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Gong Z, Li C, Jiao X, Qu Q. Does Resilience Help in Reducing Burnout Symptoms Among Chinese Students? A Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2021; 12:707792. [PMID: 34489811 PMCID: PMC8418100 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.707792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As society has evolved, student burnout has become a common problem in schools around the world, including in China. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to explore whether resilience is related to student burnout in China and to examine the changing trend of resilience and student burnout. Moreover, we will assess gender differences and possible biases, including publication biases, small-study biases, gray literature biases, and decline effects. This meta-analysis included 34 studies, with a total of 81 effect sizes and a total sample size of 22,474. We found that resilience was negatively correlated with student burnout in the Chinese context. We also found evidence of gray literature bias in student burnout, which needs to be verified by subsequent studies. However, we found that there were decline effects in resilience, possibly because, as culture evolves, people become more focused on themselves; thus, their collective behaviors decline, leading to a decrease in their ability to adapt to the collective and the environment. We also found similar decline effects at the individual level; that is, resilience might decrease with individual age stages (from the primary to college stage), which might be related to the use of immature defense mechanisms against stress by students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhun Gong
- Department of Psychology, Normal College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunqin Li
- Department of Psychology, Normal College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinian Jiao
- Department of Psychology, Normal College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qunzhen Qu
- School of Economics and Management, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
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Crystal-Ornelas R, Lockwood JL. Cumulative meta-analysis identifies declining but negative impacts of invasive species on richness after 20 yr. Ecology 2020; 101:e03082. [PMID: 32319080 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A principal impact of invasive species is that they reduce local species richness. However, it is unknown whether the magnitude of the richness decrease has been consistent over the past two decades of published research. We used cumulative meta-analysis to synthesize evidence from 240 articles evaluating whether this cumulative evidence base generally supports, or refutes, the association between invasive species presence and richness declines. First, we determined whether evidence accumulation lowered the mean effect size of invasive species on local native richness through time; termed the "decline effect." Then, as mean effect sizes changed over time, we identified when accumulated evidence reached sufficiency, indicating that the mean effect direction (positive or negative) was unlikely to be reversed by unpublished research. We also assessed whether the mean effect size reached a threshold of stability over publication years. To date, no research has tested mechanisms of the decline effect, and here we determine whether publication bias, sample size, time since invasion, or invader trophic position are driving a decline effect in the published evidence base. We found a clear decline in the cumulative mean effect of invasive species on local native species richness as published evidence accumulated between 1999 and 2016. Despite this decline, an average negative association was stable and sufficiently robust to unpublished studies by 2007, showing a 21% mean richness decrease by 2016. Contrary to our expectation, the decline effect manifested consistently regardless of invasive species trophic position, time since invasion, or journal rank. Within taxonomic subgroups, trees, insects, and herbaceous plants exhibit a decline effect, yet still show sufficient and stable negative impacts on richness. However, many other taxonomic subgroups (e.g., crustaceans, fish, mammals) lack evidence for average negative impacts on richness, or have not met sufficiency or stability thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Crystal-Ornelas
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of San Francisco, Kalmanovitz Hall G65, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California, 94117, USA
| | - Julie L Lockwood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
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5
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Pietschnig J, Siegel M, Eder JSN, Gittler G. Effect Declines Are Systematic, Strong, and Ubiquitous: A Meta-Meta-Analysis of the Decline Effect in Intelligence Research. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2874. [PMID: 31920891 PMCID: PMC6930891 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Empirical sciences in general and psychological science in particular are plagued by replicability problems and biased published effect sizes. Although dissemination bias-related phenomena such as publication bias, time-lag bias, or visibility bias are well-known and have been intensively studied, another variant of effect distorting mechanisms, so-called decline effects, have not. Conceptually, decline effects are rooted in low initial (exploratory) study power due to strategic researcher behavior and can be expected to yield overproportional effect declines. Although decline effects have been documented in individual meta-analytic investigations, systematic evidence for decline effects in the psychological literature remains to date unavailable. Therefore, we present in this meta-meta-analysis a systematic investigation of the decline effect in intelligence research. In all, data from 22 meta-analyses comprising 36 meta-analytical and 1,391 primary effect sizes (N = 697,000+) that have been published in the journal Intelligence were included in our analyses. Two different analytic approaches showed consistent evidence for a higher prevalence of cross-temporal effect declines compared to effect increases, yielding a ratio of about 2:1. Moreover, effect declines were considerably stronger when referenced to the initial primary study within a meta-analysis, yielding about twice the magnitude of effect increases. Effect misestimations were more substantial when initial studies had smaller sample sizes and reported larger effects, thus indicating suboptimal initial study power as the main driver of effect misestimations in initial studies. Post hoc study power comparisons of initial versus subsequent studies were consistent with this interpretation, showing substantially lower initial study power of declining, than of increasing effects. Our findings add another facet to the ever accumulating evidence about non-trivial effect misestimations in the scientific literature. We therefore stress the necessity for more rigorous protocols when it comes to designing and conducting primary research as well as reporting findings in exploratory and replication studies. Increasing transparency in scientific processes such as data sharing, (exploratory) study preregistration, but also self- (or independent) replication preceding the publication of exploratory findings may be suitable approaches to strengthen the credibility of empirical research in general and psychological science in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Pietschnig
- Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement and Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Rosenfield D, Smits JAJ, Hofmann SG, Mataix-Cols D, de la Cruz LF, Andersson E, Rück C, Monzani B, Pérez-Vigil A, Frumento P, Davis M, de Kleine RA, Difede J, Dunlop BW, Farrell LJ, Geller D, Gerardi M, Guastella AJ, Hendriks GJ, Kushner MG, Lee FS, Lenze EJ, Levinson CA, McConnell H, Plag J, Pollack MH, Ressler KJ, Rodebaugh TL, Rothbaum BO, Storch EA, Ströhle A, Tart CD, Tolin DF, van Minnen A, Waters AM, Weems CF, Wilhelm S, Wyka K, Altemus M, Anderson P, Cukor J, Finck C, Geffken GR, Golfels F, Goodman WK, Gutner CA, Heyman I, Jovanovic T, Lewin AB, McNamara JP, Murphy TK, Norrholm S, Thuras P, Turner C, Otto MW. Changes in Dosing and Dose Timing of D-Cycloserine Explain Its Apparent Declining Efficacy for Augmenting Exposure Therapy for Anxiety-related Disorders: An Individual Participant-data Meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord 2019; 68:102149. [PMID: 31698111 PMCID: PMC9119697 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The apparent efficacy of d-cycloserine (DCS) for enhancing exposure treatment for anxiety disorders appears to have declined over the past 14 years. We examined whether variations in how DCS has been administered can account for this "declining effect". We also investigated the association between DCS administration characteristics and treatment outcome to find optimal dosing parameters. We conducted a secondary analysis of individual participant data obtained from 1047 participants in 21 studies testing the efficacy of DCS-augmented exposure treatments. Different outcome measures in different studies were harmonized to a 0-100 scale. Intent-to-treat analyses showed that, in participants randomized to DCS augmentation (n = 523), fewer DCS doses, later timing of DCS dose, and lower baseline severity appear to account for this decline effect. More DCS doses were related to better outcomes, but this advantage leveled-off at nine doses. Administering DCS more than 60 minutes before exposures was also related to better outcomes. These predictors were not significant in the placebo arm (n = 521). Results suggested that optimal DCS administration could increase pre-to-follow-up DCS effect size by 50%. In conclusion, the apparent declining effectiveness of DCS over time may be accounted for by how it has been administered. Optimal DCS administration may substantially improve outcomes. Registration: The analysis plan for this manuscript was registered on Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/c39p8/).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rosenfield
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, USA.
| | - Jasper A J Smits
- Institute for Mental Health Research and Department of Psychology, The University of Texas, Austin, USA
| | - Stefan G Hofmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorena Fernández de la Cruz
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Andersson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Rück
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benedetta Monzani
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Pérez-Vigil
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Frumento
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - JoAnn Difede
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
| | - Boadie W Dunlop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Lara J Farrell
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia; Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Daniel Geller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Maryrose Gerardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Adam J Guastella
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gert-Jan Hendriks
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Overwaal Center of Expertise for Anxiety Disorders OCD and PTSD, Institution for Integrated Mental Health Care Pro Persona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Matt G Kushner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Francis S Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
| | - Eric J Lenze
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA
| | - Cheri A Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA
| | - Harry McConnell
- Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jens Plag
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark H Pollack
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; McLean Hospital, Belmont, USA
| | - Thomas L Rodebaugh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Barbara O Rothbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Eric A Storch
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | | | - David F Tolin
- The Institute of Living, Hartford, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Agnes van Minnen
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Allison M Waters
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carl F Weems
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Sabine Wilhelm
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Katarzyna Wyka
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA; City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, USA
| | | | - Page Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Judith Cukor
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Finck
- DRK Kliniken Berlin Wiegmann Klinik, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Cassidy A Gutner
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Isobel Heyman
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; University College, London, UK
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Adam B Lewin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | | | - Tanya K Murphy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Seth Norrholm
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Paul Thuras
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Cynthia Turner
- Primary Care Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael W Otto
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, USA
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