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Mancuso G, Lavrnić S, Canet-Martí A, Zaheer A, Avolio F, Langergraber G, Toscano A. Performance of lagoon and constructed wetland systems for tertiary wastewater treatment and potential of reclaimed water in agricultural irrigation. J Environ Manage 2023; 348:119278. [PMID: 37832301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change poses challenges to agricultural water resources, both in terms of quantity and quality. As an adaptation measure, the new European Regulation (EU) 2020/741 establishes different water quality classes for the use of reclaimed water in agricultural irrigation. Italy is also working on the definition of a new regulation on reclaimed water reuse for agricultural irrigation (in substitution of the current one) that will also include the specific requirements imposed by the European one. Nature-based Solutions (NBS) can be a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way to facilitate water reclamation and reuse. The present study reports the outcomes of a long-term monitoring campaign of two NBS (e.g., a constructed wetland (CW) and a lagoon system (LS)) comparing influent and effluent concentrations of different contaminants (e.g., E. coli, BOD5, TSS, TN and TP) with the threshold values imposed by the new regulations. The results showed that in both the case studies, E. coli (about 100 CFU 100 mL-1) and BOD5 (lower than 25 mg L-1) mean effluent concentration need to be further reduced in reclaimed water to be suitable for unlimited reuse. As a negative aspect, in both the monitored NBS, an increase in TSS mean concentration in the effluent was observed, up to 40 mg L-1 in the case of the LS, making reclaimed water unsuitable for agricultural reuse. The CW has proven to be more effective in nitrogen removal (the effluent mean concentration was 3.4 mg L-1), whereas the LS was better at phosphorus removal (with an effluent mean concentration of 0.4 mg L-1). Based on the results, recommendations were made to further improve the performance of both systems in order to have adequate water quality, even for class A. Furthermore, the capacity of reclaimed water to meet crop water and nutrient needs was analyzed, and total nitrogen removal rate coefficients were calculated for the design of future LSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mancuso
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, viale Giuseppe Fanin 50, Bologna, 40127, Italy.
| | - Stevo Lavrnić
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, viale Giuseppe Fanin 50, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Alba Canet-Martí
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Water Atmosphere and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Ammad Zaheer
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, viale Giuseppe Fanin 50, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Francesco Avolio
- HERA SpA - Water Direction, via Razzaboni 80, Modena, 41122, Italy
| | - Guenter Langergraber
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Water Atmosphere and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Attilio Toscano
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, viale Giuseppe Fanin 50, Bologna, 40127, Italy
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Gil-Manrique B, Nateras-Ramírez O, Martínez-Salcido AI, Ruelas-Inzunza J, Páez-Osuna F, Amezcua F. Cadmium and lead concentrations in hepatic and muscle tissue of demersal fish from three lagoon systems (SE Gulf of California). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:12927-12937. [PMID: 28367590 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We determined the levels of Cd and Pb in liver and muscle of demersal fish from three lagoon systems (Urías, Huizache, and Teacapán) in the SE Gulf of California with the purpose of comparing the studied metals in fish from the three ecosystems and to assess the potential human health risk. Considering the number of individuals, the sequence of fish abundance was Teacapán > Huizache > Urías. Length and size at maturity of collected species showed that 76.5% of the individuals were juveniles. Overall, Cd and Pb were more accumulated in liver than in muscle. After multivariate analyses, considering fish tissue and locality, Cd and Pb levels were different (p < 0.05) between fish from Teacapán and Huizache. In general, the hazard quotients (HQs) of Pb were higher than the corresponding values of Cd; the highest HQ for Cd (0.0051) corresponded to Mugil curema, and the highest HQ for Pb (0.0099) was estimated in Diapterus peruvianus. With respect to the hazard index (accumulative risk from Cd and Pb), the most elevated value (HI = 0.0124) was estimated for Pomadasys macracanthus. Estimated HI does not represent a health risk at the consumption rates of the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Gil-Manrique
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, DF, Mexico
| | - Omar Nateras-Ramírez
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, DF, Mexico
| | - Ana I Martínez-Salcido
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, DF, Mexico
| | - Jorge Ruelas-Inzunza
- Technological Institute of Mazatlán, Corsario 1 No. 203, Colonia Urías, 82070, Mazatlán, SIN, Mexico.
| | - Federico Páez-Osuna
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Joel Montes Camarena s/n, 82040, Mazatlán, SIN, Mexico
| | - Felipe Amezcua
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Joel Montes Camarena s/n, 82040, Mazatlán, SIN, Mexico
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