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Mancuso G, Lavrnić S, Canet-Martí A, Zaheer A, Avolio F, Langergraber G, Toscano A. Performance of lagoon and constructed wetland systems for tertiary wastewater treatment and potential of reclaimed water in agricultural irrigation. J Environ Manage 2023; 348:119278. [PMID: 37832301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change poses challenges to agricultural water resources, both in terms of quantity and quality. As an adaptation measure, the new European Regulation (EU) 2020/741 establishes different water quality classes for the use of reclaimed water in agricultural irrigation. Italy is also working on the definition of a new regulation on reclaimed water reuse for agricultural irrigation (in substitution of the current one) that will also include the specific requirements imposed by the European one. Nature-based Solutions (NBS) can be a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way to facilitate water reclamation and reuse. The present study reports the outcomes of a long-term monitoring campaign of two NBS (e.g., a constructed wetland (CW) and a lagoon system (LS)) comparing influent and effluent concentrations of different contaminants (e.g., E. coli, BOD5, TSS, TN and TP) with the threshold values imposed by the new regulations. The results showed that in both the case studies, E. coli (about 100 CFU 100 mL-1) and BOD5 (lower than 25 mg L-1) mean effluent concentration need to be further reduced in reclaimed water to be suitable for unlimited reuse. As a negative aspect, in both the monitored NBS, an increase in TSS mean concentration in the effluent was observed, up to 40 mg L-1 in the case of the LS, making reclaimed water unsuitable for agricultural reuse. The CW has proven to be more effective in nitrogen removal (the effluent mean concentration was 3.4 mg L-1), whereas the LS was better at phosphorus removal (with an effluent mean concentration of 0.4 mg L-1). Based on the results, recommendations were made to further improve the performance of both systems in order to have adequate water quality, even for class A. Furthermore, the capacity of reclaimed water to meet crop water and nutrient needs was analyzed, and total nitrogen removal rate coefficients were calculated for the design of future LSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mancuso
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, viale Giuseppe Fanin 50, Bologna, 40127, Italy.
| | - Stevo Lavrnić
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, viale Giuseppe Fanin 50, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Alba Canet-Martí
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Water Atmosphere and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Ammad Zaheer
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, viale Giuseppe Fanin 50, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Francesco Avolio
- HERA SpA - Water Direction, via Razzaboni 80, Modena, 41122, Italy
| | - Guenter Langergraber
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Water Atmosphere and Environment, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Attilio Toscano
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, viale Giuseppe Fanin 50, Bologna, 40127, Italy
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Reddy A, Safar B, Jia A, Azad N, Christenson E, Atallah C, Efron J, Gearhart S, Zaheer A, Narang A, Meyer J. Non-Operative Management is Feasible and Safe in Patients with Rectal Cancer Who Achieve Clinical Complete Response to Short-Course Radiation Therapy and Consolidation Chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.07.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ahmed MZ, Hameed S, Ali M, Zaheer A. Computational analysis of the interaction of limonene with the fat mass and obesity-associated protein. SJI 2021. [DOI: 10.15294/sji.v8i1.29051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to predict the binding affinity, orientation, and physical interaction between limonene and fat mass and obesity-associated protein. The mechanism of limonene and protein association was explored by molecular docking, a bioinformatic tool. The results of association were compared with the reported results of the anti-obesity drug such as orlistat and with the flavonoids. AutoDock Vina tools were used for the molecular docking of limonene with fat mass and obesity-associated protein. PyMol and Discovery Studio Visualizer were used to visualize the results of this docking. The binding affinity of limonene was higher (Least negative G) than the orlistat and flavonoids such as Daidzein, Exemestane, Kaempherol, Letrozole, And Rutin. It is conducted in this study that the Limonene can alleviate obesity by making an interaction with the fat mass and obesity-associated protein. This inhibitory interaction was greater as compared to other reported phytochemicals and drugs.
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Rai D, Anjum Z, Tahir M, Pandey R, Thakkar S, Zaheer A, Feitell S, Khodjaev S, Lee E, Parikh V. “Clots and Failures” A Case of COVID-19 Causing STEMI and Persistent Cardiogenic Shock Ultimately Requiring LVAD. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021. [PMCID: PMC7979404 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.01.2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We present a case of COVID-19 causing hypercoagulability and inflammatory stress leading to STEMI in a patient who went on to develop persistent cardiogenic shock requiring LVA) implantation. Case Report 57-year-old lady developed COVID-19 infection in May 2020. In June 2020, she presented with chest pain, was noted to have STEMI on EKG, complicated by cardiac arrest with ROSC in 14 minutes. She was in cardiogenic shock as well and was started on veno-arterial ECMO. She underwent left anterior descending artery stent placement. Further hospitalization was complicated by persistent cardiogenic shock and complete heart block and underwent pacemaker and cardiac-defibrillator implantation. She developed pulmonary edema, acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis, shock liver, and persistent cardiogenic shock. She was weaned off VA-ECMO after 4 days but continued to have severely reduced cardiac function. RHC revealed severe volume overload, pulmonary venous hypertension, low cardiac output, and right heart dysfunction. Echo showed severe LV dysfunction with an EF of 15%. A femoral intra-aortic balloon pump(IABP) was placed on July 7, 2020. An attempt was made to wean her off of IABP on July 10th,however, it was unsuccessful and she was transitioned to axillary intra-aortic balloon pump. She remained IABP dependent thereafter and on July 15th, given persistent cardiogenic shock, decision was made to pursue advanced heart failure therapies. After multi-disciplinary discussion, the decision to pursue LVAD implantation was made. She underwent a successful LVAD implantation on July 20th . She failed an extubation trial and underwent tracheostomy on July 23rd . Post LVAD, she developed atrial fibrillation and was started on digoxin and amiodarone. Her symptoms improved and she was subsequently discharged to rehabilitation in late August on amiodarone, digoxin, metoprolol, prasugrel, warfarin, spironolactone and lisinopril. The detailed timeline is shown in figure 1. Summary Hypercoagulability and severe inflammatory stress leading to life-threatening illness is a significant complication of COVID-19 infection. A low threshold for suspecting and treating hypercoagulability and inflammatory induced myocardial ischemia and injury and cardiogenic shock is a reasonable strategy to decrease acute as well as chronic morbidity and mortality.
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Rai D, Tahir M, Pandey R, Kharsa A, Furqan F, Thakkar S, Zaheer A, Khodjaev S, Feitell S, Lee E, Parikh V. ECMO for Critically Ill COVID-19 with ARDS: A Case Series. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021. [PMCID: PMC7979398 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.01.2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) as bridge to recovery in critically ill COVID-19 continues to be commonly utilized strategy in cases with persistent respiratory failure refractory to traditional ventilation support Case Report We report 5 cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection (SARS-CoV-2) who were treated with ECMO (Table 1). All 5 cases presented with fever, cough and shortness of breath and a positive nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 on admission. Case 1, 2, 3 and 5 patients were hypoxemic with saturation less than 90% on admission and decompensated rapidly, whereas Case 4 decompensated after day 14. Mechanical ventilation failed to provide adequate oxygenation in all 5 cases; case 2,3 and 5 were started on recruitment measures with proning while it was not possible for case 1 owing to morbid obesity. Proning was not possible in the case 4 as patient became severely hypoxemic while patient was undergoing mechanical thrombectomy. The case 1-4 remained on ECMO for 19, 17, 17 and 2 days respectively. All except case 2 had improvement in APACHEII and SOFA score after ECMO initiation. All 5 patients had elevated inflammatory markers of serum ferritin, D-dimer, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP) which trended down after a few days of ECMO initiation All 5 patients received high dose steroids during their stay in the ICU. Case 4 and 5 passed away after compassionate extubation. Case 1-3 had prolonged hospital course with complication of hospital acquired pneumonia requiring multiple courses of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Summary Our observational report of 5 patients reports the use of ECMO in critically ill SARS-CoV-2 with ARDS and difficult to maintain saturation despite mechanical ventilation and proning with recovery for 3 patients. However, given the lack of ECMO centers; this is not a readily available option. Further studies are warranted to investigate the role of ECMO in SARRS-CoV-2 and careful identification of appropriate candidates.
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Jia A, Narang A, Safar B, Zaheer A, Murphy A, Azad N, Gearhart S, Fang S, Efron J, Warczynski T, Hacker-Prietz A, Meyer J. Sequential Short-Course Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy in the Neoadjuvant Treatment of Rectal Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.06.2144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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O’brien M, O’leary D, Zaheer A, Livingstone V, Redmond H, Corrigan M. An evaluation of the significance of bloody nipple discharge in pregnancy. Eur J Cancer 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(18)30688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kempuraj D, Thangavel R, Natteru PA, Selvakumar GP, Saeed D, Zahoor H, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Neuroinflammation Induces Neurodegeneration. J Neurol Neurosurg Spine 2016; 1:1003. [PMID: 28127589 PMCID: PMC5260818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) are characterized by neuronal degeneration and neuronal death in specific regions of the central nervous system (CNS). In AD, neurons of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex are the first to degenerate, whereas in PD, dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra degenerate. MS patients show destruction of the myelin sheath. Once the CNS neurons are damaged, they are unable to regenerate unlike any other tissue in the body. Neurodegeneration is mediated by inflammatory and neurotoxic mediators such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-33, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL5, matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), glia maturation factor (GMF), substance P, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), mast cells-mediated histamine and proteases, protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), CD40, CD40L, CD88, intracellular Ca+ elevation, and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB). Activated microglia, astrocytes, neurons, T-cells and mast cells release these inflammatory mediators and mediate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in a vicious manner. Further, immune and inflammatory cells and inflammatory mediators from the periphery cross the defective blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and augment neuroinflammation. Though inflammation is crucial in the onset and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, anti-inflammatory drugs do not provide significant therapeutic effects in these patients till date, as the disease pathogenesis is not yet clearly understood. In this review, we discuss the possible factors involved in neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - R Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - PA Natteru
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - GP Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - D Saeed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - H Zahoor
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - S Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - SS Iyer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
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Jais B, Rebours V, Malleo G, Salvia R, Fontana M, Maggino L, Bassi C, Manfredi R, Moran R, Lennon AM, Zaheer A, Wolfgang C, Hruban R, Marchegiani G, Fernández Del Castillo C, Brugge W, Ha Y, Kim MH, Oh D, Hirai I, Kimura W, Jang JY, Kim SW, Jung W, Kang H, Song SY, Kang CM, Lee WJ, Crippa S, Falconi M, Gomatos I, Neoptolemos J, Milanetto AC, Sperti C, Ricci C, Casadei R, Bissolati M, Balzano G, Frigerio I, Girelli R, Delhaye M, Bernier B, Wang H, Jang KT, Song DH, Huggett MT, Oppong KW, Pererva L, Kopchak KV, Del Chiaro M, Segersvard R, Lee LS, Conwell D, Osvaldt A, Campos V, Aguero Garcete G, Napoleon B, Matsumoto I, Shinzeki M, Bolado F, Fernandez JMU, Keane MG, Pereira SP, Acuna IA, Vaquero EC, Angiolini MR, Zerbi A, Tang J, Leong RW, Faccinetto A, Morana G, Petrone MC, Arcidiacono PG, Moon JH, Choi HJ, Gill RS, Pavey D, Ouaïssi M, Sastre B, Spandre M, De Angelis CG, Rios-Vives MA, Concepcion-Martin M, Ikeura T, Okazaki K, Frulloni L, Messina O, Lévy P. Serous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas: a multinational study of 2622 patients under the auspices of the International Association of Pancreatology and European Pancreatic Club (European Study Group on Cystic Tumors of the Pancreas). Gut 2016; 65:305-12. [PMID: 26045140 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Serous cystic neoplasm (SCN) is a cystic neoplasm of the pancreas whose natural history is poorly known. The purpose of the study was to attempt to describe the natural history of SCN, including the specific mortality. DESIGN Retrospective multinational study including SCN diagnosed between 1990 and 2014. RESULTS 2622 patients were included. Seventy-four per cent were women, and median age at diagnosis was 58 years (16-99). Patients presented with non-specific abdominal pain (27%), pancreaticobiliary symptoms (9%), diabetes mellitus (5%), other symptoms (4%) and/or were asymptomatic (61%). Fifty-two per cent of patients were operated on during the first year after diagnosis (median size: 40 mm (2-200)), 9% had resection beyond 1 year of follow-up (3 years (1-20), size at diagnosis: 25 mm (4-140)) and 39% had no surgery (3.6 years (1-23), 25.5 mm (1-200)). Surgical indications were (not exclusive) uncertain diagnosis (60%), symptoms (23%), size increase (12%), large size (6%) and adjacent organ compression (5%). In patients followed beyond 1 year (n=1271), size increased in 37% (growth rate: 4 mm/year), was stable in 57% and decreased in 6%. Three serous cystadenocarcinomas were recorded. Postoperative mortality was 0.6% (n=10), and SCN's related mortality was 0.1% (n=1). CONCLUSIONS After a 3-year follow-up, clinical relevant symptoms occurred in a very small proportion of patients and size slowly increased in less than half. Surgical treatment should be proposed only for diagnosis remaining uncertain after complete workup, significant and related symptoms or exceptionally when exists concern with malignancy. This study supports an initial conservative management in the majority of patients with SCN. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER IRB 00006477.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jais
- Department of Gastroenterology and Pancreatology, Beaujon Hospital, AP-HP, Clichy, France
| | - V Rebours
- Department of Gastroenterology and Pancreatology, Beaujon Hospital, AP-HP, Clichy, France
| | - G Malleo
- The Pancreas Institute, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - R Salvia
- The Pancreas Institute, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - M Fontana
- The Pancreas Institute, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - L Maggino
- The Pancreas Institute, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - C Bassi
- The Pancreas Institute, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - R Manfredi
- The Pancreas Institute, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - R Moran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Division of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - A M Lennon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Division of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - A Zaheer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Division of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - C Wolfgang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Division of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - R Hruban
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Division of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - G Marchegiani
- Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - C Fernández Del Castillo
- Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W Brugge
- Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Y Ha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - M H Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - D Oh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - I Hirai
- First Department of Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - W Kimura
- First Department of Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - J Y Jang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S W Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - W Jung
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - H Kang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S Y Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - C M Kang
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - W J Lee
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - S Crippa
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Polytechnic University of Marche Region, Ancona-Torrette, Italy
| | - M Falconi
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Polytechnic University of Marche Region, Ancona-Torrette, Italy
| | - I Gomatos
- NIHR Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Neoptolemos
- NIHR Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - A C Milanetto
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, 3rd Surgical Clinic, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - C Sperti
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, 3rd Surgical Clinic, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - C Ricci
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - R Casadei
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Bissolati
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - G Balzano
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - I Frigerio
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Unit, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - R Girelli
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Unit, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - M Delhaye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and GI Oncology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Bernier
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and GI Oncology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Wang
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - K T Jang
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - D H Song
- Department of Pathology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - M T Huggett
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - K W Oppong
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - L Pererva
- National Institute of Surgery and Transplantology named after Shalimov, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - K V Kopchak
- National Institute of Surgery and Transplantology named after Shalimov, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - M Del Chiaro
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet at Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Segersvard
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet at Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L S Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D Conwell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A Osvaldt
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - V Campos
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - B Napoleon
- Hôpital Privé Mermoz, Gastroentérologie, Lyon, France
| | - I Matsumoto
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - M Shinzeki
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - F Bolado
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - M G Keane
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - S P Pereira
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - I Araujo Acuna
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic, CIBEREHD, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E C Vaquero
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic, CIBEREHD, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M R Angiolini
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - A Zerbi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - J Tang
- Gastroenterology and Liver Services, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R W Leong
- Gastroenterology and Liver Services, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Faccinetto
- Radiological Department, General Hospital Cá Foncello, Treviso, Italy
| | - G Morana
- Radiological Department, General Hospital Cá Foncello, Treviso, Italy
| | - M C Petrone
- Division of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - P G Arcidiacono
- Division of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - J H Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Digestive Disease Center and Research Institute, SoonChunHyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - H J Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Digestive Disease Center and Research Institute, SoonChunHyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - R S Gill
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, Bankstown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D Pavey
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, Bankstown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Ouaïssi
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - B Sastre
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - M Spandre
- Gastrohepatology Department, San Giovanni Battista Molinette Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - C G De Angelis
- Gastrohepatology Department, San Giovanni Battista Molinette Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M A Rios-Vives
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Reçerca-IIB Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Concepcion-Martin
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Reçerca-IIB Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Ikeura
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Okazaki
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - L Frulloni
- Department of Medicine, Pancreas Center, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - O Messina
- Department of Medicine, Pancreas Center, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - P Lévy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Pancreatology, Beaujon Hospital, AP-HP, Clichy, France
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Chaubey S, Khan H, Mandhu P, Uzzaman M, Zaheer A, Baghai M, Whitaker D. 206 * SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN TRAUMA PRESENTATION DURING THE FIRST THREE YEARS OF A UK MAJOR TRAUMA CENTRE. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivu276.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Khan MM, Zaheer S, Nehman J, Zaheer A. Suppression of glia maturation factor expression prevents 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺)-induced loss of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Neuroscience 2014; 277:196-205. [PMID: 25016212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation mediated by glial activation appears to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). Glia maturation factor (GMF), a proinflammatory protein predominantly localized in the central nervous system was isolated, sequenced and cloned in our laboratory. We have previously demonstrated immunomodulatory and proinflammatory functions of GMF, but its involvement in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)), active metabolite of classical parkinsonian toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), inducing loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons has not been studied. Here we show that altered expression of GMF has direct consequences on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)- mediated production of inflammatory mediators by MPP(+). We examined MPP(+)-induced DA neuronal loss in primary cultures of mouse mesencephalic neurons/glia obtained from GMF-deficient (GMF knockout (GMF-KO)) and GMF-containing wild-type (Wt) mice. We demonstrate that deficiency of GMF in GMF-KO neurons/glia led to decreased production of ROS and downregulation of NF-κB-mediated production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) as compared to Wt neurons/glia. Additionally, overexpression of GMF induced DA neurodegeneration, whereas GMF downregulation by GMF-specific shRNA protected DA neurons from MPP-induced toxicity. Subsequently, GMF deficiency ameliorates antioxidant balance, as evidenced by the decreased level of lipid peroxidation, less ROS production along with increased level of glutathione; and attenuated the DA neuronal loss via the downregulation of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses. In conclusion, our overall data indicate that GMF modulates oxidative stress and release of deleterious agents by MPP(+) leading to loss of DA neurons. Our study provides new insights into the potential role of GMF and identifies targets for therapeutic interventions in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Khan
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - S Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - J Nehman
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Holleran G, Hall B, Alhinai M, Zaheer A, Leen R, Alakkari A, Mahmud N, McNamara D. Double-balloon enteroscopy in Ireland in the capsule endoscopy era. Ir J Med Sci 2014; 184:257-62. [PMID: 24633527 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-014-1097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability of double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) and small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) in Ireland has revolutionised our approach to the diagnosis and treatment of small bowel disorders. AIMS To evaluate the use of DBE in Ireland and to compare the diagnostic yield with and without prior SBCE in order to improve the efficiency of our resources for small bowel endoscopy. METHODS A retrospective comparison study of all DBEs performed between two centres, one with SBCE available, was undertaken. Information was obtained by review of endoscopy reports, referral letters, radiology reports and charts. A review of the SBCE database was undertaken to identify patients who had undergone SBCE prior to DBE. RESULTS A total of 242 DBE procedures were carried out between both centres. SBCE was performed prior to DBE in 20 % (n = 46). The overall diagnostic yield of DBE was 47 % (n = 115). There was a statistically significant difference in diagnostic yield between the DBE only and the DBE with prior SBCE groups 44 versus 61 %, respectively, p < 0.0001. There was also a significant difference in the DBE approach, with 73 % of procedures being anterograde in centre 1 versus 56 % in centre 2. A subgroup analysis of centre 1 data revealed a negative predictive value of 100 % and a positive predictive value of 74 % for SBCE when DBE findings were considered as a gold standard. CONCLUSION SBCE as a screening tool prior to DBE is extremely valuable and increases the diagnostic yield considerably as a consequence of a high negative predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Holleran
- Department of Gastroenterology, Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland,
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13
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Zaheer A, Baghai M, Wendler O. OPCABG using right internal mammary artery and sequential saphenous vein graft in reverse sequence) in a PT with right pneumonectomy with compensatory hyperexpansion of the left lung. J Cardiothorac Surg 2013. [PMCID: PMC3845862 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-8-s1-o302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Zaheer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - M Baghai
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - O Wendler
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Kings College Hospital, London, UK
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Thangavel R, Stolmeier D, Yang X, Anantharam P, Zaheer A. Expression of glia maturation factor in neuropathological lesions of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 38:572-81. [PMID: 22035352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques (APs), neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), degenerating neurones, and an abundance of reactive astrocytes and microglia. We aim to examine the association between glia maturation factor (GMF) expression, activated astrocytes/microglia, APs and NFTs in AD-affected brain regions. METHODS Brain sections were stained with Thioflavin-S to study AD pathology and sequentially immunolabeled with antibodies against GMF, glial fibrillary acidic protein (marker for reactive astrocytes), and Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1, marker for activated microglia) followed by visualization with avidin-biotin peroxidase complex. RESULTS Our double immunofluorescence labelling with cell-specific markers demonstrated the glial localization of GMF. The immunohistochemical data showed that APs and NFTs are associated with increased expression of GMF in reactive glia of AD brains compared with non-AD controls. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report that shows GMF, a mediator of central nervous system inflammation, is expressed in the brain regions affected in AD and that GMF is mainly localized in reactive astrocytes surrounding APs/NFTs. The distribution of GMF-immunoreactive cells in and around Thioflavin-S stained APs and NFTs suggests involvement of GMF in inflammatory responses through reactive glia and a role of GMF in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thangavel
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
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15
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Zaheer S, Thangavel R, Sahu SK, Zaheer A. Augmented expression of glia maturation factor in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2011; 194:227-33. [PMID: 21835226 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that glia maturation factor (GMF), a brain-specific protein, isolated, sequenced, and cloned in our laboratory, is a prominent mediator of inflammation in the CNS leading to the death of neurons. In the present study, we demonstrate, for the first time, a significant upregulation of the GMF protein in various regions of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains compared with age-matched non-demented (ND) control brains. We analyzed AD and ND brain samples by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a combination of highly specific monoclonal and polyclonal anti-GMF antibodies developed and characterized in our laboratory. For the comparison between ND controls and AD cases, we examined brain tissue from 12 ad cases (ages ranging from 78-92 years) and eight age-matched ND controls (ages ranging from 76-88 years). We observed a significant increase in GMF concentration in entorhinal cortex, parietal cortex, frontal cortex, occipital cortex, perirhinal cortex, and temporal cortex of AD patients. Our results clearly demonstrate that the GMF protein levels are significantly higher in all AD-affected brain regions than in ND controls. The immunohistochemistry analysis revealed co-localization of GMF with amyloid plaques (AP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in AD brains. Our results imply that under conditions of neurodegeneration the expression of GMF is significantly upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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17
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Prichard D, Zaheer A, Ravi N, Reynolds J, Mahmud N. A "stitch in time". Gut 2009; 58:1341, 1418. [PMID: 19749137 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2008.169508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Prichard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin-8, Ireland
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18
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Thangavel R, Sahu SK, Van Hoesen GW, Zaheer A. Loss of nonphosphorylated neurofilament immunoreactivity in temporal cortical areas in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2009; 160:427-33. [PMID: 19250962 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of immunoreactive neurons with nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI32) was studied in temporal cortical areas in normal subjects and in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). SMI32 immunopositive neurons were localized mainly in cortical layers II, III, V and VI, and were medium to large-sized pyramidal neurons. Patients with AD had prominent degeneration of SMI32 positive neurons in layers III and V of Brodmann areas 38, 36, 35 and 20; in layers II and IV of the entorhinal cortex (Brodmann area 28); and hippocampal neurons. Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) were stained with Thioflavin-S and with an antibody (AT8) against hyperphosphorylated tau. The NFT distribution was compared to that of the neuronal cytoskeletal marker SMI32 in these temporal cortical regions. The results showed that the loss of SMI32 immunoreactivity in temporal cortical regions of AD brain is paralleled by an increase in NFTs and AT8 immunoreactivity in neurons. The SMI32 immunoreactivity was drastically reduced in the cortical layers where tangle-bearing neurons are localized. A strong SMI32 immunoreactivity was observed in numerous neurons containing NFTs by double-immunolabeling with SMI32 and AT8. However, few neurons were labeled by AT8 and SMI32. These results suggest that the development of NFTs in some neurons results from some alteration in SMI32 expression, but does not account for all, particularly, early NFT-related changes. Also, there is a clear correlation of NFTs with selective population of pyramidal neurons in the temporal cortical areas and these pyramidal cells are specifically prone to formation of paired helical filaments. Furthermore, these pyramidal neurons might represent a significant portion of the neurons of origin of long corticocortical connection, and consequently contribute to the destruction of memory-related input to the hippocampal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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Thangavel R, Sahu SK, Van Hoesen GW, Zaheer A. Modular and laminar pathology of Brodmann's area 37 in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2008; 152:50-5. [PMID: 18222045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggested a relationship between severity of symptoms and the degree of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) clustering in different areas of the cortex in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The posterior inferior temporal cortex or Brodmann's area (BA 37) is involved in object naming and recognition memory. But the cellular architecture and connectivity and the NFT pathology of this cortex in AD received inadequate attention. In this report, we describe the laminar distribution and topography of NFT pathology of BA 37 in brains of AD patients by using Thionin staining for Nissl substance, Thioflavin-S staining for NFTs, and phosphorylated tau (AT8) immunohistochemistry. NFTs mostly occurred in cortical layers II, III, V and VI in the area 37 of AD brain. Moreover, NFTs appeared like a patch or in cluster pattern along the cortical layers III and V and within the columns of pyramidal cell layers. The abnormal, intensely labeled AT8 immunoreactive cells were clustered mainly in layers III and V. Based on previously published clinical correlations between cognitive abnormalities in AD and the patterns of laminar distributed NFT cluster pathology in other areas of the brain, we conclude that a similar NFT pathology that severely affected BA 37, may indicate disruption of some forms of naming and object recognition-related circuits in human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thangavel
- Veterans Affair Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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20
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Thangavel R, Van Hoesen GW, Zaheer A. Posterior parahippocampal gyrus pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2008; 154:667-76. [PMID: 18486350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The posterior parahippocampal gyrus (PPHG) of the non-human primate brain has a distinct dual role in cortical neural systems. On the one hand, it is a critical link in providing the entorhinal cortex and hippocampal formation with cortical input, while on the other hand it receives output from these structures and projects widely by disseminating the medial temporal lobe output to the cortex. Layer III of TF and TH areas largely mediate the former (input) while layer V mediates the latter (output). We have examined areas TF and TH in the normal human brain and in Alzheimer's disease (AD) using pathological stains (Nissl, Thioflavin S) and phenotype specific stains non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI32) and parvalbumin (PV). Seven clinically and pathologically confirmed AD cases have been studied along with six age-compatible normal cases. Our observations reveal that neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) heavily invest the area TF and TH neurons that form layers III and V. In both cortical areas, the large pyramids that form layer V contain a greater number of NFTs. These changes, and possibly, pyramidal cell loss, greatly alter the cytoarchitectural picture and diminish SMI32 staining patterns. Layer III of area TH loses the majority of SMI32 immunoreactivity, whereas this change is more conspicuous in layer V of area TF. PV-staining in both areas is largely unaffected. Normal cases contained no evidence of pathology or altered cytoarchitecture. These observations reveal a further disruption of memory-related temporal neural systems in AD where pathology selectively alters both the input to the hippocampal formation and its output to the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thangavel
- Veterans Affair Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Mahmood Z, Zaheer A, Ang YS, Mahmud N. Endocinch treatment for gastro-oesophageal reflux (GORD): retention of plications are essential to control GORD. Gut 2007; 56:1027; author reply 1027. [PMID: 17566040 PMCID: PMC1994387 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2007.122978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Abstract
In vertebrates, the development and integrity of the skeleton requires hydroxyapatite (HA) deposition by osteoblasts. HA deposition is also a marker of, or a participant in, processes as diverse as cancer and atherosclerosis. At present, sites of osteoblastic activity can only be imaged in vivo using gamma-emitting radioisotopes. The scan times required are long, and the resultant radioscintigraphic images suffer from relatively low resolution. We have synthesized a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent bisphosphonate derivative that exhibits rapid and specific binding to HA in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate NIR light-based detection of osteoblastic activity in the living animal, and discuss how this technology can be used to study skeletal development, osteoblastic metastasis, coronary atherosclerosis, and other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaheer
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Zaheer A, Yorek MA, Lim R. Effects of glia maturation factor overexpression in primary astrocytes on MAP kinase activation, transcription factor activation, and neurotrophin secretion. Neurochem Res 2001; 26:1293-9. [PMID: 11885780 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014241300179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Using the replication-defective adenovirus vector, we overexpressed rat glia maturation factor (GMF) in primary astrocyte cultures derived from embryonic rat brains. Among the three isoforms of MAP kinase, there was a big increase in the phosphorylation of p38, as detected with Western blotting using the phosphospecific antibody. Likewise, there was a substantial increase in the phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB. Using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), we found a stimulation in the transcription factor NF-kappaB. The activations of CREB and NF-kappaB were blocked by inhibitors of either p38 (SB-203580) or MEK (PD-098059), suggesting that they were events downstream of MAK kinase. There was an increased secretion of BDNF and NGF into the conditioned medium, along with an increase in their messenger RNA. The inductions of BDNF and NGF were also blocked by inhibitors of p38 and MEK, as well as by the inhibition of NF-kappaB with a decoy DNA sequence. Taken together, the results suggest that GMF functions intracellularly in astrocytes as a modulator of MAP kinase signal transduction, leading to a series of downstream events including CREB and NF-kappaB activation, resulting in the induction and secretion of the neurotrophins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
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24
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Abstract
The brains of six healthy volunteers were scanned with a full tensor diffusion MRI technique to study the effect of a high b value on diffusion-weighted images (DWIs). The b values ranged from 500 to 5000 s/mm(2). Isotropic DWIs, trace apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps, and fractional anisotropy (FA) maps were created for each b value. As the b value increased, ADC decreased in both the gray and white matter. Furthermore, ADC of the white matter became lower than that of the gray matter, and, as a result, the white matter became brighter than the gray matter in the isotropic DWIs. Quantitative analysis showed that these changes were due to nonmonoexponential diffusion signal decay of the brain tissue, which was more prominent in white matter than in gray matter. There was no significant change in relation to the b value in the FA maps. High b value appears to have a dissociating effect on gray and white matter in DWIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yoshiura
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02119, USA
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25
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Abstract
Despite a traditional perception of reliance on computed tomography and lack of acceptance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting acute hemorrhage, MRI appears to be used increasingly in hemorrhagic stroke. This review addresses the MRI findings of acute hemorrhagic stroke obtained using relatively new imaging techniques. These new techniques have resulted in more acute stroke patients undergoing MRI examination. New information about the frequency and appearance of hemorrhage is emerging: for example, approximately 15-26% of cases of acute cerebral infarctions appear to be complicated by intracerebral hemorrhage. The MRI appearances of hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic infarction, as well as acute hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage, are discussed based on clinical, biochemical, and technical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaheer
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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Pantazis NJ, Zaheer A, Dai D, Zaheer S, Green SH, Lim R. Transfection of C6 glioma cells with glia maturation factor upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor: trophic effects and protection against ethanol toxicity in cerebellar granule cells. Brain Res 2000; 865:59-76. [PMID: 10814733 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells play active roles in neuronal survival, as well as neuroprotection against toxic insult. Recent studies suggest that the brain protein glia maturation factor (GMF) is involved in intracellular signaling in glia. This study investigated whether or not GMF plays a role in the survival-promoting and neuroprotective functions of glia. C6 glioma cells were transfected in vitro with GMF utilizing an adenovirus vector. The transfected cells overexpressed GMF intracellularly, but did not secrete the protein. The conditioned medium (CM) was obtained from the GMF-transfected cells (CM-GMF) and tested on primary neuronal cultures, consisting of cerebellar granule cells (CGC). The CGC cultures were utilized because these cultures have a background level of cell death, and the survival-promoting, i.e. neurotrophic effect, of the CM could be tested. In addition, since CGC cultures are ethanol-sensitive (ethanol enhances neuronal death), the neuroprotective effect of the CM against ethanol-induced cell death was tested also. We demonstrated that the CM-GMF had an enhanced neurotrophic effect as well as an increased neuroprotective effect against ethanol-induced cell death compared to control CM obtained from untransfected C6 cells (CM-Mock) or CM obtained from cells transfected with an unrelated gene (CM-LacZ). Because neurotrophins have trophic and protective effects, we investigated whether GMF-transfection upregulated the expression of neurotrophins in C6 cells. RT-PCR verified that GMF-transfected C6 cells had increased mRNA levels for BDNF and NGF. Immunoblotting corroborated the RT-PCR results and indicated that CM-GMF contained greater concentrations of BDNF and NGF protein compared to CM-Mock and CM-LacZ. A soluble TrkB-IgG fusion protein, which selectively binds BDNF and prevents its binding to the neuronal TrkB receptor, eliminated the neurotrophic effect of CM-GMF; whereas anti-NGF antibody was ineffective in preventing this effect, suggesting that the neurotrophic effect was due to BDNF. On the other hand, both the TrkB-IgG fusion protein and anti-NGF reduced neuroprotection, suggesting that BDNF and NGF both contribute to the neuroprotective effect of CM-GMF. In conclusion, GMF upregulates the expression of BDNF and NGF in C6 cells, and these factors exert neurotrophic and neuroprotective functions on primary neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Pantazis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Bowen Science Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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27
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Abstract
The 17-kDa endogenous brain protein glia maturation factor (GMF) was transfected into C6 rat glioma cells using a replication-defective human adenovirus vector. The cells overexpressed GMF but did not secrete the protein into the medium. Transfection with GMF led to the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), as evidenced by electrophoretic mobility shift assay of the nuclear extract, using a double-stranded oligonucleotide probe containing the consensus binding sequence for NF-kappaB. The specificity of binding was demonstrated by competition with unlabeled probe and by the nonbinding of the mutant probe. Binding was detectable as early as 3 h after transfection, peaked at 6 and 12 h, and gradually declined thereafter. The observed NF-kappaB activation was reduced by cotransfection with catalase and by the presence of high concentrations of pyruvate in the medium, suggesting the involvement of H2O2. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SB-203580 also suppressed the GMF-activated NF-kappaB, suggesting the involvement of the p38 signal transduction cascade. On the other hand, the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate activated NF-kappaB whether or not GMF was overexpressed. Along with NF-kappaB activation was an enhanced expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which was suppressed if NF-kappaB nuclear translocation was blocked by its specific decoy DNA, implicating NF-kappaB as an upstream mediator of this antioxidant enzyme. The p38 inhibitor SB-203580 also blocked the GMF-activated SOD. As NF-kappaB and SOD are both pro-survival signals, the results suggest a cytoprotective role for endogenous GMF in glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lim
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City 52242, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Glia maturation factor (GMF) is a 17-kDa protein unique to the nervous system. Although GMF was initially characterized as a growth/differentiation factor, the absence of a leader sequence and its intracellular localization in normal brain suggest an intracellularfunction as well. In this paper we transfected the C6 glioma cells with GMF cDNA by infecting the cells with a GMF/adenovirus construct. The transfected cells overexpressed GMF but did not secret the protein into the culture medium. However, the transfected cells showed an increased expression of the neurotrophic factors including nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The increase in neurotrophic activity of the C6 cell conditioned medium was demonstrable by its ability to promote neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Lim R, Zaheer A, Kraakevik JA, Darby CJ, Oberley LW. Overexpression of glia maturation factor in C6 cells promotes differentiation and activates superoxide dismutase. Neurochem Res 1998; 23:1445-51. [PMID: 9814556 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020715126326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the intracellular function of glia maturation factor (GMF), we overexpressed GMF in C6 rat glioma cells using two methods: stable transfection using the pcDNA3 plasmid, and transient transfection using replication-defective human adenovirus. With both methods, C6 cells transfected with GMF and overexpressing the protein exhibit a lower saturation density in culture compared to non-transfected or vector alone controls. Transfected cells also exhibit morphological differentiation as shown by the outgrowth of cell processes. When inoculated into nude mice, transfected cells are less tumorigenic than controls, and express the mature astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein. In tissue culture, transfected cells show a 3.5-fold increase in CuZn-dependent superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) activity. Western blot analysis reveals a 3.5-fold increase in CuZnSOD protein, suggesting an induction of the enzyme. In view of recent findings that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant enzymes are intricately involved in key physiologic processes such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, the study raises the possibility that CuZnSOD may be a mediator of GMF function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lim
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Zaheer A, Lim R. Overexpression of glia maturation factor (GMF) in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells activates p38 MAP kinase, MAPKAP kinase-2, and tyrosine hydroxylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 250:278-82. [PMID: 9753620 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the intracellular regulatory function of glia maturation factor (GMF) in neuronal cells, we achieved a 10-fold overexpression of GMF in the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 by infection with a replication-defective human adenovirus carrying a rat GMF cDNA insert. These cells showed a 3.6-fold increase in the activity of p38 MAP kinase, a 3.8-fold increase in the activity of MAPKAP-K2 (MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2), and a 4.2-fold increase in the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). We also detected an increase in the phosphorylation of TH and the 25-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp25) without a concomitant increase in their corresponding protein levels, suggesting a posttranslational modification. It was previously established that in PC12 cells, MAPKAP-K2 is an immediate target of p38, and both TH and Hsp25 are immediate targets of MAPKAP-K2. The current in vivo results are in concordance with our earlier in vitro finding that GMF promotes the activity of p38, and they implicate the participation of GMF in stress-induced catecholamine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
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31
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Abstract
A large myocardial infarction (MI) causes a chronic hemodynamic load on the uninjured remote myocardium (RM). This may lead to oxidative stress, activation of stress-induced cell signaling and increase in myocyte apoptosis. MI was produced in 6 rats (INF) while 4 rats underwent sham operation (CON). At four weeks, there was 128% increase in right ventricular hypertrophy in the hearts from INF vs. CON. Western blot analysis showed 3.8 fold increase in JNK phosphorylation within the RM from INF vs. CON, confirmed by a 4.2 fold increase in JNK kinase activity. There was a 52% increase in TBARS within the RM from INF vs. CON, suggesting increased lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, there was a twofold increase in myocyte apoptosis within the RM in INF vs. CON. We conclude that the RM from INF is associated with activation of JNK, increased oxidative stress and enhanced myocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doshi
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114-2698, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doshi
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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34
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Abstract
We observed previously that glia maturation factor (GMF), a 17-kDa brain protein, is rapidly phosphorylated in astrocytes following stimulation by phorbol ester, and that protein kinase A (PKA)-phosphorylated GMF is a potent inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and enhancer of p38; both are subfamilies of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, suggesting GMF as a bifunctional regulator of the MAP kinase cascades. In the current report, we present evidence that PKA-phosphorylated GMF also promotes (11-fold) the catalytic activity of PKA itself, resulting in a positive feedback loop. Furthermore, GMF phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC), but not by casein kinase II or p90 ribosomal S6 kinase, also activates PKA (7-fold). It appears that the mutual augmentation of GMF and PKA, and the stimulating effect of PKC, both serve to maximize the influence of PKA on the regulation of MAP kinase cascades by GMF. Using synthetic peptide fragments containing putative phosphorylation sites of GMF, we demonstrate that PKA is capable of phosphorylating threonine 26 and serine 82, whereas PKC, p90 ribosomal S6 kinase, and casein kinase II, can phosphorylate serine 71, threonine 26, and serine 52, respectively. The generation of various phospho-isoforms of GMF may explain its modulation of signal transduction at multiple locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurochemistry and Neurobiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Mamoon A, Zaheer A, Abu-Abdullah S. Variation in thermuluminescence of irradiated brands of foodstuffs: A test for hygienic quality. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0969-806x(95)00049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
We previously demonstrated that glia maturation factor (GMF), a 17-kDa brain protein, can be phosphorylated in test tube by several protein kinases, and that endogenous GMF is rapidly phosphorylated upon stimulation of astrocytes by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. We further observed that protein kinase A (PKA)-phosphorylated GMF is a potent inhibitor (IC50 = 3 nM) of the ERK1/ERK2 (p44/p42) subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. We now report that, by contrast, PKA-phosphorylated GMF strongly enhances the activity of a related but distinct subfamily of MAP kinase, the p38 MAP kinase, showing an increase of 60-fold over baseline and an EC50 of 7 nM. Non-phosphorylated GMF or GMF phosphorylated by other kinases exhibits only minimal effect. The intracellular interaction of PKA, GMF, and p38 is supported by the phosphorylation of GMF upon cellular stimulation by forskolin (blocked by PKA inhibitor) and by the co-immunoprecipitation of p38 with GMF from cell lysates. Withdrawal of nerve growth factor from PC12 leads to increased GMF phosphorylation with a time course similar to that reported for p38 activation. The results correlate well with a previous report that ERK and p38 carry out opposing functions and implicate GMF as a regulator of major cellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lim
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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37
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Abstract
We report that recombinant glia maturation factor (GMF), a 17-kDa brain protein, inhibits the activity of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in the test tube assay, in particular the ERK1/ERK2 isoforms. A preliminary phosphorylation of GMF by protein kinase A (PKA) dramatically increases its inhibitory effect by over 600-fold (Ki approximately 3 nM), making it the most potent MAP kinase inhibitor ever reported. Immunoprecipitation of GMF from cell extracts using its specific antibody coprecipitates ERK (and vice versa), suggesting the association of the two proteins in the cell. The inhibitory effect of PKA-phosphorylated GMF is specific, as it does not suppress the activity of cdc2 kinase, another proline-directed kinase. Nor does it inhibit MAP kinase kinase (MEK) and MAP kinase-activated protein (MAPKAP) kinase-2, the two enzymes immediately upstream and downstream, respectively, of ERK. Of the other three enzymes that can phosphorylate GMF, only p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) enhances the inhibitory function of GMF on ERK; protein kinase C (PKC) and casein kinase II (CKII) are without effect. The inhibition of ERK by PKA-phosphorylated GMF suggests that GMF could be one of the mediators of the suppressive effect of the PKA pathway on the MAP kinase pathway. On the other hand, that RSK-phosphorylated GMF also inhibits ERK implies a negative feedback loop in the regulation of MAP kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology (Division of Neurochemistry and Neurobiology), University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA
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Abstract
Neurons and glia are capable of both secreting and responding to a large variety of growth factors. However, information on multiple expression of growth factors and their receptors was usually obtained from uncorrelated observations, using cells from various animals of origin, developmental stages, growth phases, culture ages and culture conditions. Because of its specificity and extreme sensitivity, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is uniquely suitable to study a large panel of growth factors and their receptors from a limited cell sample, free of these intervening variables. In this paper we evaluate the expression of mRNA of a total of 35 growth factor-related proteins by conducting RT-PCR on three neuronal cell lines: the PC12 rat pheochromocytoma line, the MAH rat sympathoadrenal progenitor line, and the N18 mouse neuroblastoma line. Three types of results are presented. The first confirms the existing knowledge such as the presence of Trk-A (NFG receptor) in PC12. The second consists of new information that expands and extends earlier observations, such as the presence of CNTF receptor complex in PC12, which explains our previous report that CNTF enhances the biological effects of NGF on these cells. The third consists of novel information that leads the way to further experimentation by the more conventional methods. These include the strong expression of Trk-B by MAH, predicting the biological responsiveness of MAH to BDNF and NT-4, and the expression of CNTF receptor in N18. Our results also suggest that CNTF is an autocrine factor for PC12 and MAH, since both lines express the growth factor as well as the receptor. Thus, RT-PCR is a valuable tool in growth factor research that can be used in complement to, and interactively with, other approaches such as bioassay, receptor binding, and immunochemical determination. It will be particularly useful for screening a large number of growth factors in minute areas of the brain in patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Abstract
We report that recombinant glia maturation factor (GMF), a 17-kD brain protein, can be phosphorylated in vitro at the serine residue by protein kinase C (PKC), protein kinase A (PKA), and casein kinase II (CKII), and at the threonine residue by p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK). Endogenous GMF in astrocytes is phosphorylated at the serine (major) and threonine (minor) residues within 15 min after stimulation by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Phosphorylation gradually subsides over the next 24 h. The increased phosphorylation is not blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide and is not accompanied by a rise in the mRNA for GMF and is therefore strictly a posttranslational regulatory phenomenon. The rapid and transient phosphorylation of GMF upon cellular activation suggests an intracellular role, possibly with involvement in signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lim
- Department of Neurology (Division of Neurochemistry and Neurobiology), University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA
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Zaheer A, Zhong W, Uc EY, Moser DR, Lim R. Expression of mRNAs of multiple growth factors and receptors by astrocytes and glioma cells: detection with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1995; 15:221-37. [PMID: 8590453 DOI: 10.1007/bf02073330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
1. Although glial cells in culture are known to secrete growth factors and are also known to be responsive to some of them, detailed comparisons are difficult because the bulk of information was based on various animals of origin, developmental stages, growth properties, culture age, and culture conditions. 2. To present a unified picture of the growth factors and their receptors found in glial cells, we surveyed the expression of messenger RNAs of a panel of growth factors and receptors, using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in three common glial cell types: rat astrocytes in primary culture, rat glioma line C6, and human glioma line A172. 3. We observed that normal and neoplastic glial cells in culture express multiple growth factors and also possess most of the receptors to the factors, suggesting multiple autocrine functions. In addition, glia produce growth factors known to be capable of acting on neurons, implicating paracrine function involving glia-neuron interaction. Glial cells also produce growth factors and receptors that are capable of communicating with hematopoietic cells, suggesting neuroimmunologic interaction. What is most interesting is that glial cells express receptors for growth factors previously thought to be acting on neurons only. 4. The current study demonstrates the feasibility of screening from a small sample a large number of growth factors and receptors. The method portends future clinical application to biopsy or necropsy samples from brain tumors or pathologic brains suffering from degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology (Division of Neurochemistry and Neurobiology), University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA
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Abstract
The occurrence of histologically diagnosed primary malignant tumors in Saudi and Yemeni patients in Gizan Province over the 11 years from 1982 to 1992 was analyzed. During the study period, 1398 malignancies of known primary site were seen in males and 972 in females. In common with other parts of Saudi Arabia, the overall incidence of malignant disease was low by Western standards with lymphoreticular malignancies relatively common and tumors of lung, bowel, breast and the female genital system relatively uncommon. Some malignancies are more common in Gizan Province as compared to elsewhere in Saudi Arabia. Oral cancer was the most common malignancy in females and the most common overall, probably due to widespread use of oral tobacco preparations. Liver cancer was the most common malignancy in males, reflecting the endemic nature of hepatitis B in the area. The incidence of bladder cancer, and particularly of squamous carcinoma of the bladder, was also more, probably due to the high incidence of schistosomiasis in the area. No significant trends in incidence of specific malignancies were noted over the 11-year study period, even though the period has been marked by dramatic and unprecedented changes in lifestyle and public health.
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Abstract
The rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 responds readily to nerve growth factor (NGF) but poorly to ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). However, in a selected line derived from PC12 that normally responded weakly to NGF, CNTF potentiated the effect of NGF with respect to inhibition of proliferation, neurite outgrowth, and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) induction. ChAT activity was assayed enzymatically, and an increase in the mRNA of ChAT was also detected by means of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The PCR product was verified by sequencing and by Southern hybridization using a specific oligonucleotide probe. The presence of CNTF receptor in PC12 cells was confirmed by RT-PCR for its mRNA. The results indicate that PC12 responds to CNTF mainly when used in combination with NGF, and suggest an interaction between the two growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhong
- Department of Neurology (Division of Neurochemistry and Neurobiology), University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City
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44
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Abstract
Rat glia maturation factor beta (GMF-beta) cDNA was obtained by reverse transcription of rat brain mRNA followed by polymerase chain reaction amplification, using primers from the human sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence of rat GMF-beta differed from the human counterpart in only three places: His27 in place of Asn, Val51 in place of Ile, and Leu93 in place of Val. The high degree of evolutionary conservation suggests that GMF-beta plays an essential role in animal cell physiology. The expression of GMF-beta mRNA in the rat was studied by the northern blot technique, using a rat cRNA probe corresponding to the entire coding region. GMF-beta mRNA was predominantly expressed in the brain and spinal cord, although trace levels were found in other organs, including testis and ovary. In the brain GMF-beta mRNA was detectable at as early as embryonic day 10, and persisted through as late as postnatal month 14, with minor variations in between. On the other hand, GMF-beta protein exhibited more obvious developmental changes, with its level increasing slowly prenatally and plateauing at 1 week after birth. GMF-beta mRNA and protein were also observed in several cultured cells. Some cells of neural origin contained higher levels of GMF-beta protein compared with cells derived from other sources. Through demonstration of mRNA and confirmation by immunoblotting, we conclude that GMF-beta is synthesized by rat organs and that GMF-beta is predominantly a brain protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurochemistry and Neurobiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242
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45
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Abstract
A rabbit polyclonal antibody (91-01) was raised against recombinant human glia maturation factor beta (r-hGMF-beta). The antibody did not cross-react with a number of other growth factors on ELISA test. When compared with the monoclonal antibody G2-09 previously obtained, 91-01 immunoblotted the same protein band in rat brain extract. However, unlike G2-09 which immunostained only astrocytes and Bergmann glia, 91-01 stained neurons as well. Many but not all neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system were positive for GMF-beta. The larger cell population stained by the polyclonal antibody was most likely due to its increased sensitivity, although other explanations are possible. The presence of GMF-beta-like immunoreactivity in both neurons and glia raises the possibility of a wider range of cell-cell interaction than was previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242
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Abstract
Rat sciatic nerves were bilaterally transected and repaired with an entubulation technique. The nerve interstump gap was filled with either collagen gel or collagen gel mixed with a putative neurotrophic factor (leupeptin, 4-aminopyridine, lipid angiogenic factor or glia maturation factor beta (GMF-beta]. Six weeks after nerve transection, the myelinated distal stump axons were quantified for each nerve. Only the nerves treated with GMF-beta had significantly more axons than the control side.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Harman
- Physiotherapy Program, University of Ottawa, Ont. Canada
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Abstract
Glia maturation factor-beta, a protein found in the brains of all vertebrates thus far examined, appears to play a role in the differentiation, maintenance, and regeneration of the nervous system. Using oligonucleotide probes based on the sequences of three tryptic peptides derived from bovine glia maturation factor-beta, we screened a human brainstem cDNA library in lambda gt11. A 0.7-kb clone was isolated, sequenced in its entirety, and found to encode a polypeptide of 142 amino acids which contained regions identical to the three bovine peptides. This polypeptide, human recombinant glia maturation factor-beta, has been expressed in Escherichia coli and found to possess structural characteristics and biological activity indistinguishable from those of the native bovine protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kaplan
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurochemistry and Neurobiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lim
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242
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49
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Abstract
Glia maturation factor beta (GMF-beta) is a 17-kDa acidic protein isolated from the brain. When added to cultured cells, GMF-beta promotes the phenotypic expression of glia and neurons and inhibits the proliferation of their respective tumors. Although astrocytes produce GMF-beta and store it inside the cells, they do not secrete the protein into the cultured medium. This poses a question as to how GMF-beta mediates intercellular communication. This paper provides an answer by demonstrating the presence of GMF-beta on the surface of astrocytes, using gold-labeled antibody enhanced with silver. It appears that cell-surface GMF-beta acts on the target cells at close range when cells are in direct contact. In contrast to astrocytes, we failed to detect GMF-beta on the surface of C6 glioma cells, although these cells, like astrocytes, possess endogenous intracellular GMF-beta and are also responsive to GMF-beta added to the medium. The lack of cell-surface expression of GMF-beta in C6 cells may reflect a breakdown in intercellular communication in these malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lim
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242
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Abstract
Recombinant human glia maturation factor beta (r-hGMF-beta) is a single-chain polypeptide (141 amino acid residues) containing three cysteines, at positions 7, 86 and 95. Nascent r-hGMF-beta exists in the reduced state and has no biological activity. The protein can be activated through oxidative refolding by incubation with a mixture of reduced and oxidized glutathione. Reverse-phase HPLC analysis of the refolded r-hGMF-beta shows the presence of four peaks, corresponding to the reduced form plus three newly generated intrachain disulfide-containing isoforms predicted from the number of cysteine residues. Only one isoform shows biological activity when tested for growth suppression on C6 glioma cells. We infer from the HPLC elution pattern that the active form contains the disulfide bridge Cys86-Cys95.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City
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