1
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Coskun T, Urva S, Roell WC, Qu H, Loghin C, Moyers JS, O'Farrell LS, Briere DA, Sloop KW, Thomas MK, Pirro V, Wainscott DB, Willard FS, Abernathy M, Morford L, Du Y, Benson C, Gimeno RE, Haupt A, Milicevic Z. LY3437943, a novel triple glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control and weight loss: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1234-1247.e9. [PMID: 35985340 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With an increasing prevalence of obesity, there is a need for new therapies to improve body weight management and metabolic health. Multireceptor agonists in development may provide approaches to fulfill this unmet medical need. LY3437943 is a novel triple agonist peptide at the glucagon receptor (GCGR), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR), and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). In vitro, LY3437943 shows balanced GCGR and GLP-1R activity but more GIPR activity. In obese mice, administration of LY3437943 decreased body weight and improved glycemic control. Body weight loss was augmented by the addition of GCGR-mediated increases in energy expenditure to GIPR- and GLP-1R-driven calorie intake reduction. In a phase 1 single ascending dose study, LY3437943 showed a safety and tolerability profile similar to other incretins. Its pharmacokinetic profile supported once-weekly dosing, and a reduction in body weight persisted up to day 43 after a single dose. These findings warrant further clinical assessment of LY3437943.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Coskun
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - Shweta Urva
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - William C Roell
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Hongchang Qu
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Corina Loghin
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Julie S Moyers
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Libbey S O'Farrell
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Daniel A Briere
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Kyle W Sloop
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Melissa K Thomas
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Valentina Pirro
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - David B Wainscott
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Francis S Willard
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Matthew Abernathy
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - LaRonda Morford
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Yu Du
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Charles Benson
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Ruth E Gimeno
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Axel Haupt
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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2
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Wu C, Borné Y, Gao R, López Rodriguez M, Roell WC, Wilson JM, Regmi A, Luan C, Aly DM, Peter A, Machann J, Staiger H, Fritsche A, Birkenfeld AL, Tao R, Wagner R, Canouil M, Hong MG, Schwenk JM, Ahlqvist E, Kaikkonen MU, Nilsson P, Shore AC, Khan F, Natali A, Melander O, Orho-Melander M, Nilsson J, Häring HU, Renström E, Wollheim CB, Engström G, Weng J, Pearson ER, Franks PW, White MF, Duffin KL, Vaag AA, Laakso M, Stefan N, Groop L, De Marinis Y. Elevated circulating follistatin associates with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6486. [PMID: 34759311 PMCID: PMC8580990 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatokine follistatin is elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and promotes hyperglycemia in mice. Here we explore the relationship of plasma follistatin levels with incident T2D and mechanisms involved. Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) per standard deviation (SD) increase in follistatin levels for T2D is 1.24 (CI: 1.04–1.47, p < 0.05) during 19-year follow-up (n = 4060, Sweden); and 1.31 (CI: 1.09–1.58, p < 0.01) during 4-year follow-up (n = 883, Finland). High circulating follistatin associates with adipose tissue insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (n = 210, Germany). In human adipocytes, follistatin dose-dependently increases free fatty acid release. In genome-wide association study (GWAS), variation in the glucokinase regulatory protein gene (GCKR) associates with plasma follistatin levels (n = 4239, Sweden; n = 885, UK, Italy and Sweden) and GCKR regulates follistatin secretion in hepatocytes in vitro. Our findings suggest that GCKR regulates follistatin secretion and that elevated circulating follistatin associates with an increased risk of T2D by inducing adipose tissue insulin resistance. Follistatin promotes in type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathogenesis in model animals and is elevated in patients with T2D. Here the authors report that plasma follistatin associates with increased risk of incident T2D in two longitudinal cohorts, and show that follistatin regulates insulin-induced suppression lipolysis in cultured human adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyan Wu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,School of Intelligent Engineering, Shandong Management University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Borné
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rui Gao
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Maykel López Rodriguez
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - William C Roell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jonathan M Wilson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ajit Regmi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cheng Luan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Andreas Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany.,Section of Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Staiger
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rongya Tao
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mickaël Canouil
- Inserm U1283 / CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille; University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Mun-Gwan Hong
- Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Angela C Shore
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital and University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Faisel Khan
- Division of Systems Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Andrea Natali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erik Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Claes B Wollheim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University Medical Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Life Sciences of Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ewan R Pearson
- Division of Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Morris F White
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin L Duffin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Norbert Stefan
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology; and Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yang De Marinis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. .,School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Life Sciences of Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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3
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Samms RJ, Christe ME, Collins KA, Pirro V, Droz BA, Holland AK, Friedrich JL, Wojnicki S, Konkol DL, Cosgrove R, Furber EPC, Ruan X, O'Farrell LS, Long AM, Dogra M, Willency JA, Lin Y, Ding L, Cheng CC, Cabrera O, Briere DA, Alsina-Fernandez J, Gimeno RE, Moyers JS, Coskun T, Coghlan MP, Sloop KW, Roell WC. GIPR agonism mediates weight-independent insulin sensitization by tirzepatide in obese mice. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:146353. [PMID: 34003802 DOI: 10.1172/jci146353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tirzepatide (LY3298176), a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, delivered superior glycemic control and weight loss compared with GLP-1R agonism in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanism by which tirzepatide improves efficacy and how GIP receptor (GIPR) agonism contributes is not fully understood. Here, we show that tirzepatide is an effective insulin sensitizer, improving insulin sensitivity in obese mice to a greater extent than GLP-1R agonism. To determine whether GIPR agonism contributes, we compared the effect of tirzepatide in obese WT and Glp-1r-null mice. In the absence of GLP-1R-induced weight loss, tirzepatide improved insulin sensitivity by enhancing glucose disposal in white adipose tissue (WAT). In support of this, a long-acting GIPR agonist (LAGIPRA) was found to enhance insulin sensitivity by augmenting glucose disposal in WAT. Interestingly, the effect of tirzepatide and LAGIPRA on insulin sensitivity was associated with reduced branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and ketoacids in the circulation. Insulin sensitization was associated with upregulation of genes associated with the catabolism of glucose, lipid, and BCAAs in brown adipose tissue. Together, our studies show that tirzepatide improved insulin sensitivity in a weight-dependent and -independent manner. These results highlight how GIPR agonism contributes to the therapeutic profile of dual-receptor agonism, offering mechanistic insights into the clinical efficacy of tirzepatide.
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4
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Wilson JM, Nikooienejad A, Robins DA, Roell WC, Riesmeyer JS, Haupt A, Duffin KL, Taskinen M, Ruotolo G. The dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, tirzepatide, improves lipoprotein biomarkers associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:2451-2459. [PMID: 33462955 PMCID: PMC7756479 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To better understand the marked decrease in serum triglycerides observed with tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes, additional lipoprotein-related biomarkers were measured post hoc in available samples from the same study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients were randomized to receive once-weekly subcutaneous tirzepatide (1, 5, 10 or 15 mg), dulaglutide (1.5 mg) or placebo. Serum lipoprotein profile, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, B and C-III and preheparin lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were measured at baseline and at 4, 12 and 26 weeks. Lipoprotein particle profile by nuclear magnetic resonance was assessed at baseline and 26 weeks. The lipoprotein insulin resistance (LPIR) score was calculated. RESULTS At 26 weeks, tirzepatide dose-dependently decreased apoB and apoC-III levels, and increased serum preheparin LPL compared with placebo. Tirzepatide 10 and 15 mg decreased large triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles (TRLP), small low-density lipoprotein particles (LDLP) and LPIR score compared with both placebo and dulaglutide. Treatment with dulaglutide also reduced apoB and apoC-III levels but had no effect on either serum LPL or large TRLP, small LDLP and LPIR score. The number of total LDLP was also decreased with tirzepatide 10 and 15 mg compared with placebo. A greater reduction in apoC-III with tirzepatide was observed in patients with high compared with normal baseline triglycerides. At 26 weeks, change in apoC-III, but not body weight, was the best predictor of changes in triglycerides with tirzepatide, explaining up to 22.9% of their variability. CONCLUSIONS Tirzepatide treatment dose-dependently decreased levels of apoC-III and apoB and the number of large TRLP and small LDLP, suggesting a net improvement in atherogenic lipoprotein profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Axel Haupt
- Eli Lilly and CompanyIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | | | - Marja‐Riitta Taskinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Medicine UnitDiabetes and Obesity, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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5
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Chen YQ, Pottanat TG, Siegel RW, Ehsani M, Qian YW, Roell WC, Konrad RJ. Angiopoietin-like protein 4(E40K) and ANGPTL4/8 complex have reduced, temperature-dependent LPL-inhibitory activity compared to ANGPTL4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:498-503. [PMID: 33239171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that angiopoietin-like 8 (ANGPTL8) forms a localized complex with ANGPTL4 to reduce its lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-inhibitory activity and enable increased postprandial uptake of fatty acids (FA) into adipose tissue. Because prolonged cold exposure may increase adipose tissue FA uptake and decrease circulating triglycerides (TG) by reducing ANGPTL4 expression and inducing ANGPTL8 expression (and thus ANGPTL4/8 expression), we investigated the effect of temperature on ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL4/8 LPL-inhibitory activities in vitro. As the ANGPTL4(E40K) mutation results in decreased TG, we also characterized ANGPTL4(E40K) and ANGPTL4(E40K)/8 complex LPL-inhibitory activities. Interestingly, while ANGPTL3, ANGPTL3/8, and ANGPTL4 showed similar LPL inhibition at 37 °C and 22 °C, the already reduced LPL-inhibitory activity of ANGPTL4/8 at 37 °C was even more decreased at 22 °C. At 37 °C, ANGPTL4(E40K) manifested decreased LPL-inhibitory activity compared to ANGPTL4/8, while ANGPTL4(E40K)/8 had even further reduced potency. Remarkably, ANGPTL4/8, ANGPTL4(E40K), and ANGPTL4(E40K)/8 were each actually capable of stimulating LPL activity at 22 °C. Together, these results indicate that ANGPTL4/8 stimulation of LPL activity at low temperatures may represent an additional mechanism for further increasing adipose tissue FA uptake during cold exposure, beyond that already occurring due to decreased ANGPTL4 expression and increased ANGPTL8 expression. In addition, because ANGPTL4(E40K) has decreased LPL-inhibitory activity compared to ANGPTL4/8, our findings also suggest why ANGPTL4(E40K) carriers have decreased circulating TG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Q Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas G Pottanat
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert W Siegel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mariam Ehsani
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yue-Wei Qian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William C Roell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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6
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Chen YQ, Pottanat TG, Siegel RW, Ehsani M, Qian YW, Zhen EY, Regmi A, Roell WC, Guo H, Luo MJ, Gimeno RE, Van't Hooft F, Konrad RJ. Angiopoietin-like protein 8 differentially regulates ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 during postprandial partitioning of fatty acids. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1203-1220. [PMID: 32487544 PMCID: PMC7397750 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL)8 has been implicated in metabolic syndrome and reported to regulate adipose FA uptake through unknown mechanisms. Here, we studied how complex formation of ANGPTL8 with ANGPTL3 or ANGPTL4 varies with feeding to regulate LPL. In human serum, ANGPTL3/8 and ANGPTL4/8 complexes both increased postprandially, correlated negatively with HDL, and correlated positively with all other metabolic syndrome markers. ANGPTL3/8 also correlated positively with LDL-C and blocked LPL-facilitated hepatocyte VLDL-C uptake. LPL-inhibitory activity of ANGPTL3/8 was >100-fold more potent than that of ANGPTL3, and LPL-inhibitory activity of ANGPTL4/8 was >100-fold less potent than that of ANGPTL4. Quantitative analyses of inhibitory activities and competition experiments among the complexes suggested a model in which localized ANGPTL4/8 blocks the LPL-inhibitory activity of both circulating ANGPTL3/8 and localized ANGPTL4, allowing lipid sequestration into fat rather than muscle during the fed state. Supporting this model, insulin increased ANGPTL3/8 secretion from hepatocytes and ANGPTL4/8 secretion from adipocytes. These results suggest that low ANGPTL8 levels during fasting enable ANGPTL4-mediated LPL inhibition in fat tissue to minimize adipose FA uptake. During feeding, increased ANGPTL8 increases ANGPTL3 inhibition of LPL in muscle via circulating ANGPTL3/8, while decreasing ANGPTL4 inhibition of LPL in adipose tissue through localized ANGPTL4/8, thereby increasing FA uptake into adipose tissue. Excessive caloric intake may shift this system toward the latter conditions, possibly predisposing to metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Q Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas G Pottanat
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Robert W Siegel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Mariam Ehsani
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Yue-Wei Qian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Eugene Y Zhen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ajit Regmi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - William C Roell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Haihong Guo
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - M Jane Luo
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ruth E Gimeno
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ferdinand Van't Hooft
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
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7
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Baker HE, Kiel AM, Luebbe ST, Simon BR, Earl CC, Regmi A, Roell WC, Mather KJ, Tune JD, Goodwill AG. Inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 preserves cardiac function during regional myocardial ischemia independent of alterations in myocardial substrate utilization. Basic Res Cardiol 2019; 114:25. [PMID: 31004234 PMCID: PMC6616532 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-019-0733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of SGLT2i on cardiac contractile function, substrate utilization, and efficiency before and during regional myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in normal, metabolically healthy swine. Lean swine received placebo or canagliflozin (300 mg PO) 24 h prior to and the morning of an invasive physiologic study protocol. Hemodynamic and cardiac function measurements were obtained at baseline, during a 30-min complete occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery, and during a 2-h reperfusion period. Blood pressure, heart rate, coronary flow, and myocardial oxygen consumption were unaffected by canagliflozin treatment. Ventricular volumes remained unchanged in controls throughout the protocol. At the onset of ischemia, canagliflozin produced acute large increases in left ventricular end-diastolic and systolic volumes which returned to baseline with reperfusion. Canagliflozin-mediated increases in end-diastolic volume were directly associated with increases in stroke volume and stroke work relative to controls during ischemia. Canagliflozin also increased cardiac work efficiency during ischemia relative to control swine. No differences in myocardial uptake of glucose, lactate, free fatty acids or ketones, were noted between treatment groups at any time. In separate experiments using a longer 60 min coronary occlusion followed by 2 h of reperfusion, canagliflozin increased end-diastolic volume and stroke volume and significantly diminished myocardial infarct size relative to control swine. These data demonstrate that SGLT2i with canagliflozin preserves cardiac contractile function and efficiency during regional myocardial ischemia and provides ischemia protection independent of alterations in myocardial substrate utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana E Baker
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Alexander M Kiel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Samuel T Luebbe
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Blake R Simon
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Conner C Earl
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ajit Regmi
- Diabetes and Complications Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William C Roell
- Diabetes and Complications Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kieren J Mather
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Johnathan D Tune
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Adam G Goodwill
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Coskun T, Sloop KW, Loghin C, Alsina-Fernandez J, Urva S, Bokvist KB, Cui X, Briere DA, Cabrera O, Roell WC, Kuchibhotla U, Moyers JS, Benson CT, Gimeno RE, D'Alessio DA, Haupt A. LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Mol Metab 2018; 18:3-14. [PMID: 30473097 PMCID: PMC6308032 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, LY3298176, was developed to determine whether the metabolic action of GIP adds to the established clinical benefits of selective GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS LY3298176 is a fatty acid modified peptide with dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist activity designed for once-weekly subcutaneous administration. LY3298176 was characterised in vitro, using signaling and functional assays in cell lines expressing recombinant or endogenous incretin receptors, and in vivo using body weight, food intake, insulin secretion and glycemic profiles in mice. A Phase 1, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was comprised of three parts: a single-ascending dose (SAD; doses 0.25-8 mg) and 4-week multiple-ascending dose (MAD; doses 0.5-10 mg) studies in healthy subjects (HS), followed by a 4-week multiple-dose Phase 1 b proof-of-concept (POC; doses 0.5-15 mg) in patients with T2DM (ClinicalTrials.gov no. NCT02759107). Doses higher than 5 mg were attained by titration, dulaglutide (DU) was used as a positive control. The primary objective was to investigate safety and tolerability of LY3298176. RESULTS LY3298176 activated both GIP and GLP-1 receptor signaling in vitro and showed glucose-dependent insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance by acting on both GIP and GLP-1 receptors in mice. With chronic administration to mice, LY3298176 potently decreased body weight and food intake; these effects were significantly greater than the effects of a GLP-1 receptor agonist. A total of 142 human subjects received at least 1 dose of LY3298176, dulaglutide, or placebo. The PK profile of LY3298176 was investigated over a wide dose range (0.25-15 mg) and supports once-weekly administration. In the Phase 1 b trial of diabetic subjects, LY3298176 doses of 10 mg and 15 mg significantly reduced fasting serum glucose compared to placebo (least square mean [LSM] difference [95% CI]: -49.12 mg/dL [-78.14, -20.12] and -43.15 mg/dL [-73.06, -13.21], respectively). Reductions in body weight were significantly greater with the LY3298176 1.5 mg, 4.5 mg and 10 mg doses versus placebo in MAD HS (LSM difference [95% CI]: -1.75 kg [-3.38, -0.12], -5.09 kg [-6.72, -3.46] and -4.61 kg [-6.21, -3.01], respectively) and doses of 10 mg and 15 mg had a relevant effect in T2DM patients (LSM difference [95% CI]: -2.62 kg [-3.79, -1.45] and -2.07 kg [-3.25, -0.88], respectively. The most frequent side effects reported with LY3298176 were gastrointestinal (vomiting, nausea, decreased appetite, diarrhoea, and abdominal distension) in both HS and patients with T2DM; all were dose-dependent and considered mild to moderate in severity. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, the pharmacology of LY3298176 translates from preclinical to clinical studies. LY3298176 has the potential to deliver clinically meaningful improvement in glycaemic control and body weight. The data warrant further clinical evaluation of LY3298176 for the treatment of T2DM and potentially obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Coskun
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kyle W Sloop
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Corina Loghin
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Shweta Urva
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Krister B Bokvist
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xuewei Cui
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Daniel A Briere
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Over Cabrera
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William C Roell
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Uma Kuchibhotla
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Julie S Moyers
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Charles T Benson
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ruth E Gimeno
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David A D'Alessio
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Axel Haupt
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Peng SB, Van Horn RD, Yin T, Brown RM, Roell WC, Obungu VH, Ruegg C, Wroblewski VJ, Raddad E, Stille JR. Distinct mobilization of leukocytes and hematopoietic stem cells by CXCR4 peptide antagonist LY2510924 and monoclonal antibody LY2624587. Oncotarget 2017; 8:94619-94634. [PMID: 29212254 PMCID: PMC5706900 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and its receptor CXCR4 play a critical role in mobilization and redistribution of immune cells and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). We evaluated effects of two CXCR4-targeting agents, peptide antagonist LY2510924 and monoclonal antibody LY2624587, on mobilizing HSCs and white blood cells (WBCs) in humans, monkeys, and mice. Biochemical analysis showed LY2510924 peptide blocked SDF-1/CXCR4 binding in all three species; LY2624587 antibody blocked binding in human and monkey, with minimal activity in mouse. Cellular analysis showed LY2624587 antibody, but not LY2510924 peptide, down-regulated cell surface CXCR4 and induced hematological tumor cell death; both agents have been shown to inhibit SDF-1/CXCR4 interaction and downstream signaling. In animal models, LY2510924 peptide induced robust, prolonged, dose- and time-dependent WBC and HSC increases in mice and monkeys, whereas LY2624587 antibody induced only moderate, transient increases in monkeys. In clinical trials, similar pharmacodynamic effects were observed in patients with advanced cancer: LY2510924 peptide induced sustained WBC and HSC increases, while LY2624587 antibody induced only minimal, transient WBC changes. These distinct pharmacodynamic effects in two different classes of CXCR4 inhibitors are clinically important and should be carefully considered when designing combination studies with immune checkpoint inhibitors or other agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Bin Peng
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - Robert D Van Horn
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - Tinggui Yin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - Robin M Brown
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - William C Roell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - Victor H Obungu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - Charles Ruegg
- The Chorus Group, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - Victor J Wroblewski
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - Eyas Raddad
- The Chorus Group, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - John R Stille
- The Chorus Group, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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10
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Dage JL, Colvin EM, Fouillet A, Langron E, Roell WC, Li J, Mathur SX, Mogg AJ, Schmitt MG, Felder CC, Merchant KM, Isaac J, Broad LM, Sher E, Ursu D. Pharmacological characterisation of ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels expressed in human iPSC-derived forebrain neurons. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1105-24. [PMID: 24429870 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3384-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic causes, or predisposition, are increasingly accepted to be part of the ethiopathogenesis of many neuropsychiatric diseases. While genes can be studied in any type of cells, their physiological function in human brain cells is difficult to evaluate, particularly in living subjects. METHODS As a first step towards the characterisation of human inducible pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons from autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients, we used gene expression and functional studies to define the regional identity of the typical forebrain differentiation, demonstrate expression patterns of genes of interest in ASD and understand the properties of 'control' iPSC-derived neurons (iCell-Neurons™), with a focus on receptors and ion channels that play a central role in synaptic physio-pathology. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The gene expression profile of the iCell-Neurons™ closely resembled that observed in neonatal prefrontal cortex tissues. Functional studies, performed mainly using calcium flux assays, demonstrated the presence of ionotropic glutamate (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate) and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors. Voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels were also identified using similar techniques. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results reported here suggest that iCell-Neurons™ are a good cellular model of a relatively immature forebrain human neuron population that can be used both as a control in comparison to patients cells, and as host cells in which mutations, insertions and deletions can be used in order to study the molecular mechanisms of ASD and other neurological disorders in an isogenic cellular background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Dage
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
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Payne GA, Borbouse L, Bratz IN, Roell WC, Bohlen HG, Dick GM, Tune JD. Endogenous adipose-derived factors diminish coronary endothelial function via inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. Microcirculation 2008; 15:417-26. [PMID: 18574744 DOI: 10.1080/10739680701858447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytokines may be the molecular link between obesity and vascular disease. However, the effects of these factors on coronary vascular function have not been discerned. Accordingly, the goal of this investigation was to delineate the mechanisms by which endogenous adipose-derived factors affect coronary vascular endothelial function. Both isolated canine coronary arteries and coronary blood flow in anesthetized dogs were studied with and without exposure to adipose tissue. Infusion of adipose-conditioned buffer directly into the coronary circulation did not change baseline hemodynamics; however, endothelial-dependent vasodilation to bradykinin was impaired both in vitro and in vivo. Coronary vasodilation to sodium nitroprusside was unaltered by adipose tissue. Oxygen radical formation did not cause the impairment because quantified dihydroethidium staining was decreased by adipose tissue and neither a superoxide dismutase mimetic nor catalase improved endothelial function. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase with L-NAME diminished bradykinin-mediated relaxations and eliminated the subsequent vascular effects of adipose tissue. In vitro measurement of NO demonstrated that adipose tissue exposure quickly lowered baseline NO and abolished bradykinin-induced NO production. The results indicate that adipose tissue releases factor(s) that selectively impair endothelial-dependent dilation via inhibition of NO synthase-mediated NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Payne
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Rajashekhar G, Traktuev DO, Roell WC, Johnstone BH, Merfeld-Clauss S, Van Natta B, Rosen ED, March KL, Clauss M. IFATS collection: Adipose stromal cell differentiation is reduced by endothelial cell contact and paracrine communication: role of canonical Wnt signaling. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2674-81. [PMID: 18669909 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Adipose stromal cells (ASC) are multipotential mesenchymal progenitor cells that are readily induced to undergo adipogenic differentiation, and we have recently demonstrated them to have functional and phenotypic overlap with pericytes lining microvessels in adipose tissues. In this study we addressed the hypothesis that modulation of ASC fate within this perivascular niche can occur via interaction with endothelial cells (EC), which serve to modulate the adipogenic potential of ASC. To this end, we investigated contact as well as paracrine effects of EC on ASC adipogenesis, in two-dimensional coculture and via conditioned medium and analyzed mutual gene expression changes by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A significant decrease in adipogenic differentiation was observed in ASC when they were cocultured with EC but not control fibroblasts. This endothelial cell-specific effect was accompanied by increased expression of factors involved in Wnt signaling, most prominently Wnt1, Wnt4, and Wnt10a, which are well-known inhibitors of adipogenesis. Suppression of Wnt1 but not Wnt 10a or scrambled control short interfering RNA in cocultures partially reversed the endothelial cell effect, thus increasing adipogenic differentiation, suggesting a plausible role of Wnt1 ligand in modulation of adipogenesis by the vasculature. Furthermore, addition of recombinant Wnt ligand or the Wnt signaling agonist inhibited adipogenic differentiation of ASC in the absence of EC. In conclusion, these data define the relationship in adipose tissue between ASC and EC in the perivascular niche, in which the latter act to repress adipogenesis, thereby stabilizing vasculature. It is tempting to speculate that abnormal endothelial function may be associated with pathologic derepression of adipogenesis. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangaraju Rajashekhar
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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