Dietary consumption trend and its correlation with global cancer burden: A quantitative and comprehensive analysis from 1990 to 2019

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of dietary consumption on cancer burden and formulate an effective solution.

METHODS

Dietary consumption, number of cancer deaths, disability-adjusted life years, and corresponding age-standardized rates were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The annual percentage change was used to quantify the temporal trends in cancer burden and dietary consumption. Age, sex, location, and sociodemographic index were stratified to further analyze the discrepancy in cancer burden attributable to dietary intake.

RESULTS

Five cancers (breast, colon and rectal, tracheal, bronchus and lung, esophageal, and stomach) were documented to be associated with dietary consumption in the Global Burden of Disease database. The age-standardized death rate and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate in 2019 were 7.56 and 1168.77 per 100 000 population, respectively. For most cancers, the age-standardized death rate and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate displayed a decreasing tendency, with annual percentage change varying from -3.60 to -0.29 and from -3.64 to -0.03 from 1990 to 2019, respectively. The age-standardized death rate and age-standardized standardized disability-adjusted life years rate were higher in men than in women (9.68 vs 5.79 and 213.16 vs 129.18, respectively). In addition, the diet-related cancer burden in higher sociodemographic index regions exceeded that in lower sociodemographic index regions.

CONCLUSION

Dietary consumption has a considerable influence on cancer burden, among which colon and rectal cancer burden account for the largest proportion. Increasing the intake of whole grains, milk, fiber, calcium, vegetables, and fruits and reducing the consumption of processed meat and sodium are instrumental in lowering the disease burden of cancer. The quantitative analysis of dietary consumption would provide a more detailed reference for diet-related decision makers and raise awareness of healthy dietary habits in diet management departments, food production enterprises, and the general public.

Associations among Self-Reported Mental Health, Physical Activity, and Diet during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Understanding the relationship between physical activity, diet, and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic may help inform resources encouraging healthy lifestyle choices during the time of an increased threat to health and wellbeing. Aim: Our objective was to examine how self-rated mental health was associated with engagement in physical activity and consumption of fruits and vegetables during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study utilized cross-sectional survey data from adults (≥18 years of age) living, working, and/or receiving healthcare in Arkansas (n  =  754). Multivariable regression models were used to examine the associations between self-rated mental health and the number of days respondents engaged in 30 min of physical activity and the number of days respondents consumed five or more servings of fruits and vegetables. Results: Respondents who reported somewhat poor/poor mental health reported engaging in at least 30 min of physical activity fewer days per week (β  =  -.77, p  =  .018) compared with those reporting excellent mental health, after controlling for sociodemographic factors and self-rated health. The significant association observed in the first two models between mental health and number of days consuming five or more servings of fruits and vegetables became non-significant after inclusion of self-rated health. Conclusion: The relationship between mental health and physical activity and diet reaffirms a need for healthcare providers to promote the importance of maintaining both a healthy physical activity level and a nutrient-rich diet in the face of challenging circumstances, such as a global pandemic.

Factors associated with the inflammatory potential of the Brazilian population's diet

The aim of the study was to assess the inflammatory potential of the Brazilian population's diet and its association with demographic, socio-economic and anthropometric characteristics. A cross-sectional study was performed with 34 003 individuals aged 10 years and older, evaluated by the National Diet and Nutrition Survey from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF 2008-2009). The Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII™) was determined using thirty-four dietary parameters calculated through non-consecutive 2-d dietary records. Positive scores indicate a pro-inflammatory diet, while negative scores indicate an anti-inflammatory diet. A bivariate and multivariate linear regression analysis based on a hierarchical theoretical model was performed to verify the factors associated with the E-DII. The mean of the E-DII was 1·04 (range of -4·77 to +5·98). The highest values of the pro-inflammatory E-DII were found among adolescents (1·42; P < 0·001) and individuals with higher income (1·10; P < 0·001) and level of education (1·18; P < 0·001). In the final model, the E-DII was associated with higher income quartiles and was higher in the Northeast and South regions, in white people, individuals with ≥9 years of education and adults and adolescents age group. The Brazilian population consumes a diet with high inflammatory potential, especially adolescents, white people and those with higher income and level of education. Thus, the index presented uneven distribution among the population, emphasising groups with higher dietary inflammatory potential. The socio-economic risk profile of a diet with higher inflammatory potential in medium-income countries is different from what is observed in high-income nations.

Comparison of the eating behaviour and dietary consumption in older adults with and without visual impairment

Globally, a high prevalence of obesity and undernutrition has been reported in people with visual impairment (VI) who have reported multi-factorial obstacles that prevent them from achieving a healthy diet, such as having restricted shopping and cooking abilities. The present study is the first to investigate the relationship between VI and dietary consumption using a representative sample size, standardised methods to categorise VI and a detailed analysis of dietary consumption. Ninety-six participants with VI and an age-matched control group of fifty participants were recruited from across the UK. All participants were aged 50 years or over. The participants completed a 24-h food recall for a period of 3 d. The participants also answered questions about their abilities to shop for and cook food as well as their knowledge of healthy eating. The participants with VI in this sample consumed significantly fewer energy content and other nutrients than is recommended for their age group and when compared with an age-matched control group. The participants with VI mainly made food choices irrespective of nutritional value. The results of the present study highlight for the first time that a large proportion of older adults with VI in the UK are undernourished. These results suggest local and government-led initiatives should be implemented to support the diets of older adults in the UK, and these initiatives could include healthy eating workshops, café clubs or skills training and rehabilitation.

Sex-related differences in the association between frailty and dietary consumption in Japanese older people: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Female sex is an important factor predisposing individuals to frailty. Appropriate nutrition is one of the most effective ways to prevent older adults from developing frailty; Sex-related differences have also been detected in the association between nutritional intervention and health-related outcomes. However, few studies have discussed these sex-related differences. The aim of the present study was to investigate the sex-related differences in the association between frailty and dietary consumption.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study which investigated community-dwelling older adults aged ≥65 years. We surveyed age, sex, body mass index, family arrangement (living alone, living with a partner or living with parent(s) and/or child (ren)), dietary consumption and frailty status. Dietary consumption was surveyed using a food frequency questionnaire that included 13 major food categories (fish, meat, eggs, dairy products, soybean products, vegetables, seaweeds, potatoes, fruits, fats or oils, snacks, salty foods and alcohol). Frailty was defined by the Kihon Checklist score. The Kihon Checklist is composed of 25 simple yes/no questions, and it has been validated as a metric for frailty. A higher score indicates a greater degree of frailty. Multinomial regression analysis was performed to clarify the association between frailty and dietary consumption for each sex.

RESULTS

We analyzed 905 older adults (420 (46.4%) were male). After adjusting for cofounders, a low frequency of meat consumption (less than twice/week) was associated with a high prevalence of frailty in men (odds ratio: 2.76 (95%CI: 1.12-6.77), p = 0.027). In contrast, in women, low frequencies of consumption of fish, meat, vegetables, potatoes and snacks were associated with a higher prevalence of frailty compared with those who consumed foods from those categories daily (odds ratios: fish 2.45 (1.02-5.89), p = 0.045; meat 4.05 (1.67-9.86), p = 0.002; vegetables 5.03 (2.13-11.92), p < 0.001; potatoes 3.84 (1.63-9.05), p = 0.002; snacks 2.16 (1.02-4.56), p = 0.043).

CONCLUSIONS

More food categories were associated with frailty in women than in men. Nutritional intervention to prevent frailty is presumably more effective for women than for men.

Dietary assessment methods in surveillance systems targeted to adolescents: A review of the literature

AIMS

The present paper aims to identify ongoing multinational surveillance systems (SURSYSs) assessing diet and nutrition targeted to adolescents, including European surveys involving multiple countries and similar initiatives conducted in non-European countries with developed economies, and to describe the dietary assessment methods used.

DATA SYNTHESIS

A total of 13 SURSYSs conducted in Europe, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand were identified. Dietary assessment methods commonly used include 24-h recalls (24H-Rs) and questionnaires or interviews. Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are used in combination with 24H-Rs in six SURSYSs: only FFQs are used in four SURSYSs; 24H-Rs only in one system and a 24H-R in combination with a general questionnaire/interview in one SURSYS. Eleven systems collect information also on some dietary habits and ten systems on other nutritional indicators such as anthropometric and/or biochemical measures. The FFQs used are not homogeneous and often include limited food or beverage items such as fruits and vegetables or sugar-sweetened beverages. In seven systems, foods specifically consumed by adolescents, such as fast food or snacks, are not assessed; instead, a total of seven systems collect data on supplement intake and just in very few cases on fats, legumes and/or water.

CONCLUSIONS

This study detected considerable variability across the systems identified, suggesting the need for a SURSYS targeted to adolescents that gathers as much as possible complete dietary information, with standardised methodology and regular periodicity. The detailed information provided by this review could be useful to national authorities for the choice of protocols to be applied in their own national surveys.

Higher habitual dietary caffeine consumption is related to lower experimental pain sensitivity in a community-based sample

RATIONALE

Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world. Caffeine administered acutely in a laboratory environment or as a medication adjuvant has known properties that help alleviate pain. However, much less is known about the potential impact of habitual dietary caffeine consumption on the experience of pain.

OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of this observational study was to determine whether caffeine consumed habitually as part of a daily diet was associated with experimental pain sensitivity using noxious stimuli in a non-clinical sample of 62 community-dwelling adults between 19 and 77 years old.

METHODS

Study participants monitored their daily dietary caffeine consumption (e.g., coffee, tea, soda, energy drinks, and chocolate) across a period of seven consecutive days using a caffeine consumption diary. On the seventh day of caffeine consumption monitoring, participants presented to the laboratory to complete experimental pain sensitivity testing. Noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli were used to obtain threshold and tolerance for painful heat and pressure, respectively.

RESULTS

Data analysis revealed that greater self-reported daily caffeine consumption was significantly associated with higher heat pain threshold (β = .296, p = .038), higher heat pain tolerance (β = .242, p = .046), and higher pressure pain threshold (β = .277, p = .049) in multiple regression models adjusted for covariates.

CONCLUSIONS

Results of this study completed with community-dwelling adults revealed that individuals who habitually consume greater amounts of caffeine as part of their daily diets demonstrate diminished sensitivity to painful stimuli in a laboratory setting.

Coronary artery stenosis and associations with indicators of anthropometric and diet in patients undergoing coronary angiography

Background

Coronary artery diseases (CAD) are one of the major causes of mortality, which is related to the nutritional status and anthropometric indices of individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between anthropometric indices, the type of protein consumption in meat group and vegetable consumption with coronary artery stenosis.

Methods

This descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Shariati Hospital in Tehran in 2016. Out of the patients undergoing coronary angiography, 208 cases were assigned to participate in the study of simple random sampling. The required data were collected by Food Frequency questionnaire (FFQ), anthropometric indices and physical activity questionnaire. SPSS software (version #21) was used for statistical analysis.

Results

The number of coronary arteries with more than 50% stenosis was increased by high consumption of red meat (P = 0.014), egg (P = 0.006) and chicken (P = 0.030) and low consumption of legume (P = 0.000), soybean (P = 0.002) and vegetables (P = 0.003). Also, the consumption of garlic and onion was associated with a decrease in the severity of stenosis in left anterior descending (LAD) (P = 0.036), and right coronary artery (RCA) (P = 0.033). There was a significant and positive correlation among waist circumference, wrist circumference and body mass index in patients with coronary artery stenosis and a negative correlation between the height of the patient and the history of previous angiography.

Conclusion

High consumption of vegetable proteins, vegetables, maintaining BMI and waist circumference in the normal range, were associated with reduced severity of coronary artery stenosis. In addition high consumption of red meat, chicken and egg is associated with higher severity and number of coronary stenosis.

Physical Activity and Consumption Patterns of Reproductive-Aged Women by BMI Category

Objectives Obesity before and during pregnancy is associated with adverse effects for mother and child, but little is known about physical activity and consumption patterns among reproductive-aged women. The goal of this study is to identify behaviors of nonpregnant reproductive-aged women associated with normal weight, overweight, and obesity. Methods Data from the nationally representative National Eating Trends survey (2003-2011) were analyzed, comparing number of days of exercise in a 1-week period and consumption of fruits/vegetables, sugar sweetened beverages (SSB), and concentrated sweets by BMI. Behaviors were compared using analysis of variance and Chi square test across groups. Ordinal logistic regression was used to compare behaviors across groups controlling for demographic factors. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to identify demographic factors associated with behaviors among obese women. Results Among 5941 18-45-year-old women, exercise and fruit/vegetable consumption were associated with healthy weight controlling for demographic factors. Reporting any exercise or fruit/vegetable consumption was associated with decreased odds of overweight or obesity (aOR 0.73, 95% CI 0.64-0.83 and aOR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58-0.95, respectively). Consuming SSBs was associated with increasing BMI category while consuming concentrated sweets was unexpectedly associated with normal weight. Among obese women, being on any diet was associated with increased exercise frequency and fruit/vegetable consumption and decreased SSB consumption. Conclusions for Practice Physical activity and consumption behaviors are associated with weight among reproductive-aged women in ways similar to those in the general population. Promoting exercise and fruit/vegetable consumption has the potential to reduce obesity.