1
|
McDonald S, Yazdi Z, Camus A, Soto E. Evaluation of three inactive vaccines against Veronaea botryosa infection in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2024; 145:109368. [PMID: 38211704 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Veronaea botryosa is the etiological agent of a systemic phaeohyphomycosis known as "fluid belly" in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Fluid belly is a critical disease affecting sturgeon aquaculture and the caviar industry for which there are no commercially available vaccines or approved antifungal treatments to manage outbreaks. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a V. botryosa [conidia], a V. botryosa [mold], and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae [yeast] formalin-killed vaccine on sturgeon immune responses to fungal challenge. Immunization consisted of an initial intracoelomic injection with one of the three treatment preparations, followed by a vaccine booster four weeks later by the same route and dose. Experimental challenge by intramuscular injection with a virulent V. botryosa conidia suspension followed after another four weeks. Non-challenged control fish received injections of PBS. The inactivated vaccines proved safe for white sturgeon fingerlings. Sturgeon immunized with either V. botryosa [mold] or S. cerevisiae [yeast] exhibited a significantly different pro-inflammatory response upon challenge with V. botryosa compared to non-immunized fish. Challenged fish developed clinical signs similar to those reported during natural outbreaks of fluid belly. Positive control treatments (those not immunized but challenged with V. botryosa) experienced the highest mortality; however, survival curves were similar amongst all treatments (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the S. cerevisiae [yeast] vaccine resulted in comparatively lower fungal persistence and fewer lesions following histological analysis. Further efforts evaluating the potential of Saccharomyces spp. as a vaccine candidate against fluid belly are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sienna McDonald
- University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Zeinab Yazdi
- University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alvin Camus
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Balistrieri LS. Using Multiple Metal Mixture Models to Predict Toxicity of Riverine Sediment Porewater to the Benthic Life Stage of Juvenile White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Environ Toxicol Chem 2024; 43:62-73. [PMID: 37750585 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Five metal mixture dose-response models were used to predict the toxicity of porewater to young sturgeon at areas of interest in the Upper Columbia River (WA, USA/BC, Canada) and to evaluate these models as tools for risk assessments. Dose components of metal mixture models included exposure to free metal ion activities or metal accumulation by biotic ligands or humic acid, and links of dose to response used logistic equations, independent joint action equations, or additive toxicity functions. Laboratory bioassay studies of single metal exposures to juvenile sturgeon, porewater collected in situ in the fast-flowing Upper Columbia River, and metal mixture models were used to evaluate toxicity. The five metal mixture models were very similar in their predictions of adverse response of juvenile sturgeon and in identifying copper (Cu) as the metal responsible for the most toxic conditions. Although the modes of toxic action and the 20% effective concentration values were different among the dose models, predictions of adverse response were consistent among models because all doses were tied to the same biological responses. All models indicated that 56% ± 5% of 122 porewater samples were predicted to have <20% adverse response, 25% ± 5% of samples were predicted to have 20% to 80% adverse response, and 20% ± 4% were predicted to have >80% adverse response in juvenile sturgeon. The approach of combining bioassay toxicity data, compositions of field porewater, and metal mixture models to predict lack of growth and survival of aquatic organisms due to metal toxicity is an important tool that can be integrated with other information (e.g., survey studies of organism populations, life cycle and behavior characteristics, sediment geochemistry, and food sources) to assess risks to aquatic organisms in metal-enriched ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:62-73. Published 2023. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie S Balistrieri
- Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, US Geological Survey, Grafton, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oyinlola MA, Khorsandi M, Penman R, Earhart ML, Arsenault R, Brauner CJ, St-Hilaire A. Hydrothermal impacts of water release on early life stages of white sturgeon in the Nechako river, B.C. Canada. J Therm Biol 2023; 117:103682. [PMID: 37634393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Water temperature plays a crucial role in the physiology of aquatic species, particularly in their survival and development. Thus, resource programs are commonly used to manage water quality conditions for endemic species. In a river system like the Nechako River system, central British Columbia, a water management program was established in the 1980s to alter water release in the summer months to prevent water temperatures from exceeding a 20 °C threshold downstream during the spawning season of Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Such a management regime could have consequences for other resident species like the white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Here, we use a hydrothermal model and white sturgeon life stage-specific experimental thermal tolerance data to evaluate water releases and potential hydrothermal impacts based on the Nechako water management plan (1980-2019). Our analysis focused mainly on the warmest five-month period of the year (May to September), which includes the water release management period (July-August). Our results show that the thermal exposure risk, an index that measures temperature impact on species physiology of Nechako white sturgeon across all early life stages (embryo, yolk-sac larvae, larvae, and juvenile) has increased substantially, especially in the 2010s relative to the management program implementations' first decade (the 1980s). The embryonic life stage was the most impacted, with a continuous increase in potential adverse thermal exposure in all months examined in the study. We also recorded major impacts of increased thermal exposure on the critical habitats necessary for Nechako white sturgeon recovery. Our study highlights the importance of a holistic management program with consideration for all species of the Nechako River system and the merit of possibly reviewing the current management plan, particularly with the current concerns about climate change impacts on the Nechako River.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed A Oyinlola
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada; Canadian Rivers Institute, UNB Fredericton, 28 Dineen Dr Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Mostafa Khorsandi
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada; Canadian Rivers Institute, UNB Fredericton, 28 Dineen Dr Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Rachael Penman
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Madison L Earhart
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Richard Arsenault
- Hydrology, Climate and Climate Change Laboratory, École de technologie supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame West St., Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Colin J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andre St-Hilaire
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada; Canadian Rivers Institute, UNB Fredericton, 28 Dineen Dr Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Penman RJ, Bugg W, Rost-Komiya B, Earhart ML, Brauner CJ. Slow heating rates increase thermal tolerance and alter mRNA HSP expression in juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). J Therm Biol 2023; 115:103599. [PMID: 37413754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater fish such as white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) are particularly vulnerable to the effects of anthropogenically induced global warming. Critical thermal maximum tests (CTmax) are often conducted to provide insight into the impacts of changing temperatures; however, little is known about how the rate of temperature increase in these assays affects thermal tolerance. To assess the effect of heating rate (0.3 °C/min, 0.03 °C/min, 0.003 °C/min) we measured thermal tolerance, somatic indices, and gill Hsp mRNA expression. Contrary to what has been observed in most other fish species, white sturgeon thermal tolerance was highest at the slowest heating rate of 0.003 °C/min (34.2 °C, and CTmax of 31.3 and 29.2 °C, for rates 0.03 and 0.3 °C/min, respectively) suggesting an ability to rapidly acclimate to slowly increasing temperatures. Hepatosomatic index decreased in all heating rates relative to control fish, indicative of the metabolic costs of thermal stress. At the transcriptional level, slower heating rates resulted in higher gill mRNA expression of Hsp90a, Hsp90b, and Hsp70. Hsp70 mRNA expression was increased in all heating rates relative to controls, whereas expression of Hsp90a and Hsp90b mRNA only increased in the two slower trials. Together these data indicate that white sturgeon have a very plastic thermal response, which is likely energetically costly to induce. Acute temperature changes may be more detrimental to sturgeon as they struggle to acclimate to rapid changes in their environment, however under slower warming rates they demonstrate strong thermal plasticity to warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael J Penman
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - William Bugg
- Department of Biology, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Beatrice Rost-Komiya
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Madison L Earhart
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colin J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yazdi Z, Griffin MJ, Pierezan F, Eetemadi A, Shahin K, Soto E. Quantitative PCR for detection and quantification of Veronaea botryosa in fish and environmental samples. Dis Aquat Organ 2021; 144:175-185. [PMID: 33955855 DOI: 10.3354/dao03582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Systemic phaeohyphomycosis, aka 'fluid belly', is one of the most important emergent diseases in sturgeon Acipenser spp. aquaculture. The etiologic agent is the saprobic, dematiaceous fungus Veronaea botryosa. Effective vaccines and chemotherapeutic treatments are currently unavailable. Additionally, the fungus is a slow-growing organism, taking from 10-15 d for colonies to be observed in agar media. To this end, a specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting the V. botryosa β-tubulin gene was developed and validated. The specificity of the assay to V. botryosa was initially confirmed in silico and in vivo against common fungal fish pathogens, including closely related members of the order Chaetothyriales (Exophiala spp.) and other black pigmented fungi (Alternaria spp. and Cladosporium spp.), as well as tissues from uninfected sturgeon. The assay possessed high clinical specificity (100%) and clinical sensitivity (74%) in detecting V. botryosa DNA in splenic tissues from laboratory-infected sturgeon. Using V. botryosa genomic DNA as a template, the limit of detection was equivalent to 10 conidia, and the method was found suitable for the detection of fungal DNA in fresh and formalin-fixed tissues. In addition, the presence of non-target DNA from white sturgeon did not influence assay sensitivity. The developed qPCR assay is a sensitive, specific, and rapid diagnostic method for the detection and quantification of V. botryosa DNA from white sturgeon tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Yazdi
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shekh K, Saeed H, Kodzhahinchev V, Brinkmann M, Hecker M, Niyogi S. Differences in the subcellular distribution of cadmium and copper in the gills and liver of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Chemosphere 2021; 265:129142. [PMID: 33291014 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) are more resistant to cadmium (Cd) compared to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), whereas they are more sensitive than rainbow trout when exposed to copper (Cu). Differences in the subcellular distribution of metals among species could be one of the factors responsible for the differences in the sensitivity to metals. Although, subcellular distribution has been studied extensively in many species with many metals, its direct role in species-specific differences in the sensitivity has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of subcellular distribution of metals in species-specific differences in the sensitivity to metals between sturgeon and trout. We compared the subcellular distribution of metals Cd and Cu in the cellular debris, heat-stable proteins, heat-denatured fraction, metal-rich granules, and organelles fractions from the gills and liver after exposure of juveniles of both species to 1.25 and 20 μg/L Cd and Cu for 8 days, respectively. Sturgeon diverted a higher amount of Cd towards biologically inactive metal pool (BIM) and a lower amount towards the biologically active metal pool (BAM) compared to trout in both tissues. This explained why sturgeon are able to tolerate a relatively higher exposure level to Cd compared to trout. For Cu, there was no statistically significant species-specific differences in the amounts diverted towards either BAM or BIM; hence, white sturgeon's greater sensitivity to Cu was not explained by its subcellular distribution strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Shekh
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada.
| | - Huzaifa Saeed
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | | | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability (SENS), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C8, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security (GIWS), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability (SENS), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Som Niyogi
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
McLean MF, Litvak MK, Stoddard EM, Cooke SJ, Patterson DA, Hinch SG, Welch DW, Crossin GT. Linking environmental factors with reflex action mortality predictors, physiological stress, and post-release movement behaviour to evaluate the response of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1836) to catch-and-release angling. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 240:110618. [PMID: 31726105 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
White sturgeon are the largest freshwater fish in North America and are the focus of an intense catch-and-release (C&R) fishery; the effects are largely unknown. We assessed the effect of fight and handling time, water temperature, river discharge rate, and fish size on physiological and reflex impairment responses of wild white sturgeon to angling. Sixty of these fish were tagged with acoustic transmitters to assess survival and post-release behaviour. Survival was high (100%). Water temperature and discharge influenced post-capture blood physiology. Specifically, lactate, chloride, and cortisol concentrations were elevated in individuals fought longer, and captured at higher water temperatures and river discharge. Cortisol was affected by fish size, with lower concentrations found in larger individuals. Only lactate and chloride were positively related to reflex impairment scores. Post-release movements were correlated with physiological state, fight characteristics and the environment. Specifically, higher blood lactate and chloride and those with longer fight times moved shorter distances after release. Contrastingly, higher levels of circulating glucose and potassium, as well as larger fish captured during periods of high discharge moved longer distances. Sturgeon tended to move shorter distances and at slower rates when reflex impairment was high, although reflex impairment in general did not explain a significant proportion of the variance in any movement metric. Our results show intriguing variance in the physiological and behavioural response of individual white sturgeon to C&R angling, with some degree of environmental dependence, and highlights the importance of understanding drivers of such variation when managing fisheries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Montana F McLean
- Evolutionary Physiology and Animal Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1J8, Canada.
| | - Matthew K Litvak
- Fish Ecology and Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick E4L 1E4, Canada
| | - Erin M Stoddard
- Resource Management Division, South Coast, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Surrey, British Columbia V3R 1E1, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David W Welch
- Kintama Research Services Ltd., 4737 Vista View Cr., Nanaimo, British Columbia V9V 1N8, Canada
| | - Glenn T Crossin
- Evolutionary Physiology and Animal Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1J8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shekh K, Alcaraz AJ, Hecker M, Niyogi S. Sensitivity of white sturgeon and rainbow trout to waterborne copper exposure: A comparative study of copper-induced disruption of sodium homeostasis. Aquat Toxicol 2019; 215:105283. [PMID: 31470336 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that white sturgeon are more sensitive to acute exposure to Cu than rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), especially during early life-stages. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying this difference in sensitivity to Cu is not known. In the present study, we first confirmed the higher sensitivity (lower 96 h LC50 values) of white sturgeon to Cu at three different life stages (larva, swim-up, and juvenile) relative to their counterparts in rainbow trout. We also demonstrated that acute exposure to Cu (50 μg/L for 4.5 h) caused a significantly greater reduction in the rate of waterborne Na uptake in white sturgeon relative to that in rainbow trout across all three life-stages. In agreement with this observation, we also found that acute exposure to Cu (20 μg/L for 48 h) elicits a significantly greater decrease in whole body Na level in all life stages of white sturgeon compared to rainbow trout. In contrast, white sturgeon demonstrated a higher or similar level of Cu body burden relative to rainbow trout during acute Cu exposure (20 μg/L for 24 h), thereby indicating that Cu bioaccumulation is not a good indicator of its toxicity in these species. Overall, our study demonstrated that the differences in sensitivity to acute Cu exposure between white sturgeon and rainbow trout can be explained on the basis of differential effects of Cu on Na homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Shekh
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada.
| | - Alper James Alcaraz
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Som Niyogi
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Puglis HJ, Calfee RD, Little EE. Behavioral effects of copper on larval white sturgeon. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:132-144. [PMID: 30298941 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Early-life stage white sturgeon are sensitive to copper (Cu), with adverse behavioral responses observed during previous studies. The objectives of the present study were to quantify the effects of Cu exposure on white sturgeon swimming and feeding behaviors and determine their time to response. Larval sturgeon (1-2, 28, or 35 d posthatch [dph]) were exposed to Cu (0.5-8 μg/L) for 4 to 14 d. Abnormal behavioral changes were observed within the first few days of exposure including loss of equilibrium and immobilization. Digital video tracking software revealed decreased swimming activity with increasing Cu concentration. Significant changes in behavior and mortality occurred at concentrations of Cu between 1 and 8 μg/L. Juvenile white sturgeon, 58 dph, exposed to 12 μg/L Cu consumed 37 to 60% less food than controls after 3 d of exposure. The present results indicate that behavioral endpoints were more sensitive than some standard toxicity test endpoints and can effectively expand the sensitivity of standard toxicity tests for white sturgeon. Swimming behavior was impaired to the extent that survival in the field would likely be jeopardized. Such data would provide managers a useful metric for characterizing the risks of Cu contamination to white sturgeon. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:132-144. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly J Puglis
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Robin D Calfee
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Edward E Little
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Patterson S, Zee J, Wiseman S, Hecker M. Effects of chronic exposure to dietary selenomethionine on the physiological stress response in juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Aquat Toxicol 2017; 186:77-86. [PMID: 28260669 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient, but at low concentrations can be toxic to aquatic organisms. Selenomethionine (SeMeth) is the primary dietary form of Se aquatic organisms are exposed to and is an environmental concern because it persists and bioaccumulates. White sturgeon (WS) might be particularly susceptible to bioaccumulative toxicants, such as SeMeth, due to their longevity and benthic lifestyle. Se exposure is known to have adverse effects on the physiological stress response in teleosts, but these effects are unknown in WS. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine effects of dietary SeMeth on the ability of WS to mount a stress response. Juvenile WS were administered food spiked with 1.4, 5.6, 22.4 and 104.4μg Se/g dry mass (dm) for 72days. Lower doses were chosen to represent environmentally relevant concentrations, while the high dose represented a worst case scenario exposure. On day 72, fish were subjected to a 2min handling stressor, and they were sampled at 0, 2 and 24h post-stressor. Cortisol, glucose and lactate concentrations were quantified in blood plasma and glycogen concentrations were quantified in muscle and liver. Transcript abundance of genes involved in corticosteroidogenesis and energy metabolism were determined using qPCR. Under basal conditions, WS fed 104.4μg Se/g dm had significantly greater concentrations of plasma cortisol and lactate, and significantly lower concentrations of plasma glucose and liver glycogen, compared to controls. Corticosteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase 2 (hsd11b2) abundance was lower in WS fed 22.4 and 104.4μg Se/g dm, indicating less conversion of cortisol to cortisone. Abundance of the glucocorticoid receptor (gcr) was significantly lower in high dose WS, suggesting lower tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids. The increasing trend in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck) abundance, with increasing SeMeth exposure, was consistent with greater cortisol and glucose concentrations in high dose WS. Exposure to an acute handling stressor elicited a typical cortisol response, but the magnitude of the response appeared to be significantly lower than those typically observed in teleosts. SeMeth also did not appear to modulate the cortisol response to a secondary stressor. However, WS exposed to 22.4μg Se/g dm and sampled 2h post-stressor, had significantly higher concentrations of muscle glycogen compared to controls, indicating effects on their ability to utilize muscle glycogen for energy. Overall, the results indicate that chronic exposure to dietary SeMeth concentrations >22.4μg/g can affect cortisol dynamics and mobilization of energy substrates in juvenile WS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Patterson
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada.
| | - Jenna Zee
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada; Alberta Water & Environmental Science Building, Department of Biology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1 K 3M4, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang W, Lee S, Hung SSO, Deng DF. Responses of heat shock protein 70 and caspase-3/7 to dietary selenomethionine in juvenile white sturgeon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:45-50. [PMID: 29766994 PMCID: PMC5940976 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the responses of juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) to elevated dietary selenium (Se) based on the determination of the RNA/DNA ratio in muscle, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), and caspase-3/7 in muscle and/or liver tissues. Four semi-purified test diets were prepared by adding different levels of L-selenomethionine (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg diet). The analytical determinations of total Se were 2.2, 19.7, 40.1, and 77.7 mg/kg diet. The sturgeon (initial body weight: 30 ± 2 g; mean ± SEM) were raised in indoor tanks provided with flow through freshwater (18–19 °C). There were three replicates for each dietary treatment with 25 fish per replicate. The liver and muscle tissues were collected at 4 and 8 weeks after feeding the test diets. A significant interaction between duration and levels of dietary Se exposures on RNA/DNA ratio in the muscle tissue was detected (P < 0.05). Although there was no significant main effect due to the duration of dietary Se exposures (i.e., 4 weeks versus 8 weeks) on muscle RNA/DNA ratio (P ≥ 0.05), the ratio was significantly decreased with increasing dietary Se levels. Significant main effects were caused by the duration and levels of dietary Se exposures on Hsp70 in both the muscle and liver tissues, with significant increases in Hsp70 due to a longer exposure (8 weeks) and higher levels (40.1 and 77.7 mg Se/kg diet) of dietary Se. The caspase-3/7 activity in the liver were significantly higher in fish fed the diets containing 40.1 and 77.7 mg Se/kg diet than those fed the other diets. The toxic thresholds of Se in the muscle were estimated to be 32.2 and 26.6 mg Se/kg for the depressed specific growth rate and the induced Hsp70 response in muscle, respectively. This result indicated that the Hsp70 response in muscle is a more sensitive biomarker than the SGR of sturgeon for evaluating Se toxicity in white sturgeon. Results of the current study suggest that a mechanism involved with the activation of stress protein production and apoptosis protects white sturgeon from the lethal effect of Se.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Wang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Seunghyung Lee
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee 53204, USA
| | - Silas S O Hung
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616-8521, USA
| | - Dong-Fang Deng
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee 53204, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Beitel SC, Doering JA, Eisner BK, Hecker M. Comparison of the sensitivity of four native Canadian fish species to 17-α ethinylestradiol, using an in vitro liver explant assay. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:20186-20197. [PMID: 26304805 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental estrogens and other endocrine-active chemicals can impact reproduction of freshwater fishes. While extensive data exists regarding the effect of estrogens on standard laboratory species, little is known about the sensitivity of freshwater fishes native to North America to these compounds. Current testing strategies for the toxicological assessment of contaminants still rely heavily on studies with live animals, which poses increasing concerns from an economical and ethical perspective. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the sensitivity of four native species, namely, northern pike (Esox lucius), walleye (Sander vitreus), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), and juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), to an environmental estrogen, 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), using an in vitro tissue explant approach. Transcript abundances of vitellogenin (VTG) as well as the estrogen receptors (ER) α and β were used as the measuring endpoints as they represent well established biomarkers previously used to assess exposure to estrogens. Transcript abundance of VTG was upregulated in a concentration-dependent manner in each species. Liver explants of male walleye were found to have the greatest sensitivity to EE2, with a lowest observable effect concentration of 300 ng/L (1.0 nM) for VTG transcript abundance, with juvenile white sturgeon having the greatest magnitude of VTG transcript upregulation in exposed tissue (15-fold relative to control). Exposure of liver explants to EE2 resulted in no alteration in transcript abundance of ERβ, whereas upregulation of ERα was observed in northern pike only. Based on in vitro expression of VTG, the species tested were among the species with greatest sensitivity to environmental estrogens tested to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn C Beitel
- Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada.
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada.
| | - Jon A Doering
- Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Bryanna K Eisner
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada.
- School of the Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Room 323, Kirk Hall, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Linares-Casenave J, Linville R, Van Eenennaam JP, Muguet JB, Doroshov SI. Selenium tissue burden compartmentalization in resident white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) of the San Francisco Bay Delta estuary. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015; 34:152-160. [PMID: 25319114 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High selenium (Se) loads in the San Francisco Bay Delta are bioaccumulated and biomagnified in food webs and can impair the reproduction of resident oviparous animals such as white sturgeon. The objective of the present study was to determine the Se tissue burden in San Francisco Bay Delta-resident white sturgeon to assess Se bioaccumulation in different organs, including ovaries and liver where egg yolk precursor proteins are synthesized. The authors obtained 54 San Francisco Bay Delta-resident white sturgeon including 26 female and 28 male subadults with immature gonads, 8 females with vitellogenic eggs, and 13 males with maturing gonads. Length, weight, age, reproductive stage of development, and kidney, liver, gonad, and muscle Se concentrations were determined in all fish. Concentrations of Se in muscle, gonads, and liver significantly increased with fish size, whereas kidney Se was not correlated to body size and was at the highest level compared with other organs. There was no difference between the sexes (p > 0.05) in Se concentrations in kidney (12.83 ± 0.51 µg · g(-1) dry wt), liver (11.85 ± 1.04 µg · g(-1) dry wt), and muscle (7.09 ± 0.52 µg · g(-1) dry wt; mean ± standard error, n = 47); but Se concentration was higher in the ovary than in testis (p = 0.04). Females with vitellogenic eggs had higher Se concentrations in the ovaries (20.77 ± 4.11 µg · g(-1) dry wt vs 5.22 ± 2.50 µg · g(-1) dry wt), liver (21.84 ± 2.07 µg · g(-1) dry wt vs 8.03 ± 1.03 µg · g(-1) dry wt), and muscle (10.18 ± 1.93 µg · g(-1) dry wt vs 5.48 ± 0.64 µg · g(-1) dry wt) compared with less advanced, previtellogenic females (p < 0.05). The elevated Se concentrations in the ovaries and liver of vitellogenic San Francisco Bay Delta white sturgeon were comparable with levels previously shown to cause reproductive toxicity in dietary Se experiments with captive white sturgeon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Linares-Casenave
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USA; US Fish & Wildlife Service, Pacific Southwest Regional Office, Sacramento, California
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Calfee RD, Little EE, Puglis HJ, Scott E, Brumbaugh WG, Mebane CA. Acute sensitivity of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to copper, cadmium, or zinc in water-only laboratory exposures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:2259-72. [PMID: 25043712 PMCID: PMC4278710 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The acute toxicity of cadmium, copper, and zinc to white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were determined for 7 developmental life stages in flow-through water-only exposures. Metal toxicity varied by species and by life stage. Rainbow trout were more sensitive to cadmium than white sturgeon across all life stages, with median effect concentrations (hardness-normalized EC50s) ranging from 1.47 µg Cd/L to 2.62 µg Cd/L with sensitivity remaining consistent during later stages of development. Rainbow trout at 46 d posthatch (dph) ranked at the 2nd percentile of a compiled database for Cd species sensitivity distribution with an EC50 of 1.46 µg Cd/L and 72 dph sturgeon ranked at the 19th percentile (EC50 of 3.02 µg Cd/L). White sturgeon were more sensitive to copper than rainbow trout in 5 of the 7 life stages tested with biotic ligand model (BLM)-normalized EC50s ranging from 1.51 µg Cu/L to 21.9 µg Cu/L. In turn, rainbow trout at 74 dph and 95 dph were more sensitive to copper than white sturgeon at 72 dph and 89 dph, indicating sturgeon become more tolerant in older life stages, whereas older trout become more sensitive to copper exposure. White sturgeon at 2 dph, 16 dph, and 30 dph ranked in the lower percentiles of a compiled database for copper species sensitivity distribution, ranking at the 3rd (2 dph), 5th (16 dph), and 10th (30 dph) percentiles. White sturgeon were more sensitive to zinc than rainbow trout for 1 out of 7 life stages tested (2 dph with an biotic ligand model-normalized EC50 of 209 µg Zn/L) and ranked in the 1st percentile of a compiled database for zinc species sensitivity distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Calfee
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological SurveyColumbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Edward E Little
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological SurveyColumbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Holly J Puglis
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological SurveyColumbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Erinn Scott
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological SurveyColumbia, Missouri, USA
| | - William G Brumbaugh
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological SurveyColumbia, Missouri, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|