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Zhang FX, Li ZT, Li M, Yuan YLL, Cui SS, Wang GH, Li RM. An integrated strategy for revealing the pharmacological changes based on metabolites profiling and network pharmacology: Arctiin as an example. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1157:122270. [PMID: 32871375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine was widely used in China since its definite effects and therapy. The components of TCM were absorbed into the circle system as the format of prototypes or metabolites, which contributed to the therapy or side effects. Declaring the functional changes in this process was of great importance to the clinical applications. In this work, an integrated strategy based on metabolites' profiling and network pharmacology was proposed for exploring the pharmacological changes of compounds in vivo. Arctiin, the main component in Fructus Arctii with various kinds of bioactivities, was used as an example. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry and metabolynx™software was applied to characterize the metabolites of arctiin in rats at a dosage of 100 mg/kg; network pharmacology was applied to characterize the functional changes. As a result, fifty-three metabolites (32 in plasma, 40 in urine, 19 in bile, 20 in feces, 1 in brain, 12 in liver and 4 in lungs) were screened out and characterized, and 3 of them were unambitiously identified by comparison with standard substances. Among them, 38 metabolites were reported for the first time. It was found the major metabolic pathways of arctiin in rats were demethylation, lactone-opening and phase II conjugations with sulfate and glucuronide.It also confirmed that M14, M15, M18, M23, M22, M43 and M45 were the major circulating forms of arctiin in rats following oral administration. In addition to the above metabolic reactions, phase I reactions of hydrolysis, demethylation, dehydroxylation were also observed, and dehydrogenation were first revealed metabolic patterns of arctiin in rats. Meanwhile, in addition to the main targets of arctiin (MTOR, EGFR and MAPK14), its metabolites targeted additional 392 targets with additional functions of anti-hepatitis B or viral carcinogenesis (SRC, CAPS3, PIK3CA, CDK4, ESR1, MMP9 and ERBB2). The above results provided very important information for understanding the metabolism and functional changes of arctiinin vivo, and supporting data for further pharmacological evaluation. Our work also provided a newsight for elucidation of functional changes of TCMs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zi-Ting Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu-Lin-Lan Yuan
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Cui
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guan-Hua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Rui-Man Li
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Zhang H, Gao Y, Zhang J, Wang K, Jin T, Wang H, Ruan K, Wu F, Xu Z. The effect of total lignans from Fructus Arctii on Streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy in Wistar rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 255:112773. [PMID: 32199990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fructus Arctii is the dried ripe fruit of Arctium lappa L. (family Asteraceae). It is a well-known Chinese Materia Medica that was included in the Chinese pharmacopoeia because of its traditional therapeutic actions, such as heat removal, detoxification, and elimination of swelling. Since ancient times Fructus Arctii has been used extensively in a number of classical drug formulas to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that certain components of Fructus Arctii have multiple physiological activities on type 2 diabetes and its complications. AIM OF THE STUDY We have reported the inhibitory effect of total lignans from Fructus Arctii (TLFA) on aldose reductase, the key enzyme in the polyol pathway, which is considered to be closely related to the onset of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The present study aimed to observe the preventive and therapeutic effects of TLFA on DR in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DR rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS TLFA was prepared from Fructus Arctii and its content was determined using UV spectrophotometry. The DR model was induced by STZ in Wistar rats. For DR prevention, the animals were gavaged once daily for 9 weeks with TLFA (1.38, 0.69, and 0.35 g/kg/day) as soon as they were confirmed as diabetes models. Pathological changes to retinal tissues and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and protein kinase C (PKC) in the retina were detected after TLFA treatment. The effects of TLFA on blood glucose levels and body weight were also observed. For DR treatment, the animals were gavaged once daily for 12 weeks with TLFA (1.38 and 0.69 g/kg/day) at 3 months after they were confirmed as diabetes models. The therapeutic effect was studied using quantitative detection of blood-retina barrier (BRB) breakdown via an Evans Blue leakage assay. RESULTS For DR prevention, after 9 weeks of TLFA administration, histopathological examination of retinal tissue showed that TLFA improved the lesions in the retina. Changes to retinal microstructures such as capillaries, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and the membrane disk examined by electron microscopy further confirmed that TLFA has a preventive effect on retinopathy. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) detection showed that TLFA could inhibit retinal cell apoptosis in the diabetic rats, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels of rats in the TLFA-treated groups decreased during the experiment. For DR treatment, after 3 months of administration, the amount of dye leakage in the TLFA-administered groups was reduced by more than 50% compared with that in the model group, which indicated that TLFA has a therapeutic effect on middle and late DR. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of VEGF and PKCβ2 in the retina detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (FQ-RT-PCR) showed that TLFA could inhibit the expression of them, which was consistent with the results of immunohistochemistry (IHC). CONCLUSION TLFA has a preventive and therapeutic effect on DR. Its mechanism of action on DR is related to inhibiting PKC activation and blocking VEGF elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huating Zhang
- Innovative Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yingying Gao
- Innovative Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jingyun Zhang
- Innovative Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tong Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kefeng Ruan
- Innovative Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Innovative Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhaohui Xu
- Innovative Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Liu QD, Qin KM, Shen BJ, Cai H, Cai BC. Optimization of the processing technology of Fructus Arctii by response surface methodology. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 13:222-31. [PMID: 25835367 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to optimize the processing of Fructus Arctii by response surface methodology (RSM). Based on single factor studies, a three-variable, three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to monitor the effects of independent variables, including processing temperature and time, on the dependent variables. Response surfaces and contour plots of the contents of total lignans, chlorogenic acid, arctiin, and arctigenin were obtained through ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis) monitoring and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fructus Arctii should be processed under heating in a pot at 311 °C, medicine at 119 °C for 123s with flipping frequently. The experimental values under the optimized processing technology were consistent with the predicted values. In conclusion, RSM is an effective method to optimize the processing of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Di Liu
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing Haichang Chinese Medicine Group Co, Ltd, Nanjing 210061, China; Key Laboratory of State Administration of TCM for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kun-Ming Qin
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing Haichang Chinese Medicine Group Co, Ltd, Nanjing 210061, China; Key Laboratory of State Administration of TCM for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bao-Jia Shen
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Cai
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of State Administration of TCM for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bao-Chang Cai
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing Haichang Chinese Medicine Group Co, Ltd, Nanjing 210061, China; Key Laboratory of State Administration of TCM for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Qin K, Wang B, Li W, Cai H, Chen D, Liu X, Yin F, Cai B. Quality assessment of raw and processed Arctium lappa L. through multicomponent quantification, chromatographic fingerprint, and related chemometric analysis. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1491-8. [PMID: 25678337 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine, raw and processed herbs are used to treat different diseases. Suitable quality assessment methods are crucial for the discrimination between raw and processed herbs. The dried fruit of Arctium lappa L. and their processed products are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, yet their therapeutic effects are different. In this study, a novel strategy using high-performance liquid chromatography and diode array detection coupled with multivariate statistical analysis to rapidly explore raw and processed Arctium lappa L. was proposed and validated. Four main components in a total of 30 batches of raw and processed Fructus Arctii samples were analyzed, and ten characteristic peaks were identified in the fingerprint common pattern. Furthermore, similarity evaluation, principal component analysis, and hierachical cluster analysis were applied to demonstrate the distinction. The results suggested that the relative amounts of the chemical components of raw and processed Fructus Arctii samples are different. This new method has been successfully applied to detect the raw and processed Fructus Arctii in marketed herbal medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunming Qin
- Engineering Research Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Nanjing Haichang Chinese Medicine Group Corporation, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Nanjing Haiyuan Prepared Slices of Chinese Crude Drugs Co. Ltd, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Engineering Research Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Li
- Engineering Research Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hao Cai
- Engineering Research Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Danni Chen
- Engineering Research Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Nanjing Haichang Chinese Medicine Group Corporation, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Engineering Research Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Fangzhou Yin
- Engineering Research Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Baochang Cai
- Engineering Research Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Nanjing Haichang Chinese Medicine Group Corporation, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Nanjing Haiyuan Prepared Slices of Chinese Crude Drugs Co. Ltd, Nanjing, P. R. China
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Xu Z, Gu C, Wang K, Ju J, Wang H, Ruan K, Feng Y. Arctigenic acid, the key substance responsible for the hypoglycemic activity of Fructus Arctii. Phytomedicine 2015; 22:128-137. [PMID: 25636881 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have reported the antidiabetic activity of the total lignans from Fructus arctii (TLFA) against alloxan-induced diabetes in mice and rats. In this study, arctigenic acid was found to be the main metabolite in rat plasma detected by UPLC/MS and HPLC/MS/MS after oral administration of TLFA. For the first time, its hypoglycemic activity and acute oral toxicity were evaluated in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a spontaneous type 2 diabetic animal model, and ICR mice respectively. GK rats were orally given arctigenic acid (50 mg/kg) twice daily before each meal for 12 weeks. The treatment reduced the elevated plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and showed significant improvement in glucose tolerance in glucose fed hyperglycemic GK rats. We found that the hypoglycemic effect of arctigenic acid was partly due to the stimulation on insulin secretion, whereas the body weight was not affected by arctigenic acid administration in GK rats. Meanwhile, there was no observable acute toxicity of arctigenic acid treatment at the dosage of 280 mg/kg body weight daily in the acute 14-day toxicity study in mice. This study demonstrates that arctigenic acid may be the main metabolite in the rat serum after oral administration of TLFA, which showed significant hypoglycemic effect in GK rats, and low acute toxicity in ICR mice. The result prompts us that arctigenic acid is the key substance responsible for Fructus Arctii antidiabetic activity and it has a great potential to be further developed as a novel therapeutic agent for diabetes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Chenchen Gu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiaxing Ju
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kefeng Ruan
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Qin K, Liu Q, Cai H, Cao G, Lu T, Shen B, Shu Y, Cai B. Chemical analysis of raw and processed Fructus arctii by high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:541-6. [PMID: 25422559 PMCID: PMC4239736 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.141806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), raw and processed herbs are used to treat the different diseases. Fructus Arctii, the dried fruits of Arctium lappa l. (Compositae), is widely used in the TCM. Stir-frying is the most common processing method, which might modify the chemical compositions in Fructus Arctii. Materials and Methods: To test this hypothesis, we focused on analysis and identification of the main chemical constituents in raw and processed Fructus Arctii (PFA) by high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Results: The results indicated that there was less arctiin in stir-fried materials than in raw materials. however, there were higher levels of arctigenin in stir-fried materials than in raw materials. Conclusion: We suggest that arctiin reduced significantly following the thermal conversion of arctiin to arctigenin. In conclusion, this finding may shed some light on understanding the differences in the therapeutic values of raw versus PFA in TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunming Qin
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; Nanjing Haichang Chinese Medicine Group Co. Ltd., Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qidi Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; Nanjing Haichang Chinese Medicine Group Co. Ltd., Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Cai
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Cao
- Research Center of TCM Processing Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tulin Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Baojia Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yachun Shu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Baochang Cai
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; Nanjing Haichang Chinese Medicine Group Co. Ltd., Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; Research Center of TCM Processing Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Xu Z, Ju J, Wang K, Gu C, Feng Y. Evaluation of hypoglycemic activity of total lignans from Fructus Arctii in the spontaneously diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 151:548-55. [PMID: 24269245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fructus Arctii, called "Niubangzi" in China (Great burdock achene in English), is a well-known Chinese Materia Medica. It is the dried ripe fruit of Arctium lappa L. (family Asteraceae) and was included in the Chinese pharmacopoeia for its traditional therapeutic actions. Meanwhile it has been utilized extensively in a number of classical drug formulas as a major component for the treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. It has also been reported recently that the clinical use of Fructus Arctii resulted in a satisfactory hypoglycemic effect in diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to investigate hypoglycemic activity of total lignans from Fructus Arctii (TLFA) in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a spontaneous type 2 diabetic animal model, and the mechanism of its hypoglycemic activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male GK rats and normal Wistar rats were used in this study, GK rats fed twice daily were given TLFA (300 mg/kg) or nateglinide (50mg/kg) orally before each meal for 12 weeks. Besides common evaluation indexes of hypoglycemic activity such as blood glucose level, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), glycated hemoglobin, as well as lipid metabolism parameters such as cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TG), et al., in rat serum. The effects of TLFA on insulin secretion and pancreas tissue sections, the levels of serum glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of TLFA in vitro were investigated. RESULTS TLFA demonstrated stable and long-lasting hypoglycemic activity in GK rats and showed significant improvement in glucose tolerance in glucose fed hyperglycemic GK rats. Both TLFA and nateglinide controlled the glycosylated hemoglobin levels of the experimental animals very well. Stimulation of insulin secretion was proved to be one of the hypoglycemic mechanism of TLFA, promoting the release of GLP-1 should be another one, and ɑ-glucosidase inhibitory activity of TLFA also contributes to its hypoglycemic activity. In this study, we didn't found that TLFA could effect the body weight of GK rats, which was also verified by the changes of biochemical parameters of blood in experimental rats. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicates that TLFA has significant hypoglycemic potential in GK rats, and it may be acting through stimulating insulin secretion, promoting the release of GLP-1, and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jiaxing Ju
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chenchen Gu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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