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Aissaoui Y, Jiménez-Skrzypek G, González-Sálamo J, Trabelsi-Ayadi M, Ghorbel-Abid I, Hernández-Borges J. Determination of Multiclass Antibiotics in Fish Muscle Using a QuEChERS-UHPLC-MS/MS Method. Foods 2024; 13:1081. [PMID: 38611385 PMCID: PMC11012132 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The surging global demand for fish has increased aquaculture practices, where antibiotics have become indispensable to prevent diseases. However, the passive incorporation of these compounds into the diet may have adverse effects on human health. In this work, the QuEChERS method combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was applied for the determination of 10 multiclass antibiotics (5 quinolones, 2 sulfonamides, 2 diaminopyrimidines, and 1 macrolide) in muscle tissue of farmed fish (European sea bass and gilt-head sea bream). The applied method demonstrated acceptable recovery values, mostly between 70 and 120%, with limits of quantification of the method meeting the established EU maximum residue limits. The analysis of twenty fish samples in duplicate revealed that most antibiotics were not present, with the only exception of oxolinic acid and tilmicosin in European sea bass, which were below the limit of quantification of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousra Aissaoui
- Useful Materials Laboratory (LMU), National Institute for Physical and Chemical Research and Analysis (INRAP), Ariana 2020, Tunisia;
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; (G.J.-S.); (J.G.-S.)
| | - Gabriel Jiménez-Skrzypek
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; (G.J.-S.); (J.G.-S.)
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Javier González-Sálamo
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; (G.J.-S.); (J.G.-S.)
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Malika Trabelsi-Ayadi
- Laboratory of Application Chemistry to the Resources and Natural Substances and the Environment (LACReSNE), Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia;
| | - Ibtissem Ghorbel-Abid
- Useful Materials Laboratory (LMU), National Institute for Physical and Chemical Research and Analysis (INRAP), Ariana 2020, Tunisia;
- Laboratory of Application Chemistry to the Resources and Natural Substances and the Environment (LACReSNE), Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia;
| | - Javier Hernández-Borges
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain; (G.J.-S.); (J.G.-S.)
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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2
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Fazio F, Costa A, Capparucci F, Costa G, Parrino V, Arfuso F. Automated Hematological Approach and Protein Electrophoretic Pattern in Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus): An Innovative and Experimental Model for Aquaculture. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:392. [PMID: 38338035 PMCID: PMC10854657 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the usefulness of two innovative automated methods (automated blood count counters and flow cytometry) for hematological investigation in Tilapia to make a contribution to the clinical diagnostics of this farmed species. Moreover, serum total proteins and their electrophoretic fractions (prealbumin, albumin, α-, β-, and γ-fraction), as health condition indicators, were assessed. The analysis of serum total proteins and electrophoretic fraction showed a normal and typical electrophoretic pattern of healthy fish (serum total proteins, 3.70 ± 0.62 g/dL; prealbumin, 0.44 ± 0.20 g/dL; albumin, 1.17 ± 0.66 g/dL; α-fraction, 1.49 ± 0.64 g/dL; β-fraction, 0.32 ± 0.16 g/dL; and γ-fraction, 0.29 ± 0.13 g/dL). The relationships between the values of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and thrombocytes (TCs) obtained with the two automated methods were determined using Pearson correlation analysis. The results showed a significant positive correlation between automatic blood cell counting and flow cytometry analysis for RBCs (r = 0.97, p < 0.0001) and WBCs (r = 0.91, p < 0.0001), whereas no correlation was found for TCs (r = -0.11, p = 0.66). The preliminary results gathered in this study seem to highlight the usefulness of the new analytical techniques herein investigated in tilapia, suggesting their application in the hematological investigation of farmed fish species and their usefulness for monitoring the health and well-being of fish reared in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | | | - Fabiano Capparucci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (F.C.); (V.P.)
| | - Gregorio Costa
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Parrino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (F.C.); (V.P.)
| | - Francesca Arfuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy;
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3
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Dorotea T, Riuzzi G, Franzago E, Posen P, Tavornpanich S, Di Lorenzo A, Ferroni L, Martelli W, Mazzucato M, Soccio G, Segato S, Ferrè N. A Scoping Review on GIS Technologies Applied to Farmed Fish Health Management. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3525. [PMID: 38003143 PMCID: PMC10668695 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Finfish aquaculture, one of the fastest growing intensive sectors worldwide, is threatened by numerous transmissible diseases that may have devastating impacts on its economic sustainability. This review (2010-2022) used a PRISMA extension for scoping reviews and a text mining approach to explore the extent to which geographical information systems (GIS) are used in farmed fish health management and to unveil the main GIS technologies, databases, and functions used to update the spatiotemporal data underpinning risk and predictive models in aquatic surveillance programmes. After filtering for eligibility criteria, the literature search provided 54 records, highlighting the limited use of GIS technologies for disease prevention and control, as well as the prevalence of GIS application in marine salmonid farming, especially for viruses and parasitic diseases typically associated with these species. The text mining generated five main research areas, underlining a limited range of investigated species, rearing environments, and diseases, as well as highlighting the lack of GIS-based methodologies at the core of such publications. This scoping review provides a source of information for future more detailed literature analyses and outcomes to support the development of geospatial disease spread models and expand in-field GIS technologies for the prevention and mitigation of fish disease epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Dorotea
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (T.D.); (E.F.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (N.F.)
| | - Giorgia Riuzzi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Franzago
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (T.D.); (E.F.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (N.F.)
| | - Paulette Posen
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK;
| | - Saraya Tavornpanich
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health and Welfare, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1433 Ås, Norway;
| | - Alessio Di Lorenzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Laura Ferroni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Walter Martelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy;
| | - Matteo Mazzucato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (T.D.); (E.F.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (N.F.)
| | - Grazia Soccio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (T.D.); (E.F.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (N.F.)
| | - Severino Segato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Nicola Ferrè
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (T.D.); (E.F.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (N.F.)
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Mosconi G, Panseri S, Magni S, Malandra R, D’Amato A, Carini M, Chiesa L, Della Torre C. Plastic Contamination in Seabass and Seabream from Off-Shore Aquaculture Facilities from the Mediterranean Sea. J Xenobiot 2023; 13:625-640. [PMID: 37987441 PMCID: PMC10660701 DOI: 10.3390/jox13040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized the presence of plastics in different organs of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) from some off-shore aquaculture facilities of the Mediterranean Sea. Plastics were detected in 38% of analyzed fish. Higher contamination was observed in fish from Turkey and Greece with respect to Italy, without significant differences between the geographical areas. Plastics accumulated mostly in the gastrointestinal tract and, to a lower extent, in the muscle, which represents the edible part of fish. Based on the particle detected, a maximum amount of 0.01 plastic/g wet weight (w.w.) can occur in muscles, suggesting a low input for humans through consumption. A large portion of the particles identified was represented by man-made cellulose-based fibers. The characterization of the polymeric composition suggests that plastics taken up by fish can have land-based and pelagic origins, but plastics can be introduced also from different aquaculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mosconi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.M.); (S.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.M.); (S.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Stefano Magni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Renato Malandra
- ATS Milano-Città Metropolitana, Veterinary Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alfonsina D’Amato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Marina Carini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Luca Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.M.); (S.P.); (L.C.)
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5
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Soriano B, Hafez AI, Naya-Català F, Moroni F, Moldovan RA, Toxqui-Rodríguez S, Piazzon MC, Arnau V, Llorens C, Pérez-Sánchez J. SAMBA: Structure-Learning of Aquaculture Microbiomes Using a Bayesian Approach. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1650. [PMID: 37628701 PMCID: PMC10454057 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiomes of fish species consist of thousands of bacterial taxa that interact among each other, their environment, and the host. These complex networks of interactions are regulated by a diverse range of factors, yet little is known about the hierarchy of these interactions. Here, we introduce SAMBA (Structure-Learning of Aquaculture Microbiomes using a Bayesian Approach), a computational tool that uses a unified Bayesian network approach to model the network structure of fish gut microbiomes and their interactions with biotic and abiotic variables associated with typical aquaculture systems. SAMBA accepts input data on microbial abundance from 16S rRNA amplicons as well as continuous and categorical information from distinct farming conditions. From this, SAMBA can create and train a network model scenario that can be used to (i) infer information of how specific farming conditions influence the diversity of the gut microbiome or pan-microbiome, and (ii) predict how the diversity and functional profile of that microbiome would change under other variable conditions. SAMBA also allows the user to visualize, manage, edit, and export the acyclic graph of the modelled network. Our study presents examples and test results of Bayesian network scenarios created by SAMBA using data from a microbial synthetic community, and the pan-microbiome of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) in different feeding trials. It is worth noting that the usage of SAMBA is not limited to aquaculture systems as it can be used for modelling microbiome-host network relationships of any vertebrate organism, including humans, in any system and/or ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Soriano
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Spain; (F.N.-C.); (F.M.); (S.T.-R.); (M.C.P.)
- Biotechvana, Parc Científic Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (A.I.H.); (R.A.M.); (C.L.)
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de Valencia and CSIC (UVEG-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - Ahmed Ibrahem Hafez
- Biotechvana, Parc Científic Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (A.I.H.); (R.A.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Fernando Naya-Català
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Spain; (F.N.-C.); (F.M.); (S.T.-R.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Federico Moroni
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Spain; (F.N.-C.); (F.M.); (S.T.-R.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Roxana Andreea Moldovan
- Biotechvana, Parc Científic Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (A.I.H.); (R.A.M.); (C.L.)
- Health Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, Principe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Socorro Toxqui-Rodríguez
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Spain; (F.N.-C.); (F.M.); (S.T.-R.); (M.C.P.)
| | - María Carla Piazzon
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Spain; (F.N.-C.); (F.M.); (S.T.-R.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Vicente Arnau
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de Valencia and CSIC (UVEG-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Spain;
- Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO), 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Llorens
- Biotechvana, Parc Científic Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (A.I.H.); (R.A.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Spain; (F.N.-C.); (F.M.); (S.T.-R.); (M.C.P.)
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Ciccarelli C, Semeraro AM, Leinoudi M, Di Trani V, Ciampana A, Ciccarelli E. Sample size planning and the statistical significance of official controls by sampling. Ital J Food Saf 2023; 12:11119. [PMID: 37680317 PMCID: PMC10480933 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.11119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acceptance sampling is important for food safety and is a relevant tool at production and official control levels, as it helps decision-making processes and verifies quality and food safety management. Generally, sampling plans are hypothesis tests of products that have been submitted for official appraisal and subsequent acceptance or rejection. The sample size is related to the set level of risk, the acceptable precision, and the tolerable misstatement size; therefore, sample size determination has a crucial role in setting up the accepted level of non-compliance and level of error. Using a simple predictive model based on combinatorics, this study showcases how sample size management can change the probability of rejecting good lots and/or accepting bad lots when the acceptance number is 0 (c=0). We showed that when c=0, a very high level of significance of the test corresponds to the high probability of rejecting a lot with an acceptable prevalence of defective items (type II error). We produced tables about the minimum sample size at different significance levels, which can be useful in the field. A paradigmatic example of the role of sample size in the acceptance-sampling plan is represented by the visual inspection for the detection of Anisakid larvae in fishery products. This study investigated this aspect and mainly referred to studies on the prevalence of larvae in farmed fish. We showed that, for lots ≥1000 items, the sample size is not strictly related to the lot size, but to draw a consistent control plan and reduce the variability in the clinical judgment, control authorities require a standardized approach. Because of this, the results on the prevalence of Anisakid larvae in farmed fish, if only based on sampling control plans, do not support a negligible risk statement, despite the claims reported in the EFSA opinion and several other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Ciccarelli
- Local Public Health Service - Ascoli Piceno, San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | | | | | - Vittoria Di Trani
- Local Public Health Service - Ascoli Piceno, San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
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Engblom C, Landor L, Sjöqvist C, Korkea-Aho T, Viljamaa-Dirks S, Paulin L, Wiklund T. Identification and genetic characterization of Saprolegnia parasitica, isolated from farmed and wild fish in Finland. J Fish Dis 2023. [PMID: 37222173 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete infections in farmed fish are one of the most significant disease issues in salmonid aquaculture worldwide. In the present study, Saprolegnia spp. in different farmed fish species in Finland were identified, and the molecular epidemiology of especially Saprolegnia parasitica was examined. We analysed tissue samples from suspected oomycete-infected salmonids of different life stages from a number of fish farms, as well as three wild salmonids. From collected oomycete isolates, the ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 genomic regions were amplified, analysed phylogenetically and compared with corresponding sequences deposited in GenBank. Of the sequenced isolates, 91% were identified as S. parasitica. Isolates of yolk sac fry were identified as different Saprolegnia spp. Among the isolates from rainbow trout eggs Saprolegnia diclina dominated. In order to determine potential dominating clones among the S. parasitica, isolates were analysed using Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST). The results showed that one main clone contained the majority of the isolates. The MLST analysis showed four main sequence types (ST1-ST4) and 13 unique STs. This suggests that the Saprolegnia infections in farmed fish in Finland are not caused by different strains originating in the farm environment. Instead, one main clone of S. parasitica is present in Finnish fish farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Engblom
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Lotta Landor
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Conny Sjöqvist
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tiina Korkea-Aho
- Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Lars Paulin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tom Wiklund
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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Mood A, Lara E, Boyland NK, Brooke P. Estimating global numbers of farmed fishes killed for food annually from 1990 to 2019. Anim Welf 2023; 32:e12. [PMID: 38487450 PMCID: PMC10936281 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2023.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Global farmed finfish production increased from 9 to 56 million tonnes between 1990 and 2019. Although finfishes are now widely recognised as sentient beings, production is still being quantified as biomass rather than number of individuals (in contrast to farmed mammals and birds). Here, we estimate the global number of farmed finfishes slaughtered using FAO aquaculture production tonnages (1990-2019 data) and estimates of individual weight at killing (determined from internet searches at species and country level where possible). We relate these numbers to knowledge on humane slaughter, animal welfare law, and certification schemes. Since 1990, farmed finfish numbers killed annually for food have increased nine-fold, to 124 billion (1.24 × 1011, range 78-171 billion) in 2019. This figure does not represent the total number farmed (due to mortalities during rearing and non-food production) and is expected to increase as aquaculture expands. Our estimates indicate that farmed finfishes now outnumber the 80 billion farmed birds and mammals killed globally each year for food. The majority are produced in Asia. Inhumane slaughter practices cause suffering for most farmed finfishes. Most, 70-72%, have no legal welfare protection, and less than 1% have any fish-specific legal protection, at slaughter. The main global certification schemes in 2013-2015 accounted for 2% of slaughtered farmed finfishes. Fishes for which species-specific parameters for automated humane stunning are published comprise 20-24%. As the dominant taxa of farmed vertebrates, finfishes would benefit from better welfare if species-specific humane slaughter was defined and incorporated into laws and certification schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Lara
- Compassion in World Farming International, River Court, Mill Lane, GodalmingGU7 1EZ, UK
| | - Natasha K Boyland
- Compassion in World Farming International, River Court, Mill Lane, GodalmingGU7 1EZ, UK
| | - Phil Brooke
- Compassion in World Farming International, River Court, Mill Lane, GodalmingGU7 1EZ, UK
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9
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Choi HJ, Lee JH, Choi DY, Kim JH, Cho JM, Kwon HC, Kang YJ. Innate immunity and protective effects of orally administered betaine against viral and bacterial diseases in the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel). J Fish Dis 2022; 45:1789-1798. [PMID: 35934929 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable methods that increase farmed fish yield while controlling infections are required to prevent economic losses in aquaculture farms. In this study, we evaluated the effects of betaine-supplemented (0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%) feed on the growth and immunity of the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Feed conversion ratios, post-infection cumulative mortality rates and innate immune responses were monitored. Weight gain was significantly higher with 0.5% and 1.0% than with 0% and 0.1% betaine-supplemented feed. Lysozyme activity was highest with 1.0% betaine. Respiratory burst activity was highest with 0.5% and 1.0% betaine. Serum bactericidal activity against Edwardsiella tarda was highest with 1.0% betaine (40% increase in survival rates compared with those in the control). Furthermore, serum virucidal activity against the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was higher with 1.0% betaine than with other concentrations. With 0.5% and 1.0% betaine, the survival rates against VHSV were higher than those in the control until day 11, after which they declined. Our study suggests that betaine is a promising agent for promoting the growth of and enhancing immunity against E. tarda in olive flounders. Our findings may further contribute to developing necessary alternatives to conventional antibiotics in fish farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jae Choi
- Department of Aquatic Life and Medical Sciences, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Aquatic Animal Disease Control Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Busan-si, Korea
| | - Da Yeon Choi
- Department of Aquatic Life and Medical Sciences, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Korea
| | - Ji Hee Kim
- Green Cross Veterinary Products Company, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - Jin Man Cho
- Green Cross Veterinary Products Company, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - Hyuk Chu Kwon
- Department of Aquatic Life and Medical Sciences, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Korea
| | - Yue Jai Kang
- Department of Aquatic Life and Medical Sciences, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Korea
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10
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Naiel MAE, Negm SS, Ghazanfar S, Shukry M, Abdelnour SA. The risk assessment of high-fat diet in farmed fish and its mitigation approaches: A review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 107:948-969. [PMID: 35934925 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the era of intensification of fish farms, the high-fat diet (HFD) has been applied to promote growth and productivity, provide additional energy and substitute partial protein in fish feeds. Certainly, HFD within specific concentrations was found to be beneficial in boosting fish performance throughout a short-term feeding. However, excessive dietary fat levels displayed vast undesirable impacts on growth, feed efficiency, liver function, antioxidant capacity and immune function and finally reduced the economic revenue of cultured fish. Moreover, studies have shown that fish diets containing a high level of fats resulted in increasing lipid accumulation, stimulated endoplasmic reticulum stress and suppressed autophagy in fish liver. Investigations showed that HFD could impair the intestinal barrier of fish via triggering inflammation, metabolic disorders, oxidative stress and microbiota imbalance. Several approaches have been widely used for reducing the undesirable influences of HFD in fish. Dietary manipulation could mitigate the adverse impacts triggered by HFD, and boost growth and productivity via reducing blood lipids profile, attenuating oxidative stress and hepatic lipid deposition and improving mitochondrial activity, immune function and antioxidant activity in fish. As well, dietary feed additives have been shown to decrease hepatic lipogenesis and modulate the inflammatory response in fish. Based on the literature, previous studies indicated that phytochemicals could reduce apoptosis and enhance the immunity of fish fed with HFD. Thus, the present review will explore the potential hazards of HFD on fish species. It will also provide light on the possibility of employing some safe feed additives to mitigate HFD risks in farmed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A E Naiel
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samar S Negm
- Fish Biology and Ecology Department, Central Lab for Aquaculture Research (CLAR), Abassa, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shakira Ghazanfar
- National Institute for Genomics Advanced and Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Sameh A Abdelnour
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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11
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Tahity T, Islam MRU, Bhuiyan NZ, Choudhury TR, Yu J, Noman MA, Hosen MM, Quraishi SB, Paray BA, Arai T, Hossain MB. Heavy Metals Accumulation in Tissues of Wild and Farmed Barramundi from the Northern Bay of Bengal Coast, and Its Estimated Human Health Risks. Toxics 2022; 10:toxics10080410. [PMID: 35893844 PMCID: PMC9330387 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Globally, both natural water bodies and aquaculture systems are being severely contaminated by heavy metals due to rising anthropogenic activities. Fish living in aquatic environments can easily accumulate metals in their bodies, which can then be transferred to consumers and put them at risk. In this study, metal concentrations (Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Mn, Cu, Zn) in different organs (gill, liver, and muscle) of farmed and wild Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fish from the northern Bay of Bengal were evaluated to quantify and compare contamination levels and related human health risk. Heavy metal concentrations were higher in liver tissues of farmed Barramundi than in wild Barramundi, with the following relative mean values in the liver, gills, and muscle: Zn > Cu > Pb > Mn > Cd > Cr > As; Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Mn > Cd > As; Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Mn > Cd > As; Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Mn > Cd > As; and Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Mn > Cd > As, respectively. The differences in heavy metal accumulation observed between farmed and wild fish were probably related to the differences in their environmental conditions and dietary element concentrations. However, ANOVA indicated that the variation of metals in wild and Barramundi was not statically significant. Pb concentrations in the liver tissue of farmed Barramundi exceeded the national and international threshold limits, whereas concentrations of other metals were within the limit. Among the examined organs in both fish species (wild and farmed), muscle had the lowest concentration compared to others, and liver was the target organ for Pb, Cu, and Cd accumulations. Metals such as Zn and Mn exhibited higher concentration in the gills. However, all the studied heavy metals were below the maximum permissible limits of national and international standards, but the mean concentrations of Pb and Cd values in the liver of farmed Barramundi exceeded all international and national guidelines. Based on the contamination factors (CF) and pollution indices (PLI and MPI), the degree of contamination in the fish organs was as follows: gills > liver > muscle. The major accumulation tissues for both farmed and wild fish were found to be the gills (MPI = 0.970) and the liver (MPI = 0.692). Based on the estimated daily intake (EDI), the fish samples examined in this study are safe for human consumption as within the recommended daily allowance (RDA) range established by various authorities. According to the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Carcinogenic Risk (CR) calculations, though the Barramundi fishes depicted no potential hazard to humans, farmed fish posed a higher health risk than wild fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanha Tahity
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh; (T.T.); (M.R.U.I.)
| | - Md. Rakeb Ul Islam
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh; (T.T.); (M.R.U.I.)
| | | | - Tasrina Rabia Choudhury
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka (AECD), Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (M.M.H.); (S.B.Q.)
- Correspondence: (T.R.C.); (M.B.H.)
| | - Jimmy Yu
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia;
| | - Md. Abu Noman
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Mohammad Mozammal Hosen
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka (AECD), Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (M.M.H.); (S.B.Q.)
| | - Shamshad B. Quraishi
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka (AECD), Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (M.M.H.); (S.B.Q.)
| | - Bilal Ahamad Paray
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Takaomi Arai
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei;
| | - Mohammad Belal Hossain
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh; (T.T.); (M.R.U.I.)
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia;
- Correspondence: (T.R.C.); (M.B.H.)
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Esposito G, Sciuto S, Guglielmetti C, Pastorino P, Ingravalle F, Ru G, Bozzetta EM, Acutis PL. Discrimination between Wild and Farmed Sea Bass by Using New Spectrometry and Spectroscopy Methods. Foods 2022; 11:1673. [PMID: 35741870 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) is one of the most economically important fish species in the Mediterranean Sea area. Despite strict requirements regarding indications of production method (wild/farmed), incorrect labelling of sea bass is a practice still frequently detected. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capabilities of two techniques, Near-InfraRed (NIR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, to discriminate sea bass according to the production method. Two categories were discriminated based on the docosahexaenoic and arachidonic fatty acid ratio by using a Direct Sample Analysis (DSA) system integrated with a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. The cut-off value of 3.42, of fatty acid ratio, was able to discriminate between the two types of fish with sensitivity and specificity of 100%. It was possible to classify fish production by using multivariate analysis with portable NIR. The results achieved by the developed validation models suggest that this approach is able to distinguish the two product categories with high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (90%). The results obtained from this study highlight the potential application of two easy, fast, and accurate screening methods to detect fraud in commercial sea bass production.
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Heraud C, Hirschinger T, Baranek E, Larroquet L, Surget A, Sandres F, Lanuque A, Terrier F, Roy J. Detection and Modulation of Olfactory Sensing Receptors in Carnivorous Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fed from First Feeding with Plant-Based Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042123. [PMID: 35216238 PMCID: PMC8876700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sense of smell is mediated by diverse families of olfactory sensing receptors, conveying important dietary information, fundamental for growth and survival. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the sensory olfactory pathways in the regulation of feeding behavior of carnivorous rainbow trout (RT, Oncorhynchus mykiss), from first feeding until 8 months. Compared to a commercial diet, RT fed with a total plant-based diet showed drastically altered growth performance associated with feed intake from an early stage. Exhaustive examination of an RT genome database identified three vomeronasal type 1 receptor-like (ORA), 10 vomeronasal type 2 receptor-like (OLFC) and 14 main olfactory receptor (MOR) genes, all highly expressed in sensory organs, indicating their potential functionality. Gene expression after feeding demonstrated the importance in olfactory sensing perception of some OLFC (olfcg6) and MOR (mor103, -107, -112, -113, -133) receptor family genes in RT. The gene ora1a showed evidence of involvement in olfactory sensing perception for fish fed with a commercial-like diet, while ora5b, mor118, mor124 and olfch1 showed evidence of involvement in fish fed with a plant-based diet. Results indicated an impact of a plant-based diet on the regulation of olfactory sensing pathways as well as influence on monoaminergic neurotransmission in brain areas related to olfactory-driven behaviors. The overall findings suggest that feeding behavior is mediated through olfactory sensing detection and olfactory-driven behavior pathways in RT.
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Cammilleri G, Calabrese V, Accordino L, Pantano L, Migliazzo A, Galluzzo FG, Parrino V, Brunone A, Lo Dico GM, Bacchi E, Giangrosso G, Calvacca PF, Ferrantelli V. Toxic metals and total lipids comparison between wild and farmed fish of South mediterranean. Nat Prod Res 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35133242 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2037588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A total of 151 wild and farmed fish samples of three species (S. aurata, D. labrax and U. cirrosa) from south Mediterranean were examined for cadmium, lead and mercury and total lipids detection to verify possible differences between wild and farmed fish. Mercury was detected only in S. aurata samples, with mean values of 0.056 ± 0.128 mg/kg and 0.031 ± 0.033 mg/kg for farmed and wild samples, respectively. The results verified no significant differences in Pb, Cd and Hg levels between wild and farmed fish samples (p < 0.05). The farmed fish samples showed higher total lipids contents than wild (p > 0.05). As far as we know, this work report first findings on the toxic metal presence in farmed Umbrina cirrosa, showing no detectable Hg, Cd and Pb values. The results of this work seems to confirm that the presence of toxic metals could be more related to the pollution the site than the type of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Cammilleri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, Università Degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Letizia Accordino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Licia Pantano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Aldo Migliazzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Parrino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università Degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Emanuela Bacchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giangrosso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
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15
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Lu Y, Shi C, Jin X, He J, Yin Z. Domestication of farmed fish via the attenuation of stress responses mediated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-inter-renal endocrine axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:923475. [PMID: 35937837 PMCID: PMC9353172 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.923475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-directed domestication of terrestrial animals traditionally requires thousands of years for breeding. The most prominent behavioral features of domesticated animals include reduced aggression and enhanced tameness relative to their wild forebears, and such behaviors improve the social tolerance of domestic animals toward both humans and crowds of their own species. These behavioral responses are primarily mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (inter-renal in fish) (HPA/I) endocrine axis, which is involved in the rapid conversion of neuronal-derived perceptual information into hormonal signals. Over recent decades, growing evidence implicating the attenuation of the HPA/I axis during the domestication of animals have been identified through comprehensive genomic analyses of the paleogenomic datasets of wild progenitors and their domestic congeners. Compared with that of terrestrial animals, domestication of most farmed fish species remains at early stages. The present review focuses on the application of HPI signaling attenuation to accelerate the domestication and genetic breeding of farmed fish. We anticipate that deeper understanding of HPI signaling and its implementation in the domestication of farmed fish will benefit genetic breeding to meet the global demands of the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangyan He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- *Correspondence: Zhan Yin,
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16
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Lin P, Nan FH, Ling MP. Dietary Exposure of the Taiwan Population to Mercury Content in Various Seafood Assessed by a Total Diet Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:12227. [PMID: 34831984 PMCID: PMC8619390 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the health risks of exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) through the consumption of mercury-contaminated seafood in Taiwan, based on the total diet study (TDS) method. Samples of seafood (n = 140) were purchased at fishing harbors or supermarkets and classified into seven categories (pelagic fish, inshore fish, farmed fish, shellfish, cephalopods, crustaceans, and algae). For each sample, we analyzed raw and cooked versions and compared the concentration difference. Total mercury (THg) was detected at the highest rate and in the highest concentrations in pelagic fish, followed by inshore fish and other farmed fish. The average concentration of THg was higher after cooking. In a 75th percentile scenario, the hazard indices for children aged 1 to 3 years and children aged 4 to 6 years were higher than 100% of the provisional tolerable weekly intake. Taking into consideration the risk assessment results, MeHg concentrations, and the nutritional composition of fish, we have provided weekly consumption advisories for children aged 1 to 3 years, children aged 4 to 6 years, and childbearing women aged 19 to 49 years. The weekly consumption advisories for childbearing women are 35 g/week of pelagic fish and 245 g/week of inshore fish based on the risk results from MeHg and the potential benefits from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinpin Lin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Fan-Hua Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan;
| | - Min-Pei Ling
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan
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Cardoso PG, Gonçalves O, Carvalho MF, Ozório R, Vaz-Pires P. Seasonal Evaluation of Freshness Profile of Commercially Important Fish Species. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071567. [PMID: 34359437 PMCID: PMC8307230 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshness is considered one of the most important parameters to judge the quality of most fish products. In the current study, the seasonality effect on the freshness profile of different economic fish species was evaluated for the first time, using three different approaches (sensory: Quality Index Method (QIM) and European (EC) Scheme; physical: Torrymeter (TRM) values; and microbiological analyses: Total Viable Counts (TVC) and degradative bacteria). Over a year, individuals of farmed fish Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax, as well as the wild fish Trachurus trachurus, Scomber colias, and Sardina pilchardus, were sampled seasonally for the evaluation of their freshness profile over 10 days on ice. In general, data showed an increase in QIM values, a decline in TRM, and an increase of spoilage bacteria throughout the storage time, revealing a clear temporal degradation of the quality of the fish. Additionally, some signs of seasonality effect could only be observed for some species. For example, the seabass D. labrax showed lower numbers of degradative bacteria in winter than in the other seasons, suggesting a high potential to be marketed in a fresher condition, especially during that season. On the other hand, S. colias showed higher freshness scores (i.e., higher TRM values in spring and autumn and lower numbers of bacteria in summer) from spring to autumn. However, from the five studied species, S. colias presented the lowest freshness values, indicating a higher fragility of this species. This information is extremely relevant for consumers and retailers that want to invest in higher quality products, as they would thus be able to choose certain species in detriment of others. Additionally, obtained data showed that farmed species reached day 10 of storage time with lower values of QIM and microbial counts (cfu), as well as higher values of TRM, in relation to wild species. These results reinforce the idea that farmed fish can, under proper conditions, present high quality/freshness profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia G. Cardoso
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (O.G.); (M.F.C.); (R.O.); (P.V.-P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Odete Gonçalves
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (O.G.); (M.F.C.); (R.O.); (P.V.-P.)
| | - Maria F. Carvalho
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (O.G.); (M.F.C.); (R.O.); (P.V.-P.)
- ICBAS—Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ozório
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (O.G.); (M.F.C.); (R.O.); (P.V.-P.)
- ICBAS—Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Vaz-Pires
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (O.G.); (M.F.C.); (R.O.); (P.V.-P.)
- ICBAS—Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Feidantsis K, Pörtner HO, Giantsis IA, Michaelidis B. Advances in understanding the impacts of global warming on marine fishes farmed offshore: Sparus aurata as a case study. J Fish Biol 2021; 98:1509-1523. [PMID: 33161577 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring variations in proteins involved in metabolic processes, oxidative stress responses, cell signalling and protein homeostasis is a powerful tool for developing hypotheses of how environmental variations affect marine organisms' physiology and biology. According to the oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance hypothesis, thermal acclimation mechanisms such as adjusting the activities of enzymes of intermediary metabolism and of antioxidant defence mechanisms, inducing heat shock proteins (Hsps) or activating mitogen-activated protein kinases may all shift tolerance windows. Few studies have, however, investigated the molecular, biochemical and organismal responses by fishes to seasonal temperature variations in the field to link these to laboratory findings. Investigation of the impacts of global warming on fishes farmed offsore, in the open sea, can provide a stepping stone towards understanding effects on wild populations because they experience similar environmental fluctuations. Over the last 30 years, farming of the gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata (Linnaeus 1758) has become widespread along the Mediterranean coastline, rendering this species a useful case study. Based on available information, the prevailing seasonal temperature variations expose the species to the upper and lower limits of its thermal range. Evidence for this includes oxygen restriction, reduced feeding, reduced responsiveness to environmental stimuli, plus a range of molecular and biochemical indicators that change across the thermal range. Additionally, close relationships between biochemical pathways and seasonal patterns of metabolism indicate a connection between energy demand and metabolic processes on the one hand, and cellular stress responses such as oxidative stress, inflammation and autophagy on the other. Understanding physiological responses to temperature fluctuations in fishes farmed offshore can provide crucial background information for the conservation and successful management of aquaculture resources in the face of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Hans O Pörtner
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Physiologie Mariner Tiere, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Ioannis A Giantsis
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, Florina, Greece
| | - Basile Michaelidis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Mikołajczyk S, Warenik-Bany M, Maszewski S, Pajurek M. Farmed Fish as a Source of Dioxins and PCBs for Polish Consumers. J Vet Res 2020; 64:427-31. [PMID: 32984634 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This paper reports polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in fish collected from Polish and Vietnamese farms and the related risk for consumers. Material and Methods Altogether, 160 samples were analysed using an isotope dilution technique with high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS). To characterise the potential health risk associated with PCDD/F and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (DL-PCB) intake, doses ingested in two 100 g portions of fish by adults and children were calculated and expressed as the percentage of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) newly established by the EFSA in November 2018 at 2 pg WHO-TEQ kg-1 b.w. Results Generally, levels in fish muscles were low in relation to maximum limits (4), being in the range of 0.02-3.98 pg WHO-TEQ g-1 wet weight (w.w.) for PCDD/F/DL-PCBs and 0.05-24.94 ng g-1 w.w. for NDL-PCBs. The highest concentration was found in eel muscles. The least polluted were pangas and zanders and the levels were at the limits of quantification. Consumption of two portions of fish per week results in intakes of 9- 866% TWI by children and 4-286% TWI by adults. Conclusion Frequent consumption of some species (for example eel and bream) can pose a health risk to vulnerable consumers and especially children and pregnant women.
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Regev Y, Davidovich N, Berzak R, Lau SCK, Scheinin AP, Tchernov D, Morick D. Molecular Identification and Characterization of Vibrio Species and Mycobacterium Species in Wild and Cultured Marine Fish from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E863. [PMID: 32517374 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to numerous documented pathogens and infectious diseases of aquaculture, there is a lack of baseline data and information regarding pathogenic agents’ prevalence in wild marine fish populations. This study focused on two common fish pathogenic microorganisms, namely Mycobacterium species and Vibrio species, both of which are known to be major causes of fish loss, occasionally to the extent of being a limiting factor in fish production. Both microorganisms are known as zoonotic agents. In total, 210 wild marine indigenous and Lessepsian fish from four different species from the eastern Mediterranean Sea were sampled and tested for Vibrio species and Mycobacterium species during a two-year period (2016–2017). Using PCR with 16S rRNA primers, we detected different strain variations of Mycobacterium species and Vibrio species and, based on the sequencing results, the overall prevalence for Vibrio species in wild fish in 2016 was significantly higher compared to 2017. No significant difference was detected for Mycobacterium species prevalence in wild fish between 2016 and 2017. In addition, 72 gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) from an Israeli offshore marine farm were also examined during the two-year period (2017–2018). The results suggest that Mycobacterium species prevalence was significantly higher in 2018, while in 2017 there was no positive results for Mycobacterium species. In addition, there was no significant difference between both years in regard to the prevalence of Vibrio species for maricultured fish. These results highlight the necessity of continuous molecular monitoring in order to evaluate the prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms in both wild and cultured fish populations.
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Powell CD, López S, France J. New Insights into Modelling Bacterial Growth with Reference to the Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E435. [PMID: 32150847 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Flavobacteriumpsychrophilum is a cold-water bacterium responsible for cold water disease and rainbow trout fry syndrome which has significant impacts on fish health and, by extension, negative economic impacts on aquaculture operations. Models can be applied to bacterial growth curves yielding parameter estimates describing rates of bacterial growth and the time it takes for a bacterium to reach its exponential phase of growth (lag time). These parameter estimates can be used to establish the relationship between microbial growth and environmental variables such as pH, temperature and effect of anti-microbial treatments. Two novel models are derived and their potential to describe bacterial growth assessed through their ability to mimic the growth of Flavobacteriumpsychrophilum on liquid media. Due to their mechanistic derivation, the proposed models result in flexible and robust growth functions that can be expressed as equations with biologically meaningful parameters. Based upon statistical measures of goodness-of-fit and cross-validation, the purposed models were able to describe satisfactorily the growth of Flavobacteriumpsychrophilum on various media. Furthermore, the proposed models also provide insight into underlying mechanisms that are driving microbial growth and how the current environment affects bacterial rate of growth. Abstract Two new models, based upon the principles promulgated by Baranyi and co-workers are presented and resulting growth functions evaluated based upon their ability to mimic bacterial growth of the fish pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum. These growth functions make use of a dampening function to suppress potential growth, represented by a logistic, and are derived from rate:state differential equations. Dampening effects are represented by a rectangular hyperbola or a simple exponential, incorporated into a logistic differential equation and solved analytically resulting in two newly derived growth equations, viz. logistic × hyperbola (log × hyp) and logistic × exponential (log × exp). These characteristics result in flexible and robust growth functions that can be expressed as equations with biologically meaningful parameters. The newly derived functions (log × hyp and log × exp), along with the Baranyi (BAR), simple logistic (LOG) and its modified form (MLOG) were evaluated based upon examination of residuals and measures of goodness-of-fit and cross-validation. Using these criteria, log × hyp, log × exp and BAR performed better than, or at least equally well as, LOG and MLOG. In contrast with log × exp and BAR, log × hyp can be easily manipulated mathematically allowing for simple algebraic expressions for time and microbial biomass at inflexion point, in addition to maximum and scaled maximum growth rates.
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Abstract
In 2016 and 2017, we characterized outbreaks caused by Streptococcus agalactiae serotype III sequence type (ST) 283 in Nile tilapia farms in Brazil. Whole-genome multilocus sequence typing clustered the fish isolates together with the zoonotic ST283 and other STs related to cases in humans, frogs, dogs, cattle, and dolphins.
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De Vico G, Guida V, Carella F. Urtica dioica (Stinging Nettle): A Neglected Plant With Emerging Growth Promoter/Immunostimulant Properties for Farmed Fish. Front Physiol 2018; 9:285. [PMID: 29632497 PMCID: PMC5879320 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urtica dioica (stinging nettle), is a perennial plant belonging to the family of Urticaceae, genus Urtica. Despite the use of nettle in folk veterinary medicine is well documented, U. dioica is today an underestimated and frequently neglected plant, considered by the contemporary agriculture as a weed to be eliminated. This mini review focus on very recent studies on dietary administration of U. dioica, both as a single herb or in combination with other herbs, to enhance growth and stimulate farmed fish immunity, thus enabling the fish to be more resistant against bacterial infections. Such an emerging feature, together with cost-effectiveness, adequate availability, and easy processing of nettle, could make this herb an excellent, inexpensive and widely used dietary supplement on intensive fish farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gionata De Vico
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Carella
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Tolosa J, Font G, Mañes J, Ferrer E. Natural occurrence of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins in feed and fish from aquaculture. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:12462-12470. [PMID: 25432004 DOI: 10.1021/jf5036838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical method for the simultaneous determination of enniatins (ENs) and beauvericin (BEA) in fish feed and fish tissues by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with linear ion trap (LC-MS/MS-LIT) was developed. Results showed that the developed method is precise and sensitive. The presence of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins, ENs and BEA, was determined in samples of aquaculture fish and feed for farmed fish, showing that all feed samples analyzed were contaminated with mycotoxins, with 100% coexistence. In aquacultured fish samples, the highest incidence was found in edible muscle and liver. As for the exposure assessment calculated, it was found that average consumer intake was lower than tolerable daily intake (TDI) values for other Fusarium mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Tolosa
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Avenue Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Mo TA, Gahr A, Hansen H, Hoel E, Oaland Ø, Poppe TT. Presence of Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809 det. Krabbe, 1878) and Hysterothylacium aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802) (Nematoda; Anisakidae) in runts of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis 2014; 37:135-140. [PMID: 23488892 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
One hundred farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were examined for the presence of nematodes by digestion of tissue in HCl-pepsin solution. All fish were sampled from one cage in a fish farm on the Norwegian south-west coast. Fifty harvest quality salmon, that is, salmon for human consumption (mean 5.4 kg, variation 3.0-7.6 kg), were sampled at the processing line while 50 salmon runts (mean 1.1 kg, variation 0.4-1.8 kg), discarded due to poor performance, were sampled from the discard bin after the grading station. Runts are individual fish with clear signs of poor performance over time and abnormal appearance and are thus not processed for human consumption. No nematodes were found in the musculature or viscera of the 50 harvest quality salmon. In total, 75 nematodes were found in 10 (20%) of the runts; 53 nematodes in the viscera and 22 in the musculature. Nematodes in the musculature were identified as Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809 det. Krabbe, 1878), while nematodes in the viscera were identified as A. simplex and Hysterothylacium aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802).
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Mo
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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