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Kilpeläinen TO, Carli JFM, Skowronski AA, Sun Q, Kriebel J, Feitosa MF, Hedman ÅK, Drong AW, Hayes JE, Zhao J, Pers TH, Schick U, Grarup N, Kutalik Z, Trompet S, Mangino M, Kristiansson K, Beekman M, Lyytikäinen LP, Eriksson J, Henneman P, Lahti J, Tanaka T, Luan J, Del Greco M F, Pasko D, Renström F, Willems SM, Mahajan A, Rose LM, Guo X, Liu Y, Kleber ME, Pérusse L, Gaunt T, Ahluwalia TS, Ju Sung Y, Ramos YF, Amin N, Amuzu A, Barroso I, Bellis C, Blangero J, Buckley BM, Böhringer S, I Chen YD, de Craen AJN, Crosslin DR, Dale CE, Dastani Z, Day FR, Deelen J, Delgado GE, Demirkan A, Finucane FM, Ford I, Garcia ME, Gieger C, Gustafsson S, Hallmans G, Hankinson SE, Havulinna AS, Herder C, Hernandez D, Hicks AA, Hunter DJ, Illig T, Ingelsson E, Ioan-Facsinay A, Jansson JO, Jenny NS, Jørgensen ME, Jørgensen T, Karlsson M, Koenig W, Kraft P, Kwekkeboom J, Laatikainen T, Ladwig KH, LeDuc CA, Lowe G, Lu Y, Marques-Vidal P, Meisinger C, Menni C, Morris AP, Myers RH, Männistö S, Nalls MA, Paternoster L, Peters A, Pradhan AD, Rankinen T, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Rathmann W, Rice TK, Brent Richards J, Ridker PM, Sattar N, Savage DB, Söderberg S, Timpson NJ, Vandenput L, van Heemst D, Uh HW, Vohl MC, Walker M, Wichmann HE, Widén E, Wood AR, Yao J, Zeller T, Zhang Y, Meulenbelt I, Kloppenburg M, Astrup A, Sørensen TIA, Sarzynski MA, Rao DC, Jousilahti P, Vartiainen E, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Kajantie E, Osmond C, Palotie A, Eriksson JG, Heliövaara M, Knekt PB, Koskinen S, Jula A, Perola M, Huupponen RK, Viikari JS, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT, Mellström D, Lorentzon M, Casas JP, Bandinelli S, März W, Isaacs A, van Dijk KW, van Duijn CM, Harris TB, Bouchard C, Allison MA, Chasman DI, Ohlsson C, Lind L, Scott RA, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ, Ferrucci L, Frayling TM, Pramstaller PP, Borecki IB, Waterworth DM, Bergmann S, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Vestergaard H, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Hu FB, Eline Slagboom P, Grallert H, Spector TD, Jukema JW, Klein RJ, Schadt EE, Franks PW, Lindgren CM, Leibel RL, Loos RJF. Genome-wide meta-analysis uncovers novel loci influencing circulating leptin levels. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10494. [PMID: 26833098 PMCID: PMC4740377 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone, the circulating levels of which correlate closely with overall adiposity. Although rare mutations in the leptin (LEP) gene are well known to cause leptin deficiency and severe obesity, no common loci regulating circulating leptin levels have been uncovered. Therefore, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of circulating leptin levels from 32,161 individuals and followed up loci reaching P<10(-6) in 19,979 additional individuals. We identify five loci robustly associated (P<5 × 10(-8)) with leptin levels in/near LEP, SLC32A1, GCKR, CCNL1 and FTO. Although the association of the FTO obesity locus with leptin levels is abolished by adjustment for BMI, associations of the four other loci are independent of adiposity. The GCKR locus was found associated with multiple metabolic traits in previous GWAS and the CCNL1 locus with birth weight. Knockdown experiments in mouse adipose tissue explants show convincing evidence for adipogenin, a regulator of adipocyte differentiation, as the novel causal gene in the SLC32A1 locus influencing leptin levels. Our findings provide novel insights into the regulation of leptin production by adipose tissue and open new avenues for examining the influence of variation in leptin levels on adiposity and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas O Kilpeläinen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Jayne F Martin Carli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Alicja A Skowronski
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Åsa K Hedman
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 750 85, Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Alexander W Drong
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - James E Hayes
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tune H Pers
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2142, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Ursula Schick
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands.,Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Kati Kristiansson
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Marian Beekman
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere FI-33101, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Peter Henneman
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21225, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fabiola Del Greco M
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC) - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Dorota Pasko
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Frida Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö 20502, Sweden.,Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå 90187, Sweden
| | - Sara M Willems
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02215, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Vth Department of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Tom Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS82BN, UK
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Ledreborg Allé, Copenhagen DK-2820, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte DK-2820, Denmark
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Yolande F Ramos
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Antoinette Amuzu
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.,NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Claire Bellis
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore.,Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
| | - John Blangero
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT57, Ireland
| | - Stefan Böhringer
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Yii-Der I Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | - Anton J N de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands
| | - David R Crosslin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Caroline E Dale
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Zari Dastani
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G4
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Joris Deelen
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Graciela E Delgado
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Vth Department of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Francis M Finucane
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Melissa E Garcia
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 2089, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 750 85, Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå 90187, Sweden
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Christian Herder
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC) - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - David J Hunter
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany.,Institute for Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 750 85, Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Andreea Ioan-Facsinay
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands
| | - John-Olov Jansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Nancy S Jenny
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Colchester, Vermont 05405, USA
| | | | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup 2600, Denmark.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, Aalborg 9100, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Orthopaedic Surgery, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö 21428, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Cardiology, University of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany.,Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich 80636, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
| | - Joanneke Kwekkeboom
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland.,Hospital District of North Karelia, Joensuu FI-80210, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Charles A LeDuc
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Gordon Lowe
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Yingchang Lu
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Richard H Myers
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachussetts 02118, USA
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS82BN, UK
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Aruna D Pradhan
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02215, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles 70808, USA
| | | | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Treva K Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - J Brent Richards
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.,Department of Medicine, Human Genetics and Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G4
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02215, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Faculty of Medicine, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - David B Savage
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stefan Söderberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Cardiology and Heart Centre, Umeå University, Umeå 90187, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS82BN, UK
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Hae-Won Uh
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6.,School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität and Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich 80336, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | - Tanja Zeller
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg 20246, Germany.,Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet Kloppenburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Astrup
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS82BN, UK.,Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen 2000, Denmark
| | - Mark A Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles 70808, USA
| | - D C Rao
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland.,Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Central Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Clive Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.,Center for Human Genetic Research, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland.,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Markku Heliövaara
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Paul B Knekt
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland.,University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Centre, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Risto K Huupponen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku FI-20520, Finland.,Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Jorma S Viikari
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku FI-20520, Finland.,Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere FI-33521, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere FI-33101, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku FI-2051, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Juan P Casas
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | | | - Winfried März
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Vth Department of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany.,Synlab Academy, Synlab Services LLC, Mannheim 68161, Germany.,Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Ko W van Dijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands.,Center of Medical Systems Biology, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles 70808, USA
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92161, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02215, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21225, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC) - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy.,Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano 39100, Italy.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | - Sven Bergmann
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte DK-2820, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - J W Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands.,Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht 3511 EP, The Netherlands.,Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Klein
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Erik E Schadt
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö 20502, Sweden.,Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå 90187, Sweden
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachussetts 02142, USA.,The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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3
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Peters MJ, Joehanes R, Pilling LC, Schurmann C, Conneely KN, Powell J, Reinmaa E, Sutphin GL, Zhernakova A, Schramm K, Wilson YA, Kobes S, Tukiainen T, Ramos YF, Göring HHH, Fornage M, Liu Y, Gharib SA, Stranger BE, De Jager PL, Aviv A, Levy D, Murabito JM, Munson PJ, Huan T, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, van Rooij J, Stolk L, Broer L, Verbiest MMPJ, Jhamai M, Arp P, Metspalu A, Tserel L, Milani L, Samani NJ, Peterson P, Kasela S, Codd V, Peters A, Ward-Caviness CK, Herder C, Waldenberger M, Roden M, Singmann P, Zeilinger S, Illig T, Homuth G, Grabe HJ, Völzke H, Steil L, Kocher T, Murray A, Melzer D, Yaghootkar H, Bandinelli S, Moses EK, Kent JW, Curran JE, Johnson MP, Williams-Blangero S, Westra HJ, McRae AF, Smith JA, Kardia SLR, Hovatta I, Perola M, Ripatti S, Salomaa V, Henders AK, Martin NG, Smith AK, Mehta D, Binder EB, Nylocks KM, Kennedy EM, Klengel T, Ding J, Suchy-Dicey AM, Enquobahrie DA, Brody J, Rotter JI, Chen YDI, Houwing-Duistermaat J, Kloppenburg M, Slagboom PE, Helmer Q, den Hollander W, Bean S, Raj T, Bakhshi N, Wang QP, Oyston LJ, Psaty BM, Tracy RP, Montgomery GW, Turner ST, Blangero J, Meulenbelt I, Ressler KJ, Yang J, Franke L, Kettunen J, Visscher PM, Neely GG, Korstanje R, Hanson RL, Prokisch H, Ferrucci L, Esko T, Teumer A, van Meurs JBJ, Johnson AD. The transcriptional landscape of age in human peripheral blood. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8570. [PMID: 26490707 PMCID: PMC4639797 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease incidences increase with age, but the molecular characteristics of ageing that lead to increased disease susceptibility remain inadequately understood. Here we perform a whole-blood gene expression meta-analysis in 14,983 individuals of European ancestry (including replication) and identify 1,497 genes that are differentially expressed with chronological age. The age-associated genes do not harbor more age-associated CpG-methylation sites than other genes, but are instead enriched for the presence of potentially functional CpG-methylation sites in enhancer and insulator regions that associate with both chronological age and gene expression levels. We further used the gene expression profiles to calculate the ‘transcriptomic age' of an individual, and show that differences between transcriptomic age and chronological age are associated with biological features linked to ageing, such as blood pressure, cholesterol levels, fasting glucose, and body mass index. The transcriptomic prediction model adds biological relevance and complements existing epigenetic prediction models, and can be used by others to calculate transcriptomic age in external cohorts. Ageing increases the risk of many diseases. Here the authors compare blood cell transcriptomes of over 14,000 individuals and identify a set of about 1,500 genes that are differently expressed with age, shedding light on transcriptional programs linked to the ageing process and age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein J Peters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Roby Joehanes
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA.,Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, USA
| | - Luke C Pilling
- Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX4 1DB, UK
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17493, Germany.,The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Genetics of Obesity &Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York 10029, USA
| | - Karen N Conneely
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30301, USA
| | - Joseph Powell
- Centre for Neurogenetics and Statistical Genomics, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Eva Reinmaa
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 0794, Estonia
| | - George L Sutphin
- Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Schramm
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich 85540, Germany
| | - Yana A Wilson
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Australia and Charles Perkins Centre and School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Sayuko Kobes
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85001, USA
| | - Taru Tukiainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00131, Finland.,Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00131, Finland
| | | | - Yolande F Ramos
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Harald H H Göring
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78201, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences, Center at Houston, Texas 77001, USA.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77001, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, USA
| | - Sina A Gharib
- Computational Medicine Core, Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Barbara E Stranger
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60290, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02108, USA
| | - Abraham Aviv
- Center of Human Development and Aging, New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07101, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA.,Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, USA
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA.,General Internal Medicine Section, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02108, USA
| | - Peter J Munson
- The Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, USA
| | - Tianxiao Huan
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA.,Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Rooij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Broer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Michael M P J Verbiest
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Mila Jhamai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Arp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 0794, Estonia
| | - Liina Tserel
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 0794, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 0794, Estonia
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE1, UK
| | - Pärt Peterson
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 0794, Estonia
| | - Silva Kasela
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 0794, Estonia
| | - Veryan Codd
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE1, UK
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiologie II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Cavin K Ward-Caviness
- Institute of Epidemiologie II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute of Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40593, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Institute of Epidemiologie II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute of Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40593, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40593, Germany
| | - Paula Singmann
- Institute of Epidemiologie II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Sonja Zeilinger
- Institute of Epidemiologie II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30519, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17493, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Helios Hospital Stralsund, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Leif Steil
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17493, Germany
| | - Thomas Kocher
- Unit of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Anna Murray
- Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX4 1DB, UK
| | - David Melzer
- Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX4 1DB, UK
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | | | - Eric K Moses
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 9011, Australia
| | - Jack W Kent
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78201, USA
| | - Joanne E Curran
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78201, USA
| | - Matthew P Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78201, USA
| | | | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700RB, The Netherlands.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge 02138, USA.,Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02108, USA.,Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02108, USA
| | - Allan F McRae
- The Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, USA
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, USA
| | - Iiris Hovatta
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00100, Finland.,Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00100, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 0794, Estonia.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00131, Finland.,Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00131, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00131, Finland.,Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00131, Finland.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB4, UK.,Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00100, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00131, Finland
| | - Anjali K Henders
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30301, USA
| | - Divya Mehta
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80331, Germany
| | | | - K Maria Nylocks
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30301, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Kennedy
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30301, USA
| | | | - Jingzhong Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, USA
| | - Astrid M Suchy-Dicey
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Daniel A Enquobahrie
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Jennifer Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90501, USA
| | - Yii-Der I Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90501, USA
| | | | - Margreet Kloppenburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Quinta Helmer
- Department of Medical Statistics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter den Hollander
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Shannon Bean
- Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | - Towfique Raj
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Noman Bakhshi
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Australia and Charles Perkins Centre and School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Qiao Ping Wang
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Australia and Charles Perkins Centre and School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Lisa J Oyston
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Australia and Charles Perkins Centre and School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Colchester, Vermont 98195, USA
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Stephen T Turner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55901, USA
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78201, USA
| | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30301, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- The Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00131, Finland.,Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00131, Finland.,Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90570, Finland
| | - Peter M Visscher
- The Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - G Gregory Neely
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Australia and Charles Perkins Centre and School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ron Korstanje
- Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | - Robert L Hanson
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85001, USA
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich 85540, Germany
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Tonu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 0794, Estonia.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge 02138, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02108, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02108, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17493, Germany
| | - Joyce B J van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew D Johnson
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA.,Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, USA
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