remain uncharacterized. In this study, we ectopically expressed Rh5 and Rh6 in the major class of photoreceptor cells (R1-R6) and show them to be biologically active in their new environment. The expression of either Rh5 or Rh6 in "blind" ninaE(17) mutant flies, which lack the gene encoding the visual pigment of the R1-R6 cells, fully rescues the light response. Electrophysiological analysis showed that the maximal spectral sensitivity of the R1-R6 cells is shifted to 437 or 508 nm when Rh5 or Rh6, respectively, is expressed in these cells. These spectral sensitivities are in excellent agreement with intracellular recordings of the R8p and R8y cells measured in Calliphora and Musca. Spectrophotometric analyses of Rh5 and Rh6 in vivo by microspectrophotometry, and of detergent-extracted pigments in vitro, showed that Rh5 is reversibly photoconverted to a stable metarhodopsin (lambda(max) = 494 nm), whereas Rh6 appears to be photoconverted to a metarhodopsin (lambda(max) = 468 nm) that is less thermally stable. Phylogenetically, Rh5 belongs to a group of short-wavelength-absorbing invertebrate visual pigments, whereas Rh6 is related to a group of long-wavelength-absorbing pigments and is the first member of this class to be functionally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Salcedo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
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15
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Dong NZ, Gu ZL, Chou WH, Kwok CY. Securinine induced apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1999; 20:267-70. [PMID: 10452105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study whether securinine might induce apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells. METHODS Inhibition of proliferation was measured using MTT assay. The amount of apoptotic cells was measured by flow cytometry. DNA fragmentation was visualized by DNA agarose gel electrophoresis and the cellular changes were observed by electron microscope. RESULTS Securinine 5-80 mg.L-1 elicited typical apoptosis morphological changes and DNA fragmentation in a concentration-dependent manner in HL-60 cells. Securinine inhibited HL-60 cell proliferation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 and 95% confidence limits were 27 (15-47) mg.L-1 after 12-h treatment with securinine. CONCLUSION Securinine induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Z Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, Suzhou Medical College, China
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16
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Chou WH, Huber A, Bentrop J, Schulz S, Schwab K, Chadwell LV, Paulsen R, Britt SG. Patterning of the R7 and R8 photoreceptor cells of Drosophila: evidence for induced and default cell-fate specification. Development 1999; 126:607-16. [PMID: 9895309 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126.4.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Opsin gene expression in the R7 and R8 photoreceptor cells of the Drosophila compound eye is highly coordinated. We have found that the R8 cell specific Rh5 and Rh6 opsins are expressed in non-overlapping sets of R8 cells, in a precise pairwise fashion with Rh3 and Rh4 in the R7 cells of individual ommatidia. Removal of the R7 cells in sevenless, boss or sina mutants, disrupts Rh5 expression and dramatically increases the number of Rh6-expressing R8 cells. This suggests that the expression of Rh5 may be induced by an Rh3-expressing R7 cell, whereas Rh6 expression is most likely a default state of the R8 cell. We found that the paired expression of opsin genes in the R7 and R8 cells occurs in a sevenless and boss independent manner. Furthermore, we found that the generation of both Rh3- and Rh4-expressing R7 cells can occur in the absence of an R8 cell. These results suggest that the specification of opsin expression in the R7 cells may occur autonomously, whereas the R7 photoreceptor cell may be responsible for regulating a binary developmental switch between induced and default cell-fates in the R8 cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Chou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78245-3207, USA.
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Yuan J, Gu ZL, Chou WH, Kwok CY. Elemene induces apoptosis and regulates expression of bcl-2 protein in human leukemia K562 cells. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1999; 20:103-6. [PMID: 10437153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the antitumor action of elemene (Ele) and its mechanism. METHODS Inhibition of proliferation was measured with a colorimetric 3-[4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Morphological assessment of apoptosis was performed with fluorescence microscope. DNA fragmentation was assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry. The levels of bcl-2 protein was measured with flow cytometry. RESULTS Exposure of exponentially growing K562 cells to Ele 65-520 mumol. L-1 for 48 h resulted in growth arrest. The values of IC50 and 95% confidence limits were 220 (152-319) mumol.L-1. After treatment of K562 cells with Ele 130 mumol.L-1, marked morphological changes including "Apo bodies" reduction in volume were observed with fluorescence microscope. Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA from cells treated with Ele for 48 h revealed "ladder" pattern. The levels of bcl-2 protein in K562 cells treated with Ele for 48 h were obviously decreased. CONCLUSION Ele induces apoptosis of K562 cells, which is related with the down-regulation of bcl-2 protein in K562 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Suzhou Medical College, China.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors conducted a pilot study to develop preliminary data on the frequency of cytochrome P450-2D6 (CYP2D6) genotypes in state psychiatric hospital patients and to establish population sizes needed to determine potential clinical relevance in therapeutic outcome. METHOD One hundred consecutive inpatients at Eastern State Hospital in Kentucky who provided informed consent were genotyped at the CYP2D6 locus during their hospital stay. RESULTS Twelve of the patients were CYP2D6 deficient, and four carried the *1Xn or *2Xn allele associated with ultrarapid metabolism; all of these patients were Caucasian (N=87). The rate of deficiency in CYP2D6 expression in these Caucasian state psychiatric hospital patients (14%) was twice that of the U.S. population (7%). The patients with CYP2D6 deficiency also appeared more likely to experience side effects in response to CYP2D6 medications. CONCLUSIONS This study, limited by a small number of subjects, suggests that one-fifth of Caucasians admitted to a state hospital in Kentucky had genotypes associated with extremes in CYP2D6 activity that may have affected their response to CYP2D6 medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de Leon
- University of Kentucky Mental Health Research Center at Eastern State Hospital and the University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington 40508, USA.
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Chen S, Kumar S, Chou WH, Barrett JS, Wedlund PJ. A genetic bias in clinical trials? Cytochrome P450-2D6 (CYP2D6) genotype in general vs selected healthy subject populations. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 44:303-4. [PMID: 9296329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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20
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Chang KH, Chen Y, Chen TT, Chou WH, Chen PL, Ma YY, Yang-Feng TL, Leng X, Tsai MJ, O'Malley BW, Lee WH. A thyroid hormone receptor coactivator negatively regulated by the retinoblastoma protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:9040-5. [PMID: 9256431 PMCID: PMC23019 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.17.9040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma protein (Rb) plays a critical role in cell proliferation, differentiation, and development. To decipher the mechanism of Rb function at the molecular level, we have systematically characterized a number of Rb-interacting proteins, among which is the clone C5 described here, which encodes a protein of 1,978 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 230 kDa. The corresponding gene was assigned to chromosome 14q31, the same region where genetic alterations have been associated with several abnormalities of thyroid hormone response. The protein uses two distinct regions to bind Rb and thyroid hormone receptor (TR), respectively, and thus was named Trip230. Trip230 binds to Rb independently of thyroid hormone while it forms a complex with TR in a thyroid hormone-dependent manner. Ectopic expression of the protein Trip230 in cells, but not a mutant form that does not bind to TR, enhances specifically TR-dependent transcriptional activity. Coexpression of wild-type Rb, but not mutant Rb that fails to bind to Trip230, inhibits such activity. These results not only identify a coactivator molecule that modulates TR activity, but also uncover a role for Rb in a pathway that responds to thyroid hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
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Haraguchi H, Ohmi I, Fukuda A, Tamura Y, Mizutani K, Tanaka O, Chou WH. Inhibition of aldose reductase and sorbitol accumulation by astilbin and taxifolin dihydroflavonols in Engelhardtia chrysolepis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1997; 61:651-4. [PMID: 9145524 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.61.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroflavonol taxifolin and its glycoside, astilbin, from Engelhardtia chrysolepis inhibited rat lens and recombinant human aldose reductase. Taxifolin also inhibited sorbitol accumulation in human red blood cells. Furthermore, this dihydroflavonol aglycone maintained the clarity of rat lens incubated with a high concentration of glucose. These dihydroflavonols may be effective for preventing osmotic stress in hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Haraguchi
- Faculty of Engineering, Fukuyama University, Japan
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Chou WH, Hall KJ, Wilson DB, Wideman CL, Townson SM, Chadwell LV, Britt SG. Identification of a novel Drosophila opsin reveals specific patterning of the R7 and R8 photoreceptor cells. Neuron 1996; 17:1101-15. [PMID: 8982159 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The function of the compound eye is dependent upon a developmental program that specifies different cell fates and directs the expression of spectrally distinct opsins in different photoreceptor cells. Rh5 is a novel Drosophila opsin gene that encodes a biologically active visual pigment that is expressed in a subset of R8 photoreceptor cells. Rh5 expression in the R8 cell of an individual ommatidium is strictly coordinated with the expression of Rh3, in the overlying R7 cell. In sevenless mutant files, which lack R7 photoreceptor cells, the expression of the Rh5 protein in R8 cells is disrupted, providing evidence for a specific developmental signal between the R7 and R8 cells that is responsible for the paired expression of opsin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Chou
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78245
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Chen S, Chou WH, Blouin RA, Mao Z, Humphries LL, Meek QC, Neill JR, Martin WL, Hays LR, Wedlund PJ. The cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme polymorphism: screening costs and influence on clinical outcomes in psychiatry. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996; 60:522-34. [PMID: 8941025 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9236(96)90148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined factors that affect cost, reliability, and the value of determining the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) polymorphism in clinical practice. STUDY DESIGN The method of deoxyribonucleic acid isolation, sample preparation, oligonucleotide primers, and polymerase chain reaction procedures were scrutinized for their effect on CYP2D6 genotyping efforts. The determination of the CYP2D6 A, B, D, E, and T alleles was used to identify the deficiency in CYP2D6 expression in 161 individuals phenotyped for CYP2D6 activity with dextromethorphan. The CYP2D6 genotype was assessed in 74 outpatients who had received diagnoses of depression. Eighteen of these patients were screened because of an adverse response to a tricyclic or antidepressant known or suspected to be a CYP2D6 substrate. RESULTS The CYP2D6 A, B, C, D, E, and T alleles could be detected in 13 hours at a cost of $84 per sample by judicious selection of conditions and procedures. The genotype provided an accurate predictor of CYP2D6 expression in all 134 subjects who expressed the enzyme and in all 27 unrelated individuals phenotyped as deficient in CYP2D6 activity. In the patient group that experienced adverse effects, 44% of all CYP2D6 gene copies contained the A, B, D, E, or T allele(s) associated with inactive CYP2D6 expression. This was more than twice the rate for the occurrence of mutant alleles in the other 56 psychiatric patients (21%) and in 80 random subjects from the general population (20%; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Screening psychiatric patients for CYP2D6 expression may distinguish metabolic-based therapeutic problems from drug sensitivity caused by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chen
- Division of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0082, USA
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Haraguchi H, Ohmi I, Masuda H, Tamura Y, Mizutani K, Tanaka O, Chou WH. Inhibition of aldose reductase by dihydroflavonols in Engelhardtia chrysolepis and effects on other enzymes. Experientia 1996; 52:564-7. [PMID: 8698090 DOI: 10.1007/bf01969729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Astilbin and neoastilbin, dihydroflavonol rhamnosides from Engelhardtia chrysolepis, showed potent inhibition of lens aldose reductase. Kinetic analysis showed astilbin exhibited uncompetitive inhibition against both dl-glyceraldehyde and NADPH. These taxifolin glycosides were selective inhibitors of aldose reductase with no inhibition of NADH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Haraguchi
- Faculty of Engineering, Fukuyama University, Japan
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Haraguchi H, Mochida Y, Sakai S, Masuda H, Tamura Y, Mizutani K, Tanaka O, Chou WH. Protection against oxidative damage by dihydroflavonols in Engelhardtia chrysolepis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1996; 60:945-8. [PMID: 8695910 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroflavonol taxifolin and its glycoside, astilbin, from Engelhardtia chrysolepis were evaluated as antioxidants and radical scavengers. These dihydroflavonols inhibited superoxide anion production in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. Microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase was also inhibited by these flavonoids. Mitochondrial lipid peroxidation was inhibited only by the aglycon. Taxifolin protected peroxy radical-damaged mitochondria with no effect on enzyme activity. Furthermore, taxifolin and astilbin protected red cells against oxidative hemolysis. These dihydroflavonols were found to be effective for protecting subcellular systems and red blood cells against oxidative stress in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Haraguchi
- Faculty of Engineering, Fukuyama University, Japan
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Chou WH, Sou KL, Tsai JL, Nakamura A, Horng CB, Tseng TC. Differentiation of Salmonella typhi strains by ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1995; 26:620-4. [PMID: 9139363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the limited value of phage typing to determine the epidemiological association of Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) strains isolated from the source of typhoid fever, we analyzed ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene restriction patterns to differentiate the independently isolated strains of identical phage type. The data showed that the restriction patterns of PstI was most polymorphic among four enzymes (BamHI, EcoRI, PstI, and SmaI) used, which revealed 13 types among 25 strains belonged to 4 phage types, 1 untypable and 2 not-determined strains. Total 25 strains of S. typhi were divided into 15 combination types by the rRNA restriction patterns with three enzymes (BamHI, PstI, and SmaI).
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Chou
- Division of Serology, National Institute of Preventive Medicine, Department of Health, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Abstract
To investigate the prevalence of genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Taiwan, genotypes were identified in 122 (36 anti-HCV-positive blood donors, 44 anti-HCV-positive aborigines, 28 hemodialysis patients, and 14 patients with chronic liver diseases) of 280 subjects, using polymerase chain reaction by Okamoto's type-specific primer method. Type II was the dominant (66.7%) type among anti-HCV-positive blood donors, followed by type III and type IV with the same percentages (16.7%), while none of type I was detected. The prevalence of genotype distribution were 75.0%, 81.1%, and 64.3% for type II, 4.6%, 17.9%, and 21.4% for type III, 13.6%, 0%, and 7.1% for type IV, for the aborigines, hemodialysis, and chronic liver diseases groups, respectively. Four subjects revealed mixed infections by two different genotypes: two cases of II and III; and each one case of II and IV, and III and IV. Diverse genotype distributions in two hemodialysis groups disclose the existence of obvious regional differences even within a region. The results reveal the highest prevalence of type II as in Japan. However, there is a higher prevalence rate of type IV than in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Wu
- National Institute of Preventive Medicine, Taipei Medical College, Republic of China
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Chou WH, Lin SF, Sheu SH, Lu CF, Lin SY, Wu JS. Comparison of hepatitis C virus strains obtained from hemodialysis patients. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1993; 46:191-202. [PMID: 8007443 DOI: 10.7883/yoken1952.46.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To understand what genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) exist in Taiwan, we chose the non-structure 5 (NS5) region of the HCV genome for the target area of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect HCV RNA from sera of hemodialysis patients. Of 39 serum samples which were positive for the HCV antibody among 87 samples from hemodialysis patients, 12 (antibody against HCV core protein, OD > 2) were examined by the RT-PCR. The plasmid pUC19 was used to clone HCV cDNAs in the NS5 region (401 bp) derived from 11 serum samples which were positive for HCV RNA. Sequence analyses of individual clone of these 11 amplified cDNA fragments were performed. Dr. Cha's classification (16) suggested that two genotypes of HCV were found in these serum samples; type II (2/18.2%) and type III (9/81.8%). Our study indicates also that NS5 is an adequate target region to differentiate HCV strains derived from different patients in the same hospital. The analysis of the amplified cDNA in the NS5 region of the HCV genome will therefore provide suitable information to perform a molecular epidemiological study on the transmission routes of this important virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Chou
- National Institute of Preventive Medicine, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Chou WH, Sheu SH, Sheu L, Lu CF, Lin SY, Wu JS. Sequence analysis of nucleocapsid and partial envelope genes of the hepatitis C virus derived from an aboriginal asymptomatic carrier. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 1993; 26:57-67. [PMID: 7995077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two overlapping cDNA fragments of the 5'-terminal region of the hepatitis C virus (named as HCV-B) were cloned by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The consensus nucleotide sequence of the 1101 nucleotide length was constructed from the sequences of at least three independent clones of each one of these two amplified overlapping HCV cDNA fragments. By comparison with other HCV strains isolated from different countries, the 5' non-coding region was almost identical, with only 1 difference in 90 nucleotides, and the homology of the putative nucleocapsid gene was found to be quite conservative, with a similarity of 90-96% and 96-97% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. The homology of the down-stream region which encodes a putative envelope protein showed a low degree of identities (71.5% and 76.7% compared with American HCV-1 strain) at the levels of nucleotide and amino acid. On the other hand, it was similar to the Taiwanese HCV-T strain and the Japanese major J1 strain; the homology was about 93% at both levels of nucleotide and amino acid. This finding led to a conclusion that the HCV-B strain is closely related to the major HCV genotypes as HCV-J1 and HCV-T, isolated in Asian area.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Chou
- Division of Serology, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Inoue Y, Takeuchi K, Chou WH, Unayama T, Takahashi K, Saito I, Miyamura T. Silent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus through two generations determined by comparative nucleotide sequence analysis of the viral cDNA. J Infect Dis 1992; 166:1425-8. [PMID: 1331256 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/166.6.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the routes of transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV), a family in which HCV was considered to be transmitted from mother to child through two generations was studied. By the polymerase chain reaction method, HCV cDNA was isolated from the serum of a female baby with self-limited hepatitis C. HCV cDNA was also obtained from her mother and grandmother, who are healthy carriers of HCV, as well as from her uncle suffering from chronic persistent hepatitis C. The nucleotide sequence of the HCV cDNA fragment obtained from the baby was identical to that of the mother and was much closer to those of the grandmother and the uncle than to HCV cDNA isolates previously obtained from other Japanese patients or carriers. These results indicate the presence of mother-to-child transmission of HCV and suggest a role of this transmission route in establishing HCV carriers and maintaining a high incidence of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Inoue
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Wu JS, Lu CF, Chou WH, Chen HY, Lee HF, Wu YC, Lin SY. High prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in aborigines in Taiwan. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1992; 45:165-74. [PMID: 1297002 DOI: 10.7883/yoken1952.45.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In Taiwan, the epidemiological status of HCV infection is similar to those observed in other areas of the world, with 1.0% prevalence among adult volunteer blood donors and high prevalences among the high risk groups, by the detection of anti-HCV with synthetic peptide antigens. However, unusually high prevalences, 35.1%, 15.8% and 14.2%, were observed among adult populations in three of the five aboriginal communities. No difference in sex specificity was noted. In 37 (75.0%) of the 48 anti-HCV-positive cases, HCV-RNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. None of such particular risk factors as tattooing, sexual promiscuity, operation, blood transfusion, nor intravenous drug abuse could be accounted for this high prevalence of HCV infection. No helpful supporting evidence for ethnic specificity was noted, either. Although a possible sexual transmission between spouses was observed, it is unlikely to be the main cause of the high prevalence in these aboriginal communities. We conclude that the unusually high prevalence of HCV infection observed in some aboriginal communities in Taiwan could be ascribed to poor anti-septic medical practice derived from insufficiency of medical personnel and facilities in these communities as compared with the other regions in Taiwan at the time before twenty years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Wu
- National Institute of Preventive Medicine, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Chou WH, Yoneyama T, Takeuchi K, Harada H, Saito I, Miyamura T. Discrimination of hepatitis C virus in liver tissues from different patients with hepatocellular carcinomas by direct nucleotide sequencing of amplified cDNA of the viral genome. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:2860-4. [PMID: 1661747 PMCID: PMC270447 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.29.12.2860-2864.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the presence of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome in liver tissues of eight different patients with hepatocellular carcinoma by using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RNA was extracted separately from cancerous and peripheral noncancerous portions of the liver tissues of each patient. For reverse transcriptase PCR, we used sets of primers derived either from nonstructural region 3 (the NS3 region) or from the nucleocapsid-envelope (C/E) region of the HCV genome. The nucleotide sequences of the amplimers were directly determined without subcloning. Of 16 samples tested, cDNA of the HCV genome was detected in 2 cancerous tissues and in 4 noncancerous tissues by either pair of primers. Nucleotide sequences of HCV cDNA fragments amplified from cancerous and peripheral noncancerous tissues from the same patients were identical. However, 4.4 to 6.3% and 7.5 to 11.3% sequence variation was observed in NS3 and C/E regions, respectively, among cDNA fragments from different patients. The result indicated that the HCV genome detected in a given patient is distinguishable from that in others by a simple direct nucleotide sequencing of the reverse transcriptase PCR products.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Chou
- Department of Enteroviruses, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
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Chou WH, Sheu L, Cheng SF, Sheu SH, Lu CF, Saito I, Miyamura T, Lin SY, Wu JS. Molecular cloning of cDNA of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome from a healthy carrier in an aboriginal community in Taiwan with high prevalence of HCV infection. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1991; 44:147-57. [PMID: 1668238 DOI: 10.7883/yoken1952.44.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed hepatitis C virus (HCV) obtained from a healthy HCV carrier in an aboriginal community with high prevalence of HCV infection. By use of random primers and specific oligonucleotide primers, a cDNA fragment of putative non-structural 3 (NS3) region of the HCV genome was cloned by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using RNA extracted from a serum sample of a healthy HCV carrier in Taur-Yuan village. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences from the 583 nucleotides long cDNA were compared with those of equivalent region of HCV of other previously reported clones: [J1, HCV-J (regarded as major type of HCV in Japan) and US prototype]. They had 93.7% (546/583), 93.1% (543/583) and 80.4% (469/583) homology at the nucleotide level and 96.9% (188/194), 96.9% (188/194) and 91.8% (178/194) homology at the amino acid level, respectively. These results showed that HCV prevalent in an aboriginal community in Taiwan is more similar to Japanese type than to the US prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Chou
- National Institute of Preventive Medicine, Department of Health, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Liu MY, Chou WH, Nutter L, Hsu MM, Chen JY, Yang CS. Antibody against Epstein-Barr virus DNA polymerase activity in sera of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Med Virol 1989; 28:101-5. [PMID: 2544674 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890280209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A salt-dependent DNA polymerase activity was demonstrated in the culture of an EBV-producing, lymphoblastoid cell line (NPC-204 cells) treated with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IUdR). There was a high frequency of levels of antibody to this enzyme in sera of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In contrast, sera from healthy subjects had little or no neutralizing activity. The high antibody level appeared as early as stage 1 of the disease in many NPC patients. The levels of the antibody increased with the progression of the disease and declined in treated patients. The results strongly suggest that tests measuring serum antibody against EBV DNA polymerase activity can be used for early diagnosis and prognosis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Liu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China
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Chou WH, Oinaka T, Kanamaru F, Mizutani K, Chen FH, Tanaka O. Diterpene glycosides from leaves of Chinese Rubus chingii and fruits of R. suavissimus, and identification of the source plant of the Chinese folk medicine "fu-pen-zi". Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1987; 35:3021-4. [PMID: 3677250 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.35.3021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Chou WH, Haust MD, Fay J, Lynn B. Left ventricular-right atrial communication. Report of two cases. Arch Pathol 1966; 82:419-24. [PMID: 5923465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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