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Gieselmann A, Ait Aoudia M, Carr M, Germain A, Gorzka R, Holzinger B, Kleim B, Krakow B, Kunze AE, Lancee J, Nadorff MR, Nielsen T, Riemann D, Sandahl H, Schlarb AA, Schmid C, Schredl M, Spoormaker VI, Steil R, van Schagen AM, Wittmann L, Zschoche M, Pietrowsky R. Aetiology and treatment of nightmare disorder: State of the art and future perspectives. J Sleep Res 2019; 28:e12820. [PMID: 30697860 PMCID: PMC6850667 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This consensus paper provides an overview of the state of the art in research on the aetiology and treatment of nightmare disorder and outlines further perspectives on these issues. It presents a definition of nightmares and nightmare disorder followed by epidemiological findings, and then explains existing models of nightmare aetiology in traumatized and non‐traumatized individuals. Chronic nightmares develop through the interaction of elevated hyperarousal and impaired fear extinction. This interplay is assumed to be facilitated by trait affect distress elicited by traumatic experiences, early childhood adversity and trait susceptibility, as well as by elevated thought suppression and potentially sleep‐disordered breathing. Accordingly, different treatment options for nightmares focus on their meaning, on the chronic repetition of the nightmare or on maladaptive beliefs. Clinically, knowledge of healthcare providers about nightmare disorder and the delivery of evidence‐based interventions in the healthcare system is discussed. Based on these findings, we highlight some future perspectives and potential further developments of nightmare treatments and research into nightmare aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Gieselmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Malik Ait Aoudia
- Centre du Psychotrauma de l'Institut de Victimologie à Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michelle Carr
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Anne Germain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Gorzka
- Central Institute for Mental Health, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Kleim
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Barry Krakow
- Maimonides Sleep Arts and Sciences, Ltd, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Anna E Kunze
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jaap Lancee
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael R Nadorff
- Department of Psychology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Tore Nielsen
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hinuga Sandahl
- Competence Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Angelika A Schlarb
- Department of Psychology and Sports, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Carolin Schmid
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Michael Schredl
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Regina Steil
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Annette M van Schagen
- Foundation Centrum '45, Partner in Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands
| | - Lutz Wittmann
- International Psychoanalytic University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Zschoche
- Department of Psychology and Sports, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Reinhard Pietrowsky
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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