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Sherry AD, Hahn AW, McCaw ZR, Abi Jaoude J, Kouzy R, Lin TA, Minsky B, Fuller CD, Meirson T, Msaouel P, Ludmir EB. Differential Treatment Effects of Subgroup Analyses in Phase 3 Oncology Trials From 2004 to 2020. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e243379. [PMID: 38546648 PMCID: PMC10979321 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Subgroup analyses are often performed in oncology to investigate differential treatment effects and may even constitute the basis for regulatory approvals. Current understanding of the features, results, and quality of subgroup analyses is limited. Objective To evaluate forest plot interpretability and credibility of differential treatment effect claims among oncology trials. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study included randomized phase 3 clinical oncology trials published prior to 2021. Trials were screened from ClinicalTrials.gov. Main Outcomes and Measures Missing visual elements in forest plots were defined as a missing point estimate or use of a linear x-axis scale for hazard and odds ratios. Multiplicity of testing control was recorded. Differential treatment effect claims were rated using the Instrument for Assessing the Credibility of Effect Modification Analyses. Linear and logistic regressions evaluated associations with outcomes. Results Among 785 trials, 379 studies (48%) enrolling 331 653 patients reported a subgroup analysis. The forest plots of 43% of trials (156 of 363) were missing visual elements impeding interpretability. While 4148 subgroup effects were evaluated, only 1 trial (0.3%) controlled for multiple testing. On average, trials that did not meet the primary end point conducted 2 more subgroup effect tests compared with trials meeting the primary end point (95% CI, 0.59-3.43 tests; P = .006). A total of 101 differential treatment effects were claimed across 15% of trials (55 of 379). Interaction testing was missing in 53% of trials (29 of 55) claiming differential treatment effects. Trials not meeting the primary end point were associated with greater odds of no interaction testing (odds ratio, 4.47; 95% CI, 1.42-15.55, P = .01). The credibility of differential treatment effect claims was rated as low or very low in 93% of cases (94 of 101). Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study of phase 3 oncology trials, nearly half of trials presented a subgroup analysis in their primary publication. However, forest plots of these subgroup analyses largely lacked essential features for interpretation, and most differential treatment effect claims were not supported. Oncology subgroup analyses should be interpreted with caution, and improvements to the quality of subgroup analyses are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Sherry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Andrew W. Hahn
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Zachary R. McCaw
- Insitro, South San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Joseph Abi Jaoude
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ramez Kouzy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Timothy A. Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bruce Minsky
- Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - C. David Fuller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Tomer Meirson
- Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Pavlos Msaouel
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Ethan B. Ludmir
- Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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Li X, Chen H, Selvaraj MS, Van Buren E, Zhou H, Wang Y, Sun R, McCaw ZR, Yu Z, Arnett DK, Bis JC, Blangero J, Boerwinkle E, Bowden DW, Brody JA, Cade BE, Carson AP, Carlson JC, Chami N, Chen YDI, Curran JE, de Vries PS, Fornage M, Franceschini N, Freedman BI, Gu C, Heard-Costa NL, He J, Hou L, Hung YJ, Irvin MR, Kaplan RC, Kardia SL, Kelly T, Konigsberg I, Kooperberg C, Kral BG, Li C, Loos RJ, Mahaney MC, Martin LW, Mathias RA, Minster RL, Mitchell BD, Montasser ME, Morrison AC, Palmer ND, Peyser PA, Psaty BM, Raffield LM, Redline S, Reiner AP, Rich SS, Sitlani CM, Smith JA, Taylor KD, Tiwari H, Vasan RS, Wang Z, Yanek LR, Yu B, Rice KM, Rotter JI, Peloso GM, Natarajan P, Li Z, Liu Z, Lin X. A statistical framework for powerful multi-trait rare variant analysis in large-scale whole-genome sequencing studies. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.30.564764. [PMID: 37961350 PMCID: PMC10634938 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.30.564764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale whole-genome sequencing (WGS) studies have improved our understanding of the contributions of coding and noncoding rare variants to complex human traits. Leveraging association effect sizes across multiple traits in WGS rare variant association analysis can improve statistical power over single-trait analysis, and also detect pleiotropic genes and regions. Existing multi-trait methods have limited ability to perform rare variant analysis of large-scale WGS data. We propose MultiSTAAR, a statistical framework and computationally-scalable analytical pipeline for functionally-informed multi-trait rare variant analysis in large-scale WGS studies. MultiSTAAR accounts for relatedness, population structure and correlation among phenotypes by jointly analyzing multiple traits, and further empowers rare variant association analysis by incorporating multiple functional annotations. We applied MultiSTAAR to jointly analyze three lipid traits (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides) in 61,861 multi-ethnic samples from the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program. We discovered new associations with lipid traits missed by single-trait analysis, including rare variants within an enhancer of NIPSNAP3A and an intergenic region on chromosome 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihao Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Han Chen
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Margaret Sunitha Selvaraj
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Van Buren
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hufeng Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryan Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zachary R. McCaw
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhi Yu
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donna K. Arnett
- Provost Office, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donald W. Bowden
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian E. Cade
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - April P. Carson
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jenna C. Carlson
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nathalie Chami
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Paul S. de Vries
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Barry I. Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Charles Gu
- Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nancy L. Heard-Costa
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane University Translational Science Institute, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Marguerite R. Irvin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sharon L.R. Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tanika Kelly
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Iain Konigsberg
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian G. Kral
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Changwei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane University Translational Science Institute, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ruth J.F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael C. Mahaney
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Lisa W. Martin
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rasika A. Mathias
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan L. Minster
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - May E. Montasser
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alanna C. Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholette D. Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Patricia A. Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura M. Raffield
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander P. Reiner
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Colleen M. Sitlani
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Hemant Tiwari
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Quantitative and Qualitative Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio School of Public Health, San Antonia, TX, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa R. Yanek
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bing Yu
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Kenneth M. Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Gina M. Peloso
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zilin Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xihong Lin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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3
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Sherry AD, Msaouel P, McCaw ZR, Abi Jaoude J, Hsu EJ, Kouzy R, Patel R, Yang Y, Lin TA, Taniguchi CM, Rödel C, Fokas E, Tang C, Fuller CD, Minsky B, Meirson T, Sun R, Ludmir EB. Prevalence and implications of significance testing for baseline covariate imbalance in randomised cancer clinical trials: The Table 1 Fallacy. Eur J Cancer 2023; 194:113357. [PMID: 37827064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.113357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 'Table 1 Fallacy' refers to the unsound use of significance testing for comparing the distributions of baseline variables between randomised groups to draw erroneous conclusions about balance or imbalance. We performed a cross-sectional study of the Table 1 Fallacy in phase III oncology trials. METHODS From ClinicalTrials.gov, 1877 randomised trials were screened. Multivariable logistic regressions evaluated predictors of the Table 1 Fallacy. RESULTS A total of 765 randomised controlled trials involving 553,405 patients were analysed. The Table 1 Fallacy was observed in 25% of trials (188 of 765), with 3% of comparisons deemed significant (59 of 2353), approximating the typical 5% type I error assertion probability. Application of trial-level multiplicity corrections reduced the rate of significant findings to 0.3% (six of 2345 tests). Factors associated with lower odds of the Table 1 Fallacy included industry sponsorship (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.18-0.47; multiplicity-corrected P < 0.0001), larger trial size (≥795 versus <280 patients; aOR 0.32, 95% CI 0.19-0.53; multiplicity-corrected P = 0.0008), and publication in a European versus American journal (aOR 0.06, 95% CI 0.03-0.13; multiplicity-corrected P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the persistence of the Table 1 Fallacy in contemporary oncology randomised controlled trials, with one of every four trials testing for baseline differences after randomisation. Significance testing is a suboptimal method for identifying unsound randomisation procedures and may encourage misleading inferences. Journal-level enforcement is a possible strategy to help mitigate this fallacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Sherry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pavlos Msaouel
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zachary R McCaw
- Insitro, South San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph Abi Jaoude
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric J Hsu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ramez Kouzy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roshal Patel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yumeng Yang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Timothy A Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cullen M Taniguchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claus Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Emmanouil Fokas
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Chad Tang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Genitourinary Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Clifton David Fuller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bruce Minsky
- Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tomer Meirson
- Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Ryan Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ethan B Ludmir
- Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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McCaw ZR, Tian L, Wei LJ. Evaluating the Duration of Response With Mirvetuximab Soravtansine for Treating Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:4704. [PMID: 37535885 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R McCaw
- Zachary R. McCaw, PhD, Insitro, South San Francisco, CA; Lu Tian, ScD, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Lee-Jen Wei, PhD, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Lu Tian
- Zachary R. McCaw, PhD, Insitro, South San Francisco, CA; Lu Tian, ScD, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Lee-Jen Wei, PhD, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Zachary R. McCaw, PhD, Insitro, South San Francisco, CA; Lu Tian, ScD, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Lee-Jen Wei, PhD, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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McCaw ZR, Richardson PG, Wei LJ. Assessing the Ability of Long Noncoding RNA Expression to Predict Patient Outcomes in Pediatric AML. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:4446-4447. [PMID: 37390371 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R McCaw
- Zachary R. McCaw, PhD, Insitro, South San Francisco, CA; Paul G. Richardson, MD, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Lee-Jen Wei, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Paul G Richardson
- Zachary R. McCaw, PhD, Insitro, South San Francisco, CA; Paul G. Richardson, MD, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Lee-Jen Wei, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Zachary R. McCaw, PhD, Insitro, South San Francisco, CA; Paul G. Richardson, MD, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Lee-Jen Wei, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA
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Yun T, Cosentino J, Behsaz B, McCaw ZR, Hill D, Luben R, Lai D, Bates J, Yang H, Schwantes-An TH, Zhou Y, Khawaja AP, Carroll A, Hobbs BD, Cho MH, McLean CY, Hormozdiari F. Unsupervised representation learning improves genomic discovery and risk prediction for respiratory and circulatory functions and diseases. medRxiv 2023:2023.04.28.23289285. [PMID: 37163049 PMCID: PMC10168505 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.28.23289285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
High-dimensional clinical data are becoming more accessible in biobank-scale datasets. However, effectively utilizing high-dimensional clinical data for genetic discovery remains challenging. Here we introduce a general deep learning-based framework, REpresentation learning for Genetic discovery on Low-dimensional Embeddings (REGLE), for discovering associations between genetic variants and high-dimensional clinical data. REGLE uses convolutional variational autoencoders to compute a non-linear, low-dimensional, disentangled embedding of the data with highly heritable individual components. REGLE can incorporate expert-defined or clinical features and provides a framework to create accurate disease-specific polygenic risk scores (PRS) in datasets which have minimal expert phenotyping. We apply REGLE to both respiratory and circulatory systems: spirograms which measure lung function and photoplethysmograms (PPG) which measure blood volume changes. Genome-wide association studies on REGLE embeddings identify more genome-wide significant loci than existing methods and replicate known loci for both spirograms and PPG, demonstrating the generality of the framework. Furthermore, these embeddings are associated with overall survival. Finally, we construct a set of PRSs that improve predictive performance of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, and systolic blood pressure in multiple biobanks. Thus, REGLE embeddings can quantify clinically relevant features that are not currently captured in a standardized or automated way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Davin Hill
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 94304, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert Luben
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital & UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - John Bates
- Verily Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Tae-Hwi Schwantes-An
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | - Anthony P. Khawaja
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital & UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK
| | | | - Brian D. Hobbs
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael H. Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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McCaw ZR, O'Dushlaine C, Somineni H, Bereket M, Klein C, Karaletsos T, Casale FP, Koller D, Soare TW. An allelic-series rare-variant association test for candidate-gene discovery. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:1330-1342. [PMID: 37494930 PMCID: PMC10432147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Allelic series are of candidate therapeutic interest because of the existence of a dose-response relationship between the functionality of a gene and the degree or severity of a phenotype. We define an allelic series as a collection of variants in which increasingly deleterious mutations lead to increasingly large phenotypic effects, and we have developed a gene-based rare-variant association test specifically targeted to identifying genes containing allelic series. Building on the well-known burden test and sequence kernel association test (SKAT), we specify a variety of association models covering different genetic architectures and integrate these into a Coding-Variant Allelic-Series Test (COAST). Through extensive simulations, we confirm that COAST maintains the type I error and improves the power when the pattern of coding-variant effect sizes increases monotonically with mutational severity. We applied COAST to identify allelic-series genes for four circulating-lipid traits and five cell-count traits among 145,735 subjects with available whole-exome sequencing data from the UK Biobank. Compared with optimal SKAT (SKAT-O), COAST identified 29% more Bonferroni-significant associations with circulating-lipid traits, on average, and 82% more with cell-count traits. All of the gene-trait associations identified by COAST have corroborating evidence either from rare-variant associations in the full cohort (Genebass, n = 400,000) or from common-variant associations in the GWAS Catalog. In addition to detecting many gene-trait associations present in Genebass by using only a fraction (36.9%) of the sample, COAST detects associations, such as that between ANGPTL4 and triglycerides, that are absent from Genebass but that have clear common-variant support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Paolo Casale
- Institute of AI for Health, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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8
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McCaw ZR, Gaynor SM, Sun R, Lin X. Leveraging a surrogate outcome to improve inference on a partially missing target outcome. Biometrics 2023; 79:1472-1484. [PMID: 35218565 PMCID: PMC11023615 DOI: 10.1111/biom.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sample sizes vary substantially across tissues in the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, where considerably fewer samples are available from certain inaccessible tissues, such as the substantia nigra (SSN), than from accessible tissues, such as blood. This severely limits power for identifying tissue-specific expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) in undersampled tissues. Here we propose Surrogate Phenotype Regression Analysis (Spray) for leveraging information from a correlated surrogate outcome (eg, expression in blood) to improve inference on a partially missing target outcome (eg, expression in SSN). Rather than regarding the surrogate outcome as a proxy for the target outcome, Spray jointly models the target and surrogate outcomes within a bivariate regression framework. Unobserved values of either outcome are treated as missing data. We describe and implement an expectation conditional maximization algorithm for performing estimation in the presence of bilateral outcome missingness. Spray estimates the same association parameter estimated by standard eQTL mapping and controls the type I error even when the target and surrogate outcomes are truly uncorrelated. We demonstrate analytically and empirically, using simulations and GTEx data, that in comparison with marginally modeling the target outcome, jointly modeling the target and surrogate outcomes increases estimation precision and improves power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. McCaw
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Sheila M. Gaynor
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Ryan Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xihong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
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Wang X, McCaw ZR, Tian L, Stinchcombe TE, Vokes E, Ludmir EB, Wei LJ. Using a Clinically Interpretable End Point Composed of Multiple Outcomes to Evaluate Totality of Treatment Effect in Comparative Oncology Studies. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2319055. [PMID: 37342044 PMCID: PMC10285578 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.19055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This cohort study demonstrates how to use cumulative event count curves to create a clinically meaningful end point by simultaneously considering recurrence, progression, and survival times from the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Lu Tian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Everett Vokes
- University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ethan B. Ludmir
- Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Jhund PS, Claggett BL, Talebi A, Butt JH, Gasparyan SB, Wei LJ, McCaw ZR, Wilderäng U, Bengtsson O, Desai AS, Petersson M, Langkilde AM, de Boer RA, Hernandez AF, Inzucchi SE, Kosiborod MN, Lam CSP, Martinez FA, Shah SJ, Vaduganathan M, Solomon SD, McMurray JJV. Effect of Dapagliflozin on Total Heart Failure Events in Patients With Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Prespecified Analysis of the DELIVER Trial. JAMA Cardiol 2023:2804311. [PMID: 37099283 PMCID: PMC10134044 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2023.0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Importance In the Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure (DELIVER) trial, dapagliflozin reduced the risk of time to first worsening heart failure (HF) event or cardiovascular death in patients with HF with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction (EF). Objective To evaluate the effect of dapagliflozin on total (ie, first and recurrent) HF events and cardiovascular death in this population. Design, Setting, and Participants In this prespecified analysis of the DELIVER trial, the proportional rates approach of Lin, Wei, Yang, and Ying (LWYY) and a joint frailty model were used to examine the effect of dapagliflozin on total HF events and cardiovascular death. Several subgroups were examined to test for heterogeneity in the effect of dapagliflozin, including left ventricular EF. Participants were enrolled from August 2018 to December 2020, and data were analyzed from August to October 2022. Interventions Dapagliflozin, 10 mg, once daily or matching placebo. Main Outcomes and Measures The outcome was total episodes of worsening HF (hospitalization for HF or urgent HF visit requiring intravenous HF therapies) and cardiovascular death. Results Of 6263 included patients, 2747 (43.9%) were women, and the mean (SD) age was 71.7 (9.6) years. There were 1057 HF events and cardiovascular deaths in the placebo group compared with 815 in the dapagliflozin group. Patients with more HF events had features of more severe HF, such as higher N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level, worse kidney function, more prior HF hospitalizations, and longer duration of HF, although EF was similar to those with no HF events. In the LWYY model, the rate ratio for total HF events and cardiovascular death for dapagliflozin compared with placebo was 0.77 (95% CI, 0.67-0.89; P < .001) compared with a hazard ratio of 0.82 (95% CI, 0.73-0.92; P < .001) in a traditional time to first event analysis. In the joint frailty model, the rate ratio was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.65-0.81; P < .001) for total HF events and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.72-1.05; P = .14) for cardiovascular death. The results were similar for total HF hospitalizations (without urgent HF visits) and cardiovascular death and in all subgroups, including those defined by EF. Conclusions and Relevance In the DELIVER trial, dapagliflozin reduced the rate of total HF events (first and subsequent HF hospitalizations and urgent HF visits) and cardiovascular death regardless of patient characteristics, including EF. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03619213.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep S Jhund
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brian L Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Atefeh Talebi
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jawad H Butt
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Samvel B Gasparyan
- Late-Stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Ulrica Wilderäng
- Late-Stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olof Bengtsson
- Late-Stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Akshay S Desai
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Magnus Petersson
- Late-Stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Maria Langkilde
- Late-Stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Adrian F Hernandez
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Associate Editor, JAMA Cardiology
| | | | - Mikhail N Kosiborod
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri-Kansas City
| | - Carolyn S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore and Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Sanjiv J Shah
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John J V McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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11
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Cosentino J, Behsaz B, Alipanahi B, McCaw ZR, Hill D, Schwantes-An TH, Lai D, Carroll A, Hobbs BD, Cho MH, McLean CY, Hormozdiari F. Inference of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with deep learning on raw spirograms identifies new genetic loci and improves risk models. Nat Genet 2023; 55:787-795. [PMID: 37069358 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the third leading cause of death worldwide, is highly heritable. While COPD is clinically defined by applying thresholds to summary measures of lung function, a quantitative liability score has more power to identify genetic signals. Here we train a deep convolutional neural network on noisy self-reported and International Classification of Diseases labels to predict COPD case-control status from high-dimensional raw spirograms and use the model's predictions as a liability score. The machine-learning-based (ML-based) liability score accurately discriminates COPD cases and controls, and predicts COPD-related hospitalization without any domain-specific knowledge. Moreover, the ML-based liability score is associated with overall survival and exacerbation events. A genome-wide association study on the ML-based liability score replicates existing COPD and lung function loci and also identifies 67 new loci. Lastly, our method provides a general framework to use ML methods and medical-record-based labels that does not require domain knowledge or expert curation to improve disease prediction and genomic discovery for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Davin Hill
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tae-Hwi Schwantes-An
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Brian D Hobbs
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael H Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Probert CS, McCaw ZR, Jain N, Koller D. Abstract 5375: Learned phenotypic embeddings enable scalable imputation of high-content molecular data elucidating prognostic chromatin signatures. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-5375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Emerging high-content data modalities like functional genomics and spatial proteomics have enormous potential to reveal determinants of phenotypic plasticity that underlie variability in clinical outcomes, but to date these modalities are only collected in modestly sized research cohorts (< 200-400 patients), where we lack power to detect subtype-specific or prognostic signatures.
To study intertumor heterogeneity on a much larger scale (>10,000 patients), we developed a machine learning framework based on self-supervised embeddings that allows scalable imputation of high-content data on large standard of care datasets. Our framework starts by learning a phenotypic embedding of tumor state based solely on H&E histology images, allowing the embedding to be trained on large patient cohorts regardless of availability of molecular covariates. It then learns to predict genomic or proteomic labels from the lower-dimensional phenotypic embeddings. This model can be used for imputation in much larger cohorts, where only clinical outcome and histology are available.
To demonstrate our method, we use the TCGA ATAC-seq data, which is available for 400 patients across 23 cancer types. By learning self-supervised embeddings of histology, our framework was able to impute ATAC-seq for 5,000 peaks in 11,000 patients across 31 cancer types, with high accuracy in held out samples (R2 = 0.61). To our knowledge, this represents the broadest available pan-cancer chromatin landscape.
The imputed ATAC-seq reveals a subset of peaks that are significantly associated with overall survival (OS) in multiple cancer types (e.g., Breast (BC) ATAC-only HR 1.75, p: 8.6E-3). Genes proximal to these peaks are strongly enriched for well characterized oncogenes, and also several novel genes with functions in cellular metabolism and chromatin remodeling whose expression is not known to be prognostic in our disease settings.
Finally, we developed models to predict OS from H&E slide embeddings and from imputed ATAC-seq, both pan-cancer and in specific tumor types. Both models significantly outperform baseline stage and molecular subtype clinical risk predictors (e.g., BC baseline HR: 2.44, p: 3E-6 vs. embedding/imputed ATAC HR 3.78, 2E-9, p for improvement 2E-9) and, interestingly, we find that adding an ATAC-seq based risk score to an embedding-based risk score significantly improves disease-specific survival prediction (HCC embedding-only HR: 2.13, p: 8E-5 vs. HCC embedding/imputed ATAC HR: 2.65, p: 1E-6). This suggests that histopathology images are a rich source of prognostic information beyond that which is captured by traditional pathologist grading.
Overall, our work highlights the ability to use self-supervised embeddings of histopathology to impute biological covariates on large, standard-of-care cohorts, empowering novel insights into disease mechanisms and patient outcome.
Citation Format: Christopher S. Probert, Zachary R. McCaw, Navami Jain, Daphne Koller. Learned phenotypic embeddings enable scalable imputation of high-content molecular data elucidating prognostic chromatin signatures. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 5375.
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Das A, Lin TA, Lin C, Meirson T, McCaw ZR, Tian L, Ludmir EB. Assessment of Median and Mean Survival Time in Cancer Clinical Trials. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e236498. [PMID: 37010873 PMCID: PMC10071342 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.6498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This cohort study assesses the relative stability of median and mean survival time estimates reported in cancer clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Das
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Timothy A. Lin
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christine Lin
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Tomer Meirson
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Lu Tian
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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14
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McCaw ZR, Ludmir EB, Wei LJ. Assessing the Clinical Utility of Oral Paclitaxel Plus Encequidar Versus Intravenous Paclitaxel in Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:1323. [PMID: 36331242 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R McCaw
- Zachary R. McCaw, PhD, Insitro, South San Francisco, CA; Ethan B. Ludmir, MD, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Lee-Jen Wei, PhD, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Ethan B Ludmir
- Zachary R. McCaw, PhD, Insitro, South San Francisco, CA; Ethan B. Ludmir, MD, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Lee-Jen Wei, PhD, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Zachary R. McCaw, PhD, Insitro, South San Francisco, CA; Ethan B. Ludmir, MD, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Lee-Jen Wei, PhD, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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15
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Claggett BL, McCaw ZR, Tian L, McMurray JJV, Jhund PS, Uno H, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD, Wei LJ. Quantifying Treatment Effects in Trials with Multiple Event-Time Outcomes. NEJM Evid 2022; 1:10.1056/evidoa2200047. [PMID: 37645407 PMCID: PMC10465123 DOI: 10.1056/evidoa2200047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the occurrence times of multiple outcomes, reflecting the temporal profile of disease burden/progression, have been used to estimate treatment effects in various recent randomized trials. Most procedures for analyzing these data require specific model assumptions. When the assumptions are not met, the results may be misleading. Robust, model-free procedures for study design and analysis that enable clinically meaningful interpretations are warranted. METHODS For each treatment group, we constructed and summarized the estimated mean cumulative count of events over time by the area under the curve (AUC), which can be interpreted as the mean total event-free time lost from multiple undesirable outcomes. A higher curve, and resulting larger AUC, implies a worse treatment. The treatment effect is quantified by the ratio and/or difference of AUCs. The timing and occurrence of recurrent heart failure hospitalizations (HFHs) and cardiovascular (CV) death from Prospective Comparison of ARNI with ARB Global Outcomes in HF with Preserved Ejection Fraction (PARAGON-HF), comparing sacubitril/valsartan with valsartan, are presented for illustration. We also discuss the design of future studies on the basis of the proposed method. RESULTS With 48 months of follow-up, estimated AUCs, representing the total event-free time lost to HFHs and CV death, were 11.3 and 13.1 event-months for sacubitril/valsartan and valsartan, respectively. The ratio of these AUCs was 0.86 (95% confidence interval, 0.75 to 1.00; P=0.049), a 14% reduction of disease burden favoring combination therapy. A future study, similar to PARAGON-HF, designed using the new proposal would require fewer patients would than a conventional time-to-first-event analysis. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method is robust and model-free and provides a clinically interpretable, time-scale summary of the treatment effect. (Funded by National Institutes of Health.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lee Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | | | - Lu Tian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - John J V McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Pardeep S Jhund
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Hajime Uno
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston
| | - Marc A Pfeffer
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston
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McCaw ZR, Aschard H, Julienne H. Correction: Fitting Gaussian mixture models on incomplete data. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:255. [PMID: 35761196 PMCID: PMC9238260 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04808-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R McCaw
- School of Public Health, Harvard T.H. Chan, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Hugues Aschard
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Hanna Julienne
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
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Abstract
Background Bioinformatics investigators often gain insights by combining information across multiple and disparate data sets. Merging data from multiple sources frequently results in data sets that are incomplete or contain missing values. Although missing data are ubiquitous, existing implementations of Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) either cannot accommodate missing data, or do so by imposing simplifying assumptions that limit the applicability of the model. In the presence of missing data, a standard ad hoc practice is to perform complete case analysis or imputation prior to model fitting. Both approaches have serious drawbacks, potentially resulting in biased and unstable parameter estimates. Results Here we present missingness-aware Gaussian mixture models (MGMM), an R package for fitting GMMs in the presence of missing data. Unlike existing GMM implementations that can accommodate missing data, MGMM places no restrictions on the form of the covariance matrix. Using three case studies on real and simulated ’omics data sets, we demonstrate that, when the underlying data distribution is near-to a GMM, MGMM is more effective at recovering the true cluster assignments than either the existing GMM implementations that accommodate missing data, or fitting a standard GMM after state of the art imputation. Moreover, MGMM provides an accurate assessment of cluster assignment uncertainty, even when the generative distribution is not a GMM. Conclusion Compared to state-of-the-art competitors, MGMM demonstrates a better ability to recover the true cluster assignments for a wide variety of data sets and a large range of missingness rates. MGMM provides the bioinformatics community with a powerful, easy-to-use, and statistically sound tool for performing clustering and density estimation in the presence of missing data. MGMM is publicly available as an R package on CRAN: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MGMM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12859-022-04740-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R McCaw
- School of Public Health, Harvard T.H. Chan, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Hugues Aschard
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Hanna Julienne
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
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18
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McCaw ZR, Wei LJ. Clinical Utility Assessment of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogs Among Women Younger Than 35 Years. JAMA Oncol 2022; 8:1. [PMID: 35420629 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
When designing a comparative oncology trial for an overall or progression-free survival endpoint, investigators often quantify the treatment effect using a difference in median survival times. However, rather than directly designing the study to estimate this difference, it is almost always converted to a hazard ratio (HR) to determine the study size. At the analysis stage, the hazard ratio is utilized for formal analysis, yet because it may be difficult to interpret clinically, especially when the proportional hazards assumption is not met, the observed medians are also reported descriptively. The hazard ratio and median difference contrast different aspects of the survival curves. Whereas the hazard ratio places greater emphasis on late-occurring separation, the median difference focuses locally on the centers of the distributions and cannot capture either short- or long-term differences. Having 2 sets of summaries (a hazard ratio and the medians) may lead to incoherent conclusions regarding the treatment effect. For instance, the hazard ratio may suggest a treatment difference whereas the medians do not, or vice versa. In this commentary, we illustrate these commonly encountered issues using examples from recent oncology trials. We present a coherent alternative strategy that, unlike relying on the hazard ratio, does not require modeling assumptions and always results in clinically interpretable summaries of the treatment effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Correspondence to: Lee-Jen Wei, PhD, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA (e-mail: )
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20
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McCaw ZR, Tian L, Wei J, Claggett BL, Bretz F, Fitzmaurice G, Wei LJ. Choosing clinically interpretable summary measures and robust analytic procedures for quantifying the treatment difference in comparative clinical studies. Stat Med 2021; 40:6235-6242. [PMID: 34783094 PMCID: PMC8687139 DOI: 10.1002/sim.8971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jiawei Wei
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Co., Shanghai, China
| | - Brian Lee Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frank Bretz
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
- Section for Medical Statistics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Garrett Fitzmaurice
- Laboratory for Psychiatric Biostatistics, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
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21
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McCaw ZR, Claggett BL, Tian L, Solomon SD, Berwanger O, Pfeffer MA, Wei LJ. Practical Recommendations on Quantifying and Interpreting Treatment Effects in the Presence of Terminal Competing Risks: A Review. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 7:450-456. [PMID: 34851356 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Importance In a comparative trial, the time to a clinical event is often a key end point. However, the occurrence of a terminal event, such as death or premature study discontinuation, may preclude observation of this outcome. Although various methods for handling competing risks are available, no specific recommendations have been made for scenarios encountered in practice, especially when the terminal event profiles of the study arms are dissimilar. Moreover, appropriate methods for a desirable outcome, such as live hospital discharge, have seldom been discussed. Observations Several of the most commonly used methods are reviewed. The first regards the terminal event as censoring and applies standard survival analysis to the event of interest. The between-group difference is usually summarized by the cause-specific hazard ratio. This summary measure is inappropriate when the new therapy markedly prolongs time to the terminal event. Moreover, the corresponding Kaplan-Meier curve for the end point of interest is uninterpretable. The second method is to use the cumulative incidence curve, which is the probability of experiencing the event of interest by each time point, acknowledging that patients who have died will never experience the event. However, the resulting pseudo hazard ratio is difficult to interpret. With a proper alternative summary measure, this approach works well for a desirable outcome but may not for an undesirable outcome. The third method focuses on the event-free survival time by combining information from occurrences of the terminal event and the event of interest simultaneously. This clinically interpretable method naturally accounts for differences in terminal event rates when comparing treatments with respect to the time to an undesirable outcome. Conclusions and Relevance This article enhances our understanding of each method's advantages and shortcomings and assists practitioners in choosing appropriate methods for handling competing risk problems in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Lee Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Otavio Berwanger
- Academic Research Organization-Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marc A Pfeffer
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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22
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McCaw ZR, Wei LJ. Questions About a Risk Prediction Model of Mortality After Esophagectomy for Cancer. JAMA Surg 2021; 157:279-280. [PMID: 34730807 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2021.5701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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23
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Julienne H, Laville V, McCaw ZR, He Z, Guillemot V, Lasry C, Ziyatdinov A, Nerin C, Vaysse A, Lechat P, Ménager H, Le Goff W, Dube MP, Kraft P, Ionita-Laza I, Vilhjálmsson BJ, Aschard H. Multitrait GWAS to connect disease variants and biological mechanisms. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009713. [PMID: 34460823 PMCID: PMC8437297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have uncovered a wealth of associations between common variants and human phenotypes. Here, we present an integrative analysis of GWAS summary statistics from 36 phenotypes to decipher multitrait genetic architecture and its link with biological mechanisms. Our framework incorporates multitrait association mapping along with an investigation of the breakdown of genetic associations into clusters of variants harboring similar multitrait association profiles. Focusing on two subsets of immunity and metabolism phenotypes, we then demonstrate how genetic variants within clusters can be mapped to biological pathways and disease mechanisms. Finally, for the metabolism set, we investigate the link between gene cluster assignment and the success of drug targets in randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Julienne
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Laville
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Zachary R. McCaw
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zihuai He
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Vincent Guillemot
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Carla Lasry
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Andrey Ziyatdinov
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cyril Nerin
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Amaury Vaysse
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Lechat
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Ménager
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Wilfried Le Goff
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), UMR_S 1166, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Dube
- Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Department of medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Iuliana Ionita-Laza
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bjarni J. Vilhjálmsson
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hugues Aschard
- Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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24
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Alipanahi B, Hormozdiari F, Behsaz B, Cosentino J, McCaw ZR, Schorsch E, Sculley D, Dorfman EH, Foster PJ, Peng LH, Phene S, Hammel N, Carroll A, Khawaja AP, McLean CY. Large-scale machine-learning-based phenotyping significantly improves genomic discovery for optic nerve head morphology. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:1217-1230. [PMID: 34077760 PMCID: PMC8322934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) require accurate cohort phenotyping, but expert labeling can be costly, time intensive, and variable. Here, we develop a machine learning (ML) model to predict glaucomatous optic nerve head features from color fundus photographs. We used the model to predict vertical cup-to-disc ratio (VCDR), a diagnostic parameter and cardinal endophenotype for glaucoma, in 65,680 Europeans in the UK Biobank (UKB). A GWAS of ML-based VCDR identified 299 independent genome-wide significant (GWS; p ≤ 5 × 10-8) hits in 156 loci. The ML-based GWAS replicated 62 of 65 GWS loci from a recent VCDR GWAS in the UKB for which two ophthalmologists manually labeled images for 67,040 Europeans. The ML-based GWAS also identified 93 novel loci, significantly expanding our understanding of the genetic etiologies of glaucoma and VCDR. Pathway analyses support the biological significance of the novel hits to VCDR: select loci near genes involved in neuronal and synaptic biology or harboring variants are known to cause severe Mendelian ophthalmic disease. Finally, the ML-based GWAS results significantly improve polygenic prediction of VCDR and primary open-angle glaucoma in the independent EPIC-Norfolk cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - D Sculley
- Google Health, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Paul J Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Anthony P Khawaja
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK
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25
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McCaw ZR, Tian L, Kim DH, Localio AR, Wei LJ. Survival Analysis of Treatment Efficacy in Comparative Coronavirus Disease 2019 Studies. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e887-e889. [PMID: 33053155 PMCID: PMC7665361 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For survival analysis in comparative coronavirus disease 2019 trials, the routinely used hazard ratio may not provide a meaningful summary of the treatment effect. The mean survival time difference/ratio is an intuitive, assumption-free alternative. However, for short-term studies, landmark mortality rate differences/ratios are more clinically relevant and should be formally analyzed and reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A Russell Localio
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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26
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McCaw ZR, Tian L, Wei LJ. Quantifying the Effect of Lower vs Higher Positive End-Expiratory Pressure on Ventilator-Free Survival in ICU Patients. JAMA 2021; 325:1566-1567. [PMID: 33877277 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
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27
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McCaw ZR, Ludmir EB, Wei LJ. Quantifying the Long-term Survival Benefit of Pembrolizumab for Patients With Advanced Gastric Cancer. JAMA Oncol 2021; 7:632-633. [PMID: 33538772 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.8002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ethan B Ludmir
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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28
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McCaw ZR, Liu MA, Wei LJ. Olaparib in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:1175-1176. [PMID: 33761221 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A Liu
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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29
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Patel RR, Verma V, Fuller CD, McCaw ZR, Ludmir EB. Transparency in reporting of phase 3 cancer clinical trial results. Acta Oncol 2021; 60:191-194. [PMID: 33307924 PMCID: PMC7951952 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2020.1856410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roshal R Patel
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Vivek Verma
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Clifton D Fuller
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Ethan B Ludmir
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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30
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McCaw ZR, Kim DH, Wei LJ. Risk-Benefit Comparisons Between Shorter and Longer Durations of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in High-Risk Stage II Colorectal Cancer. JAMA Oncol 2021; 6:1301-1302. [PMID: 32584376 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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31
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McCaw ZR, Fitzmaurice G, Wei LJ. Letter by McCaw et al Regarding Article, "The COMPASS Trial: Net Clinical Benefit of Low-Dose Rivaroxaban Plus Aspirin as Compared With Aspirin in Patients With Chronic Vascular Disease". Circulation 2020; 143:e1-e2. [PMID: 33378233 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Garrett Fitzmaurice
- Laboratory for Psychiatric Biostatistics, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA (G.F.).,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (G.F., L.-J.W.)
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (G.F., L.-J.W.)
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32
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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33
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Ludmir EB, McCaw ZR, Wei LJ. Re: Karim Fizazi, Charles G. Drake, Tomasz M. Beer, et al. Final Analysis of the Ipilimumab Versus Placebo Following Radiotherapy Phase III Trial in Postdocetaxel Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Identifies an Excess of Long-term Survivors. Eur Urol. In press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2020.07.032: Interpreting the Effect of Ipilimumab Following Radiotherapy for Patients with Postdocetaxel Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2020; 79:e10-e11. [PMID: 33109378 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan B Ludmir
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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34
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McCaw ZR, Tian L, Vassy JL, Ritchie CS, Lee CC, Kim DH, Wei LJ. How to Quantify and Interpret Treatment Effects in Comparative Clinical Studies of COVID-19. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173:632-637. [PMID: 32634024 PMCID: PMC7350552 DOI: 10.7326/m20-4044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials of treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) draw intense public attention. More than ever, valid, transparent, and intuitive summaries of the treatment effects, including efficacy and harm, are needed. In recently published and ongoing randomized comparative trials evaluating treatments for COVID-19, time to a positive outcome, such as recovery or improvement, has repeatedly been used as either the primary or key secondary end point. Because patients may die before recovery or improvement, data analysis of this end point faces a competing risk problem. Commonly used survival analysis techniques, such as the Kaplan-Meier method, often are not appropriate for such situations. Moreover, almost all trials have quantified treatment effects by using the hazard ratio, which is difficult to interpret for a positive event, especially in the presence of competing risks. Using 2 recent trials evaluating treatments (remdesivir and convalescent plasma) for COVID-19 as examples, a valid, well-established yet underused procedure is presented for estimating the cumulative recovery or improvement rate curve across the study period. Furthermore, an intuitive and clinically interpretable summary of treatment efficacy based on this curve is also proposed. Clinical investigators are encouraged to consider applying these methods for quantifying treatment effects in future studies of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lu Tian
- Stanford University, Stanford, California (L.T.)
| | - Jason L Vassy
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.L.V.)
| | | | | | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (D.H.K.)
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts (L.W.)
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35
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McCaw ZR, Tian L, Sheth KN, Hsu WT, Kimberly WT, Wei LJ. Selecting appropriate endpoints for assessing treatment effects in comparative clinical studies for COVID-19. Contemp Clin Trials 2020; 97:106145. [PMID: 32927092 PMCID: PMC7486285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new treatment for COVID-19 vs. standard care, certain key endpoints are related to the duration of a specific event, such as hospitalization, ICU stay, or receipt of supplemental oxygen. However, since patients may die in the hospital during study follow-up, using, for example, the duration of hospitalization to assess treatment efficacy can be misleading. If the treatment tends to prolong patients' survival compared with standard care, patients in the new treatment group may spend more time in hospital. This can lead to a "survival bias" issue, where a treatment that is effective for preventing death appears to prolong an undesirable outcome. On the other hand, by using hospital-free survival time as the endpoint, we can circumvent the survival bias issue. In this article, we use reconstructed data from a recent, large clinical trial for COVID-19 to illustrate the advantages of this approach. For the analysis of ICU stay or oxygen usage, where the initiating event is potentially an outcome of treatment, standard survival analysis techniques may not be appropriate. We also discuss issues with analyzing the durations of such events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Kevin N Sheth
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Wan-Ting Hsu
- Medical Wizdom, LLC, Brookline, MA, United States of America
| | - W Taylor Kimberly
- Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America.
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36
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Ludmir EB, McCaw ZR, Fuller CD, Wei LJ. Progression-free survival in the ICON8 trial. Lancet 2020; 396:756. [PMID: 32919510 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan B Ludmir
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - C David Fuller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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37
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Huang B, Tian L, McCaw ZR, Luo X, Talukder E, Rothenberg M, Xie W, Choueiri TK, Kim DH, Wei LJ. Analysis of Response Data for Assessing Treatment Effects in Comparative Clinical Studies. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173:368-374. [PMID: 32628533 PMCID: PMC7773521 DOI: 10.7326/m20-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In comparative studies, treatment effect is often assessed using a binary outcome that indicates response to the therapy. Commonly used summary measures for response include the cumulative and current response rates at a specific time point. The current response rate is sometimes called the probability of being in response (PBIR), which regards a patient as a responder only if they have achieved and remain in response at present. The methods used in practice for estimating these rates, however, may not be appropriate. Moreover, whereas an effective treatment is expected to achieve a rapid and sustained response, the response at a fixed time point does not provide information about the duration of response (DOR). As an alternative, a curve constructed from the current response rates over the entire study period may be considered, which can be used for visualizing how rapidly patients responded to therapy and how long responses were sustained. The area under the PBIR curve is the mean DOR. This connection between response and DOR makes this curve attractive for assessing the treatment effect. In contrast to the conventional method for analyzing the DOR data, which uses responders only, the above procedure includes all patients in the study. Although discussed extensively in the statistical literature, estimation of the current response rate curve has garnered little attention in the medical literature. This article illustrates how to construct and analyze such a curve using data from a recent study for treating renal cell carcinoma. Clinical trialists are encouraged to consider this robust and clinically interpretable procedure as an additional tool for evaluating treatment effects in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Huang
- Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut (B.H., E.T.)
| | - Lu Tian
- Stanford University, Stanford, California (L.T.)
| | - Zachary R McCaw
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts (Z.R.M.)
| | | | | | | | - Wanling Xie
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (W.X., T.K.C.)
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (W.X., T.K.C.)
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (D.H.K.)
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts (L.W.)
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38
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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39
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Li D, McCaw ZR, Wei LJ. Interpreting the Benefit of Simvastatin-Ezetimibe in Patients 75 Years or Older. JAMA Cardiol 2020; 5:235. [DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.5200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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40
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McCaw ZR, Lane JM, Saxena R, Redline S, Lin X. Operating characteristics of the rank-based inverse normal transformation for quantitative trait analysis in genome-wide association studies. Biometrics 2020; 76:1262-1272. [PMID: 31883270 DOI: 10.1111/biom.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative traits analyzed in Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) are often nonnormally distributed. For such traits, association tests based on standard linear regression are subject to reduced power and inflated type I error in finite samples. Applying the rank-based inverse normal transformation (INT) to nonnormally distributed traits has become common practice in GWAS. However, the different variations on INT-based association testing have not been formally defined, and guidance is lacking on when to use which approach. In this paper, we formally define and systematically compare the direct (D-INT) and indirect (I-INT) INT-based association tests. We discuss their assumptions, underlying generative models, and connections. We demonstrate that the relative powers of D-INT and I-INT depend on the underlying data generating process. Since neither approach is uniformly most powerful, we combine them into an adaptive omnibus test (O-INT). O-INT is robust to model misspecification, protects the type I error, and is well powered against a wide range of nonnormally distributed traits. Extensive simulations were conducted to examine the finite sample operating characteristics of these tests. Our results demonstrate that, for nonnormally distributed traits, INT-based tests outperform the standard untransformed association test, both in terms of power and type I error rate control. We apply the proposed methods to GWAS of spirometry traits in the UK Biobank. O-INT has been implemented in the R package RNOmni, which is available on CRAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R McCaw
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jacqueline M Lane
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xihong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan B Ludmir
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C David Fuller
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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42
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McCaw ZR, Jiang F, Wei LJ. Trastuzumab Therapy for 9 Weeks vs 1 Year for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Breast Cancer. JAMA Oncol 2019; 5:117-118. [PMID: 30520963 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.5730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R McCaw
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fei Jiang
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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43
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Marzec J, Cho HY, High M, McCaw ZR, Polack F, Kleeberger SR. Toll-like receptor 4-mediated respiratory syncytial virus disease and lung transcriptomics in differentially susceptible inbred mouse strains. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:630-643. [PMID: 31736414 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00101.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants, young children, and susceptible adults. The pathogenesis of RSV disease is not fully understood, although toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-related innate immune response is known to play a role. The present study was designed to determine TLR4-mediated disease phenotypes and lung transcriptomics and to elucidate transcriptional mechanisms underlying differential RSV susceptibility in inbred strains of mice. Dominant negative Tlr4 mutant (C3H/HeJ, HeJ, Tlr4Lps-d) and its wild-type (C3H/HeOuJ, OuJ, Tlr4Lps-n) mice and five genetically diverse, differentially responsive strains bearing the wild-type Tlr4Lps-n allele were infected with RSV. Bronchoalveolar lavage, histopathology, and genome-wide transcriptomics were used to characterize the pulmonary response to RSV. RSV-induced lung neutrophilia [1 day postinfection (pi)], epithelial proliferation (1 day pi), and lymphocytic infiltration (5 days pi) were significantly lower in HeJ compared with OuJ mice. Pulmonary RSV expression was also significantly suppressed in HeJ than in OuJ. Upregulation of immune/inflammatory (Cxcl3, Saa1) and heat shock protein (Hspa1a, Hsph1) genes was characteristic of OuJ mice, while cell cycle and cell death/survival genes were modulated in HeJ mice following RSV infection. Strain-specific transcriptomics suggested virus-responsive (Oasl1, Irg1, Mx1) and epidermal differentiation complex (Krt4, Lce3a) genes may contribute to TLR4-independent defense against RSV in resistant strains including C57BL/6J. The data indicate that TLR4 contributes to pulmonary RSV pathogenesis and activation of cellular immunity, the inflammasome complex, and vascular damage underlies it. Distinct transcriptomics in differentially responsive Tlr4-wild-type strains provide new insights into the mechanism of RSV disease and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqui Marzec
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Hye-Youn Cho
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Monica High
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.,Curriculum in Toxicology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Zachary R McCaw
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Fernando Polack
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Steven R Kleeberger
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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McCaw ZR, Wei LJ. P2Y12 Inhibitor Monotherapy vs Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. JAMA 2019; 322:1607. [PMID: 31638667 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R McCaw
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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45
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Yin G, McCaw ZR. Design of Noninferiority Trials for Hypofractionated vs Conventional Radiotherapy Among Patients With Cancer. JAMA Oncol 2019; 5:1508-1509. [DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Yin
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Biostatistics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zachary R. McCaw
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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46
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaoling Meng
- Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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McCaw ZR, Kim DH, Wei LJ. Analysis of Long-term Benefits of Intensive Blood Pressure Control. JAMA 2019; 322:169-170. [PMID: 31287515 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.5840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R McCaw
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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49
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McCaw ZR, Wei LJ, Kim DH. Interpreting the Prognostic Value of Unrecognized Myocardial Infarction Among Older Adults. JAMA Cardiol 2019; 4:391. [DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. McCaw
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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50
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McCaw ZR, Wei LJ. Interpreting the Survival Benefit From Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Before Surgery for Locally Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:1032-1033. [PMID: 30840522 DOI: 10.1200/jco.18.01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R McCaw
- Zachary R. McCaw, AM, and Lee-Jen Wei, PhD, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Zachary R. McCaw, AM, and Lee-Jen Wei, PhD, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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