[OCT analysis of in-stent neointima over 5 years post-DES implantation]

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) in patients with in-stent restenosis (ISR) over 5 years post-drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation based on optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, patients with DES-ISR who underwent OCT examination at PLA General Hospital between March 2010 and March 2022 were retrospectively included. All patients were divided into≤5 years DES-ISR group and>5 years DES-ISR group according to the time interval after DES implantation. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted on OCT images to compare the clinical data and lesion characteristics of two patient groups. Furthermore, the independent clinical predictive factors of in-stent neoatherosclerosis (ISNA) were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression. Results: A total of 230 DES-ISR patients with 249 lesions were included, with an age of (63.1±10.4) years and 188 males (81.7%). The median interval after DES implantation was 6 (2, 9) years. There were 117 patients (122 ISR lesions) in the≤5 years DES-ISR group, and 113 patients (127 ISR lesions) in the>5 years DES-ISR group. Compared with≤5 years DES-ISR,>5 years DES-ISR showed more heterogeneous patterns (65.4% (83/127) vs. 48.4% (59/122), P=0.007), diffuse patterns (46.5% (59/127) vs. 31.2% (38/122), P=0.013), macrophage accumulations (44.1% (56/127) vs. 31.2% (38/122), P=0.035) in NIH and higher prevalence of ISNA (83.5% (106/127) vs. 72.1% (88/122), P=0.031). According to multivariable logistic regression, the independent predictive factor for ISNA was female (OR=0.44, 95%CI 0.21-0.90, P=0.026). Female (OR=0.48, 95%CI 0.23-0.99, P=0.046) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (OR=1.62, 95%CI 1.01-2.59, P=0.046) were independent predictive factors, respectively, for lipid ISNA. Calcified ISNA was independently associated with time interval of post-DES implantation (OR=1.18, 95%CI 1.07-1.29, P=0.001). Conclusion: DES-ISR patients with a time interval of>5 years after stent implantation have a higher prevalence of ISNA and more complex lesions. Gender, the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the time interval post-DES implantation are independently correlated with ISNA, lipid ISNA, and calcified ISNA.

Spectral modulation of high-order harmonics in relativistic laser-solid interaction

Spectral modulation of high-order harmonics generated in relativistic laser-solid interaction is investigated. Numerical simulations show that the modulation depends on surface plasma density profile, resulting in spectral envelope modulation and regular and irregular harmonic splitting. The mathematical and physical connections between the spectral modulation of high-order harmonics and the temporal modification of attosecond pulse train are explained. Based on these understandings, we propose a possible method to produce isolated attosecond pulses by tailoring surface the plasma profile.

[Application progress of clinical outcome assessment measures in patients with gastric cancer]

Gastric cancer is a common tumor of the gastrointestinal tract, and the global trend in morbidity and mortality are not encouraging. Especially in advanced gastric cancer, patient survival outcome is an essential clinical concern and a vital outcome indicator in clinical outcome assessment. This article reviews the definition of clinical outcome assessment and the measurement tools that can be applied in gastric cancer patients, describes the detailed classification of clinical outcome assessment tools, and reviews the current status of the application of clinical outcome assessment in gastric cancer, analyzing the effects and shortcomings of its application, to provide a reference for the clinical staff in choosing the appropriate tools, and assisting in the comprehensive and holistic assessment of clinical outcomes for the promotion of the development of precision medicine.

[Indications and complications prevention and management of phaseⅡ implantation of Provox Vega voice prosthesis after total laryngectomy]

Objective: To explore the indications and management of common postoperative complications of phase II tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) for Provox Vega voice prosthesis after total laryngectomy. Methods: The clinical data of 20 patients undergoing phase II TEP for Provox Vega voice prosthesis in our hospital between May 2021 and January 2022 were analyzed. Among them, there were 19 males and 1 female, aged from 37 to 76 years, with an average age of (60.0±8.4)years. The surgical indications and the prevention and treatment of common postoperative complications were summarized. Descriptive analysis was used in this research. Results: The basic surgical indications were as following: after total laryngectomy, there was no stenosis of the stoma and esophagus entrance, no scar constitution, no mouth opening restriction, no stiffness and backward restraint of the neck after radiotherapy, and more than half a year apart surgery or radiotherapy. Among the 20 patients, 18 underwent implantation successfuly, 1 failed in the operation, and for 1 patient, the prosthesis was removed due to bleeding 1 week after implantation. The common postoperative complications included TEP fistula infection (2 cases), the TEP fistula bleeding(1 case), deep neck (prevertebral) abscess (1 case), granulation at the inner side of the TEP fistula (1 case), invagination of the prosthesis (2 cases) and leakage around the prosthesis (2 cases). All patients were cured with different interventions. Conclusions: The Provox Vega voice prosthesis is generally safe for phase Ⅱ implantatione, but implantation indications need to be established. Common postoperative complications can be solved through preventive and remedial interventions.

[Clinicopathological observation of 10 cases of salivary secretory carcinoma]

Objective: To investigate the clinical and pathological features of salivary secretory carcinoma (SSC). Methods: Ten cases of SSC confirmed in the Department of Pathology,Capital Medical University School of Stomatology from January 2014 to December 2021 were retrospectively included, including 5 males and 5 females, with a median age of 46.5 years. The microscopic morphology, immunophenotype, special staining and clinical follow-up of 10 cases of salivary secretory carcinoma were observed. Ten patients were tested with S-100, vimentin, mammaglobin, Dog-1, p63 and Ki-67, 9 cases with cytokeratin (CK) 8/18, 8 with CK7, 6 with calponin, 5 with smooth muscle actin (SMA) and GCDFP15, 4 with CK5/6 and 1 with SOX10. The ETV6-NTRK3 fusion gene was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results: Seven of the 10 SSC were located in the parotid gland and 3 were located in the cheeks. Histomorphology showed solid, papillary-cystic, follicular, microcystic, and macrocystic types. In 7 cases, tumor cells were dominated by single arrangement type, while certain mixed arrangements existed in some areas. The cytoplasm of the tumor cells was rich in eosinophilic, fine granular or vacuolar shapes, and clear cytoplasm was seen in 2 cases. The nuclei were mostly oval-shaped vesicular nuclei, with nucleoli in the center. Immunohistochemistry showed CK7 (8/8) positive, CK8/18 (9/9) positive, S-100 (10/10) positive, vimentin (5/10) positive, (4/10) partially positive and (1/10) less partially positive, mammaglobin (7/10) positive, (1/10) partially positive and (2/10) some individual cells positive, Dog-1 (10/10) negative, CK5/6 (4/4) negative, p63 (7/10) negative and (3/10) partially positive, SMA (5/5) negative, calponin (6/6) negative, and Ki-67 index was 5%-20%. Secretions of 5 cases showed periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and PAS with diastase (PAS-D) staining positive. All 10 cases showed ETV6-NTRK3 fusion positive. Six cases were successfully followed up for 32-91 months, of which 2 cases recurred after 28 and 74 months and underwent surgical resection again. All cases followed up are alive and disease-free. Conclusions: The salivary secretory carcinoma is a rare low-grade malignant tumor. In certain cases, morphology is atypical and mammaglobin is immunohistochemically positive in only individual tumor cells. Therefore, the diagnosis should be supported with morphology, immunohistochemical staining, and molecular feature preferably.

Experimental Demonstration of Efficient Harmonic Generation via Surface Plasma Compression with Lasers

The efficiency of high-order harmonic generation from a relativistic laser interacting with solid targets depends greatly on surface plasma distribution. The usual method of enhancing efficiency involves tuning the plasma scale length carefully by improving the laser contrast. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that efficient harmonics can be achieved directly by compressing large-scale surface plasma via the radiation pressure of a circularly polarized normally incident prepulse. The harmonic generation efficiency obtained by this method is comparable to that obtained with optimized plasma scale length by high-contrast lasers. Our scheme does not rely on high-contrast lasers and is robust and easy to implement. Thus, it may pave a way for the development of intense extreme ultraviolet sources and future applications with high repetition rates.

Efficacy and safety of Zicuiyin decoction on diabetic kidney disease: A multicenter, randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUD

Zicuiyin (ZCY) decoction created by Xichun Zhang in the Qing dynasty has been used on diabetes mellitus and complications for more than two centuries in China. Huangkui capsule (HKC) is a listed Chinese patent medicine to treat diabetic kidney disease (DKD). To determine whether ZCY is non-inferior to HKC in the treatment of DKD, a multicenter, parallel-control, open-label, randomized clinical trial was conducted.

METHODS

In this clinical trial, 88 DKD patients were recruited at three centers in Tianjin from January 2018 to December 2019. They were randomized to receive HKC (2.5 g, TID) or ZCY (crude drug amount 75 g, 150 ml, BID) for eight weeks based on routine treatment. The primary outcome was the change of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The secondary outcomes included change of serum creatinine (SCr), urinary albumin excretion rate, 24 h urinary protein, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, symptom scores, and microbiota compositions profiles.

RESULTS

The change of eGFR in HKC and ZCY groups were -7.08 ± 24.65 and 2.57 ± 18.49 ml/min/1.73 m², respectively (p < 0.05). The 95% lower confidence limit for the difference between the estimated means was 1.93 ml/min/1.73 m², establishing the superiority of ZCY. Compared to HKC, ZCY could significantly decrease SCr and symptom scores (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in other outcomes between the two groups (p > 0.05). ZCY ameliorated gut microbiota dysbiosis, including increased Prevotellaceae and Lactobacillaceae and decreased Enterobacteriales, Clostridiaceae and Micrococcaceae. No severe adverse events were reported in any group.

CONCLUSIONS

ZCY had better efficacy in improving and protecting kidney function. It would be an alternative option to treat DKD, especially those who decline eGFR and gut microbiota dysbiosis.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR-OON-17012076. Registered July 21, 2017.

An angular-resolved scattered-light diagnostic for laser-plasma instability studies

We developed an angular-resolved scattered-light diagnostic station (ARSDS) to extend the study of laser-plasma instabilities (LPIs) by simultaneously diagnosing their features at different angles in a single shot. The ARSDS angularly samples the scattered light using an array of fibers with flexible setups. The collected light is detected with an imaging spectrometer, a streaked spectrometer, or a fiber-optic spectrometer to provide time-integrated/time-resolved spectral information. The ARSDS was implemented at Shenguang-II Upgrade laser facility for the double-cone ignition campaigns. Preliminary results confirm the importance of an angular-resolved detection due to the angular dependence of LPI processes, such as stimulated Raman scattering.

High-quality high-order harmonic generation through preplasma truncation

By introducing preplasma truncation to cases with an initial preplasma scale length larger than 0.2λ, the efficiency of high-order harmonics generated from relativistic laser-solid interactions can be enhanced by more than one order of magnitude and the angular spread can be confined into near-diffraction-limited divergence. Numerical simulations show that density truncation results in more compact oscillation of the surface electron sheet and the curvature of the reflection surface for the driving laser is greatly reduced. This leads to an overall improvement in the harmonic beam quality. More importantly, density truncation makes the harmonic generation weakly dependent on the preplasma scale length, which provides a way to relax the extremely high requirement on the temporal contrast of the driving laser pulse. A feasible scheme to realize the required preplasma truncation is also proposed and demonstrated by numerical simulations.

Clinical and Th1/Th2 immune response features of hospitalized children with human rhinovirus infection

This study aimed to assess the clinical characteristics and T-helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 profile of human rhinovirus (HRV) infection in children with bronchiolitis and pneumonia, compared with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). In September 2013 to August 2014, 335 nasopharyngeal aspirates from children below 14 with bronchiolitis and pneumonia were screened for HRV and 13 other respiratory viruses by PCR or reverse transcription PCR. Interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were detected by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HRVs were found in 66 cases (19.7%), including 35 bronchiolitis and 31 pneumonia cases. Compared with the RSV alone group, children with pneumonia had more frequent wheezing episodes in HRV (P_a  = .001) and HRV + non-RSV (P_b  = .002) groups, and fever in the HRV (P_f  = .004) and HRV + RSV (P_g  = .005) groups. Among patients with bronchiolitis, cases with HRV alone were more likely to present in winter than those with RSV alone (P_i  = .010) and HRV + non-RSV (P_j  = .014), and less numerous in summer compared with HRV + non-RSV (P_h  = .005). Children with HRV alone were more susceptible to have a history of eczema than RSV alone among bronchiolitis (P_c  < .001) and pneumonia (P_e  = .033) cases. HRV bronchiolitis cases had increased IL-4/IFN-γ and decreased TNF-α/IL-10 ratios, compared with HRV pneumonia counterparts. HRV is a major non-RSV pathogen causing hospitalization in children with bronchiolitis and pneumonia and induces an imbalanced Th1/Th2 response in bronchiolitis. Compared with RSV infection, HRV bronchiolitis and pneumonia differ significantly regarding wheezing episodes, susceptibility to eczema, fever occurrence, and seasonal prevalence.

Characterization, culture medium optimization and antioxidant activity of an endophytic vitexin-producing fungus Dichotomopilus funicola Y3 from pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]

AIMS

The aim of this study was to characterize a fungal endophyte Y3 from pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp), as a novel producer of vitexin, and its culture medium optimization and antioxidant activity.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The endophyte from the leaves of pigeon pea was identified as Dichotomopilus funicola by the morphological and molecular characteristics. The most important medium variables affecting vitexin production in liquid culture of D. funicola Y3 were screened by Plackett-Burman design, and three culture medium constituents (i.e. l-phenylalanine, salicylic acid and CuSO₄ ·5H₂ O) were identified to play significant roles in vitexin production. The most significant factors were further optimized using by central composite design with response surface methodology. The DPPH radical-scavenging assay indicated that fungal vitexin exhibited notable antioxidant activity with an EC₅₀ value of 164 μg l^-1 .

CONCLUSIONS

First, a novel endophyte vitexin-producing Dichotomopilus funicola Y3 was isolated from pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan[L.] Millsp.). The maximum vitexin yield was obtained as 78·86 mg l^-1 under the optimum culture medium constituents: 0·06 g l^-1  l-phenylalanine, 0·21 g l^-1 salicylic acid, and 0·19 g l^-1 CuSO₄ ·5H₂ O in medium, which is 4·59-fold higher than that in the unoptimized medium. Also, fungal vitexin clearly demonstrated its antioxidant potential.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

These findings provide an alternative source for large-scale production of vitexin by endophytic fungal fermentation and have a promising prospect in food and pharmaceutical industry.

Paracrine regulation of melanogenesis

Melanocytes are generally characterized by the basic ability of melanin synthesis and transfer to adjacent keratinocytes. This constitutes an individual skin phenotype and provides epidermal protection from various stimuli, such as ultraviolet irradiation, through a complex process called melanogenesis, which can be regulated by autocrine or paracrine factors. Recent evidence has revealed the paracrine effects of keratinocytes on melanogenesis by secreting cytokines, including α-melanocyte stimulating hormone and endothelin-1. In addition to keratinocytes, there are other types of cells in the skin, such as fibroblasts and immune cells, which are also actively involved in the regulation of melanocyte behaviour through the production of paracrine factors. In addition, extracellular matrix proteins, which are secreted mainly by skin-resident cells, not only play direct roles in regulating melanocyte morphology and functions but also provide structural support between the epidermis and dermis to control the distribution of various secreted cytokines from keratinocytes and/or fibroblasts, which are potentially involved in the regulation of melanogenesis. Moreover, understanding the origin of melanocytes (neural crest cells) and the presence of nerve endings in the epidermis can reveal the intimate contact between melanocytes and cutaneous specific nervous system proteins. Melanocytes are associated with all these networks with corresponding receptors expressed on the cell surface. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in determining the intimate relationships between melanocytes and their surrounding elements, which provide insights into the complex nature of the regulation of melanogenesis.

The suppression of innate immune response by human rhinovirus C

Rhinovirus C (RV-C), a newly identified group of human rhinoviruses (RVs), is associated with exacerbation of severe asthma. The type I interferon (IFN) response induced by this virus and the mechanisms of evasion of IFN-mediated innate immunity for RV-C remain unclear. In this study, we constructed a full-length cDNA clone of RV-C (LZ651) from a clinical sample. IFN-β mRNA and protein levels were not elevated in differentiated Human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells at the air-liquid interface infected with RV-C, except in the early stage of infection. The ability to attenuate IFN-β activation was ascribed to 3C^pro of RV-C, and the 40-His site of 3C^pro played an important role. Furthermore, RIG-I was degraded by 3C^pro in a caspase-dependent manner and 3C^pro cleaved MAVS at 148 Q/A, which inhibited IFN signaling. Taken together, our results demonstrate the mechanism by which RV-C circumvents the production of type I IFN in infected cells.

[Analysis of clinicopathological features and prognosis of 142 cases with synchronous multiple gastric carcinoma]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the correlation between clinicopathological features and prognosis in patients with synchronous multiple gastric carcinoma (SMGC).

METHODS

The clinicopathological data of 142 patients who underwent gastrectomy for SMGC from January 2000 to May 2014 at the Department of Abdominal Surgery, Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences were retrospectively analyzed, mainly including epidemiological statistics (age, gender), surgery-related information (surgical mode, operation time, intraoperative blood loss), carcinoma-related data (quantity, location, degree of differentiation, T stage, maximum tumor diameter, vascular tumor thrombus, cutting edge, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy), and lymph node status (number of lymph nodes dissected, lymph node metastasis). The survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test and multi-factor analysis with the Cox proportional hazard regression model.

RESULTS

A total of 142 SMGC patients were included in the study, 118 men and 24 women, with an average age of 66.9 (range 32-90) years old at the time of diagnosis. There were a total of 294 lesions in 142 patients, including 136 with 2 primary gastric tumors and other 6 with 3 or more. Among these lesions, 104, 83, and 107 carcinomas were located in the proximal stomach, gastric body and distal stomach, respectively. The average diameter of the main tumors was 3.65 (0.8-15) cm, while that of the accessory ones was 3.31 (0.5-12) cm. The postoperative pathology showed that there were 97 T1, 51 T2, 62 T3, and 84 T4 lesions. Among the 142 patients, 90 (63.4%) had lymph node metastasis, and the average number of dissected lymph nodes was 25.5 (13-66). The postoperative 3-year and 5-year survival rates of the 142 patients were 73.5% and 52.2%, respectively. The univariate analysis revealed that both the main tumor T stage and TNM stage are related to the postoperative survival of SMGC patients (P<0.05 for both). The multivariate analysis showed that main tumor T stage and TNM stage are independent factors affecting prognosis of SMGC patients (average P<0.05 for both).

CONCLUSIONS

SMGC is a special type of gastric cancer. The main treatment is radical gastrectomy. The Main tumor T stage and TNM stage are associated with the prognosis of SMGC patients.

Polymorphism analysis of the intron one of insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor gene (IGF2R) in FFRC strain common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and its relationship with growth performance

The insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor gene (IGF2R) encodes a transmembrane protein receptor and acts to sequester and degrade excess circulating insulin-like growth factor 2, which is critical for normal mammalian growth and development. Thus, IGF2R may serve as a candidate gene underlying growth trait in the common carp. In this study, we isolated the intron one of common carp IGF2R and detected the diversity in 3 continuous generations of FFRC strain common carp. A total of 8 loci were detected within this region, which were named in accordance with their location (i.e., Loc84, Loc106, Loc119, Loc130, Loc145, Loc163, Loc167, and Loc265). Loc106, Loc119, and Loc145 were moderately polymorphic; while Loc84, Loc130, Loc163, Loc167, and Loc265 exhibited slight level of polymorphism. However, significant differences between polymorphism information content values were not observed among the different generations. For Loc145, all generations deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The total number of significant linkage disequilibria for all generations equaled 40. Among them, 4 pairs were detected in each population, while 8 pairs were found in the 2nd and 3rd generations. For Loc130, the G/T genotype exhibited higher body weight when compared to that of the G/G genotype. The frequency of the homozygous G/G genotype reached 87.96%; thus, we can improve FFRC strain common carp growth performance by increasing the percentage of the G/T genotype within a breeding population. Therefore, the G/T genotype could be used as a molecular marker for superior growth traits.

Isolation and expression studies of the ERD15 gene involved in drought-stressed responses

The early response to the dehydration 15 (ERD15) gene is widely involved in the processes of signal transduction, programmed cell death, gene transcription, and stress tolerance in plants. In a previous study, the ERD15 gene was shown to be an important regulator of the abscisic acid response and salicylic acid-dependent defense pathway, acting as an important negative regulator of abscisic acid. The complete IbERD15 gene (accession No. KF723428) was isolated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The IbERD15 gene contains an open reading frame of 504 bp, encodes a peptide of 167 amino acids, and has a molecular mass of 18.725 kDa. The transcript levels of the IbERD15 gene in a variety of tissues were examined by digital gene expression profiling. The roots of the sweet potato were treated by 3 degrees of polyethylene glycol, and the results indicate that the IbERD15 gene might play an important role in the defense response to drought stress. Moreover, the IbERD15 gene was successfully transformed into yeast cells for analysis of drought tolerance in transgenic yeast.

Tunable mega-ampere electron current propagation in solids by dynamic control of lattice melt

The influence of lattice-melt-induced resistivity gradients on the transport of mega-ampere currents of fast electrons in solids is investigated numerically and experimentally using laser-accelerated protons to induce isochoric heating. Tailoring the heating profile enables the resistive magnetic fields which strongly influence the current propagation to be manipulated. This tunable laser-driven process enables important fast electron beam properties, including the beam divergence, profile, and symmetry to be actively tailored, and without recourse to complex target manufacture.

Repair of articular cartilage defects by tissue-engineered cartilage constructed with adipose-derived stem cells and acellular cartilaginous matrix in rabbits

After injury, inflammation, or degeneration, articular cartilage has limited self-repair ability. We aimed to explore the feasibility of repair of articular cartilage defects with tissue-engineered cartilage constructed by acellular cartilage matrices (ACMs) seeded with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). The ADSCs were isolated from 3-month-old New Zealand albino rabbit by using collagenase and cultured and amplified in vitro. Fresh cartilage isolated from adult New Zealand albino rabbit were freeze-dried for 12 h and treated with Triton X-100, DNase, and RNase to obtain ACMs. ADSCs were seeded in the acellular cartilaginous matrix at 2x10(7)/mL, and cultured in chondrogenic differentiation medium for 2 weeks to construct tissue-engineered cartilage. Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into A, B, and C groups. Engineered cartilage was transplanted into cartilage defect position of rabbits in group A, group B obtained ACMs, and group C did not receive any transplants. The rabbits were sacrificed in week 12. The restored tissue was evaluated using macroscopy, histology, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the tissue-engineered cartilage group (group A), articular cartilage defects of the rabbits were filled with chondrocyte-like tissue with smooth surface. Immunohistochemistry showed type II-collagen expression and Alcian blue staining was positive. TEM showed chondrocytes in the recesses, with plenty of secretary matrix particles. In the scaffold group (group B), the defect was filled with fibrous tissue. No repaired tissue was found in the blank group (group C). Tissue-engineered cartilage using ACM seeded with ADSCs can help repair articular cartilage defects in rabbits.

Annular fast electron transport in silicon arising from low-temperature resistivity

Fast electron transport in Si, driven by ultraintense laser pulses, is investigated experimentally and via 3D hybrid particle-in-cell simulations. A transition from a Gaussian-like to an annular fast electron beam profile is demonstrated and explained by resistively generated magnetic fields. The results highlight the potential to completely transform the beam transport pattern by tailoring the resistivity-temperature profile at temperatures as low as a few eV.

Prevalence of adenovirus in children with acute respiratory tract infection in Lanzhou, China

Background

Human adenovirus (HAdV) is an important agent causing respiratory tract infection in children. Information on the epidemiological and clinical features of HAdV is limited in children with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in China, especially those of a novel genotype, Ad55.

Methods

In total, 1169 nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children younger than 14 years with ARTIs between November 2006 and November 2009. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to screen HAdVs. All PCR-positive products were sequenced.

Results

74 of 1169 (6.33%) specimens were positive for HAdVs. Among positive cases, AdV3 (58/74) was detected most frequently, followed by AdV11 (10/74), AdV2 (2/74), AdV7 (2/69), AdV6 (1/74), and AdV1 (1/74). AdV55 was found in one case. The incidence of HAdV infection peaked in children aged 3–7 years. The most common clinical diagnosis was upper respiratory infection, and the most common syndrome was fever and cough.The comparison of HAdV and RSV group revealed that Children infected with group AdV were significant older than children infected with group RSV, had more fever but less frequently wheezing, and cough, crackles, and cyanosis, The duration of hospitalization between the AdV group and RSV group was not significant, but a greater frequency of LRTIs was observed in RSV group.

Conclusions

HAdV is an important viral agent in children with ARTIs in Lanzhou City, China. Multiple HAdV serotypes co-circulated with Ad3, which was predominant in this 3-year study. The novel AdV55 genotype was found in one case. No fixed seasonal rhythm could be identified.

Effectiveness of biatrial pacing in reducing early postoperative atrial fibrillation after the maze procedure

OBJECTIVES

Interatrial conduction abnormalities have an important role in the initiation of recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) after the maze procedure. Biatrial pacing or single atrial pacing alters the site and timing of atrial depolarization and may improve restoration of sinus rhythm after the maze procedure. To further evaluate whether biatrial pacing is superior to single atrial or no pacing, we performed a randomized prospective study on 240 patients with a full maze procedure to compare the effectiveness with different pacing approaches in the postoperative period.

METHODS

Between 2002 and 2010, 240 patients undergoing mitral ± tricuspid valve surgery concomitant with the maze procedure were randomized into three equal groups: Group I using overdrive biatrial pacing, Group II utilizing single atrial pacing and Group III without pacing. The atria were paced continuously in Atrium paced, Atrium sensed, and pacemaker Inhibited in response to sensed beat (AAI) mode at a rate of 80 pulses per minute or 10 pulses above the underlying rate for 5 days. The endpoints were the onset of AF or discharge.

RESULTS

The incidence of recurrent postoperative atrial fibrillation was significantly less in Group I with 9 of 80 patients (11%) incurring atrial fibrillation compared with 23 of 80 patients (28%) in Group II (P < 0.01) and 29 of 80 patients in Group III (P < 0.01). The length of hospital stay and the mean costs of hospital stay were significantly lower in the biatrial pacing group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Biatrial overdrive pacing is well tolerated and more effective in preventing the early recurrence of atrial fibrillation after the maze procedure. The impacts of the long-term results with the maze procedure require further study.

[The detection and clinical feature of HcoV-nL63 in children with acute respiratory tract infection in Lanzhou city]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the prevalence and clinical characterization of HCoV-NL63 (NL63) in children with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in Lanzhou with other respiratory viruses. The prevalence of HBoV1 in ALRTI was obviously city,China.

METHOD

From November 2006 to October 2009,1169 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) were collected from children under 14 years old with ARTIs. Samples were screened for NL63 using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing. Demography and clinical information were recorded.

RESULT

NL63 was detected in 35 (2.99%) of the 1169 children. The peak of the positive rate were in August, September 2007, July, August 2008 (23.53%,17.65%, 50%, 33.33% separately). There are no NL63 positive samples was detected in December, 2007 to February 2009. 25 (25/35, 71.43%) were co-infected with other respiratory viruses, and human rhinovirus (HRV) were the most common additional respiratory virus. No significant differences of infective rate of NL63 was found between < or = 3 years age group and > 3 years age group. Bronchiolitis and pneumonia were the most frequent diagnoses in NL63 positive patients and the major symptoms were fever and cough in our study. Between the monoinfection group and the coinfection group of NL63-positive patients, no differences were found in symptoms and clinical diagnoses except symptoms of gastrointestinal.

CONCLUSION

HCoV-NL63 is an important pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection in children in Lanzhou city. The peak of HCoV-NL63 infections was in summer. There were annual differences in the prevalence of HCoV-NL63. HCoV-NL63 infections existed a high rate of mixed infection, and mixed infection does not increase the severity of the disease.

Molecular cloning and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of IGF2a genes in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

We studied whether two IGF2 transcripts in common carp are similar to those found in zebrafish. The full-length IGF2a cDNA contains a 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 105 bp, a 3'-terminal UTR of 1358 bp and an open reading frame of 612 bp, which encodes a 206-amino acid protein. A 6614-bp full-length IGF2a DNA molecule, including the 5'-flanking region, was isolated. Genomic DNA structure analysis revealed that the IGF2a gene contains four exons and three introns. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the proteins encoded by IGF2a genes in common carp have one signal peptide and one apparent transmembrane region. Bootstrapping was performed 1000 times to obtain support values for each branch. The common carp IGF2a were clustered in one group, while the outgroup (common carp IGF1) clustered in another group. We identified two new single nucleotide polymorphisms in intron 2 of the gene. One polymorphism, A/N, can be found only in the Huanghe carp. The other polymorphism, C/N, can be found in both male Huanghe carp × female Heilongjiang carp and male Huanghe carp × female Jian carp. The second polymorphism, C/N, is primarily transferred from the male and may be related to heterosis.

Effect of lattice structure on energetic electron transport in solids irradiated by ultraintense laser pulses

The effect of lattice structure on the transport of energetic (MeV) electrons in solids irradiated by ultraintense laser pulses is investigated using various allotropes of carbon. We observe smooth electron transport in diamond, whereas beam filamentation is observed with less ordered forms of carbon. The highly ordered lattice structure of diamond is shown to result in a transient state of warm dense carbon with metalliclike conductivity, at temperatures of the order of 1-100 eV, leading to suppression of electron beam filamentation.

Laser-driven fast electron collimation in targets with resistivity boundary

We demonstrate experimentally that the relativistic electron flow in a dense plasma can be efficiently confined and guided in targets exhibiting a high-resistivity-core-low-resistivity-cladding structure analogous to optical waveguides. The relativistic electron beam is shown to be confined to an area of the order of the core diameter (50 μm), which has the potential to substantially enhance the coupling efficiency of electrons to the compressed fusion fuel in the Fast Ignitor fusion in full-scale fusion experiments.

Prevalence and clinical characteristics of human CoV-HKU1 in children with acute respiratory tract infections in China

Background

Human CoV-HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) has been isolated from a 71-year-old man with pneumonia; however, the impact and role of emerging HCoV-HKU1 have not been defined in children with acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI).

Objective

To investigate the Prevalence and clinical characteristics of HCoV-HKU1 in children with ARTI in Lanzhou, China.

Study design

The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or PCR was employed to screen HCoV-HKU1 and other common respiratory viruses in 645 nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) specimens collected from children with ARTI from November 2006 to October 2008. All PCR positive products were sequenced. And the demographic and clinical data were collected for all patients.

Results

Nineteen of 645 (2.95%) specimens tested positive for HCoV-HKU1, and all HCoV-HKU1 positive specimens were distributed in the winter and spring season. The HCoV-HKU1 co-infection rate with other respiratory viruses was 47.37% (9/19). There was no statistically significant difference in the detection rate between groups by age or gender, except between patients with and without underlying diseases. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that HCoV-HKU1 genotype B was circulating in the years 2007 and 2008 in children with ARTI in Lanzhou, China.

Conclusions

HCoV-HKU1 is an uncommon virus existing among Chinese children with ARTI. Children with underlying diseases are more vulnerable to viral infection. Only HCoV-HKU1 genotype B circulated locally.

Modified proton radiography arrangement for the detection of ultrafast field fronts

The experimental arrangement for the investigation of high-field laser-induced processes using a broadband proton probe beam has been modified to enable the detection of the ultrafast motion of field fronts. It is typical in such experiments for the target to be oriented perpendicularly with respect to the principal axis of the probe beam. It is demonstrated here, however, that the temporal imaging properties of the diagnostic arrangement are altered drastically by placing the axis (or plane) of the target at an oblique angle to the transverse plane of the probe beam. In particular, the detection of the motion of a laser-driven field front along a wire at a velocity of (0.95+/-0.05)c is described.

Laser-driven ultrafast field propagation on solid surfaces

The interaction of a 3x10;{19} W/cm;{2} laser pulse with a metallic wire has been investigated using proton radiography. The pulse is observed to drive the propagation of a highly transient field along the wire at the speed of light. Within a temporal window of 20 ps, the current driven by this field rises to its peak magnitude approximately 10;{4} A before decaying to below measurable levels. Supported by particle-in-cell simulation results and simple theoretical reasoning, the transient field measured is interpreted as a charge-neutralizing disturbance propagated away from the interaction region as a result of the permanent loss of a small fraction of the laser-accelerated hot electron population to vacuum.

Study of x-ray emission enhancement via a high-contrast femtosecond laser interacting with a solid foil

We observed the increase of the conversion efficiency from laser energy to Kalpha x-ray energy (eta(K)) produced by a 60 fs frequency doubled high-contrast laser pulse focused on a Cu foil, compared to the case of the fundamental laser pulse. eta(K) shows a strong dependence on the nonlinearly modified rising edge of the laser pulse. It reaches a maximum for a 100 fs negatively modified pulse. The hot electron efficient heating leads to the enhancement of eta(K). This demonstrates that high-contrast lasers are an effective tool for optimizing eta(K), via increasing the hot electrons by vacuum heating.

Effective fast electron acceleration along the target surface

The dependence of angular distributions of fast electrons generated in the interaction of p-polarized femtosecond laser pulses with foil targets on laser intensities is investigated. A novel fast electron beam along the front target surface is observed for high laser intensity. It is found that the electron acceleration along the target surface is more efficient than those in other directions.

Effect of target shape on fast electron emission in femtosecond laser-plasma interactions

Fast electron emission from the interaction of femtosecond laser pulses with shaped solid targets has been studied. It is found that the angular distributions of the forward fast electrons are highly dependent upon the target shapes. The important roles played by the electrostatic fields built up at the non-laser-irradiated target surfaces and the collisions in the target are identified. Our two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations with binary collisions included reproduce the main experimental observations.

Observation of a fast electron beam emitted along the surface of a target irradiated by intense femtosecond laser pulses

A novel fast electron beam emitting along the surface of a target irradiated by intense laser pulses is observed. The beam is found to appear only when the plasma density scale length is small. Numerical simulations reveal that the electron beam is formed due to the confinement of the surface quasistatic electromagnetic fields. The results are of interest for potential applications of fast electron beams and deep understanding of the cone-target physics in the fast ignition related experiments.

Control of filamentation induced by femtosecond laser pulses propagating in air

Filamentation formed by self-focusing of intense laser pulses propagating in air is investigated. It is found that the position of filamentation can be controlled continuously by changing the laser power and divergence angle of the laser beam. An analytical model for the process is given.

Expression of protease-activated receptor 1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) is a G-coupled membrane protein. In this study, we analyzed the expression of PAR-1 in oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). PAR-1 was expressed in oral SCCs, but the level of PAR-1 protein was lower in non-metastatic cells than in metastatic cells. Thrombin stimulated the growth of metastatic cells, and both thrombin and thrombin receptor activation peptide (TRP) enhanced the adhesion of these cells to fibronectin, but had no effect on non-metastatic cells. Thrombin and TRP also induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activities in metastatic cells. These results suggest that PAR-1 may contribute to the growth and invasive potential of oral SCC.

Correlation of cisplatin sensitivity with differential alteration of EGFR expression in head and neck cancer cells

Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor (EGFR) has been associated with a variety of human malignancies. The exact role of EGFR in human malignancies and its correlation with chemotherapeutiveness response has not been determined. Using a quantitative RT-PCR method, we previously studied the effects of cisplatin treatment on levels of EGFR mRNA in human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive head and neck cancer cell lines. In this report we extended these studies to HPV-negative head and neck cancer cells. We also compared the growth inhibition and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of cisplatin between these cells. We found that three of four HPV-negative cell lines had 3 to 5 times higher cisplatin IC50 values as compared to two HPV-positive cell lines. EGFR mRNA levels were increased after exposure to cisplatin in the cell lines with the higher IC50 values, while EGFR levels were reduced after cisplatin exposure in the cell lines with the lower IC50 values. These results suggest that the cisplatin sensitivity of head and neck cancer cells corresponds to subsequent alteration of EGFR levels following cisplatin treatment.

Ubiquitination-dependent proteolysis of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in human and murine tumor cells following inactivation with O6-benzylguanine or 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea

In this study, we investigated the role of ubiquitination in the disposition of the inactivated O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) protein in human (HT-29 and CEM) and murine (ts85) tumor cells. Using a combination of immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting techniques with antibodies against ubiquitin and MGMT, and anti-ubiquitin immunoaffinity chromatography, the MGMT protein was found to coexist with small amounts of its ubiquitinated species in both human and mouse tumor cells, suggesting the presence of endogenous inactivated MGMT. Further, treatment of HT-29 and CEM cells with MGMT-inactivating compounds, O6-benzylguanine (O6-BG, 20 microM) or 1,3-bis(chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU, 100 microM), resulted in increased levels of ubiquitinated MGMT within 1.5-3 h of drug exposure. Kinetic studies in HT-29 cells treated with O6-BG indicated a slow and gradual conversion of the inactivated MGMT to its polyubiquitinated forms over a course of 3-18 h, with a concomitant disappearance of the parent MGMT protein. We also characterized the previously reported O6-BG-induced degradation of MGMT in HT-29 cell extracts [Pegg et al. (1991) Carcinogenesis 12, 1679-1683] and showed the extracts to be active in conjugation of the MGMT protein with ubiquitin. The proteolysis of O6-BG-inactivated MGMT in HT-29 cell extracts was energy-dependent and was markedly stimulated by ATP and Mg2+ ions. Using the ts85 temperature-sensitive mutant cell line, which expresses a thermolabile ubiquitin-activating enzyme, we observed a differential stability of the inactivated MGMT protein at permissive and nonpermissive temperatures. These results provide conclusive evidence that the MGMT protein, following its inactivation, is degraded via the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway.

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II), IGF-binding proteins, and IGF gene expression in the offspring of ethanol-fed rats

Insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I, IGF-II) and IGF-binding proteins (IGBPs) are important modulators of fetal growth. Fetal growth retardation is a major component of the fetal alcohol syndrome, which is associated with maternal alcoholism. This study examined the relationship of IGF-system components to growth retardation induced by ethanol in fetuses of rats fed equicaloric liquid diets (AF, ad libitum-fed controls; PF, pair-fed controls; EF, ethanol-fed) during gestation. The gene expression of IGF-I and IGF-II in fetal liver and the concentration of IGFs and IGFBPs in serum and liver were determined. The mean weight of EF fetuses was 13% and 16% less (p < 0.01) than that of PF and AF offspring, respectively. The serum concentration of IGF-I was decreased (p < 0.05) by 17% and 22% in EF as compared with PF and AF fetuses. Fetal body weight showed positive correlations with fetal serum IGF-I IGF-II (r = 0.566, p < 0.01, and r = 0.412, p < 0.05, respectively) Fetal liver weight correlated with fetal liver IGF-I and IGF-II, with r values of 0.514 (p < 0.01) and 0.493 (p < 0.01). Hepatic IGF-II mRNA abundance was decreased (p < 0.05) by 27% and 26% in EF as compared with PF and AF offspring. The level of fetal liver IGF-I mRNA expression was low but was also reduced comparably in EF pups. IGFBP content in EF fetal serum was increased (p < 0.05 vs AF), and correlated negatively with fetal body weight (r = -0.505, p < 0.01). The diminished IGF-I and IGF-II gene expression and the reduced tissue and circulating peptide levels, along with a converse change in serum IGFBP abundance, may have a role in the pathogenesis of fetal alcohol syndrome.

Differential removal of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in rat serum by solvent extraction procedures

Solvent extraction of serum and other biological fluids at an acidic pH is a convenient method to remove the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs); however, an incomplete removal of IGFBPs can occur and this can potentially interfere with the radioimmunoassay of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). This study compared the removal of IGFBPs from normal adult rat serum and 5-day old neonatal rat serum by acid-gel filtration, and three solvent extraction methods, i.e., acid-ethanol (AE), acid-cryo-ethanol (ACE) and formic acid-acetone (FAA) treatments by western ligand blotting and slot-blotting analysis. In adult rat serum all three extraction methods removed nearly 75% of total IGFBPs present. For the neonatal serum, AE and FAA were very inefficient in eliminating the IGFBPs, while ACE was somewhat better, as it removed nearly 30% of IGFBPs. Ligand blots of extracted samples showed that IGFBPs of lower size range, 24 to 32 kDa (IGFBP-4, IGFBPs-1 and -2), were resistant to solvent extraction. Acid-gel filtration, in contrast, eliminated > 95% of IGF-binding components in both sera. Determination of IGF-I concentrations in samples after gel filtration and extraction methods revealed lower IGF-I values in neonatal serum in acid extracted samples. These data caution against using solvent extractions for IGFBP removal in fetal/neonatal serum.

Effects of ethanol ingestion on glucose transporter-1 protein and mRNA levels in rat brain

In the normal adult brain, glucose provides 90% of the energy requirement, as well as substrate for nucleic acid and lipid synthesis. We have previously observed that ethanol impairs hexose uptake by rat astrocytes in culture. In the present study, male Sprague-Dawley rats, 200-250 g, were fed liquid diet in which 36% of the calories were derived from ethanol (EF) for 4 weeks. Controls were fed ad libitum (AF) or pair-fed (PF) an equicaloric diet without ethanol. Blood glucose levels did not differ between the groups at the time of study. Glucose transport by brain plasma membranes was characterized by cytochalasin B binding and showed a slight increase in transporter number (mean +/- SEM of 4 experiments = 76.4 +/- 2.5 pmoles/mg protein in EF vs. 69.5 +/- 1.0 in PF) with no change in affinity (1.8 +/- 0.1 nM-1 in EF and 1.6 +/- 0.1 in PF). Glucose transporter, GLUT-1, was increased on Western blots. In contrast, Northern analysis of cortical tissue, using a rat brain glucose transporter cDNA insert (1.59 kb Bgl II fragment of pSPGT-1), showed a 23 to 35% decrease in steady-state levels of glucose transporter mRNA. GLUT-1 mRNA, localized in brain sections by in situ hybridization histochemistry, showed marked reductions in choroid plexus and hippocampus following ethanol treatment. Ethanol appears to have multiple effects on brain GLUT-1.

Decreased glucose transporter 1 gene expression and glucose uptake in fetal brain exposed to ethanol

Using pregnant rats fed equicaloric liquid diets (AF, and libitum-fed controls; PF, pair-fed controls; EF, ethanol-fed), we have previously shown that maternal alcoholism produces a specific and significant decrease of glucose in the fetal brain, which is accompanied by growth retardation. To further define the mechanisms of ethanol-induced perturbations in fetal fuel supply, we have examined (i) the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) by dissociated brain cells from fetal rats that were exposed to ethanol in utero and (ii) the steady-state levels of the glucose transporter-1 (GT-1) mRNA. A 9% decrease in brain weight (P less than 0.001) and a 54.8% reduction in 2-DG uptake into brain cells (P less than 0.02) were found in offspring of EF mothers compared to the AF group. Brain weight correlated with the rate of 2-DG uptake (P less than 0.05). Northern blot analysis showed a 50% reduction of GT-1 mRNA in EF brain relative to that in the AF and PF groups. We conclude that glucose transport into the brain is an important parameter altered by maternal ethanol ingestion.

Purification and characterization of pea chloroplastic phosphoriboisomerase

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) chloroplastic phosphoriboisomerase (EC 5.3.1.6) can be purified to apparent homogeneity in less than 2 days time with a 53% yield. Important steps in the purification include heat treatment and pseudoaffinity chromatography on Red H-3BN Sepharose. The purified isomerase has a subunit molecular mass of 26.4 kD. The N-terminal sequence has been determined through 34 residues. pH optima are 7.8 (ribose-5-phosphate) and 7.7 (ribulose-5-phosphate); K(m) values are 0.9 millimolar (ribose-5-phosphate) and 0.6 millimolar (ribulose-5-phosphate). The enzyme is inhibited by erythrose-4-phosphate, sedoheptulosebisphosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and 3-phosphoglycerate at concentrations close to those found in photosynthesizing chloroplasts. Countercurrent phase partitioning experiments indicate that the pea chloroplastic phosphoriboisomerase interacts physically with phosphoribulokinase.

Levels of O6-methylguanine acceptor protein in extracts of human breast tumor tissues

We have measured the abilities of extracts of tissues from human breast tumors to demethylate adducts of O6-meG in exogenous DNA by transfer of the methyl group to an acceptor protein. The results have shown that all 21 specimens examined (including 5 non-neoplastic, 11 malignant tumors and 5 benign growth) contained significant amounts of O6-meG acceptor activity, removing on average 221.1 +/- 2.1 (SEM) fmol O6-meG per mg protein or 10.07 +/- 0.98 (SEM) fmol O6-megG per microgram DNA in the extracts. There were also wide interindividual variations, which were not age-dependent, and there were no significant differences between the non-neoplastic and neoplastic tissues obtained from individuals with benign or with malignant disease. It was estimated that the average number of O6-meG acceptor molecules per cell in normal human breast tissues was calculated as 46,000 +/- 7000 (SEM).

Inorganic pyrophosphate: fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase of the potato tuber is related to the major ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase of E. coli

A procedure was developed for the purification of inorganic pyrophosphate: fructose-6-phosphate 1-phospho-transferase (PPi-PFK) from potato tubers. The enzyme has the structure alpha 4 beta 4 with a subunit of 68 kDa and a beta subunit of 60 kDa. The structural relationship of this enzyme to other PFKs and to fructose bisphosphatase was examined by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. Antibodies to the plant enzyme did not react with E. coli PFK. No cross-reaction was seen among the following enzymes or their antibodies: yeast fructose bisphosphatase; rabbit PFKs A, B, or the enzyme from brain; and the two subunits of the potato PPi-PFK. On the other hand, antibody to E. coli PFK-1 strongly cross-reacts with the 60 kDa polypeptide but not 68 kDa peptide.

[Abdominal wall desmoid tumor--analysis of 42 patients]

Forty two patients with abdominal wall desmoid tumor, including one Gardner's syndrome, are reported. All patients were female except one. The tumor occurred in various sites in the abdominal wall, 66% in the lower abdominal wall. The fascia, sheath and muscle layer were chiefly involved and a very large tumor could invade peritoneum and viscera. This tumor shows aggressive growth and is prone to recurrence. Surgery is the treatment of choice. Local recurrence rate was 5.5%. Abdominal wall desmoid tumor associated colonic polyposis is named Gardner's syndrome. The authors emphasize that a local extended resection should be performed with a safety margin at least 2-3 cm beyond the tumor. Peritoneum, if involved, should be resected together with the primary focus.

Changing Activity of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Pea Chloroplasts during Photosynthetic Induction

Light inactivation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is rapid and occurs before photosynthetic O(2) evolution is measureable in intact chloroplasts. Likewise, dark activation is rapid. The major light induced change in the kinetic parameters of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is in maximal velocity.