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Kumar M, Neeraj, Hada A, Somvanshi VS, Singh AK, Yadava YK, Jain PK, Gaikwad K, Sirohi A. A Draft Transcriptome Announcement of Anguina tritici. J Nematol 2024; 56:20240007. [PMID: 38510971 PMCID: PMC10954354 DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2024-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Anguina tritici, the wheat seed gall nematode, causes the 'ear-cockle' or seed gall disease of wheat (Triticum sp.), leading to an extensive decline of yield (30-70%) in underdeveloped wheat cultivating countries of the world. The nematode is known to survive in anhydrobiotic conditions for up to 32 years. Here, we present the first transcriptome assembly of A. tritici, which will be a valuable resource for understanding the genes responsible for nematode survival and above-ground plant parasitism. The final 133.2 Mb assembly consists of 105606 open reading frames (including isoforms) with the following BUSCO scores against Nematoda database: 80.3% complete (16.4% single copy and 63.9% duplicated), 2.1% fragmented, and 17.6% missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Neeraj
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Alkesh Hada
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Vishal Singh Somvanshi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttarakhand263601, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar Yadava
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Jain
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Kishore Gaikwad
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India
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Singh AK, Das A, Joshi I, Kumar M, Kohli D, Pankaj, Gaikwad K, Jain PK, Sirohi A. Nematode Genome Announcement: A Draft Genome of Seed Gall Nematode, Anguina tritici. J Nematol 2023; 55:20230031. [PMID: 38026554 PMCID: PMC10656185 DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2023-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anguina tritici is the first plant-parasitic nematode described in literature, dating back to the year 1743. It is responsible for causing earcockle (seed gall) and tundu diseases in wheat and rye. Notably, this nematode has been observed to survive in an anhydrobiotic state for up to 32 years within wheat seed galls. These exceptional characteristics have inspired the sequencing of the A. tritici genome. In this study, we present the initial draft genome of A. tritici, obtained using the Illumina MiSeq platform with coverage of 60-fold. The genome is estimated to have a size of 164 Mb and comprises 39,965 protein-coding genes, exhibiting a GC content of 39.1%. The availability of this genome data will serve as a foundation for future functional biological investigations, particularly for genes whose functions remain unknown to this day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Singh
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttarakhand263601, India
| | - Antara Das
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ila Joshi
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Deshika Kohli
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Pankaj
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Kishor Gaikwad
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Jain
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India
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Powers TO, Szalanski AL, Mullin PG, Harris TS, Bertozzi T, Griesbach JA. Identification of Seed Gall Nematodes of Agronomic and Regulatory Concern with PCR-RFLP of ITS1. J Nematol 2001; 33:191-194. [PMID: 19265880 PMCID: PMC2620514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A molecular analysis of eight described species of seed gall nematode, along with six undescribed isolates from different hosts, has revealed a strong association between nucleotide sequence polymorphism and host status. Each anguinid nematode associated with a unique host produced a unique PCR-RFLP pattern for the ITS1 region. Anguina species that had been synonymized in the past, Anguina agrostis, A. funesta, and A. wevelli (Afrina wevelli), were readily discriminated. Two undescribed species from northern New South Wales and southeastern South Australia, reported to be vectors of Rathyaibacter toxicus in the disease called ''floodplain staggers,'' were differentiated by a single restriction enzyme, and both could be separated easily from A. funesta, the vector of R. toxicus in annual ryegrass toxicity. Other species differentiated in this study include A. agropyronifloris, A. graminis, A. microlaenae, A. pacificae, and undescribed species from host species Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis avenacea, Polypogon monospeliensis, Stipa sp., Astrebla pectinata, and Holcus lanatus. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS1 region suggests that considerable anguinid genetic diversification has accompanied specialization on different host species.
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Spiegel Y, McClure MA, Kahane I, Robertson WM, Salomon R. Wheat Germ Agglutinin Bound to the Outer Cuticle of the Seed Gall Nematodes Anguina agrostis and A. tritici. J Nematol 1991; 23:451-456. [PMID: 19283154 PMCID: PMC2619198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) on the cuticular surface of the seed gall nematodes Anguina agrostis and Anguina tritici was demonstrated, and the nature of its binding was examined. Crude extracts from the cuticles of A. tritici agglutinated human red blood cells, and only N-acetylglucosamine (GlucNAc) inhibited the agglutination. Distribution of the lectin was visualized by treating live infective juveniles (J2) with rabbit anti-WGA antibody and staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. The lectin bound to the outer cuticular surface of the whole body wall. Pretreatment with GlucNAc oligomers did not reduce the fluorescence created by the anti-WGA-WGA binding, indicating at least a partial nonspeciflc adhesion of the WGA to the nematode surface. Proteolytic enzyme pretreatments diminished the fluorescence, whereas lipase and periodate pretreatments increased the fluorescence. Adult females and males were labeled only on the head and tail, whereas eggs were not labeled at all. It was concluded that the WGA on the J2 cuticle originates from the host.
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Galper S, Cohn E, Spiegel Y, Chet I. A Collagenolytic Fungus, Cunninghamella elegans, for Biological Control of Plant-parasitic Nematodes. J Nematol 1991; 23:269-274. [PMID: 19283126 PMCID: PMC2619161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The root-galling index of tomatoes inoculated with Meloidogyne javanica was decreased 70% when collagen was used as a soil amendment (0.1% w/w) and 90% when the amendment was supplemented with the collagenolytic fungus Cunninghamella elegans. The root-galling index was reduced 80% when the fungus was homogenized in collagen culture medium and added to soil without collagen supplement. Culture filtrates of the fungus C. elegans, grown on collagen as a single source of carbon and nitrogen, immobilized M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited egg hatch. Root galling was reduced when tomato plants were inoculated with filtrate-treated juveniles. Culture filtrates reduced the motility of Rotylenchulus reniformis and Xiphinema index, but they had less effect on Anguina tritici and almost no effect on Ditylenchus dipsaci. Cunninghamella elegans had collagenolytic, elastolytic, keratinolytic, and nonspecific proteolytic activities when grown on collagen media, but only chitinolytic activity when grown on chitin media.
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Spiegel Y, McClure MA. Stage-specific Differences in Lectin Binding to the Surface of Anguina tritici and Meloidogyne incognita. J Nematol 1991; 23:259-263. [PMID: 19283123 PMCID: PMC2619147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of several lectin binding sites on the outer surfaces of eggs, preparasitic second-stage juveniles (J2), parasitic second-stage juveniles (PJ2), females, and males of two tylenchid nematodes, Anguina tritici and Meloidogyne incognita race 3, were compared. In both species, a greater variety of lectins bound to the eggs than to other life stages; lectin binding to eggs was also more intense than it was to other life stages. Species-specific differences also occurred. More lectins bound to the amphids or amphidial secretions of M. incognita J2 than to the amphids or amphidial secretions of A. tritici J2. Lectins also bound to the amphids or amphidial secretions of adult male and female A. tritici, but binding to the cuticle occurred only at the head and tail and was not consistent in all specimens. Canavalia ensiformis and Ulex europaeus lectins bound specifically to the outer cuticle of M. incognita. Several other lectins bound nonspecifically. Oxidation of the cuticle with periodate under mild conditions, as well as pretreatment of the nematodes with lipase, markedly increased the binding of lectins to the cuticle of A. tritici J2 but not, in most cases, to M. incognita J2 or eggs of either species.
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Spiegel Y, Robertson WM. Wheat Germ Agglutinin Binding to the Outer Cuticle of the Plant-parasitic Nematode Anguina tritici. J Nematol 1988; 20:499-501. [PMID: 19290245 PMCID: PMC2618836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
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Womersley C, Thompson SN, Smith L. Anhydrobiosis in Nematodes II: Carbohydrate and Lipid Analysis in Undesiccated and Desiccate Nematodes. J Nematol 1982; 14:145-153. [PMID: 19295689 PMCID: PMC2618168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen, trehalose, glucose, and total lipid contents of six nematode species were studied. Anhydrobiotic Anguina tritici and Ditylencbus dipsaci stored trehalose in preference to glycogen and only small amounts of glucose were detected. Glycogen content was also reduced in anhydrobiotic Aphelenchus avenae. Conversely, Panagrellus redivivus and Turbatrix aceti contained large amounts of glycogen, appreciable amounts of glucose, and minimal amounts of trehalose. Ditylenchus myceliophagous "curds" contained low amounts of glycogen and very little trehalose; total lipid was 60% of that in fresh samples. The lipid contents of fresh samples of P. redivivus, T. aceti, and A. avenae were high (23.1, 21.9, and 36.7% dry weight, respectively), but in anhydrobiotic A. avenae larvae the level was reduced by over 60%. In contrast, lipid levels remained high in anhydrobiotic A. tritici and D. dipsaci larvae (40.6 and 38.3%, respectively). Analysis of lipid composition in anhydrobiotic A. tritici and A. avenae did not indicate any specific metabolic adaptations to desiccation survival.
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Spurr HW. Adenosine triphosphate quantification as related to cryptobiosis, nematode eggs, and larvae. J Nematol 1976; 8:152-158. [PMID: 19308214 PMCID: PMC2620166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonification was the most effective method used for disintegrating nematode eggs and larvae for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) determinations. Sensitivity of the assay was sufficient to measure ATP in one larva. Second-stage larvae of Anguina tritici averaged 1 x 10 femtograms (fg) ATP and Meloidogyne incognita eggs, 0.8 x 105 fg ATP. Larvae of Panagrellus redivivus, a saprobe, averaged 12.2 x 105 fg ATP, a measurement which was considerably higher than the ATP levels in plant parasites. Endophytic bacteria and fungi from wheat galls were detected as background organisms associated with A. tritiei activated by hydration. Also, bacteria in suspensions of eggs from M. incognita prepared with NaCIO were measured by the use of butanol extraction and ATP determination. Second-stage A. tritici larvae increased in ATP content within 40 min after being activated from cryptobiosis by hydration. In the cryptobiotic state, larvae had 50% less ATP than when active. ATP concentrations were similar in galls of different ages. Apparently, ATP concentrations do not change during cryptobiosis. Starvation results in a decline in ATP concentration/larva. Subjecting A. tritici larvae to the lethal temperature of 60 C resulted in a three-fold increase in the decay rate of ATP over that of larvae sonified, then heated at 60 C. These results suggest an association between ATP decay and the mechanism that causes death of larvae at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Spurr
- Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Oxford Tobacco Research Laboratory, Oxford, NC 27565, USA
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Bhatt BD, Rohde RA. The influence of environmental factors on the respiration of plant-parasitic nematodes. J Nematol 1970; 2:277-285. [PMID: 19322313 PMCID: PMC2618771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiration of selected nematode species was measured relative to CO level, temperature, osmotic pressure, humidity, glucose utilization and high ionic concentrations of sodium and potassium.In general, respiration was stimulated most by the dominant environmental factors at levels near those expected in the nematode's "natural" habitat. Soil-inhabiting nematodes utilized O, most rapidly with high (1-2%) CO whereas a foliar nematode (Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi) did so with 0.03% CO, the concentration typically found in air. Temperature optima for respiration corresponded closely to those for other activities. Ditylenchus dipsaci and Pratylenchus penetrans adults and Anguina tritici and A. agrostis second-stage larvae respired within the range of osmotic pressures from 0 to 44.8 arm and respiration of their drought-resistant stages was stimulated by increasing osmotic pressure which accompanies the onset of drought. Rehydration of A. tritici and A. agrostis larvae with RH as low as 5% stimulated measurable respiration. Glucose utilization from liquid medium by A. tritici larvae or A. ritzembosi was not detectable. Supplemental Na stimulated respiration of Anguina tritici, K did not.
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