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Stuart D, Sandström M, Youssef HM, Zakhrabekova S, Jensen PE, Bollivar DW, Hansson M. Aerobic Barley Mg-protoporphyrin IX Monomethyl Ester Cyclase is Powered by Electrons from Ferredoxin. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9091157. [PMID: 32911631 PMCID: PMC7570240 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll is the light-harvesting molecule central to the process of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is synthesized through 15 enzymatic steps. Most of the reactions have been characterized using recombinant proteins. One exception is the formation of the isocyclic E-ring characteristic of chlorophylls. This reaction is catalyzed by the Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase encoded by Xantha-l in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The Xantha-l gene product (XanL) is a membrane-bound diiron monooxygenase, which requires additional soluble and membrane-bound components for its activity. XanL has so far been impossible to produce as an active recombinant protein for in vitro assays, which is required for deeper biochemical and structural analyses. In the present work, we performed cyclase assays with soluble and membrane-bound fractions of barley etioplasts. Addition of antibodies raised against ferredoxin or ferredoxin-NADPH oxidoreductase (FNR) inhibited assays, strongly suggesting that reducing electrons for the cyclase reaction involves ferredoxin and FNR. We further developed a completely recombinant cyclase assay. Expression of active XanL required co-expression with an additional protein, Ycf54. In vitro cyclase activity was obtained with recombinant XanL in combination with ferredoxin and FNR. Our experiment demonstrates that the cyclase is a ferredoxin-dependent enzyme. Ferredoxin is part of the photosynthetic electron-transport chain, which suggests that the cyclase reaction might be connected to photosynthesis under light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stuart
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 22362 Lund, Sweden; (D.S.); (M.S.); (H.M.Y.); (S.Z.)
| | - Malin Sandström
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 22362 Lund, Sweden; (D.S.); (M.S.); (H.M.Y.); (S.Z.)
| | - Helmy M. Youssef
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 22362 Lund, Sweden; (D.S.); (M.S.); (H.M.Y.); (S.Z.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Shakhira Zakhrabekova
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 22362 Lund, Sweden; (D.S.); (M.S.); (H.M.Y.); (S.Z.)
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - David W. Bollivar
- Department of Biology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL P.O. Box 2900, USA;
| | - Mats Hansson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 22362 Lund, Sweden; (D.S.); (M.S.); (H.M.Y.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-46-2224980
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Morita S, Mochizuki M, Shibuya-Takahashi R, Nakamura-Shima M, Yamazaki T, Imai T, Asada Y, Matsuura K, Kawamura S, Yamaguchi K, Yasuda J, Sugamura K, Katori Y, Satoh K, Tamai K. Establishment of a Monoclonal Antibody That Recognizes Cysteine-Rich Domain 1 of Human CD271. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2020; 39:6-11. [PMID: 32069133 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2019.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD271 is a common receptor for all neurotrophins that is localized to neurons, endothelial cells, and the basal layer of the epithelium in normal tissue. Recently, we and others reported that CD271 plays essential roles in the development of squamous cell carcinoma, especially in tumor-initiating cells. Since little is known about how CD271 regulates cancer cell initiation and proliferation, antibodies that recognize different domains of CD271 are needed to enable investigation. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an antihuman CD271 antibody by immunizing mice with a CD271 antigen produced by a baculovirus. The antibody was named hCD271mAb#13, and it recognized cysteine-rich domain 1 with a higher affinity than the commercially available antibody ME20.4. We determined that hCD271mAb#13 is suitable for flow cytometry, Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, and immunohistochemistry of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Use of hCD271mAb#13 for CD271 labeling could enable detailed analyses of cancer cell regulation and other biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinkichi Morita
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Mai Mochizuki
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Rie Shibuya-Takahashi
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Mao Nakamura-Shima
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamazaki
- Department of Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Takayuki Imai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Yukinori Asada
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Kazuto Matsuura
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | | | - Kazunori Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sugamura
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Yukio Katori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kennichi Satoh
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamai
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
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Xia X, Cheung S, Endo H, Suzuki K, Liu H. Latitudinal and Vertical Variation of Synechococcus Assemblage Composition Along 170° W Transect From the South Pacific to the Arctic Ocean. Microb Ecol 2019; 77:333-342. [PMID: 30610255 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synechococcus is one of the most widely distributed and abundant picocyanobacteria in the global oceans. Although latitudinal variation of Synechococcus assemblage in marine surface waters has been observed, few studies compared Synechococcus assemblage composition in surface and subsurface waters at the basin scale. Here, we report marine Synechococcus diversity in the surface and deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) layers along 170° W from the South Pacific to the Arctic Ocean in summer. Along the transect, spatial niche partitioning of Synechococcus lineages in the surface waters was clearly observed. Species richness of surface Synechococcus assemblage was positively correlated with water temperature. Clade CRD1 was dominant in the areas (15° S-10° N and 35-40° N) associated with upwelling, and there were 3 different subclades with distinct distribution. CRD1-A was restricted in the North Equatorial Current (5-10° N), CRD1-B dominated in the equatorial upwelling region (15° S-0.17° N), and CRD1-C was only distributed in the North Pacific Current (35-40° N). Similarities between the Synechococcus assemblages in the surface and DCM layers were high at the upwelling regions and areas where the mixed layer was deep, while low in the Subtropical Gyres with strong stratification. Clade I, CRD1-B, and CRD1-C were major Synechococcus lineages in the DCM layer. In particular, clade I, which is composed of 7 subclades with distinct thermal niches, was widely distributed in the DCM layer. Overall, our results provide new insights into not only the latitudinal distribution of Synechococcus assemblages, but also their vertical variation in the central Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunyuan Cheung
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hisashi Endo
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University/JST-CREST, North 10 West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University/JST-CREST, North 10 West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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