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Sharif N, Sharif N, Khan A, Dey SK. Tackling the outbreak of nipah virus in Bangladesh amidst COVID-19: A potential threat to public health and actionable measures. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e2010. [PMID: 38559414 PMCID: PMC10973550 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Sharif
- Department of MicrobiologyJahangirnagar UniversitySavarBangladesh
| | - Nazmul Sharif
- Department of MathematicsRajshahi University of Engineering & TechnologyRajshahiBangladesh
| | - Afsana Khan
- Department of StatisticsJahangirnagar UniversitySavarBangladesh
| | - Shuvra K. Dey
- Department of MicrobiologyJahangirnagar UniversitySavarBangladesh
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2
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Andrianiaina A, Andry S, Gentles A, Guth S, Héraud JM, Ranaivoson HC, Ravelomanantsoa NAF, Treuer T, Brook CE. Reproduction, seasonal morphology, and juvenile growth in three Malagasy fruit bats. J Mammal 2022; 103:1397-1408. [PMID: 36686611 PMCID: PMC9841406 DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The island nation of Madagascar is home to three endemic species of Old World fruit bat in the family Pteropodidae: Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, and Rousettus madagascariensis, all three of which are IUCN Red Listed under some category of threat. Delineation of seasonal limits in the reproductive calendar for threatened mammals can inform conservation efforts by clarifying parameters used in population viability models, as well as elucidate understanding of the mechanisms underpinning pathogen persistence in host populations. Here, we define the seasonal limits of a staggered annual birth pulse across the three species of endemic Madagascar fruit bat, known reservoirs for viruses of high zoonotic potential. Our field studies indicate that this annual birth pulse takes place in September/October for P. rufus, November for E. dupreanum, and December for R. madagascariensis in central-eastern Madagascar where the bulk of our research was concentrated. Juvenile development periods vary across the three Malagasy pteropodids, resulting in near-synchronous weaning of pups for all species in late January-February at the height of the fruiting season for this region. We here document the size range in morphological traits for the three Malagasy fruit bat species, with P. rufus and E. dupreanum among the larger of pteropodids globally and R. madagascariensis among the smaller. All three species demonstrate subtle sexual dimorphism with males being larger than females. We explore seasonal variation in adult body condition by comparing observed body mass with body mass predicted by forearm length, demonstrating that pregnant females add weight during staggered gestation periods and males lose weight during the nutritionally deficit Malagasy winter. Finally, we quantify forearm, tibia, and ear length growth rates in juvenile bats, demonstrating both faster growth and more protracted development times for P. rufus as compared with E. dupreanum and R. madagascariensis. The longer development period for the already-threatened P. rufus further undermines the conservation status of this species as human hunting is particularly detrimental to population viability during reproductive periods. Our work highlights the importance of longitudinal field studies in collecting critical data for mammalian conservation efforts and human public health alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Andrianiaina
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Santino Andry
- Mention Entomologie, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Anecia Gentles
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens 30609, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah Guth
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley 94720, California, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Héraud
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 10200, Senegal
- Ecole Doctorale Science de la Vie et de l’Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Hafaliana Christian Ranaivoson
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | | | - Timothy Treuer
- Gund Institute for Environment, The University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, Vermont, USA
| | - Cara E Brook
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley 94720, California, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, Illinois, USA
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3
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Stewart M, Morello T, Kollmar R, Orman R. Carollia perspicillata: A Small Bat with Tremendous Translational Potential for Studies of Brain Aging and Neurodegeneration. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1454. [PMID: 34680571 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As the average human lifespan lengthens, the impact of neurodegenerative disease increases, both on the individual suffering neurodegeneration and on the community that supports those individuals. Studies aimed at understanding the mechanisms of neurodegeneration have relied heavily on observational studies of humans and experimental studies in animals, such as mice, in which aspects of brain structure and function can be manipulated to target mechanistic steps. An animal model whose brain is structurally closer to the human brain, that lives much longer than rodents, and whose husbandry is practical may be valuable for mechanistic studies that cannot readily be conducted in rodents. To demonstrate that the long-lived Seba’s short-tailed fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata, may fit this role, we used immunohistochemical labeling for NeuN and three calcium-binding proteins, calretinin, parvalbumin, and calbindin, to define hippocampal formation anatomy. Our findings demonstrate patterns of principal neuron organization that resemble primate and human hippocampal formation and patterns of calcium-binding protein distribution that help to define subregional boundaries. Importantly, we present evidence for a clear prosubiculum in the bat brain that resembles primate prosubiculum. Based on the similarities between bat and human hippocampal formation anatomy, we suggest that Carollia has unique advantages for the study of brain aging and neurodegeneration. A captive colony of Carollia allows age tracking, diet and environment control, pharmacological manipulation, and access to behavioral, physiological, anatomical, and molecular evaluation.
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Lunn TJ, Eby P, Brooks R, McCallum H, Plowright RK, Kessler MK, Peel AJ. Conventional wisdom on roosting behavior of Australian flying-foxes-A critical review, and evaluation using new data. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13532-13558. [PMID: 34646488 PMCID: PMC8495814 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit bats (Family: Pteropodidae) are animals of great ecological and economic importance, yet their populations are threatened by ongoing habitat loss and human persecution. A lack of ecological knowledge for the vast majority of Pteropodid species presents additional challenges for their conservation and management.In Australia, populations of flying-fox species (Genus: Pteropus) are declining and management approaches are highly contentious. Australian flying-fox roosts are exposed to management regimes involving habitat modification, through human-wildlife conflict management policies, or vegetation restoration programs. Details on the fine-scale roosting ecology of flying-foxes are not sufficiently known to provide evidence-based guidance for these regimes, and the impact on flying-foxes of these habitat modifications is poorly understood.We seek to identify and test commonly held understandings about the roosting ecology of Australian flying-foxes to inform practical recommendations and guide and refine management practices at flying-fox roosts.We identify 31 statements relevant to understanding of flying-fox roosting structure and synthesize these in the context of existing literature. We then contribute a contemporary, fine-scale dataset on within-roost structure to further evaluate 11 of these statements. The new dataset encompasses 13-monthly repeat measures from 2,522 spatially referenced roost trees across eight sites in southeastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales.We show evidence of sympatry and indirect competition between species, including spatial segregation of black and grey-headed flying-foxes within roosts and seasonal displacement of both species by little red flying-foxes. We demonstrate roost-specific annual trends in occupancy and abundance and provide updated demographic information including the spatial and temporal distributions of males and females within roosts.Insights from our systematic and quantitative study will be important to guide evidence-based recommendations on restoration and management and will be crucial for the implementation of priority recovery actions for the preservation of these species in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamika J. Lunn
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food SecurityGriffith UniversityNathanQLDAustralia
| | - Peggy Eby
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food SecurityGriffith UniversityNathanQLDAustralia
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Remy Brooks
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food SecurityGriffith UniversityNathanQLDAustralia
| | - Hamish McCallum
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food SecurityGriffith UniversityNathanQLDAustralia
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | | | - Alison J. Peel
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food SecurityGriffith UniversityNathanQLDAustralia
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Çetin H, Coşkun G, Dick CW. Ectoparasitic Bat Flies (Eucampsipoda hyrtlii) Detected on the Egyptian Fruit Bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in Antalya, Turkey. Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2020; 44:115-117. [PMID: 32482046 DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2020.6762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to report on bat flies collected from a fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus Geoffroy) which was found on the ground for an unknown reason, and was brought to a private veterinary clinic in Antalya. Bat flies on the bat that were brought to the clinic were sampled during examination of the bat. Fly samples were stored in glass tubes containing 70% alcohol and then refrigerated (+4 °C). Species identification was made by using morphological characters under a stereo microscope. A total of 4 adult female bat flies were collected. The species was identified as Eucampsipoda hyrtlii (Kolenati, 1856). This report substantially expands the known distribution of the species. Bats may be infected with different types of parasitic arthropods, and should be examined for the presence of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Çetin
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gökçe Coşkun
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Carl W Dick
- Western Kentucky University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA.,Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA
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Brook CE, Ranaivoson HC, Broder CC, Cunningham AA, Héraud J, Peel AJ, Gibson L, Wood JLN, Metcalf CJ, Dobson AP. Disentangling serology to elucidate henipa- and filovirus transmission in Madagascar fruit bats. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1001-1016. [PMID: 30908623 PMCID: PMC7122791 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bats are reservoirs for emerging human pathogens, including Hendra and Nipah henipaviruses and Ebola and Marburg filoviruses. These viruses demonstrate predictable patterns in seasonality and age structure across multiple systems; previous work suggests that they may circulate in Madagascar's endemic fruit bats, which are widely consumed as human food. We aimed to (a) document the extent of henipa- and filovirus exposure among Malagasy fruit bats, (b) explore seasonality in seroprevalence and serostatus in these bat populations and (c) compare mechanistic hypotheses for possible transmission dynamics underlying these data. To this end, we amassed and analysed a unique dataset documenting longitudinal serological henipa- and filovirus dynamics in three Madagascar fruit bat species. We uncovered serological evidence of exposure to Hendra-/Nipah-related henipaviruses in Eidolon dupreanum, Pteropus rufus and Rousettus madagascariensis, to Cedar-related henipaviruses in E. dupreanum and R. madagascariensis and to Ebola-related filoviruses in P. rufus and R. madagascariensis. We demonstrated significant seasonality in population-level seroprevalence and individual serostatus for multiple viruses across these species, linked to the female reproductive calendar. An age-structured subset of the data highlighted evidence of waning maternal antibodies in neonates, increasing seroprevalence in young and decreasing seroprevalence late in life. Comparison of mechanistic epidemiological models fit to these data offered support for transmission hypotheses permitting waning antibodies but retained immunity in adult-age bats. Our findings suggest that bats may seasonally modulate mechanisms of pathogen control, with consequences for population-level transmission. Additionally, we narrow the field of candidate transmission hypotheses by which bats are presumed to host and transmit potentially zoonotic viruses globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara E. Brook
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew Jersey
- Present address:
Department of Integrative BiologyUC BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia.
| | - Hafaliana C. Ranaivoson
- Virology UnitInstitut Pasteur de MadagascarAntananarivoMadagascar
- Department of Animal BiologyUniversity of AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Christopher C. Broder
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMaryland
| | | | | | - Alison J. Peel
- Environmental Futures Research InstituteGriffith UniversityNathanQueenslandAustralia
| | - Louise Gibson
- Institute of ZoologyZoological Society of LondonLondonUK
| | - James L. N. Wood
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - C. Jessica Metcalf
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew Jersey
| | - Andrew P. Dobson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew Jersey
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7
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Amponsah‐Mensah K, Cunningham AA, Wood JLN, Ntiamoa‐Baidu Y. Seasonal variation in food availability and relative importance of dietary items in the Gambian epauletted fruit bat ( Epomophorus gambianus). Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5683-5693. [PMID: 31160990 PMCID: PMC6540702 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gambian epauletted fruit bat (Epomophorus gambianus) is very common across a variety of West African habitats, but very little information is available on its feeding ecology or its contribution to ecosystem function.We investigated seasonal variation in food availability and the relative importance of dietary items used by this species in a forest-savannah transitional ecosystem. Dietary items were identified from 1,470 samples of fecal and ejecta pellets which had been collected under day roosts or from captured bats over a 2-year period (2014-2015).Plant phenology studies illustrated strong seasonal correlations between fruiting and flowering and rainfall patterns: Fruits were available throughout the year but with peaks of abundance during the rainy season, while flowers were mostly abundant during the dry season. Epomophorus gambianus bats utilized fruit and flower resources from 30 plant species. Although the plant species used depended on seasonal availability, there were clear preferences for certain species.Flowers were an important food source for this fruit bat species especially during the dry season, contributing up to 79% of dietary items when fruit abundance was low. Ficus fruits were also important food item for E. gambianus, constituting over 40% of all dietary samples identified. Policy implications. Our results show the importance of flowers in the diet of E. gambianus and highlight this species as an important pollinator and seed disperser, including for economically and ecologically important plant species. These findings contribute to an improved understanding of the ecological importance and potential role of this species in the forest-savannah transition ecosystem for the development of fruit bat conservation management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yaa Ntiamoa‐Baidu
- Centre for African WetlandsUniversity of GhanaAccraGhana
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation ScienceUniversity of GhanaAccraGhana
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8
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Mbu'u CM, Mbacham WF, Gontao P, Sado Kamdem SL, Nlôga AMN, Groschup MH, Wade A, Fischer K, Balkema-Buschmann A. Henipaviruses at the Interface Between Bats, Livestock and Human Population in Africa. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:455-465. [PMID: 30985268 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are closely related members within the genus Henipavirus, family Paramyxoviridae, for which fruit bats serve as the reservoir. The initial emergence of NiV infections in pigs and humans in Malaysia, and HeV infections in horses and humans in Australia, posed severe impacts on human and animal health, and continues threatening lives of humans and livestock within Southeast Asia and Australia. Recently, henipavirus-specific antibodies have also been detected in fruit bats in a number of sub-Saharan African countries and in Brazil, thereby considerably increasing the known geographic distribution of henipaviruses. Africa is progressively being recognized as a new high prevalence zone for henipaviruses, as deduced from serological and molecular evidence of past infections in Madagascar, Ghana, Republic of Congo, Gulf of Guinea, Zambia, Tanzania, Cameroon, and Nigeria lately. Serological data suggest henipavirus spillover from bats to livestock and human populations in Africa without reported clinical disease in any of these species. All virus isolation attempts have been abortive, highlighting the need for further investigations. The genome of the Ghanaian bat henipavirus designated Ghana virus (GhV), which was detected in a pteropid Eidolon helvum bat, is the only African henipavirus that has been completely sequenced limiting our current knowledge on the genetic diversity and pathogenesis of African henipaviruses. In this review, we summarize the available data on the circulation of henipaviruses in Africa, discuss potential sources for virus spillover, and highlight existing research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Mbanwi Mbu'u
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1 (UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,2 Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies (LAPHER Biotech.), Biotechnology Centre-University of Yaoundé 1 (BTC-UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Wilfred Fon Mbacham
- 2 Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies (LAPHER Biotech.), Biotechnology Centre-University of Yaoundé 1 (BTC-UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,3 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1 (UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Pierre Gontao
- 4 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaounderé, Ngaounderé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Martin H Groschup
- 5 Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Friedrich-Loeffler Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Abel Wade
- 6 National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET), Garoua & Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- 5 Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Friedrich-Loeffler Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- 5 Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Friedrich-Loeffler Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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9
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Yu J, Lv X, Yang Z, Gao S, Li C, Cai Y, Li J. The Main Risk Factors of Nipah Disease and Its Risk Analysis in China. Viruses 2018; 10:E572. [PMID: 30347642 PMCID: PMC6213763 DOI: 10.3390/v10100572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah disease is a highly fatal zoonosis which is caused by the Nipah virus. The Nipah virus is a BSL-4 virus with fruit bats being its natural host. It is mainly prevalent in Southeast Asia. The virus was first discovered in 1997 in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Currently, it is mainly harmful to pigs and humans with a high mortality rate. This study describes the route of transmission of the Nipah virus in different countries and analyzes the possibility of the primary disease being in China and the method of its transmission to China. The risk factors are analyzed for different susceptible populations to Nipah disease. The aim is to improve people's risk awareness and prevention and control of the disease and reduce its risk of occurring and spreading in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Xinbo Lv
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Zijun Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Shengbin Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Changming Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Yumei Cai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Jinming Li
- China Center for Animal Health and Epidemiology, Qingdao 266000, China.
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10
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Nyakarahuka L, Ojwang J, Tumusiime A, Balinandi S, Whitmer S, Kyazze S, Kasozi S, Wetaka M, Makumbi I, Dahlke M, Borchert J, Lutwama J, Ströher U, Rollin PE, Nichol ST, Shoemaker TR. Isolated Case of Marburg Virus Disease, Kampala, Uganda, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1001-1004. [PMID: 28518032 PMCID: PMC5443453 DOI: 10.3201/eid2306.170047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In September 2014, a single fatal case of Marburg virus was identified in a healthcare worker in Kampala, Uganda. The source of infection was not identified, and no secondary cases were identified. We describe the rapid identification, laboratory diagnosis, and case investigation of the third Marburg virus outbreak in Uganda.
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11
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Wada Y, Sasaki M, Setiyono A, Handharyani E, Rahmadani I, Taha S, Adiani S, Latief M, Kholilullah ZA, Subangkit M, Kobayashi S, Nakamura I, Kimura T, Orba Y, Sawa H. Detection of novel gammaherpesviruses from fruit bats in Indonesia. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:415-422. [PMID: 29458559 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are an important natural reservoir of zoonotic viral pathogens. We previously isolated an alphaherpesvirus in fruit bats in Indonesia, and here establish the presence of viruses belonging to other taxa of the family Herpesviridae. We screened the same fruit bat population with pan-herpesvirus PCR and discovered 68 sequences of novel gammaherpesvirus, designated 'megabat gammaherpesvirus' (MgGHV). A phylogenetic analysis of approximately 3.4 kbp of continuous MgGHV sequences encompassing the glycoprotein B gene and DNA polymerase gene revealed that the MgGHV sequences are distinct from those of other reported gammaherpesviruses. Further analysis suggested the existence of co-infections of herpesviruses in Indonesian fruit bats. Our findings extend our understanding of the infectious cycles of herpesviruses in bats in Indonesia and the phylogenetic diversity of the gammaherpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Wada
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Agus Setiyono
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Ekowati Handharyani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Ibenu Rahmadani
- Veterinary Investigation and Diagnostic Center, Bukittinggi, Indonesia
| | - Siswatiana Taha
- Faculty of Agriculture, Gorontalo State University, Gorontalo, Indonesia
| | - Sri Adiani
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
| | - Munira Latief
- Office of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, Soppeng, Indonesia
| | | | - Mawar Subangkit
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Shintaro Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Present address: Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakamura
- Unit of International Cooperation, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Present address: Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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12
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Gunawardena PS, Marston DA, Ellis RJ, Wise EL, Karawita AC, Breed AC, McElhinney LM, Johnson N, Banyard AC, Fooks AR. Lyssavirus in Indian Flying Foxes, Sri Lanka. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1456-9. [PMID: 27434858 PMCID: PMC4982157 DOI: 10.3201/eid2208.151986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel lyssavirus was isolated from brains of Indian flying foxes (Pteropus medius) in Sri Lanka. Phylogenetic analysis of complete virus genome sequences, and geographic location and host species, provides strong evidence that this virus is a putative new lyssavirus species, designated as Gannoruwa bat lyssavirus.
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Aziz SA, Clements GR, McConkey KR, Sritongchuay T, Pathil S, Abu Yazid MNH, Campos‐Arceiz A, Forget P, Bumrungsri S. Pollination by the locally endangered island flying fox ( Pteropus hypomelanus) enhances fruit production of the economically important durian ( Durio zibethinus). Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8670-8684. [PMID: 29152168 PMCID: PMC5677486 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit bats provide valuable pollination services to humans through a unique coevolutionary relationship with chiropterophilous plants. However, chiropterophily in the Old World and the pollination roles of large bats, such as flying foxes (Pteropus spp., Acerodon spp., Desmalopex spp.), are still poorly understood and require further elucidation. Efforts to protect these bats have been hampered by a lack of basic quantitative information on their role as ecosystem service providers. Here, we investigate the role of the locally endangered island flying fox Pteropus hypomelanus in the pollination ecology of durian (Durio zibethinus), an economically important crop in Southeast Asia. On Tioman Island, Peninsular Malaysia, we deployed 19 stations of paired infrared camera and video traps across varying heights at four individual flowering trees in a durian orchard. We detected at least nine species of animal visitors, but only bats had mutualistic interactions with durian flowers. There was a clear vertical stratification in the feeding niches of flying foxes and nectar bats, with flying foxes feeding at greater heights in the trees. Flying foxes had a positive effect on mature fruit set and therefore serve as important pollinators for durian trees. As such, semi-wild durian trees-particularly tall ones-may be dependent on flying foxes for enhancing reproductive success. Our study is the first to quantify the role of flying foxes in durian pollination, demonstrating that these giant fruit bats may have far more important ecological, evolutionary, and economic roles than previously thought. This has important implications and can aid efforts to promote flying fox conservation, especially in Southeast Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheema A. Aziz
- RimbaKuala LumpurMalaysia
- Département Adaptations du VivantUMR MECADEV 7179 CNRS‐MNHNMuséum National d'Histoire NaturelleBrunoyFrance
- School of Environmental and Geographical SciencesThe University of Nottingham Malaysia CampusSemenyihKajangSelangorMalaysia
- Centre for Biological SciencesFaculty of Natural and Environmental SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Gopalasamy R. Clements
- RimbaKuala LumpurMalaysia
- Kenyir Research InstituteUniversiti Malaysia TerengganuKuala NerusTerengganuMalaysia
- Department of Biological SciencesSunway UniversityBandar SunwaySelangorMalaysia
| | - Kim R. McConkey
- School of Environmental and Geographical SciencesThe University of Nottingham Malaysia CampusSemenyihKajangSelangorMalaysia
- School of Natural Sciences and EngineeringNational Institute of Advanced StudiesBangaloreIndia
| | - Tuanjit Sritongchuay
- Department of BiologyFaculty of SciencePrince of Songkla UniversityHat YaiSongkhlaThailand
| | - Saifful Pathil
- Tree Climbers MalaysiaXtree ResourcesShah AlamSelangorMalaysia
| | | | - Ahimsa Campos‐Arceiz
- School of Environmental and Geographical SciencesThe University of Nottingham Malaysia CampusSemenyihKajangSelangorMalaysia
| | - Pierre‐Michel Forget
- Département Adaptations du VivantUMR MECADEV 7179 CNRS‐MNHNMuséum National d'Histoire NaturelleBrunoyFrance
| | - Sara Bumrungsri
- Department of BiologyFaculty of SciencePrince of Songkla UniversityHat YaiSongkhlaThailand
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Giles JR, Plowright RK, Eby P, Peel AJ, McCallum H. Models of Eucalypt phenology predict bat population flux. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7230-7245. [PMID: 27891217 PMCID: PMC5115174 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit bats (Pteropodidae) have received increased attention after the recent emergence of notable viral pathogens of bat origin. Their vagility hinders data collection on abundance and distribution, which constrains modeling efforts and our understanding of bat ecology, viral dynamics, and spillover. We addressed this knowledge gap with models and data on the occurrence and abundance of nectarivorous fruit bat populations at 3 day roosts in southeast Queensland. We used environmental drivers of nectar production as predictors and explored relationships between bat abundance and virus spillover. Specifically, we developed several novel modeling tools motivated by complexities of fruit bat foraging ecology, including: (1) a dataset of spatial variables comprising Eucalypt-focused vegetation indices, cumulative precipitation, and temperature anomaly; (2) an algorithm that associated bat population response with spatial covariates in a spatially and temporally relevant way given our current understanding of bat foraging behavior; and (3) a thorough statistical learning approach to finding optimal covariate combinations. We identified covariates that classify fruit bat occupancy at each of our three study roosts with 86-93% accuracy. Negative binomial models explained 43-53% of the variation in observed abundance across roosts. Our models suggest that spatiotemporal heterogeneity in Eucalypt-based food resources could drive at least 50% of bat population behavior at the landscape scale. We found that 13 spillover events were observed within the foraging range of our study roosts, and they occurred during times when models predicted low population abundance. Our results suggest that, in southeast Queensland, spillover may not be driven by large aggregations of fruit bats attracted by nectar-based resources, but rather by behavior of smaller resident subpopulations. Our models and data integrated remote sensing and statistical learning to make inferences on bat ecology and disease dynamics. This work provides a foundation for further studies on landscape-scale population movement and spatiotemporal disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Giles
- Environmental Futures Research InstituteGriffith UniversityBrisbaneQueensland4111Australia
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMontana59717
| | - Peggy Eby
- School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
| | - Alison J. Peel
- Environmental Futures Research InstituteGriffith UniversityBrisbaneQueensland4111Australia
| | - Hamish McCallum
- Environmental Futures Research InstituteGriffith UniversityBrisbaneQueensland4111Australia
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15
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Abstract
How teeth are replaced during normal growth and development has long been an important question for comparative and developmental anatomy. Non-standard model animals have become increasingly popular in this field due to the fact that the canonical model laboratory mammal, the mouse, develops only one generation of teeth (monophyodonty), whereas the majority of mammals possess two generations of teeth (diphyodonty). Here we used the straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum), an Old World megabat, which has two generations of teeth, in order to observe the development and replacement of tooth germs from initiation up to mineralization stages. Our morphological study uses 3D reconstruction of histological sections to uncover differing arrangements of the first and second-generation tooth germs during the process of tooth replacement. We show that both tooth germ generations develop as part of the dental lamina, with the first generation detaching from the lamina, leaving the free edge to give rise to a second generation. This separation was particularly marked at the third premolar locus, where the primary and replacement teeth become positioned side by side, unconnected by a lamina. The position of the replacement tooth, with respect to the primary tooth, varied within the mouth, with replacements forming posterior to or directly lingual to the primary tooth. Development of replacement teeth was arrested at some tooth positions and this appeared to be linked to the timing of tooth initiation and the subsequent rate of development. This study adds an additional species to the growing body of non-model species used in the study of tooth replacement, and offers a new insight into the development of the diphyodont condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Popa
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Neal Anthwal
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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Pierlé SA, Morales CO, Martínez LP, Ceballos NA, Rivero JJP, Díaz OL, Brayton KA, Setién AA. Novel Waddlia Intracellular Bacterium in Artibeus intermedius Fruit Bats, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:2161-3. [PMID: 26583968 PMCID: PMC4672442 DOI: 10.3201/eid2112.150002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An intracellular bacterium was isolated from fruit bats (Artibeus intermedius) in Cocoyoc, Mexico. The bacterium caused severe lesions in the lungs and spleens of bats and intracytoplasmic vacuoles in cell cultures. Sequence analyses showed it is related to Waddlia spp. (order Chlamydiales). We propose to call this bacterium Waddlia cocoyoc.
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Ogawa H, Miyamoto H, Nakayama E, Yoshida R, Nakamura I, Sawa H, Ishii A, Thomas Y, Nakagawa E, Matsuno K, Kajihara M, Maruyama J, Nao N, Muramatsu M, Kuroda M, Simulundu E, Changula K, Hang'ombe B, Namangala B, Nambota A, Katampi J, Igarashi M, Ito K, Feldmann H, Sugimoto C, Moonga L, Mweene A, Takada A. Seroepidemiological Prevalence of Multiple Species of Filoviruses in Fruit Bats (Eidolon helvum) Migrating in Africa. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 2:S101-8. [PMID: 25786916 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit bats are suspected to be a natural reservoir of filoviruses, including Ebola and Marburg viruses. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the viral glycoprotein antigens, we detected filovirus-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in 71 of 748 serum samples collected from migratory fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) in Zambia during 2006-2013. Although antibodies to African filoviruses (eg, Zaire ebolavirus) were most prevalent, some serum samples showed distinct specificity for Reston ebolavirus, which that has thus far been found only in Asia. Interestingly, the transition of filovirus species causing outbreaks in Central and West Africa during 2005-2014 seemed to be synchronized with the change of the serologically dominant virus species in these bats. These data suggest the introduction of multiple species of filoviruses in the migratory bat population and point to the need for continued surveillance of filovirus infection of wild animals in sub-Saharan Africa, including hitherto nonendemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Ogawa
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia Departments of Disease Control
| | | | | | | | | | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Departments of Disease Control Molecular Pathobiology Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ishii
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia Departments of Disease Control
| | - Yuka Thomas
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia Departments of Disease Control
| | - Emiko Nakagawa
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia Departments of Disease Control
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Divisions of Global Epidemiology Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katendi Changula
- Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Bernard Hang'ombe
- Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Boniface Namangala
- Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka
| | | | | | - Manabu Igarashi
- Divisions of Global Epidemiology Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kimihito Ito
- Bioinformatics, Research Center for Zoonosis Control Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Chihiro Sugimoto
- Departments of Disease Control Collaboration and Education Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ladslav Moonga
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka
| | - Aaron Mweene
- Departments of Disease Control Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ayato Takada
- Departments of Disease Control Divisions of Global Epidemiology Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Cowled C, Baker ML, Zhou P, Tachedjian M, Wang LF. Molecular characterisation of RIG-I-like helicases in the black flying fox, Pteropus alecto. Dev Comp Immunol 2012; 36:657-64. [PMID: 22166340 PMCID: PMC7103216 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The RIG-I like helicases, RIG-I, mda5 and LGP2 are an evolutionarily conserved family of cytosolic pattern recognition receptors important in the recognition of viral RNA, and responsible for the innate induction of interferons and proinflammatory cytokines upon viral infection. Bats are natural reservoir hosts to a variety of RNA viruses that cause significant morbidity and mortality in other species; however the mechanisms responsible for the control of viral replication in bats are not understood. This report describes the molecular cloning and expression analysis of RIG-I, mda5 and LGP2 genes in the fruit bat Pteropus alecto, and is the first description of RIG-I like helicases from any species of bat. Our results demonstrate that P. alecto RIG-I, mda5 and LGP2 have similar primary structures and tissue expression patterns to their counterparts in humans and other mammals. Stimulation of bat kidney cells with synthetic dsRNA (poly I:C) induced high levels of interferon β and rapid upregulation of all three helicases. These findings reveal that the cytoplasmic virus sensing machinery is present and intact in P. alecto. This study provides the foundation for further investigations into the interactions between bat RIG-I-like helicases and viruses to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the asymptomatic nature of viral infections in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cowled
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- Corresponding authors at: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia. Tel.: +613 52275052; fax: +613 52275555 (M.L. Baker), tel.: +613 52275026; fax: +613 52275555 (C. Cowled).
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
- Corresponding authors at: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia. Tel.: +613 52275052; fax: +613 52275555 (M.L. Baker), tel.: +613 52275026; fax: +613 52275555 (C. Cowled).
| | - Peng Zhou
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mary Tachedjian
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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19
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Fujiwara SI, Endo H, Hutchinson JR. Topsy-turvy locomotion: biomechanical specializations of the elbow in suspended quadrupeds reflect inverted gravitational constraints. J Anat 2011; 219:176-91. [PMID: 21477151 PMCID: PMC3162238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Some tetrapods hang upside down from tree branches when moving horizontally. The ability to walk in quadrupedal suspension has been acquired independently in at least 14 mammalian lineages. During the stance (supportive) phase of quadrupedal suspension, the elbow joint flexor muscles (not the extensors as in upright vertebrates moving overground) are expected to contract to maintain the flexed limb posture. Therefore muscular control in inverted, suspended quadrupeds may require changes of muscle control, and even morphologies, to conditions opposite to those in upright animals. However, the relationships between musculoskeletal morphologies and elbow joint postures during the stance phase in suspended quadrupeds have not been investigated. Our analysis comparing postures and skeletal morphologies in Choloepus (Pilosa), Pteropus (Chiroptera), Nycticebus (Primates) and Cynocephalus (Dermoptera) revealed that the elbow joints of these animals were kept at flexed angles of 70-100 ° during the stance phase of quadrupedal suspension. At these joint angles the moment arms of the elbow joint flexors were roughly maximized, optimizing that component of antigravity support. Our additional measurements from various mammalian species show that suspended quadrupeds have relatively small extensor/flexor ratios in both muscle masses and maximum moment arms. Thus, in contrast to the pattern in normal terrestrial quadrupeds, suspended quadrupeds emphasize flexor over extensor muscles for body support. This condition has evolved independently multiple times, attendant with a loss or reduction of the ability to move in normal upright postures.
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20
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Cowled C, Baker M, Tachedjian M, Zhou P, Bulach D, Wang LF. Molecular characterisation of Toll-like receptors in the black flying fox Pteropus alecto. Dev Comp Immunol 2011; 35:7-18. [PMID: 20692287 PMCID: PMC7103217 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bats are believed to be reservoir hosts for a number of emerging and re-emerging viruses, many of which are responsible for illness and mortality in humans, livestock and other animals. In other vertebrates, early responses to viral infection involve engagement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which induce changes in gene expression collectively leading to an "antiviral state". In this study we report the cloning and bioinformatic analysis of a complete set of TLRs from the black flying fox Pteropus alecto, and perform quantitative tissue expression analysis of the nucleic acid-sensing TLRs 3, 7, 8 and 9. Full-length mRNA transcripts from TLRs homologous to human TLRs 1-10 were sequenced, as well as a nearly intact TLR13 pseudogene that was spliced and polyadenylated. This prototype data can now be used to design functional studies of the bat innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cowled
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Michelle Baker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM 87131, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +61 3 52275052; fax: +61 3 52275555.
| | - Mary Tachedjian
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dieter Bulach
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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Breed AC, Field HE, Smith CS, Edmonston J, Meers J. Bats without borders: long-distance movements and implications for disease risk management. Ecohealth 2010; 7:204-12. [PMID: 20645122 PMCID: PMC7087570 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-010-0332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fruit bats of the genus Pteropus (commonly known as flying-foxes) are the natural hosts of several recently emerged zoonotic viruses of animal and human health significance in Australia and Asia, including Hendra and Nipah viruses. Satellite telemetry was used on nine flying-foxes of three species (Pteropus alecto n=5, P. vampyrus n=2, and P. neohibernicus n=2) to determine the scale and pattern of their long-distance movements and their potential to transfer these viruses between countries in the region. The animals were captured and released from six different locations in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, and Timor-Leste. Their movements were recorded for a median of 120 (range, 47-342) days with a median total distance travelled of 393 (range, 76-3011) km per individual. Pteropus alecto individuals were observed to move between Australia and Papua New Guinea (Western Province) on four occasions, between Papua New Guinea (Western Province) and Indonesia (Papua) on ten occasions, and to traverse Torres Strait on two occasions. Pteropus vampyrus was observed to move between Timor-Leste and Indonesia (West Timor) on one occasion. These findings expand upon the current literature on the potential for transfer of zoonotic viruses by flying-foxes between countries and have implications for disease risk management and for the conservation management of flying-fox populations in Australia, New Guinea, and the Lesser Sunda Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Breed
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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22
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Abstract
As a natural reservoir of manifold zoonotic viruses, fruit bats have been involved in at least three emerging zoonoses in recent years. This paper aims to introduce the epidemiological characteristics of these diseases emerged in the Australasian region between 1994 and 1999, transmission pathways of the newly discovered viruses and the relationship between the changed entironment of fruit bats and occurrences of these emerging diseases and provide a clue for the epidemiological investigations of SARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangle Jia
- 1Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100080 Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- 2Shanxi Agricultural University, 030801 Taigu, China
| | - Tinghe Wu
- 1Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100080 Beijing, China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- 1Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100080 Beijing, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- 1Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100080 Beijing, China
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