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Birkeland S, Bogh SB, Pedersen ML, Kerring JH, Morsø L, Tingleff EB, Gildberg FA. Variation in opinions on coercion use among mental healthcare professionals: a questionnaire study. Nord J Psychiatry 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38626028 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2024.2341928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Even if coercive measures are widely applied in psychiatry and have numerous well-known drawbacks, there is limited known on the agreement among mental healthcare professionals' opinions on their use. In a questionnaire study using standardized scenarios, we investigated variation in staff opinions on coercion. METHODS In a web-based survey distributed to staff at three psychiatry hospitals, respondents were asked to consider if and what coercion to use by introducing two hypothetical scenarios involving involuntary psychiatric admission and in-hospital coercion. RESULTS One hundred thirty-two out of 601 invited staff members responded to the survey (Response Rate = 22%). There was large variation in participating staff members' opinions on how to best manage critical situations and what coercive measures were warranted. In the first scenario, 57% of respondents (n = 76) believed that the patient should be involuntarily admitted to hospital while the remaining respondents believed that the situation should be managed otherwise. Regarding the second scenario, 62% of respondents responded that some in-hospital coercion should be used. The majority of respondents believed that colleagues would behave similarly (60%) or with a tendency towards more coercion use (34%). Male gender, being nursing staff and having less coercion experience predicted being less inclined to choose involuntary hospital admission. CONCLUSION There is a high degree of variation in coercion use. This study suggests that this variation persists despite staff members being confronted with the same standardized situations. There is a need for evidence-based further guidance to minimize coercion in critical mental healthcare situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Birkeland
- Forensic Mental Health Research Unit, Middelfart, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark and Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Søren Bie Bogh
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark and Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Martin Locht Pedersen
- Forensic Mental Health Research Unit, Middelfart, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Jonas Harder Kerring
- Forensic Mental Health Research Unit, Middelfart, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Lars Morsø
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark and Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Ellen Boldrup Tingleff
- Forensic Mental Health Research Unit, Middelfart, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Frederik Alkier Gildberg
- Forensic Mental Health Research Unit, Middelfart, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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Laureano CD, Laranjeira C, Querido A, Dixe MA, Rego F. Ethical Issues in Clinical Decision-Making about Involuntary Psychiatric Treatment: A Scoping Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:445. [PMID: 38391820 PMCID: PMC10888148 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12040445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In mental health and psychiatric care, the use of involuntary psychiatric treatment for people with mental disorders is still a central and contentious issue. The main objective of this scoping review was to map and systematize the literature on ethical issues in clinical decision-making about involuntary psychiatric treatment. Five databases (Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Medline, and Scopus) were searched for articles on this topic. Out of a total of 342 articles found, 35 studies from 14 countries were included based on the selection criteria. The articles were analyzed using the inductive content analysis approach. The following main categories were identified: (1) ethical foundations that guide clinical decision-making; (2) criteria for involuntary psychiatric treatment; (3) gaps, barriers, and risks associated with involuntary psychiatric treatment; (4) strategies used to reduce, replace, and improve the negative impact of involuntary treatment; and (5) evidence-based recommendations. Most of the selected articles discuss the logic underlying involuntary treatment of the mentally ill, exploring ethical principles such as autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, or justice, as well as how these should be properly balanced. During the process of involuntary psychiatric admission, there was a notable absence of effective communication and a significant power imbalance that disenfranchised those seeking services. This disparity was further intensified by professionals who often use coercive measures without a clear decision-making rationale and by family members who strongly depend on hospital admission. Due to the pluralistic and polarized nature of opinions regarding legal capacity and the complexity and nuance of involuntary admission, further studies should be context-specific and based on co-production and participatory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio Domingos Laureano
- Psychiatric and Mental Health Service, Local Health Unit of the Leiria Region-Hospital of Santo André, Rua das Olhalvas, 2410-197 Leiria, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Rua de Santo André-66-68, Campus 5, 13 Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Carlos Laranjeira
- Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Rua de Santo André-66-68, Campus 5, 13 Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal
- School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic University of Leiria, Campus 2-Morro do Lena, Alto do Vieiro-Apart. 4137, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, 7000-801 Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Querido
- Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Rua de Santo André-66-68, Campus 5, 13 Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal
- School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic University of Leiria, Campus 2-Morro do Lena, Alto do Vieiro-Apart. 4137, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), NursID, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Anjos Dixe
- Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Rua de Santo André-66-68, Campus 5, 13 Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal
- School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic University of Leiria, Campus 2-Morro do Lena, Alto do Vieiro-Apart. 4137, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Francisca Rego
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Antonsson H, Dahliavy L, Mouline H, Molin J. Struggling with unnecessary suffering-Registered nurses' experiences of delayed decisions on treatment without consent in forensic psychiatric inpatient care. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2023; 32:1681-1690. [PMID: 37458217 DOI: 10.1111/inm.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemical restraints are used in forensic psychiatric inpatient care, however with caution as it can feel like an assault against patients' integrity. When waiting for decisions on treatment without consent, nursing staff are expected to care for patients with severe mental ill-health without the use of medical treatment, often with a feeling of already having tried all other available means. Knowledge about how registered nurses experience such situations is sparse but could contribute to the development of both teamwork and nursing approaches that could mean reduced suffering for patients. The aim of this study was to describe registered nurses' experiences of delayed decisions on treatment without consent in forensic psychiatric inpatient care. Eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted with registered nurses working in forensic psychiatric units in Sweden. Data were analysed through qualitative content analysis. The result showed that experiences of treatment without consent were about striving to protect patients from harm, striving for collaboration during difficult circumstances and striving to do good. This was interpreted as a struggle with unnecessary suffering. For registered nurses to be able to handle such challenging situations and relieve suffering for patients, experience and master-level education in mental health nursing are highlighted. Another aspect that is highlighted is the importance of having consultants familiar with the circumstances at the unit. A method for joint reflection is suggested, to promote an open-minded work culture with a well-functioning decision-making process and ensure that both consultants and nursing staff have support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liv Dahliavy
- Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Jenny Molin
- Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Division of Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Krückl JS, Moeller J, Imfeld L, Schädelin S, Hochstrasser L, Lieb R, Lang UE, Huber CG. The association between the admission to wards with open- vs. closed-door policy and the use of coercive measures. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1268727. [PMID: 37953938 PMCID: PMC10634515 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1268727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Psychiatric treatment on a ward with open-door policy is associated with reduced numbers of coercive measures. The effect of the door policy of previous stays, however, has not been investigated. Methods The data set consisted of 22,172 stays by adult inpatients in a psychiatric university hospital between 2010 and 2019. Pairs of consecutive stays were built. The outcome variable was the occurrence of coercive measures during the second stay. Results Compared to treatments on wards with a closed-door policy at both stays, treatments on wards with an open-door policy at the second stay had smaller odds for coercive measures (OR ranging between 0.09 and 0.33, p < 0.01). In addition, coercive measures were more frequent in treatment histories where patients previously treated on a closed ward were admitted to a ward with an open-door policy and subsequently transferred to a ward with a closed-door policy at the second stay (OR=2.97, p = 0.046). Discussion Treatment under open-door policy is associated with fewer coercive measures, even in patients with previous experience of closed-door settings. The group of patients who were admitted to a ward with an open-door, then transmitted to a ward with a closed-door policy seem to be prone to experience coercive measures. Clinical strategies to keep these patients in treatment in an open-door setting could further reduce coercive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana S. Krückl
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julian Moeller
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Imfeld
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Schädelin
- Department Clinical Research, c/o University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Hochstrasser
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roselind Lieb
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine E. Lang
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian G. Huber
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Lantta T, Duxbury J, Haines-Delmont A, Björkdahl A, Husum TL, Lickiewicz J, Douzenis A, Craig E, Goodall K, Bora C, Whyte R, Whittington R. Models, frameworks and theories in the implementation of programs targeted to reduce formal coercion in mental health settings: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1158145. [PMID: 37398581 PMCID: PMC10311067 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1158145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Implementation models, frameworks and theories (hereafter tools) provide researchers and clinicians with an approach to understand the processes and mechanisms for the successful implementation of healthcare innovations. Previous research in mental health settings has revealed, that the implementation of coercion reduction programs presents a number of challenges. However, there is a lack of systematized knowledge of whether the advantages of implementation science have been utilized in this field of research. This systematic review aims to gain a better understanding of which tools have been used by studies when implementing programs aiming to reduce formal coercion in mental health settings, and what implementation outcomes they have reported. Methods A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science. A manual search was used to supplement database searches. Quality appraisal of included studies was undertaken using MMAT-Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. A descriptive and narrative synthesis was formed based on extracted data. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed in this review. Results We identified 5,295 references after duplicates were removed. Four additional references were found with a manual search. In total eight studies reported in nine papers were included in the review. Coercion reduction programs that were implemented included those that were holistic, and/or used professional judgement, staff training and sensory modulation interventions. Eight different implementation tools were identified from the included studies. None of them reported all eight implementation outcomes sought from the papers. The most frequently reported outcomes were acceptability (4/8 studies) and adaptation (3/8). With regards to implementation costs, no data were provided by any of the studies. The quality of the studies was assessed to be overall quite low. Discussion Systematic implementation tools are seldom used when efforts are being made to embed interventions to reduce coercive measures in routine mental health care. More high-quality studies are needed in the research area that also involves perspectives of service users and carers. In addition, based on our review, it is unclear what the costs and resources are needed to implement complex interventions with the guidance of an implementation tool. Systematic review registration [Prospero], identifier [CRD42021284959].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tella Lantta
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Nursing, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Duxbury
- Department of Nursing, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alina Haines-Delmont
- Department of Nursing, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Björkdahl
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tonje Lossius Husum
- Department of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Medical Ethics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jakub Lickiewicz
- Department of Health Psychology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Athanassios Douzenis
- Second Psychiatry Department, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elaine Craig
- Department of Nursing, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Goodall
- Department of Nursing, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Bora
- Second Psychiatry Department, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Rachel Whyte
- Department of Nursing, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Whittington
- Centre for Research and Education in Security, Prisons and Forensic Psychiatry, Forensic Department Østmarka, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Venturini P, Bassi G, Salcuni S, Kotzalidis GD, Telesforo CL, Salustri E, Trevisi M, Roselli V, Tarsitani L, Infante V, Niolu C, Polselli G, Boldrini T. Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the staff attitude to coercion scale: an exploratory factor analysis. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1172803. [PMID: 37293405 PMCID: PMC10244557 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1172803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The current study aimed to validate the Italian version of the Staff Attitude to Coercion Scale (SACS), which assesses mental health care staff's attitudes to the use of coercion in treatment. Methods The original English version of the SACS was translated into Italian, according to the back-translation procedure. Subsequently, it was empirically validated by performing an exploratory factor analysis on a sample of 217 mental health professionals (Mean = 43.40 years, SD = 11.06) recruited form Italian general hospital (acute) psychiatric wards (GHPWs), with at least 1 year of work experience (i.e., inclusion criteria). Results Results confirmed the three-factor solution of the original version for the Italian version of the SACS, though three items loaded on different factors, compared to the original. The three extracted factors, explained 41% of total variance, and were labeled similarly to the original scale and according to their respective item content, i.e., Factor 1 "Coercion as offending" (items: 3, 13, 14, and 15), Factor 2 "Coercion as care and security" (items: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9), and Factor 3 "Coercion as treatment" (items: 6, 10, 11, and 12). The internal consistency of the three-factor model of the Italian version of the SACS was assessed through Cronbach's α and yielded acceptable indexes, ranging from 0.64 to 0.77. Conclusion The present findings suggest that the Italian version of the SACS is a valid and reliable tool that can be used to assess healthcare professionals' attitudes toward coercion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Bassi
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Salcuni
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Georgios D. Kotzalidis
- Department of NESMOS, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Valentina Roselli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tarsitani
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Infante
- U.O.C. Psichiatria e Psicologia Clinica, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Niolu
- U.O.C. Psichiatria e Psicologia Clinica, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Boldrini
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Bakola M, Peritogiannis V, Stuckler D, Kitsou KS, Gourzis P, Hyphantis T, Jelastopulu E. Who is coercively admitted to psychiatric wards? Epidemiological analysis of inpatient records of involuntary psychiatric admissions to a University General Hospital in Greece for the years 2008-2017. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2023; 69:267-276. [PMID: 35232289 DOI: 10.1177/00207640221081793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Involuntary psychiatric admissions are a widely used practice despite ethical concerns about coercion. There are particular concerns that vulnerable groups, such as single, unemployed or racial minorities, may be more subjected to such practices. AIM We aimed to investigate the social patterns of involuntary psychiatric admissions from 2008 to 2017 at University General Hospital in Ioannina, Greece. METHOD We retrospectively assessed inpatient records from 2008 to 2017 of patients admitted to the Department of Psychiatry of the Ioannina University General Hospital, Northwestern Greece. Alternative patients of alternative years were selected for inclusion; this yielded 332 patients involuntarily admitted, corresponding to 28.5% of total involuntary psychiatric admissions. RESULTS Over the 10-year period, the overall numbers of annual involuntary psychiatric admissions remained relatively stable, as did the length of hospital stay (mean = 23.8 days). The most common disorder upon admission was schizophrenia spectrum disorders, accounting for approximately two-thirds of all admissions, followed by mood disorders (about 20%). There was evidence that people who lacked social support or experienced financial hardship were more greatly represented among those admitted: 70.2% of admitted patients were single and 64.8% were unemployed. Most patients had been admitted to the psychiatric ward in the past (64.2%). CONCLUSION Our study indicates potentially worrisome evidence that patients who are in vulnerable positions are at elevated likelihood of being involuntarily admitted to psychiatric wards. Future research is needed to evaluate the socio-demographic patterning of involuntary admissions in other European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bakola
- Postgraduate Program of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Vaios Peritogiannis
- Mobile Mental Health Unit of the Prefectures of Ioannina and Thesprotia, Society for the Promotion of Mental Health in Epirus, Ioannina, Greece
| | - David Stuckler
- Department of Social and Political Sciences, University of Bocconi, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Philippos Gourzis
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Thomas Hyphantis
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eleni Jelastopulu
- Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, Greece
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Steiger S, Moeller J, Sowislo JF, Lieb R, Lang UE, Huber CG. Approval of Coercion in Psychiatry in Public Perception and the Role of Stigmatization. Front Psychiatry 2022; 12:819573. [PMID: 35069299 PMCID: PMC8777226 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.819573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Coercion is routinely used in psychiatry. Its benefits and drawbacks are controversially debated. In addition, the majority of persons with mental health problems are exposed to stigmatization and are assumed to be dangerous. Stigmatization is associated with negative consequences for individuals with mental illness such as disapproval, social rejection, exclusion, and discrimination. Being subjected to coercive measures can increase the stigmatization of the affected persons, and stigmatization might lead to higher approval for coercion. Aims of the Study: This study aims to examine the approval for coercive measures in psychiatry by the general public, and to explore its relation with person- and situation-specific factors as well as with stigmatization. Method: We conducted a representative survey of the general population (N = 2,207) in the canton of Basel-Stadt, Switzerland. Participants were asked to read a vignette depicting psychopathological symptoms of a fictitious character and indicate whether they would accept coercive measures for the person in the vignette. Desire for social distance and perceived dangerousness were assessed as measures of stigmatization. Findings: The person in the case vignette exhibiting dangerous behavior, showing symptoms of a psychotic disorder, being perceived as dangerous, and treatment being understood as helpful increased approval of coercion in general, while familiarity of the respondents with mental illness decreased approval. Conclusions: The public attitude regarding the approval of coercion in psychiatry is highly differentiated and largely follows the current legal framework and medical treatment guidelines. Higher approval occurred in situations of self-harm or harm to others and when coercive measures were thought to have a beneficial effect for the affected persons. A considerable part of the approval for coercion is predicted by stigmatization. With the increasing severity of coercive measures, the influence of person- and situation-specific factors and of familiarity with mental illness decreased and generalizing and stigmatizing attitudes became stronger predictors for the approval of more severe measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Steiger
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julian Moeller
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia F. Sowislo
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roselind Lieb
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine E. Lang
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian G. Huber
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Steiger S, Moeller J, Sowislo JF, Lieb R, Lang UE, Huber CG. Corrigendum: Approval of Coercion in Psychiatry in Public Perception and the Role of Stigmatization. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:881898. [PMID: 35392387 PMCID: PMC8982357 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.881898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.819573.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Steiger
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julian Moeller
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia F Sowislo
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roselind Lieb
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine E Lang
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian G Huber
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Knorr M, Hofmann AB, Miteva D, Noboa V, Rauen K, Frauenfelder F, Seifritz E, Quednow BB, Vetter S, Egger ST. Relationship Between Time of Admission, Help-Seeking Behavior, and Psychiatric Outcomes: "From Dusk Till Dawn". Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:842936. [PMID: 35573363 PMCID: PMC9091816 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.842936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Day and time of admission influence treatment outcomes and prognosis in several medical specialties; this seems related to resources' ability. It is largely unknown whether this also applies to mental health services. We investigate the relationship between time of admission, patients' demographic and clinical profile, and treatment outcomes. METHODS Demographic and clinical profiles of admitted and discharged patients to a general psychiatric ward between January 1st, 2013 and December 31st, 2020, were analyzed. In addition, we used the last year (i.e., 2020) to monitor rehospitalization. Time of admission was defined as weekdays (working day, weekend) and dayshifts (daytime, dusk, and dawn). RESULTS During the study period, 12,449 patient admissions occurred. The mean age of the sample was 48.05 ± 20.90 years, with 49.32% (n = 6,140) females. Most admissions (n = 10,542, 84%) occurred on working days. Two-fifths of admissions (39.7%, n = 4,950) were compulsory, with a higher rate outside daytime hours. Patients had slight differences in the clinical profile, resulting from evaluating the different items of the Health of Nation Outcome Scale (HoNOS). Patients admitted on night shifts, weekends, and holidays showed a shorter length of stay; patients compulsorily admitted during daytime (disregarding the day of the week) had a longer length of stay. All patient groups achieved a robust clinical improvement (i.e., an HoNOS score reduction of around 50%), with similar readmission rates. DISCUSSION The main finding of our study is the relationship between "daytime hours" and fewer compulsory admissions, a result of the interplay between demographics, clinical characteristics, and out-of-clinic service availability (such as ambulatory psychiatric- psychological praxis; day-clinic; home-treatment). The differing clinical profile, in turn, determines differences in treatment selection, with patients admitted after office hours experiencing a higher rate of coercive measures. The shorter length of stay for out-of-office admissions might result from the hospitalization as an intervention. These results should encourage the implementation of outpatient crisis-intervention services, available from dusk till dawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Knorr
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas B Hofmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrina Miteva
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Noboa
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Katrin Rauen
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fritz Frauenfelder
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Vetter
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan T Egger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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11
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Lindow M, Kjellin L, Engström I, Pelto-Piri V. Strategies for the Prevention of Violence in Institutional Care: A Qualitative Interview Study With Ward Managers. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:853260. [PMID: 35463501 PMCID: PMC9024355 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.853260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of violence within psychiatric and residential settings remains a challenge. Research on this problem has often focused on describing violence prevention strategies from either staffs' or service users' perspectives, and the views of ward managers has been largely overlooked. The aim of the present study was therefore to identify ward managers' strategies to prevent violence in institutional care, focusing on safety and values. METHODS Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 12 ward managers who headed four different types of psychiatric wards and two special residential homes for adolescents. Qualitative content analysis was applied, first using a deductive approach, in which quotes were selected within a frame of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, then by coding using an inductive approach to create themes and subthemes. RESULTS Ward managers' strategies were divided into the four following themes: (1) Balancing being an active manager with relying on staff's abilities to carry out their work properly while staying mostly in the background; (2) Promoting value awareness and non-coercive practices in encounters with service users by promoting key values and adopting de-escalation techniques, as well as focusing on staff-service user relationships; (3) Acknowledging and strengthening staff's abilities and competence by viewing and treating staff as a critical resource for good care; and (4) Providing information and support to staff by exchanging information and debriefing them after violent incidents. CONCLUSIONS Ward managers described ethical challenges surrounding violence and coercive measures. These were often described as practical problems, so there seems to be a need for a development of higher ethical awareness based on a common understanding regarding central ethical values to be respected in coercive care. The ward managers seem to have a high awareness of de-escalation and the work with secondary prevention, however, there is a need to develop the work with primary and tertiary prevention. The service user group or user organizations were not considered as resources in violence prevention, so there is a need to ensure that all stakeholders are active in the process of creating violence prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lindow
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lars Kjellin
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Engström
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Veikko Pelto-Piri
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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12
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Geissler J, Werner E, Dworschak W, Romanos M, Ratz C. [Freedom-restricting measures in Bavarian residential facilities for children, adolescents, and young adults with intellectual disabilities]. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother 2021; 49:273-283. [PMID: 34240619 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Freedom-restricting measures in Bavarian residential facilities for children, adolescents, and young adults with intellectual disabilities Abstract. Objective: In Bavaria, around 10 % of youths with an intellectual disability (ID) live in residential facilities. In 2015, media raised accusations of inadmissible use of coercive measures. The REDUGIA project carried out a representative survey in Bavarian facilities regarding coercive measures (FeM), challenging behavior (hfV), and employee stress (MaB). Method: We sent a questionnaire concerning structural conditions, MaB, hfV and FeM to 65 Bavarian facilities for young people with ID. In addition to preparing descriptive evaluations, we performed correlative and regression analyses concerning the relationship between hfV, FeM, and MaB. Results: We retrieved data from 1,839 subjects in 61 facilities. 84.3 % of facilities reported low rates of hfV and FeM, while 15.7 % reported an increased incidence of hfV and FeM. For n = 1809 full-time position equivalents there were 639 physical attacks by residents over the course of 14 days. We observed 85 instances of sick leave and 33 transfer apllications/resignation associated with hfV. The frequency of hfV predicted the frequency of FeM (R² = 0.307, F = 21.719, p < .001). MaB correlated positively with hfV (r = 0.507, p < .001). Conclusions: The descriptive data indicate that hfV and FeM are not general phenomena but occur mainly in a circumscript number of highly specialized facilities. This emphasizes the need for prevention of hfV and FeM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Geissler
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
| | - Elisabeth Werner
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg.,Lehrstuhl für Pädagogik bei Geistiger Behinderung, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
| | - Wolfgang Dworschak
- Lehrstuhl für Pädagogik bei geistiger Behinderung, Universität Regensburg
| | - Marcel Romanos
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg.,Deutsches Zentrum für Präventionsforschung Psychische Gesundheit (DZPP), Würzburg
| | - Christoph Ratz
- Lehrstuhl für Pädagogik bei Geistiger Behinderung, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg.,Deutsches Zentrum für Präventionsforschung Psychische Gesundheit (DZPP), Würzburg
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13
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Collazos F, Malagón A, Falgas-Bague I, Qureshi A, Gines JM, Ramos MDM, McPeck S, Hussain I, Wang Y, Alegría M. Treating immigrant patients in psychiatric emergency rooms. Transcult Psychiatry 2021; 58:126-139. [PMID: 32281520 PMCID: PMC7554163 DOI: 10.1177/1363461520916697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examine whether patient variables (geographic origin, gender, Spanish language proficiency) and subjective clinician aspects in emergency department psychiatric encounters (diagnostic certainty, clinician's comfort level with patient) are associated with diagnosis and the use of coercive measures. Using a descriptive cross-sectional design, we recorded 467 visits (400 foreign-born and 67 native-born patients) in hospital psychiatry emergency rooms (ERs) in Barcelona between 2007 and 2015. We first assessed the association of patient variables and subjective clinician aspects of psychiatric encounters with service use outcomes and with mental illness diagnosis. Fitted logistic models predicted the likelihood of service use outcomes and estimated the propensity of receiving each diagnosis. The null model evaluated the role of patient's geographical origin, while the full model evaluated the additional roles of patient's gender and language, the clinician's assessment of the influence of culture in diagnosis, and clinician comfort with two outcomes: patient's diagnosis and use of coercive measures in the ER. Women were less likely to receive coercive measures or intramuscular medications compared to men. Significant ethnic/racial and gender differences were found in receiving certain diagnoses. Additionally, a patient's lower Spanish proficiency was correlated with a higher probability of receiving a psychosis diagnosis. The clinician's level of diagnostic certainty was also positively correlated with increasing clinician-reported comfort with patient. Overall, ethnic factors and the subjective aspects of psychiatric encounters were found to influence diagnosis and the use of coercive measures. Cultural competency programs and interpreter services within psychiatric ER settings should thus be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Collazos
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Service of Psychiatry. Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. Plaça Cívica, s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angeles Malagón
- Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim, 25-29, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Falgas-Bague
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. Plaça Cívica, s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine. Massachusetts General Hospital. Disparities Research Unit. 50 Staniford St., Boston, MA, USA, 02114
| | - Adil Qureshi
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Service of Psychiatry. Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Gines
- Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim, 25-29, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria del Mar Ramos
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Service of Psychiatry. Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samantha McPeck
- Department of Medicine. Massachusetts General Hospital. Disparities Research Unit. 50 Staniford St., Boston, MA, USA, 02114
| | - Isra Hussain
- Department of Medicine. Massachusetts General Hospital. Disparities Research Unit. 50 Staniford St., Boston, MA, USA, 02114
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Medicine. Massachusetts General Hospital. Disparities Research Unit. 50 Staniford St., Boston, MA, USA, 02114
| | - Margarita Alegría
- Department of Medicine. Massachusetts General Hospital. Disparities Research Unit. 50 Staniford St., Boston, MA, USA, 02114
- Department of Psychology, Harvard Medical School, William James Hall, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA 02138
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14
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Wolf T, Fabel P, Kraschewski A, Jockers-Scherübl MC. From Wish to Reality: Soteria in Regular Care-Proof of Effectiveness of the Implementation of Soteria Elements in Acute Psychiatry. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:685779. [PMID: 34305682 PMCID: PMC8298815 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.685779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This article examines the influence of the implementation of Soteria elements on coercive measures in an acute psychiatric ward after reconstruction in 2017, thereby comparing the year 2016 to the year 2019. The special feature is that this is the only acute psychiatric ward in Hennigsdorf Hospital, connected now both spatially and therapeutically to an open ward and focusing on the treatment of patients suffering from schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Methods: The following parameters were examined: aggressive assaults, use of coercion (mechanical restraints), duration of treatment in open or locked ward, type of discharge, coercive medication, and dosage of applied antipsychotics. For this purpose, the data of all legally accommodated patients in the year 2016 (before the reconstruction) and 2019 (after the reconstruction) were statistically analyzed in a pre-post mirror quasi-experimental design. Results: In 2019, the criteria of the Soteria Fidelity Scale for a ward with Soteria elements were reached. In comparison to 2016 with a comparable care situation and a comparable patient clientele, there was now a significant decrease in aggressive behavior toward staff and fellow patients, a significantly reduced number of fixations, a significantly reduced overall duration of inpatient stay, and a significant increase in treatment time in the open area of our acute ward. Conclusion: The establishment of Soteria elements in the acute psychiatric ward leads to a verifiable less violent environment of care for severely ill patients and to a drastic reduction in coercive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Charité Berlin, Oberhavel Kliniken GmbH, Hennigsdorf, Germany
| | - Philine Fabel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Charité Berlin, Oberhavel Kliniken GmbH, Hennigsdorf, Germany
| | - Adrian Kraschewski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Charité Berlin, Oberhavel Kliniken GmbH, Hennigsdorf, Germany
| | - Maria C Jockers-Scherübl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Charité Berlin, Oberhavel Kliniken GmbH, Hennigsdorf, Germany
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15
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Geissler JM, Werner E, Dworschak W, Romanos M, Ratz C. German Law Reform Does Not Reduce the Prevalence of Coercive Measures in Residential Institutions for Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:765830. [PMID: 34777067 PMCID: PMC8581219 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.765830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Approximately 10% of children, adolescents and young adults with an intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) in Bavaria live in residential institutions. 2015 saw media reports raising suspicions about excessive use of coercive measures (cM) in those institutions. Until a law reform at the end of 2017 made permission from family courts mandatory for cM, their use was governed by parental consent. The REDUGIA project conducted a representative survey comparing cM and their relation to challenging behaviour (cB) and employee stress in Bavaria pre and post reform. Methods: We sent questionnaires to 65 residential institutions for children, adolescents and young adults with IDD in 2017 (pre reform, T1) and 2019 (post reform, T2). To assess changes, we analysed data from all available questionnaire pairs (T1 and T2, N = 43). We calculated paired t-test and correlative analyses concerning the relationship between cB, cM, and employee stress. Results: The number of residents overall (T1: N = 1,661; T2: N = 1,673) and per institution (T1: m = 38.6 ± 32.0; T2: m = 38.9 ± 34.5, p = 0.920) remained stable. We did not see any changes in the Index cB (p = 0.508) or the proportion of residents per institution displaying various types of challenging behaviour (all ps>0.220). There was no change in the Index cM (p = 0.089) or any indicator of employee stress, all ps > 0.323. At follow-up, the Index cB correlated positively with the Index cM (r = 0.519 p < 0.001). Regarding employee stress, the Index cB correlated positively with the frequency of sick leave (r = 0.322, p = 0.037) and physical attacks on employees (r = 0.552, p < 0.001). The Index cM also correlated positively with the frequency of sick leave (r = 0.340, p = 0.028) and physical attacks on employees (r = 0.492, p = 0.001). Discussion: Coercive measures are not a general phenomenon, but are focused on specialised institutions. The law reform did not lead to changes in the number of children, adolescents and young adults with IDD affected by coercive measures in residential institutions in Bavaria. There were still large discrepancies between institutions in the prevalence of challenging behaviour and coercive measures. Coercive measures were associated with challenging behaviour and employee stress. Taken together, findings from REDUGIA emphasise the need to prevent challenging behaviour and thus coercive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Geissler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Werner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Chair of Special Education IV-Education for People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dworschak
- Chair of Special Education-Education for People With Developmental and Intellectual Disabilities University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Romanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,German Centre of Prevention Research in Mental Health, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Ratz
- Chair of Special Education IV-Education for People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,German Centre of Prevention Research in Mental Health, University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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16
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Neimeijer EG, Delforterie MJ, Roest JJ, van der Helm P, Didden R. Group climate, aggressive incidents and coercion in a secure forensic setting for individuals with mild intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning: A multilevel study. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 2020; 34:1026-1036. [PMID: 33305516 PMCID: PMC8359421 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background This study examines associations between group climate, aggressive incidents and coercive measures in adults with mild intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning (MID‐BIF) of a secure forensic setting. Method Participants (N = 248) were interviewed about their perception of group climate utilizing the Group Climate Instrument. Data on aggressive incidents and coercive measures were retrieved from the facilities’ electronic database. A multilevel structural equation model was fitted in which variability in perception of group climate within and between living groups was examined. Results An open and therapeutic group climate was associated with lower levels of aggression within and between groups. A higher number of aggressive incidents were significantly associated with a higher number of coercive measures. Conclusions The findings have implications for the understanding of how group climate may play a role in reducing aggressive incidents at the living group in treatment of individuals with MID‐BIF in secure forensic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien G Neimeijer
- Trajectum, Zwolle, The Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique J Delforterie
- Trajectum, Zwolle, The Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jesse J Roest
- University of Applied Sciences, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert Didden
- Trajectum, Zwolle, The Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Nielsen MØ, Milting K, Brandt-Christensen AM, Ebdrup BH. Increased use of coercive procedures and prolonged hospitalization in compulsory admitted psychotic patients, who refuse antipsychotic medication. Nord J Psychiatry 2020; 74:323-326. [PMID: 31906772 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2019.1709220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Current Danish legislation imposes that compulsory admitted psychotic patients have the right to refuse antipsychotic medication, which markedly delays pertinent medical treatment.Material and methods: In a retrospective, observational cohort study, we analyzed data from a 1-year period on 34 consecutively admitted patients with schizophrenia, who had been compulsory admitted due to need of treatment, or because they were judged to constitute an acute danger to themselves or others. We compared the use of other coercive procedures and hospitalization time.Results: Twenty-three patients accepted to commence antipsychotic treatment immediately, and 11 patients submitted an official complaint, which significantly delayed initiation of antipsychotic treatment (1 day ±0.9 versus 14 days ±10.1, p = 0.002). The 11 complaining patients were subjected to 6.8 times more coercive procedures of forced sedative medication compared to the 23 patients without delay (2.7 ± 2.3 episodes versus 0.4 ± 0.7 episodes, p = 0.007). Moreover, the treatment-delay prolonged duration of hospitalization by a factor 2.3 (73.3 ± 28.3 days versus 31.7 ± 22.0 days, p < 0.001).Conclusion: The current legislation intends to preserve patient rights and promote voluntary treatment alliance but may instead lead to prolonged hospitalization and increased use of other coercive measures such as forced sedative medication. Modification of current legislation may therefore be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Ødegaard Nielsen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Bjørn H Ebdrup
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Steinert T, Bechdolf A, Mahler L, Muche R, Baumgardt J, Bühling-Schindowski F, Cole C, Kampmann M, Sauter D, Vandamme A, Weinmann S, Hirsch S. Implementation of Guidelines on Prevention of Coercion and Violence (PreVCo) in Psychiatry: Study Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:579176. [PMID: 33101091 PMCID: PMC7522201 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.579176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coercive measures are among the most controversial interventions in psychiatry. There is a large discrepancy between the sheer number of high-quality guidelines and the small number of scientifically accompanied initiatives to promote and evaluate their implementation into clinical routine. In Germany, an expert group developed guidelines to provide evidence- and consensus-based recommendations on how to deal with violence and coercion in psychiatry. METHODS The study presented examines whether coercive measures on psychiatric wards can be reduced by means of an operationalized implementation of the guidelines "Prevention of coercion: prevention and therapy of aggressive behavior in adults". Out of a set of 12 interventions offered, wards are free to choose three interventions they want to implement. The primary outcome is the number of coercive measures per bed and month/year. Secondary outcomes are cumulative duration of coercive measures per bed and month/year. The most important control variable is the number of aggressive incidents. We plan to recruit 52 wards in Germany. Wards treating both voluntary and compulsorily admitted patients will be included. A 1:1 stratified randomized controlled trial will be conducted stratified by the amount of coercive measures and implemented aspects of the guidelines. In addition to the control group analysis, a waiting list design allows a pre-post analysis for all participating wards of the waiting list group. A parallel qualitative study will examine factors related to successful implementation and to successful reduction of coercion as well as relevant barriers. DISCUSSION We are planning a nationwide study on the implementation of evidence- and consensus-based guidelines in psychiatric hospitals. This study intends to promote the transfer of expert knowledge as well as results from clinical trials into clinical routine with the potential to change supply structures in mental health sector. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www.isrctn.com, identifier ISRCTN71467851.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Steinert
- Center for Psychiatry Suedwuerttemberg, Ulm University, Ravensburg-Weissenau, Germany
| | - Andreas Bechdolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban and Vivantes Hospital am Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany.,ORYGEN, National Center of Excellence of Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lieselotte Mahler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (CCM), Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Muche
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johanna Baumgardt
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban and Vivantes Hospital am Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Bühling-Schindowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban and Vivantes Hospital am Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Celline Cole
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (CCM), Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Kampmann
- Center for Psychiatry Suedwuerttemberg, Ulm University, Ravensburg-Weissenau, Germany
| | - Dorothea Sauter
- Center for Psychiatry Suedwuerttemberg, Ulm University, Ravensburg-Weissenau, Germany
| | - Angelika Vandamme
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (CCM), Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Weinmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban and Vivantes Hospital am Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Hospital Basel (UPK), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Hirsch
- Center for Psychiatry Suedwuerttemberg, Ulm University, Ravensburg-Weissenau, Germany
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19
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Efkemann SA, Scholten M, Bottlender R, Juckel G, Gather J. A German Version of the Staff Attitude to Coercion Scale. Development and Empirical Validation. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:573240. [PMID: 33536947 PMCID: PMC7847975 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.573240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Individual staff factors, such as personality traits and attitudes, are increasingly seen as an important factor in the reduction of coercion in mental health services. At the same time, only a few validated instruments exist to measure those factors and examine their influence on the use of coercion. Aim: The present study aimed to develop and validate a German version of the Staff Attitude to Coercion Scale (SACS). Methods: The original English version of the SACS published was translated into German. Subsequently, it was empirically validated on a sample of N = 209 mental health professionals by conducting an exploratory factor analysis. Results: The three-factor structure in the original version of the SACS, consisting of critical, pragmatic and positive attitudes toward the use of coercion, could not be replicated. Instead, the German version revealed one factor ranging from rejecting to approving the use of coercion. Conclusion: The SACS is one of the first instruments created to assess staff attitudes toward coercion in a validated way. The version of the instrument developed in this study allows for a validated assessment of those attitudes in German. Our results highlight the ethical importance of using validated measurements in studies on the role of staff factors in the reduction of coercion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A Efkemann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthé Scholten
- Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ronald Bottlender
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum Lüdenscheid, Märkische Klinken, Lüdenscheid, Germany
| | - Georg Juckel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jakov Gather
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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20
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Baumgardt J, Jäckel D, Helber-Böhlen H, Stiehm N, Morgenstern K, Voigt A, Schöppe E, Mc Cutcheon AK, Velasquez Lecca EE, Löhr M, Schulz M, Bechdolf A, Weinmann S. Corrigendum: Preventing and Reducing Coercive Measures-An Evaluation of the Implementation of the Safewards Model in Two Locked Wards in Germany. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:162. [PMID: 32265750 PMCID: PMC7079684 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00340.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Baumgardt
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorothea Jäckel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Helber-Böhlen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Stiehm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Morgenstern
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andre Voigt
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrico Schöppe
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Mc Cutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edwin Emilio Velasquez Lecca
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Löhr
- Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe, Hospital Gütersloh, Gütersloh, Germany.,Diakonie University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Schulz
- Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe, Hospital Gütersloh, Gütersloh, Germany.,Diakonie University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Bechdolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,ORYGEN, National Center of Excellence of Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Weinmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,University Psychiatric Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Al-Maraira OA, Hayajneh FA, Shehadeh JH. Psychiatric staff attitudes toward coercive measures: An experimental design. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2019; 55:734-742. [PMID: 31332798 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effectiveness of a training program on the attitudes of psychiatric nurses toward using coercive measures. DESIGN AND METHODS A repeated measures time-series design with two-equivalent groups was used. A convenience sample of 48 psychiatric nurses were recruited. Data collection was conducted using the Staff Attitude to Coercion Scale. FINDINGS Results showed the effectiveness of the training program in improving nurses' attitude toward coercive measures. After 4 weeks of the training, nurses in the intervention group demonstrated significant improvements in their attitude mean scores. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Equipping the psychiatric nurses with essential clinical knowledge and skills concerning the appropriate application of coercive measures policy were imperative issues that might help the nurses in dealing with these clinical complex situations effectively.
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Hu F, Muir-Cochrane E, Oster C, Gerace A. An examination of the incidence and nature of chemical restraint on adult acute psychiatric inpatient units in Adelaide, South Australia. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2019; 28:909-921. [PMID: 30931546 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reducing and/or eliminating the use of coercive measures in psychiatric services is a priority worldwide. Chemical restraint is one such measure, yet to date has been poorly defined and poorly investigated. The aim of this study was to examine chemical restraint use in 12 adult acute inpatient psychiatric units in Adelaide, South Australia. Methods involved the analysis of all reported chemical restraint events occurring over a 12-month period analysed using a descriptive quantitative design. There were 166 chemical restraint events involving 110 consumers. The highest prevalence rate in an individual unit was 28.78 events per 1000 occupied bed days, with the lowest being 0.12 events per 1000 occupied bed days. More males (n = 69, 57.5%) were involved in chemical restraint than females. Schizophrenia, schizotypal, and delusional disorders were the predominant diagnoses among consumers who were chemically restrained. The most events occurred during three time blocks: 14.00-14.59 pm, 16.00-16.59 pm, and 21.00-21.59 pm. The two most common medications used were olanzapine and clonazepam. The study presents a general picture of the practice of chemical restraint in Adelaide and identifies areas of concern in relation to the need for monitoring of side effects and completion of systematic processes of documentation regarding chemical restraint events. Findings highlight the need for sustained focus on reducing the need for chemical restraint and exploring less restrictive measures with those most likely to receive medication against their will.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyan Hu
- College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eimear Muir-Cochrane
- College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Candice Oster
- College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Adam Gerace
- College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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23
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Baumgardt J, Jäckel D, Helber-Böhlen H, Stiehm N, Morgenstern K, Voigt A, Schöppe E, Mc Cutcheon AK, Lecca EEV, Löhr M, Schulz M, Bechdolf A, Weinmann S. Preventing and Reducing Coercive Measures-An Evaluation of the Implementation of the Safewards Model in Two Locked Wards in Germany. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:340. [PMID: 31178766 PMCID: PMC6543509 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Aggression and violence are highly complex problems in acute psychiatry that often lead to the coercive interventions. The Safewards Model is an evidence-informed conflict-reduction strategy to prevent and reduce such incidents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of this model with regard to coercive interventions in inpatient care. Materials and Methods: We evaluated outcomes of the implementation of the Safewards Model in two locked psychiatric wards in Germany. Frequency and duration of coercive interventions applied during a period of 10 weeks before and 10 weeks after the implementation period were assessed through routine data. Fidelity to the Safewards Model was assessed by the Organization Fidelity Checklist. Results: Fidelity to the Safewards Model was high in both wards. The overall use of coercive measures differed significantly between wards [case-wise: χ2 (1, n = 250) = 35.34, p ≤ 0.001; patient-wise: χ2 (1, n = 103) = 21.45, p ≤ 0.001] and decreased post-implementation. In one ward, the number of patients exposed to coercive interventions in relation to the overall number of admissions decreased significantly [χ2 (1, 182) = 9.30, p = 0.003]. Furthermore, the mean duration of coercive interventions overall declined significantly [U(55,21) = -2.142, p = 0.032] with an effect size of Cohen's d = -0.282 (95% CI: -0.787, 0.222) in that ward. Both aspects declined as well in the other ward, but not significantly. Discussion: Results indicate that the implementation of the Safewards interventions according to the model in acute psychiatric care can reduce coercive measures. They also show the role of enabling factors as well as of obstacles for the implementation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Baumgardt
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorothea Jäckel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Helber-Böhlen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Stiehm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Morgenstern
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andre Voigt
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrico Schöppe
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Mc Cutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edwin Emilio Velasquez Lecca
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Löhr
- Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe, Hospital Gütersloh, Gütersloh, Germany.,Diakonie University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Schulz
- Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe, Hospital Gütersloh, Gütersloh, Germany.,Diakonie University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Bechdolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,ORYGEN, National Center of Excellence of Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Weinmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban und Vivantes Hospital im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,University Psychiatric Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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24
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Reisch T, Beeri S, Klein G, Meier P, Pfeifer P, Buehler E, Hotzy F, Jaeger M. Comparing Attitudes to Containment Measures of Patients, Health Care Professionals and Next of Kin. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:529. [PMID: 30416459 PMCID: PMC6212593 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In clinical psychiatric practice, health care professionals (HCP) must decide in exceptional circumstances after the weighing of interests, which, if any, containment measures including coercion are to be used. Here, the risk for patients, staff, and third parties, in addition to therapeutic considerations, factor into the decision. Patients' preference and the inclusion of relatives in these decisions are important; therefore, an understanding of how patients and next of kin (NOK) experience different coercive measures is crucial for clinical decision making. The aim of this study is to compare how patients, HCP, and NOK assess commonly used coercive measures. Methods: A sample of 435 patients, 372 HCP, and 230 NOK completed the Attitudes to Containment Measures Questionnaire (ACMQ). This standardized self-rating questionnaire assessed the degree of acceptance or rejection of 11 coercive measures. Results: In general, HCPs rated the coercive measures as more acceptable than did NOK and patients. The largest discrepancy in the ratings was found in regard to the application of coercive intramuscular injection of medication (effect size: 1.0 HCP vs. patients). However, the ratings by NOK were significantly closer to the patients' ratings compared to patients and HCP. The only exception was the acceptance of treatment in a closed acute psychiatric ward, which was deemed significantly more acceptable by NOK than by patients. Also, patients who had experienced coercive measures themselves more strongly refused other measures. Conclusion: Patients most firmly rejected intramuscular injections, and the authors agree that these should only be used with reservation considering a high threshold. This knowledge about the discrepancy of the ratings should therefore be incorporated into professional training of HCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reisch
- Hospital of Psychiatry Muensingen, Bern, Switzerland.,University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Beeri
- Hospital of Psychiatry Muensingen, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Georges Klein
- Département de Psychiatrie et Psychothérapie du Centre Hospitalier du Valais Romand, Monthey, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Meier
- Hospital of Psychiatry Muensingen, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Pfeifer
- Hospital of Psychiatry Muensingen, Bern, Switzerland.,University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Etienne Buehler
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Hotzy
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Jaeger
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Tingleff EB, Bradley SK, Gildberg FA, Munksgaard G, Hounsgaard L. "Treat me with respect". A systematic review and thematic analysis of psychiatric patients' reported perceptions of the situations associated with the process of coercion. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2017; 24:681-698. [PMID: 28665512 DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Psychiatric patients have generally negative experiences of being exposed to coercive measures. Existing research has generally not investigated coercion as a process; that is, it does not address issues that arise before, during and after exposure to coercion. A part of existing research within the area does not clarify and define the type of coercive measure(s) investigated. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: Patients place great significance on the link between the positive and negative perceived impact of a coercive situation and the professionals' ability and willingness to interact and communicate respectfully. Psychiatric patients associate the use of seclusion, physical restraint/holding, mechanical restraint and forced medication with strong negative perceptions and wish to be treated with respect by professionals, rather than being subjected to the professionals' control. What patients perceive as moderating factors in regard to the use of coercive measures is currently under-researched. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Increased sensitivity to the patient's views of the situation at each point in the coercive process would help professionals to respond to the patients' individual needs. Professionals need to articulate concern and empathy towards patients and to improve communication skills before, during and after a coercive incident. Greater emphasis should be placed on de-escalation and the use of non-coercive strategies or coping skills before the initiation of coercive measures. ABSTRACT Introduction There is a lack of research into psychiatric patients' perceptions of coercion that discriminates between different types of coercive measures, while also investigating patients' perceptions of undergoing coercion as a process. This knowledge is required to improve our understanding and provide a foundation for improving clinical practice. Aims To review existing research literature in order to investigate adult psychiatric patients' reported perceptions of situations before, during and after specific and defined types of coercive measures, and to investigate what patients perceive as moderating factors, in regard to the use of these coercive measures. Method A systematic review and thematic analysis of 26 peer-reviewed studies was undertaken. Results The analysis identified six themes and additional subthemes, where "interactions with professionals" and "communication" were predominant themes across the timeline of coercion. Altogether, themes were associated with either "positive or negative patient-perceived impact." Implications for practice Increased sensitivity to patients' views of the situation at each point in the process is desirable in order to respond to the patients' individual needs. Professionals also need to articulate concern and empathy towards the patient and to improve communication skills before, during and after a coercive incident. Use of de-escalation and noncoercive strategies is required. Relevance statement Coercion within psychiatric/mental health care remains controversial, and repeated international calls have recommended a reduction of their use. This review indicates that greater attention to how patients perceive the use of coercive measures (before, during, and after incidents) needs to be considered in order to improve the evidence-based and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Tingleff
- Department of Clinical Research, Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital/University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Research & Development Unit, Department of Psychiatry Middelfart, Region of Southern Denmark, Middelfart, Denmark.,The Department of Nursing, University College Lillebaelt, Vejle, Denmark.,Health Sciences Research Center, University College Lillebaelt, Vejle, Denmark.,Center for Psychiatric Nursing and Health Research, Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - S K Bradley
- Catherine McAuley School of Nursing and Midwifery, Brookfield Health Sciences Complex, University College Cork, Cork, UK
| | - F A Gildberg
- Research & Development Unit, Department of Psychiatry Middelfart, Region of Southern Denmark, Middelfart, Denmark.,Center for Psychiatric Nursing and Health Research, Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - G Munksgaard
- Research & Development Unit, Department of Psychiatry Middelfart, Region of Southern Denmark, Middelfart, Denmark.,Center for Psychiatric Nursing and Health Research, Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - L Hounsgaard
- Department of Clinical Research, Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital/University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Health Sciences Research Center, University College Lillebaelt, Vejle, Denmark.,Center for Psychiatric Nursing and Health Research, Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Nursing & Health Science, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
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26
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Vruwink FJ, Mulder CL, Noorthoorn EO, Uitenbroek D, Nijman HLI. The effects of a nationwide program to reduce seclusion in the Netherlands. BMC Psychiatry 2012; 12:231. [PMID: 23249413 PMCID: PMC3538066 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-12-231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From 2006 to 2009, the Dutch government provided €5 m annually for a nationwide program to reduce seclusion in psychiatric hospitals by 10% a year. We aimed to establish whether the numbers of both seclusion and involuntary medication changed significantly after the start of this national program. METHODS Using Poisson regression to estimate difference in logit slopes, we analyzed data for 1998-2009 from the Dutch Health Care Inspectorate, retrospectively examining the national numbers of seclusion and involuntary medication before and after the start of the program. RESULTS The difference in slopes of the numbers of seclusion before and after the start of the program was statistically significant (difference 5.2%: p < 0.001). After the start of the program seclusions dropped 2.0% per year. Corrected for the increasing number of involuntary hospitalizations this figure was 4.7% per year. The difference in slopes of the numbers of involuntary medication did not change statistically significant (difference 0.5%, n.s.). After correction for the increasing number of involuntary hospitalizations the difference turned significant (difference 3.3%, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS After the start of the nationwide program the number of seclusions fell, and although significantly changing, the reduction was modest and failed to meet the objective of a 10% annual decrease. The number of involuntary medications did not change; instead, after correction for the number of involuntary hospitalizations, it increased.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cornelis L Mulder
- Public Mental Health, Research Center O3, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands,Bavo Europoort, Mental Health Center Rotterdam, Prins Constantijnweg 48-54, 3066 TA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric O Noorthoorn
- GGNet, Bestuursbureau, PO Box 2003, 7230 GC, Warnsveld, the Netherlands
| | - Daan Uitenbroek
- Quantitative Skills, Consultancy for Research and Statistics, Lieven de Keylaan 7, 1222 LC, Hilversum, The Netherlands
| | - Henk LI Nijman
- Forensic psychology, Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands,Altrecht Aventurijn, Dolderseweg 164, 3734 BN, Den Dolder, the Netherlands
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27
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Georgieva I, Mulder CL, Whittington R. Evaluation of behavioral changes and subjective distress after exposure to coercive inpatient interventions. BMC Psychiatry 2012; 12:54. [PMID: 22647058 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-12-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of evidence to underpin decisions on what constitutes the most effective and least restrictive form of coercive intervention when responding to violent behavior. Therefore we compared ratings of effectiveness and subjective distress by 125 inpatients across four types of coercive interventions. METHODS Effectiveness was assessed through ratings of patient behavior immediately after exposure to a coercive measure and 24 h later. Subjective distress was examined using the Coercion Experience Scale at debriefing. Regression analyses were performed to compare these outcome variables across the four types of coercive interventions. RESULTS Using univariate statistics, no significant differences in effectiveness and subjective distress were found between the groups, except that patients who were involuntarily medicated experienced significant less isolation during the measure than patients who underwent combined measures. However, when controlling for the effect of demographic and clinical characteristics, significant differences on subjective distress between the groups emerged: involuntary medication was experienced as the least distressing overall and least humiliating, caused less physical adverse effects and less sense of isolation. Combined coercive interventions, regardless of the type, caused significantly more physical adverse effects and feelings of isolation than individual interventions. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of information on individual patient preferences, involuntary medication may be more justified than seclusion and mechanical restraint as a coercive intervention. Use of multiple interventions requires significant justification given their association with significant distress.
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28
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Abstract
This study examined patients' preferences for coercive methods and the extent to which patients' choices were determined by previous experience, demographic, clinical and intervention-setting variables. Before discharge from closed psychiatric units, 161 adult patients completed a questionnaire. The association between patients' preferences and the underlying variables was analyzed using logistic regression. We found that patients' preferences were mainly defined by earlier experiences: patients without coercive experiences or who had had experienced seclusion and forced medication, favoured forced medication. Those who had been secluded preferred seclusion in future emergencies, but only if they approved its duration. This suggests that seclusion, if it does not last too long, does not have to be abandoned from psychiatric practices. In an emergency, however, most patients prefer to be medicated. Our findings show that patients' preferences cannot guide the establishment of international uniform methods for managing violent behaviour. Therefore patients' individual choices should be considered.
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