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Jang JY, Beam CR, Karlsson IK, Pedersen NL, Gatz M. Dementia and mortality in older adults: A twin study. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:1682-1692. [PMID: 38078564 PMCID: PMC10947969 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dementia predicts increased mortality. We used case-control and co-twin control models to investigate genetic and shared environmental influences on this association. METHODS Case-control design, including 987 twins with dementia and 2938 age- and sex-matched controls in the Swedish Twin Registry. Co-twin control design, including 90 monozygotic (MZ) and 288 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs discordant for dementia. To test for genetic and environmental confounding, differences were examined in mortality risk between twins with dementia and their matched or co-twin controls. RESULTS Twins with dementia showed greater mortality risk than age- and sex-matched controls (HR = 2.02 [1.86, 2.18]). Mortality risk is significantly elevated but attenuated substantially in discordant twin pairs, for example, comparing MZ twins with dementia to their co-twin controls (HR = 1.48 [1.08, 2.04]). DISCUSSION Findings suggest that genetic factors partially confound the association between dementia and mortality and provide an alternative hypothesis to increased mortality due to dementia itself. Highlights We studied dementia and mortality in twin pairs discordant for dementia. People without dementia outlived people with dementia. Identical twins with dementia and their co-twin controls had similar survival time. Findings suggest genotype may explain the link between dementia and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yun Jang
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Christopher R Beam
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ida K Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margaret Gatz
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Esposito R, Cai H, Guo W, Dai H, Jiang P. Editorial: The pros and cons of psychotropic drug-induced changes in periphery and central nervous system: elucidating structural and molecular mechanisms. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1269307. [PMID: 38045620 PMCID: PMC10693292 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1269307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Esposito
- Titano Diagnostic Clinic, Falciano, San Marino
- Azienda Sanitaria Territoriale 1 (AST1), Pesaro-Urbino, Italy
| | - HuaLin Cai
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haibin Dai
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
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Picardi A, Fagnani C, Gigantesco A, Toccaceli V, Stazi MA, Medda E. Stability and change in genetic and environmental influences on depressive symptoms in response to COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:954737. [PMID: 36860500 PMCID: PMC9968727 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.954737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid spread of the new Coronavirus and the consequent restrictions to contain transmission generated an unprecedented psychological impact on the general population. The Italian Twin Registry performed a longitudinal study to investigate to what extent genetic and environmental influences contributed to changes in depressive symptoms. METHODS Data from adult twins were collected. All participants completed an online questionnaire including the 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) just before (February 2020) and immediately after the Italian lockdown (June 2020). Genetic modeling based on Cholesky decomposition was used to estimate the role of genetic (A) and both shared (C) and unshared (E) environmental factors in the observed longitudinal course of depressive symptoms. RESULTS Longitudinal genetic analysis was based on 348 twin pairs (215 monozygotic and 133 dizygotic pairs) with a mean age of 42.6 years (range 18-93 years). An AE Cholesky model provided heritability estimates for depressive symptoms of 0.24 and 0.35 before and after the lockdown period, respectively. Under the same model, the observed longitudinal trait correlation (0.44) was approximately equally contributed by genetic (46%) and unshared environmental (54%) influences, while longitudinal environmental correlation was lower than genetic correlation (0.34 and 0.71, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Although the heritability of depressive symptoms was rather stable across the targeted time window, different environmental as well as genetic factors seemed to act before and after the lockdown, which suggests possible gene-environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Picardi
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Fagnani
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Gigantesco
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Virgilia Toccaceli
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Stazi
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Medda
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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Hofer E, Pirpamer L, Langkammer C, Tinauer C, Seshadri S, Schmidt H, Schmidt R. Heritability of R2* iron in the basal ganglia and cortex. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6415-6426. [PMID: 35951362 PMCID: PMC9467397 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While iron is essential for normal brain functioning, elevated concentrations are commonly found in neurodegenerative diseases and are associated with impaired cognition and neurological deficits. Currently, only little is known about genetic and environmental factors that influence brain iron concentrations. METHODS Heritability and bivariate heritability of regional brain iron concentrations, assessed by R2* relaxometry at 3 Tesla MRI, were estimated with variance components models in 130 middle-aged to elderly participants of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Family Study. RESULTS Heritability of R2* iron ranged from 0.46 to 0.82 in basal ganglia and from 0.65 to 0.76 in cortical lobes. Age and BMI explained up to 12% and 9% of the variance of R2* iron, while APOE ε4 carrier status, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, sex and smoking explained 5% or less. The genetic correlation of R2* iron among basal ganglionic nuclei and among cortical lobes ranged from 0.78 to 0.87 and from 0.65 to 0.97, respectively. R2* rates in basal ganglia and cortex were not genetically correlated. CONCLUSIONS Regional brain iron concentrations are mainly driven by genetic factors while environmental factors contribute to a certain extent. Brain iron levels in the basal ganglia and cortex are controlled by distinct sets of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Hofer
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Styria, Austria.,Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Lukas Pirpamer
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Styria, Austria
| | | | - Christian Tinauer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Research Unit-Genetic Epidemiology, Gottfried Schatz Research Centre for Cell Signalling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Styria, Austria
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Ahn HS, Kim HJ, Kazmi SZ, Kang T, Jun JB, Kang MJ, Kim KB, Kee SH, Kim DS, Hann HJ. Familial risk of Behçet's disease among first-degree relatives: a population-based aggregation study in Korea. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:2697-2705. [PMID: 33241295 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have indicated that Behçet's disease (BD) has a genetic component, however population-level familial risk estimates are unavailable. We quantified the familial incidence and risk of BD in first-degree relatives (FDR) according to age, sex and type of family relationship. METHODS Using the Korean National Health Insurance database, which has full population coverage and confirmed FDR information, we constructed a cohort of 21 940 795 individuals comprising 12 million families, which were followed for a familial occurrence of BD from 2002 to 2017. Age- and sex-adjusted incidence risk ratios for BD were calculated in individuals with affected FDR compared with those without affected FDR. RESULTS Among the total study population, 53 687 individuals had affected FDR, of whom 284 familial cases developed BD with an incidence of 3.57/104 person-years. The familial risk (incidence) for BD was increased to 13.1-fold (2.71/104 person-years) in individuals with an affected father, 13.9-fold (3.11/104 person-years) with affected mother, 15.2-fold (4.9/104 person-years) with an affected sibling and the highest risk was 165-fold (46/104 person-years) with an affected twin. Familial risks showed age dependence, being higher in younger age groups. The sex-specific familial risk was similar in males and females. CONCLUSION This study provides quantified estimates of familial incidence and risk in FDR of BD patients in an entire population. Familial risks were higher within generation (sibling-sibling) vs between generations (parent-offspring). This implicates complex interactions between genetic factors and shared childhood environmental exposures in the pathogenesis of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Sik Ahn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sayada Zartasha Kazmi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taeuk Kang
- Korean Research-based Industry Association (KRPIA), Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Bum Jun
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Ji Kang
- Department Public Health, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Beom Kim
- Department Public Health, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Kee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Sook Kim
- Health Insurance Review and Assessment service (HIRA), Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoo Jae Hann
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul, Korea
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Demetrashvili N, Smidt N, Snieder H, van den Heuvel ER, Wit EC. Variance Components Models for Analysis of Big Family Data of Health Outcomes in the Lifelines Cohort Study. Twin Res Hum Genet 2019; 22:4-13. [PMID: 30944055 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2019.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Large multigenerational cohort studies offer powerful ways to study the hereditary effects on various health outcomes. However, accounting for complex kinship relations in big data structures can be methodologically challenging. The traditional kinship model is computationally infeasible when considering thousands of individuals. In this article, we propose a computationally efficient alternative that employs fractional relatedness of family members through a series of founding members. The primary goal of this study is to investigate whether the effect of determinants on health outcome variables differs with and without accounting for family structure. We compare a fixed-effects model without familial effects with several variance components models that account for heritability and shared environment structure. Our secondary goal is to apply the fractional relatedness model in a realistic setting. Lifelines is a three-generation cohort study investigating the biological, behavioral, and environmental determinants of healthy aging. We analyzed a sample of 89,353 participants from 32,452 reconstructed families. Our primary conclusion is that the effect of determinants on health outcome variables does not differ with and without accounting for family structure. However, accounting for family structure through fractional relatedness allows for estimating heritability in a computationally efficient way, showing some interesting differences between physical and mental quality of life heritability. We have shown through simulations that the proposed fractional relatedness model performs better than the standard kinship model, not only in terms of computational time and convenience of fitting using standard functions in R, but also in terms of bias of heritability estimates and coverage.
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Menchetti L, Calipari S, Guelfi G, Catanzaro A, Diverio S. My Dog Is Not My Cat: Owner Perception of the Personalities of Dogs and Cats Living in the Same Household. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:E80. [PMID: 29882930 DOI: 10.3390/ani8060080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A growing number of dogs and cats live together, sharing both a common home and common owner. Nevertheless, how do owners of both cats and dogs living in the same household perceive their pets’ personalities? We tried to answer this question by using a questionnaire targeted at people who owned both dogs and cats. Sociability, protectiveness, reactivity, neuroticism, and fearfulness were the traits that emerged and that diversified themselves according to species. Moreover, intrinsic animal factors, such as age and gender, demographic characteristics of the owner, and environmental context seem to modulate the perceived personality traits in a species-specific way. As personality might influence pets’ welfare and adaptability to the home environment, owners of multiple pets should know and take into consideration both common and differential aspects of their pet’s personality to optimise cohabitation among dogs and cats. Abstract This study aims to define the personality traits perceived by the owners of multiple pets and to evaluate how they are modulated by experiential-environmental factors. A questionnaire was administered to 1270 owners of multiple pets (dogs and cats) to collect data on the demographics, management, and personality of their pets. Data were analysed by principal component analysis, bivariate, and multivariable models. Five personality traits emerged in dogs and cats: sociability, reactivity, protectiveness, neuroticism, and fearfulness. The owners perceived differences in the personality of their pet: dogs scored higher in sociability, protectiveness, and reactivity, while lower in the neuroticism dimension compared with cats (p < 0.001). Age similarly affected sociability (p < 0.01), and reactivity (p < 0.001) in both dogs and cats, while species-specific gender differences were found as to fearfulness (p < 0.05) and neuroticism (p < 0.001). The age of acquisition modulated several traits in dog personality, while living with conspecifics especially influenced cats. Physiological, behavioural, and evolutionary characteristics could explain species differences. Moreover, intrinsic and extrinsic factors modulated the five dimensions of dogs and cats in a diversified fashion, suggesting complex interactions between species and the environment. However, owners could have had different attitudes with their animals which could have influenced personality perception.
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Kumar A, Mandal A, Gupta AK, Ratwan P. Genetic and environmental causes of variation in gestation length of Jersey crossbred cattle. Vet World 2016; 9:351-5. [PMID: 27182128 PMCID: PMC4864474 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.351-355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of genetic and non-genetic factors and estimate the genetic parameter for gestation length (GL) of Jersey crossbred cattle. MATERIALS AND METHODS The data included the 986 parturition records on Jersey crossbred cattle maintained at the Eastern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani, West Bengal, India during 36 years (1978-2013). The data were analyzed applying mixed model least square technique considering the fixed effects of genetic group, season of calving, period of calving, parity of animal, birth weight, and sex of calf born from animal. The effect of sire was included as a random effect in the model. RESULTS The genetic group of animal, season of calving, parity of animal, and birth weight of calf born were found to be a significant source of variation in the GL, whereas the period of calving and sex of calf did not affect this trait. Cows with <50% and >62.5% Jersey inheritance had the shortest and longest GLs, respectively. Cows calved in summer and rainy season had shorter GL than those calved in the winter season. Older cows in 4(th) parity carried calves for longer days than the cows in 1(st) parity. The increase in calf birth weight significantly (p<0.01) contributed to a linear increase in GL value in this study. The heritability estimate of GL was 0.24±0.08. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that selection for lower GL without distressing future growth of calf can be used to reduce calving difficulty, but a very small standard deviation of GL limits the benefit. Moreover, more accurate prediction of calving date will help in better management and health care of pregnant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Kumar
- Dairy Cattle Breeding Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Ajoy Mandal
- Animal Breeding Section, Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - A K Gupta
- Dairy Cattle Breeding Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Poonam Ratwan
- Dairy Cattle Breeding Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
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Deepak V, Goryawala SN, Reddy Y, Chhabra RJ, Nandaprasad, Shah NK. Assessment of Ethnicity in Indian Population using Tooth Crown Metric Dental Traits. J Int Oral Health 2015; 7:83-7. [PMID: 26435624 PMCID: PMC4589727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tooth crown dimensions vary between different ethnic groups, providing insights into the factors controlling human dental development. This present study compares permanent mesiodistal (MD) and buccolingual crown dimensions between four ethnic groups, highlighting patterns of tooth size between these groups and considers the findings in relation to genetic and environmental influences. MATERIALS AND METHODS MD and buccolingual tooth crown dimensions were recorded using digital vernier calipers on dental casts derived from four different human population: Iranians, Hindus, Muslims, and Christians. RESULTS Obtained measurements were subjected to statistical analysis. The Christian sample was found to have the largest teeth overall, whereas the Iranian sample generally displayed the smallest MD and buccolingual crown dimensions (P < 0.001). Comparisons of coefficients of variation for teeth within each class showed that the later-forming teeth displayed greater variation in MD size than the earlier-forming teeth. CONCLUSION The different patterns of tooth size observed between the study samples are thought to reflect differences in the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences to dental development between the four population. Using a standardized methodology, significant differences in MD and buccolingual crown dimensions have been demonstrated between four human ethnic groups. There were also distinct differences in the patterns of crown size between the groups, with the later-forming teeth in each type generally showing greater size variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Deepak
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, MR Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India,Correspondence: Dr. Deepak V. 1/36, Cline Road, Cooke Town, Bengaluru - 560 005, Karnataka, India. Phone: +91-7411184210.
| | - S N Goryawala
- Associate Professor, Department of Dentistry, GMERS Medical College, Gotri, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Yashwanth Reddy
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Rajiv Gandhi College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Cholanagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R J Chhabra
- Professor and Head, Department of Biochemistry, MP Shah Government Medical College and Guru Gobind Singh Hospital, Jamnagar, Gujrat, India
| | - Nandaprasad
- Reader, Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Rajiv Gandhi College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Cholanagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Nishit Kumar Shah
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Surgery, Government Dental College, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
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