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Sarkar SC, Milroy SP, Xu W. Dietary experience alters predatory behavior of two ladybird species on tomato potato psyllid. Insect Sci 2024. [PMID: 38268118 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The tomato potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, is an invasive pest in Australia, which can cause severe economic loss in the production of Solanaceous crops. As an invasive pest, B. cockerelli may also modify biotic interactions in Australian agricultural and native ecosystems. Resident generalist predators in an area may have the ability to utilize invasive pest species as prey but this will depend on their specific predatory behavior. The extent to which generalist predators learn from their previous dietary experience (i.e., whether they have used a particular species as prey before) and how this impacts subsequent prey choice will influence predator and prey population dynamics after invasion. In this study, one nonnative resident ladybird, Hippodamia variegata, and one native ladybird, Coccinella transversalis, were investigated. Dietary experience with B. cockerelli as a prey species significantly increased preference for the psyllid in a short term (6 h) Petri dish study where a choice of prey was given. Greater suppression of B. cockerelli populations by experienced ladybirds was also observed on glasshouse grown tomato plants. This was presumably due to altered prey recognition by experience. The result of this study suggest the potential to improve the impact of biological control agents on invasive pests by providing early life experience consuming the target species. It may prove valuable for developing improved augmentative release strategies for ladybirds to manage specific insect pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Paul Milroy
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wei Xu
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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Koju NP, Gosai KR, Bashyal B, Byanju R, Shrestha A, Buzzard P, Beisch WB, Khanal L. Seasonal Prey Abundance and Food Plasticity of the Vulnerable Snow Leopard ( Panthera uncia) in the Lapchi Valley, Nepal Himalayas. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3182. [PMID: 37893906 PMCID: PMC10603713 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Conservation strategies for apex predators, like the snow leopard (Panthera uncia), depend on a robust understanding of their dietary preferences, prey abundance, and adaptability to changing ecological conditions. To address these critical conservation concerns, this study presents a comprehensive evidence on prey availability and preferences for snow leopards in the Lapchi Valley in the Nepal Himalayas from November 2021 to March 2023. Field data were collected through the installation of twenty-six camera traps at 16 strategically chosen locations, resulting in the recording of 1228 events of 19 mammalian species, including domesticated livestock. Simultaneously, the collection of twenty snow leopard scat samples over 3800 m above sea level allowed for a detailed dietary analysis. Photo capture rate index and biomass composition analysis were carried out and seasonal prey availability and consumption were statistically analyzed. A total of 16 potential prey species for the snow leopard were documented during the study period. Himalayan musk deer (Moschus leucogaster) was the most abundant prey species, but infrequent in the diet suggesting that are not the best bet prey for the snow leopards. Snow leopards were found to exhibit a diverse diet, consuming eleven prey species, with blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) being their most consumed wild prey and horses as their preferred livestock. The Pianka's index of dietary niche overlap between the summer and winter seasons were 0.576, suggesting a pronounced seasonal variation in food preference corroborating with the prey availability. The scarcity of larger preys in winter is compensated by small and meso-mammals in the diet, highlighting the snow leopard's capacity for dietary plasticity in response to the variation in resource availability. This research suggests for the utilization of genetic tools to further explore snow leopard diet composition. Additionally, understanding transboundary movements and conducting population assessments will be imperative for the formulation of effective conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Prasad Koju
- Center for Post Graduate Studies, Nepal Engineering College, Pokhara University, Lekhnath 44800, Nepal;
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Guthrie Hall (GTH), Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kamal Raj Gosai
- Trichandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal;
| | - Bijay Bashyal
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal;
| | - Reena Byanju
- Patan Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal;
| | - Arati Shrestha
- Department of Environment, Ministry of Forest and Environment, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal;
| | - Paul Buzzard
- China Exploration and Research Society, Hong Kong, China; (P.B.); (W.B.B.)
- Washtenaw County Conservation District, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | | | - Laxman Khanal
- Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal
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Cooper JA, Griffin JN, Kindlimann R, Pimiento C. Are shark teeth proxies for functional traits? A framework to infer ecology from the fossil record. J Fish Biol 2023; 103:798-814. [PMID: 36651356 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Modern sharks have an evolutionary history of at least 250 million years and are known to play key roles in marine systems, from controlling prey populations to connecting habitats across oceans. These ecological roles can be quantified based on their functional traits, which are typically morphological (e.g., body size) or behavioural (e.g., feeding and diet). Nonetheless, the understanding of such roles of extinct sharks is limited due to the inherent incompleteness of their fossil record, which consists mainly of isolated teeth. As such, establishing links between tooth morphology and ecological traits in living sharks could provide a useful framework to infer sharks' ecology from the fossil record. Here, based on extant sharks from which morphological and behavioural characteristics are known, the authors assess the extent to which isolated teeth can serve as proxies for functional traits. To do so, they first review the scientific literature on extant species to evaluate the use of shark dental characters as proxies for ecology to then perform validation analyses based on an independent data set collected from museum collections. Their results reveal that 12 dental characters have been used in shark literature as proxies for three functional traits: body size, prey preference and feeding mechanism. From all dental characters identified, tooth size and cutting edge are the most widely used. Validation analyses suggest that seven dental characters - crown height, crown width, cutting edge, lateral cusplets, curvature, longitudinal outline and cross-section outline - are the best proxies for the three functional traits. In particular, tooth size (crown height and width) was found to be a reliable proxy of all three traits; the presence of serrations on the cutting edge was one of the best proxies for prey preference; and tooth shape (longitudinal outline) and the presence of lateral cusplets were among the best indicators of feeding mechanism. Overall, the authors' results suggest that in the absence of directly measurable traits in the fossil record, these seven dental characters (and different combinations of them) can be used to quantify the ecological roles of extinct sharks. This information has the potential to provide key insights into how shark functional diversity has changed through time, including their ecological responses to extinction events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Cooper
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - John N Griffin
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - René Kindlimann
- Haimuseum und Sammlung R. Kindlimann, Aathal-Seegräben, Switzerland
| | - Catalina Pimiento
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Paleontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
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Hernández-Mora G, Chacón-Díaz C, Moreira-Soto A, Barrantes-Granados O, Suárez-Esquivel M, Viquez-Ruiz E, Barquero-Calvo E, Ruiz-Villalobos N, Hidalgo-Montealegre D, González-Barrientos R, Demeter EA, Estrella-Morales J, Zúñiga-Pereira AM, Quesada-Gómez C, Chaves-Olarte E, Lomonte B, Guzmán-Verri C, Drexler JF, Moreno E. Virulent Brucella nosferati infecting Desmodus rotundus has emerging potential due to the broad foraging range of its bat host for humans and wild and domestic animals. mSphere 2023; 8:e0006123. [PMID: 37404031 PMCID: PMC10449500 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00061-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmodus rotundus, vampire bats, transmit dangerous infections, and brucellosis is a hazardous zoonotic disease, two adversities that coexist in the subtropical and tropical areas of the American continent. Here, we report a 47.89% Brucella infection prevalence in a colony of vampire bats inhabiting the tropical rainforest of Costa Rica. The bacterium induced placentitis and fetal death in bats. Wide-range phenotypic and genotypic characterization placed the Brucella organisms as a new pathogenic species named Brucella nosferati sp. nov., isolated from bat tissues, including the salivary glands, suggesting feeding behavior might favor transmission to their prey. Overall analyses placed B. nosferati as the etiological agent of a reported canine brucellosis case, demonstrating its potential for infecting other hosts. To assess the putative prey hosts, we analyzed the intestinal contents of 14 infected and 23 non-infected bats by proteomics. A total of 54,508 peptides sorted into 7,203 unique peptides corresponding to 1,521 proteins were identified. Twenty-three wildlife and domestic taxa, including humans, were foraged by B. nosferati-infected D. rotundus, suggesting contact of this bacterium with a broad range of hosts. Our approach is appropriate for detecting, in a single study, the prey preferences of vampire bats in a diverse area, demonstrating its suitability for control strategies where vampire bats thrive. IMPORTANCE The discovery that a high proportion of vampire bats in a tropical area is infected with pathogenic Brucella nosferati and that bats forage on humans and many wild and domestic animals is relevant from the perspective of emerging disease prevention. Indeed, bats harboring B. nosferati in their salivary glands may transmit this pathogenic bacterium to other hosts. This potential is not trivial since, besides the demonstrated pathogenicity, this bacterium possesses all the required virulent arsenal of dangerous Brucella organisms, including those that are zoonotic for humans. Our work has settled the basis for future surveillance actions in brucellosis control programs where these infected bats thrive. Moreover, our strategy to identify the foraging range of bats may be adapted for exploring the feeding habits of diverse animals, including arthropod vectors of infectious diseases, and therefore of interest to a broader audience besides experts on Brucella and bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hernández-Mora
- Unidad de Microbiología Médico Veterinaria, Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Chacón-Díaz
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Andres Moreira-Soto
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Osvaldo Barrantes-Granados
- Unidad de Microbiología Médico Veterinaria, Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Marcela Suárez-Esquivel
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Eunice Viquez-Ruiz
- Unidad de Microbiología Médico Veterinaria, Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Elías Barquero-Calvo
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Nazareth Ruiz-Villalobos
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Daniela Hidalgo-Montealegre
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Rocío González-Barrientos
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Elena A. Demeter
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Josimar Estrella-Morales
- Unidad de Microbiología Médico Veterinaria, Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Ana-Mariel Zúñiga-Pereira
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Quesada-Gómez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Esteban Chaves-Olarte
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Caterina Guzmán-Verri
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edgardo Moreno
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
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Hu H, Tang S, Fang C, Mu K, Su J, Zhang J. Presence of nontarget prey, Tetranychus truncatus, affected the predation by Neoseiulus bicaudus on Tetranychus turkestani. J Econ Entomol 2023; 116:1137-1145. [PMID: 37247377 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Neoseiulus bicaudus (Wainstein) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is a generalist predatory mite that consumes several pest species, including Tetranychus turkestani (Ugarov et Nikolskii) (Acari: Tetranychidae) in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The release numbers of predatory mites are based on the populations of target pests and their ability to control them. Populations of T. turkestani and T. truncatus Ehara (Acari: Tetranychidae) often coexist and damage many crops. To determine whether the presence of the non-target prey T. truncatus affects the ability of N. bicaudus to control the target prey T. turkestani. The study evaluated the predation rate and functional response of N. bicaudus to 4 stages of T. turkestani in the presence of T. truncatus. The consumption of T. turkestani by N. bicaudus gradually decreased as the proportion of T. truncatus increased. The functional response of N. bicaudus to T. turkestani was not changed when T. truncatus was presented, which was consistent with a type II response. The attack rate of N. bicaudus on the egg, larva, and nymph of T. turkestani was significantly decreased and the handling time of N. bicaudus on T. turkestani was significantly extended when T. truncatus was presented. The preference index showed that the preference of N. bicaudus for eggs and female adults of T. turkestani decreased with increasing density of T. turkestani in the same proportion as T. truncatus. The presence of T. truncatus can negatively affect the predation of T. turkestani by N. bicaudus. We suggest that the number of N. bicaudus released to control T. turkestani should be increased when T. truncatus coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengxiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 83200, China
| | - Siqiong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 83200, China
| | - Chen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 83200, China
| | - Kaiqin Mu
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 83200, China
| | - Jie Su
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 83200, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 83200, China
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Liu M, Wang M, Nima Y, Feng X, Li G, Yang Y, Li Y, Liu H. Intraguild Prey Served as Alternative Prey for Intraguild Predators in a Reciprocal Predator Guild between Neoseiulus barkeri and Scolothrips takahashii. Insects 2023; 14:561. [PMID: 37367377 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The predatory mites Neoseiulus barkeri (Hughes) and the predatory thrips Scolothrips takahashii (Priesner) are known as potential biocontrol agents for the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch). These two predator species occur simultaneously on crops in agricultural ecosystems and are proved to be involved in life-stage specific intraguild predation. The intraguild prey may play a role in securing the persistence of the intraguild predators during food shortage periods. To understand the potential of intraguild prey as food source for intraguild predators in the N. barkeri and S. takahashii guild at low T. urticae densities, the survival, development and reproduction of both predators was determined when fed on heterospecific predators. The choice tests were conducted to determine the preference of the intraguild predator between the intraguild prey and the shared prey. Results showed that 53.3% N. barkeri and 60% S. takahashii juveniles successfully developed when fed on heterospecific predators. Female intraguild predators of both species fed on intraguild prey survived and laid eggs throughout the experiment. In the choice test, both intraguild predator species preferred their extraguild prey T. urticae. This study suggested that intraguild prey served as an alternative prey for intraguild predators prolonged survival and ensured the reproduction of intraguild predators during food shortage, ultimately decreasing the need for the continual release of the predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Mian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yuzhen Nima
- Institute of Vegetable, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850032, China
| | - Xiaotian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Guangyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yaying Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Huai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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Suarez-Lopez YA, Hatem AE, Aldebis HK, Vargas-Osuna E. Effects of Tebufenozide on Eggs, Larvae and Adults of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Insects 2023; 14:521. [PMID: 37367337 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying compatibility among control agents is essential for development of integrated pest management (IPM). Chrysoperla carnea (Siemens) and insect growth regulator insecticides are widely used in IPM of Lepidoptera. C. carnea is a generalist predator naturally present in the Mediterranean agroecosystems and bred in insectariums for commercial purposes. Here, we evaluated lethal and sublethal effects of tebufenozide on C. carnea under laboratory conditions. The treatment of eggs with tebufenozide 24 or 48 h after they were laid did not affect the hatching rate or survival of the neonate larvae. Toxic effects of tebufenozide on topically treated larvae was low; development times of surviving larvae and pupae decreased significantly compared with controls. In choice bioassays, a high percentage of third-instar larvae chose prey (Spodoptera littoralis) treated with tebufenozide in preference to untreated prey. Moreover, second-instar larvae of C. carnea that had previously consumed tebufenozide-treated prey (0.75 mL/L) had significantly reduced larval development time compared with controls, while longevity of surviving adults, fecundity and egg viability were unaffected. Ingestion of tebufenozide by adults of C. carnea at the recommended field dose had no significant effect on female fecundity, egg viability or adult longevity. Tebufenozide exhibited low toxicity towards the developmental stages of C. carnea and is therefore a candidate for inclusion in IPM strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurany Andrea Suarez-Lopez
- Department of Agronomy, ETSIAM, Campus Rabanales, University of Cordoba, Building C4 "Celestino Mutis", 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Adel E Hatem
- Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), 7 Nadi El-Said St., Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt
| | - Hani K Aldebis
- Department of Agronomy, ETSIAM, Campus Rabanales, University of Cordoba, Building C4 "Celestino Mutis", 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Enrique Vargas-Osuna
- Department of Agronomy, ETSIAM, Campus Rabanales, University of Cordoba, Building C4 "Celestino Mutis", 14071 Cordoba, Spain
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Li YY, Wang YN, Zhang HZ, Zhang MS, Wang MQ, Mao JJ, Zhang LS. The green lacewing Chrysopa formosa as a potential biocontrol agent for managing Spodoptera frugiperda and Spodoptera litura. Bull Entomol Res 2023; 113:49-62. [PMID: 35904166 DOI: 10.1017/s000748532200030x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding predator-prey interactions is essential for successful pest management by using predators, especially for the suppression of novel invasive pest. The green lacewing Chrysopa formosa is a promising polyphagous predator that is widely used in the biocontrol of various pests in China, but information on the control efficiency of this predator against the seriously invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda and native Spodoptera litura is limited. Here we evaluated the predation efficiency of C. formosa adults on eggs and first- to third-instar larvae of S. frugiperda and S. litura through functional response experiments and determined the consumption capacity and prey preference of this chrysopid. Adults of C. formosa had a high consumption of eggs and earlier instar larvae of both prey species, and displayed a type II functional response on all prey stages. Attack rates of the chrysopid on different prey stages were statistically similar, but the handling time increased notably as the prey developed. The highest predation efficiency and shortest-handling time were observed for C. formosa feeding on Spodoptera eggs, followed by the first-instar larvae. C. formosa exhibited a significant preference for S. litura over S. frugiperda in a two-prey system. In addition, we summarized the functional response and predation efficiency of several chrysopids against noctuid pests and made a comparison with the results obtained from C. formosa. These results indicate that C. formosa has potential as an agent for biological control of noctuid pests, particularly for the newly invasive pest S. frugiperda in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Mao-Sen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Li-Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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Yuan D, Beckman J, Florez Fernandez J, Rodriguez J. Nest Ecology and Prey Preference of the Mud Dauber Wasp Sceliphron formosum (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Insects 2022; 13:1136. [PMID: 36555046 PMCID: PMC9784124 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Sceliphron is a genus of sphecid wasps that build mud nests for reproduction. These wasps prey exclusively on spiders, and commonly inhabit human constructions. The nesting behaviour and prey selection of many Sceliphron species are well studied, but despite being a common insect in urban areas, Sceliphron formosum has never been comprehensively studied. (2) Methods: In this study, over 650 mud nests of S. formosum were collected, analysed and examined to establish prey preference, nest ecology and interspecific interactions. Prey preference was evaluated in terms of abundance, diversity and morphology. Preference in terms of morphology was estimated using body length to leg span ratio (BLR). (3) Results: S. formosum largely preys on ground-hunting spiders, among which Salticidae represented the most collected prey. In terms of prey size, S. formosum captures prey with a large BLR. Moreover, an unexpected discovery showed that the enclosed mud nests provide a micro niche that supports a wide variety of insects. Sixteen families and 23 species of insects were found associated with the use of mud nests, comprising the insect orders Hymenoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera. These included important pollinators, new species and native species not recorded in the past 20 years of mud dauber wasp research. We propose the potential of S. formosum as a keystone species, due to its ability to provide a micro niche for native species in urban areas. We also discuss how these results contribute to our knowledge on the role of insects in urban ecosystems and their significance in relation to conservation, ecology and biodiversity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Yuan
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO National Research Collections Australian, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Juliey Beckman
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jaime Florez Fernandez
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO National Research Collections Australian, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Juanita Rodriguez
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO National Research Collections Australian, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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10
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Van Duong C, Phuong Tran UT, Van Nguyen V, Bae YJ. Predator selection and predator-prey interactions for the biological control of mosquito dengue vectors in northern Vietnam. J Vector Ecol 2021; 46:163-172. [PMID: 35230021 DOI: 10.52707/1081-1710-46.2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Predators and their interactions with target prey influence the efficiency of control strategies. In the present study, we demonstrate the implementation of natural predator selection for controlling dengue vectors in northern Vietnam through field-based observation of aquatic insect predators in natural habitats and lab-based assessment of predatorial capacities for several aquatic insect predators. The selected species was then used to evaluate the predatory-prey interaction using functional responses (FRs) toward 3rd- and 4th-instar larvae of four major medical mosquito species (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles minimus). The preference of selected predators for Ae. aegypti larvae over other mosquito larvae was also investigated. Both field observation and lab experiments indicated that the giant water bug Diplonychus rusticus was abundant and exhibited the highest predatory capacity for mosquito larvae. The predator exhibited type II FRs when offered each of the four prey species, and the greatest attack rates were observed for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, with only negligible differences observed in the handling times of the prey species. Further, Manly's selectivity (α) values calculated from the prey choice experiments showed that Ae. aegypti was preferred over both Cx. quinquefasciatus and An. minimus. Together, these findings indicate that D. rusticus could be successfully used to facilitate the biological control of both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus within the species' distributional overlap in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Van Duong
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Uyen Thi Phuong Tran
- Department of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vinh Van Nguyen
- Department of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yeon Jae Bae
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea,
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11
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Bachiller E, Giménez J, Albo‐Puigserver M, Pennino MG, Marí‐Mena N, Esteban A, Lloret‐Lloret E, Bellido JM, Coll M. Trophic niche overlap between round sardinella ( Sardinella aurita) and sympatric pelagic fish species in the Western Mediterranean. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:16126-16142. [PMID: 34824816 PMCID: PMC8601905 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The northward expansion of round sardinella (Sardinella aurita) in the Mediterranean Sea, together with declines and fluctuations in biomass and landings of European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) observed in recent decades, may suggest potential inter-specific competition in the pelagic domain. The coexistence of sympatric zooplanktivorous fish species might therefore be exposed in part to trophic niche overlap and competition for food. Combining visual diet characterization under the microscope with DNA metabarcoding from stomach contents of fish collected in spring results show that predation on relatively large krill is equally important for sardinella than for the other two niche overlapping species. Furthermore, an important overlap is found in their isotopic niche, especially with anchovy, using nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) stable isotopes in muscle tissue. In fact, the three fish species are able to feed effectively in the whole prey size spectrum available during the sampled season, from the smallest diatoms and copepods to the larger prey (i.e., decapods and euphausiids), including fish larvae. Moreover, effective predation upon other large prey like siphonophores, which is observed only when multi-proxy analyses in stomach contents are applied, might also be relevant in the diet of sardinella. The overlapping diet composition in spring, together with the effective use of food resource by sardinella, can be of special interest in potential future scenarios with warmer water temperature leading to lower zooplankton and/or higher jellyfish availability, where sardinella may take advantage over other species due to its feeding plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneko Bachiller
- Marine Renewable Resources DepartmentInstitute of Marine Science (ICM‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Joan Giménez
- Marine Renewable Resources DepartmentInstitute of Marine Science (ICM‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
- MaREI CentreEnvironmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Marta Albo‐Puigserver
- Marine Renewable Resources DepartmentInstitute of Marine Science (ICM‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Ciências do MarUniversidade do Algarve (CCMAR‐UAlg)FaroPortugal
| | | | | | - Antonio Esteban
- Centro Oceanográfico de MurciaInstituto Español de OceanografíaSan Pedro del PinatarSpain
| | - Elena Lloret‐Lloret
- Marine Renewable Resources DepartmentInstitute of Marine Science (ICM‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - José María Bellido
- Centro Oceanográfico de MurciaInstituto Español de OceanografíaSan Pedro del PinatarSpain
| | - Marta Coll
- Marine Renewable Resources DepartmentInstitute of Marine Science (ICM‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
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12
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Bugir CK, Butynski TM, Hayward MW. Prey preferences of the chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7138-7146. [PMID: 34188801 PMCID: PMC8216973 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The common chimpanzee Pan troglodytes is the closest extant relative of modern humans and is often used as a model organism to help understand prehistoric human behavior and ecology. Originally presumed herbivorous, chimpanzees have been observed hunting 24 species of birds, ungulates, rodents, and other primates, using an array of techniques from tools to group cooperation. Using the literature on chimpanzee hunting behavior and diet from 13 studies, we aimed to determine the prey preferences of chimpanzees. We extracted data on prey-specific variables such as targeted species, their body weight, and their abundance within the prey community, and hunter-specific variables such as hunting method, and chimpanzee group size and sex ratio. We used these data in a generalized linear model to determine what factors drive chimpanzee prey preference. We calculated a Jacobs' index value for each prey species killed at two sites in Uganda and two sites in Tanzania. Chimpanzees prefer prey with a body weight of 7.6 ± 0.4 kg or less, which corresponds to animals such as juvenile bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and adult ashy red colobus monkeys (Piliocolobus tephrosceles). Sex ratio in chimpanzee groups is a main driver in developing these preferences, where chimpanzees increasingly prefer prey when in proportionally male-dominated groups. Prey preference information from chimpanzee research can assist conservation management programs by identifying key prey species to manage, as well as contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of human hunting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra K. Bugir
- Conservation Biology Research GroupSchool of Environmental and Life SciencesUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia
| | - Thomas M. Butynski
- Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation ProgramLolldaiga Hills Research ProgrammeNanyukiKenya
| | - Matt W. Hayward
- Conservation Biology Research GroupSchool of Environmental and Life SciencesUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia
- Mammal Research InstituteUniversity of PretoriaTshwaneSouth Africa
- Centre for African Conservation EcologyNelson Mandela UniversityPort ElizabethSouth Africa
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13
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Chang KX, Huang BH, Luo MX, Huang CW, Wu SP, Nguyen HN, Lin SM. Niche partitioning among three snail-eating snakes revealed by dentition asymmetry and prey specialisation. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:967-977. [PMID: 33481265 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The level of dentition asymmetry in snail-eating snakes may reflect their prey choice and feeding efficiency on asymmetric land snails. The three species of Pareas snakes (Squamata: Pareidae) in Taiwan, which form partially sympatric distribution on the island, provide a potential case to test the hypothesis of niche partitioning and character displacement with regard to dentition asymmetry and specialisation in feeding behaviour. In this study, behavioural experiments confirmed that P. formosensis feeds exclusively on slugs, whereas P. atayal and P. komaii consumed both. However, P. atayal more efficiently preys on land snails than P. komaii, exhibiting a shorter handling time and fewer mandibular retractions. Micro-CT and ancestral character reconstruction demonstrated the lowest asymmetry in P. formosensis (the slug specialist), the highest dentition asymmetry in P. atayal (the land snail specialist) and flexibility in P. komaii (the niche switcher): increased dentition asymmetry when sympatrically distributed with the slug eater (character displacement), and decreased asymmetry when living alone (ecological niche release). Ecological niche modelling showed that the distribution of P. formosensis is associated with the presence of slugs, while that of P. atayal could be explained by the land snails. Combining the results from morphology, phylogeny, behavioural experiments and ecological niche modelling, we showed that competition in the sympatric region might have facilitated character displacement among congeners, while the absence of competition in allopatric region has led to ecological niche release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Xiang Chang
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hong Huang
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Xin Luo
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Huang
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ping Wu
- Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung Ngoc Nguyen
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Zoology, Southern Institute of Ecology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Si-Min Lin
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Bashir Z, Abdullah MM, Ghaffar MA, Rusli MU. Exclusive predation of sea turtle hatchlings by juvenile blacktip reef sharks Carcharhinus melanopterus at a turtle nesting site in Malaysia. J Fish Biol 2020; 97:1876-1879. [PMID: 32951197 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the discovery of the exclusive predation of sea turtle hatchlings by several juvenile blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) in Chagar Hutang bay on Redang Island, Malaysia, in the South China Sea. Three dead specimens of C. melanopterus were retrieved from ghost nets, and the entire digestive tracts of these sharks solely contained the partially digested bodies of sea turtle hatchlings, with no evidence of the remains of any other prey. Thus, juvenile C. melanopterus may opportunistically feed primarily on turtle hatchlings during times when hatchling abundance is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalina Bashir
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Maizah M Abdullah
- School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Mazlan Abd Ghaffar
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Uzair Rusli
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
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15
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B L Araujo S, Borges ME, W von Hartenthal F, R Jorge L, M Lewinsohn T, Guimarães PR Jr, van Baalen M. Coevolutionary patterns caused by prey selection. J Theor Biol 2020; 501:110327. [PMID: 32422140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many theoretical models have been formulated to better understand the coevolutionary patterns that emerge from antagonistic interactions. These models usually assume that the attacks by the exploiters are random, so the effect of victim selection by exploiters on coevolutionary patterns remains unexplored. Here we analytically studied the payoff for predators and prey under coevolution assuming that every individual predator can attack only a small number of prey any given time, considering two scenarios: (i) predation occurs at random; (ii) predators select prey according to phenotype matching. We also develop an individual based model to verify the robustness of our analytical prediction. We show that both scenarios result in well known similar coevolutionary patterns if population sizes are sufficiently high: symmetrical coevolutionary branching and symmetrical coevolutionary cycling (Red Queen dynamics). However, for small population sizes, prey selection can cause unexpected coevolutionary patterns. One is the breaking of symmetry of the coevolutionary pattern, where the phenotypes evolve towards one of two evolutionarily stable patterns. As population size increases, the phenotypes oscillate between these two values in a novel form of Red Queen dynamics, the episodic reversal between the two stable patterns. Thus, prey selection causes prey phenotypes to evolve towards more extreme values, which reduces the fitness of both predators and prey, increasing the likelihood of extinction.
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16
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Leman A, Ingegno BL, Tavella L, Janssen A, Messelink GJ. The omnivorous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus, a good candidate for the control of both greenhouse whitefly and poinsettia thrips on gerbera plants. Insect Sci 2020; 27:510-518. [PMID: 30549212 PMCID: PMC7217019 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The poinsettia thrips Echinothrips americanus Morgan is a relatively new pest that has spread rapidly worldwide and causes serious damage in both vegetable and ornamental plants. In this study, we investigated if and how effective this pest can be controlled in gerbera by the omnivorous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur). Because herbivores on plants can interact through a shared predator, we also investigated how poinsettia thrips control is affected by the presence of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), a pest that commonly coexists with E. americanus in gerbera. In laboratory studies, we found that the predator M. pygmaeus fed on both pests when offered together. Olfactometer tests showed a clear preference of the predators for plants infested by whiteflies but not by thrips. In a greenhouse experiment, densities of both pests on single gerbera plants were reduced to very low levels by the predator, either with both pests present together or alone. Hence, predator-mediated effects between whiteflies and thrips played only a minor role. The plant feeding of the shared predator probably reduced the dependence of predator survival and reproduction on the densities of the two pests, thereby weakening potential predator-mediated effects. Thus, M. pygmaeus is a good candidate for biological control of both pests in gerbera. However, further research is needed to investigate pest control at larger scales, when the pests can occur on different plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Leman
- Wageningen University & ResearchBusiness Unit Greenhouse HorticultureBleiswijkthe Netherlands
| | - Barbara L. Ingegno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), ULF Entomologia Generale e ApplicataUniversity of TorinoGrugliasco (TO)Italy
| | - Luciana Tavella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), ULF Entomologia Generale e ApplicataUniversity of TorinoGrugliasco (TO)Italy
| | - Arne Janssen
- IBED, Department of Evolutionary and Population BiologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Gerben J. Messelink
- Wageningen University & ResearchBusiness Unit Greenhouse HorticultureBleiswijkthe Netherlands
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17
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Madahi K, Sahragard A, Hosseini R, Baniameri V. Prey-Stage Preference and Comparing Reproductive Performance of Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera: Ceccidomyiidae) Feeding on Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Myzus persicae. J Econ Entomol 2019; 112:1073-1080. [PMID: 30649376 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The predacious midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani), is an effective exclusive natural enemy of aphids in greenhouses and field crops. In this study, prey preference of A. aphidimyza was determined using seven treatments including different stages (third-instar nymphs and adults) of two prey species (Aphis gossypii Glover and Myzus persicae (Sulzer)) based on Manly's β preference index. Results of experiments consisting of two different preys showed that A. aphidimyza larvae consumed A. gossypii more than M. persicae, and the third nymphal stage of both species was preferred more, compared with adults. When all four types of prey were studied, Manly's index was 0.379, 0.235, 0.208, and 0.176 for nymphs of A. gossypii and M. persicae and adults of A. gossypii and M. persicae, respectively. Therefore, the nymphs of both species, as the most preferred prey, were used to study the reproductive performance of the predator in microcosm conditions. The significantly longer adult longevity (female: 7.62 ± 0.15, male: 7.42 ± 0.23 d), higher fecundity (93.75 ± 2.94 offspring per female), and higher intrinsic rate of increase (0.175 ± 0.009 d-1) of A. aphidimyza were obtained, while consuming third-instar nymphs of A. gossypii. Finally, this study indicated that third-instar nymphs of A. gossypii are the most suitable food for mass rearing of A. aphidimyza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Madahi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ahad Sahragard
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Reza Hosseini
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Valiollah Baniameri
- Agricultural Entomology Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
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18
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Schmid DW, McGee MD, Best RJ, Seehausen O, Matthews B. Rapid Divergence of Predator Functional Traits Affects Prey Composition in Aquatic Communities. Am Nat 2019; 193:331-345. [PMID: 30794448 DOI: 10.1086/701784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Identifying traits that underlie variation in individual performance of consumers (i.e., trait utility) can help reveal the ecological causes of population divergence and the subsequent consequences for species interactions and community structure. Here, we document a case of rapid divergence (over the past 100 generations, or ∼150 years) in foraging traits and feeding efficiency between a lake and stream population pair of threespine stickleback. Building on predictions from functional trait models of fish feeding, we analyzed foraging experiments with a Bayesian path analysis and elucidated the traits explaining variation in foraging performance and the species composition of ingested prey. Despite extensive previous research on the divergence of foraging traits among populations and ecotypes of stickleback, our results provide novel experimental evidence of trait utility for jaw protrusion, gill raker length, and gill raker spacing when foraging on a natural zooplankton assemblage. Furthermore, we discuss how these traits might contribute to the differential effects of lake and stream stickleback on their prey communities, observed in both laboratory and mesocosm conditions. More generally, our results illustrate how the rapid divergence of functional foraging traits of consumers can impact the biomass, species composition, and trophic structure of prey communities.
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19
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Zhang YN, Jiang JYQ, Zhang YJ, Qiu Y, Zhang JP. Functional Response and Prey Preference of Neoseiulus bicaudus (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) to Three Important Pests in Xinjiang, China. Environ Entomol 2017; 46:538-543. [PMID: 28398551 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about the prey preference of polyphagous predators is important for determining their ability to suppress pest insects. Tetranychus truncatus (Tetranychidae), Tetranychus turkestani (Tetranychidae), and Thrips tabaci (Thripidae) often coexist in crops. Neoseiulus bicaudus (Wainstein) is a native predatory mite that was recently observed in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of northwest China. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of N. bicaudus as a bio-control agent against the three pest species mentioned above. The results showed that N. bicaudus protonymphs, deutonymphs, and adults can be effective biological control agents for the three pest species. Neoseiulus bicaudus at all three developmental stages exhibited a Holling's Type II (convex) functional response to the prey. Neoseiulus bicaudus exhibited no preference between T. truncatus adults and T. turkestani adults, irrespective of the prey ratio. In comparison, N. bicaudus clearly preferred first-instar T. tabaci larvae to T. turkestani adults. The results of this study suggest that N. bicaudus could help control T. truncatus, T. turkestani, and T. tabaci. Among these pests, N. bicaudus may be most effective for first-instar T. tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Nan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China (; ; ; ; )
| | - Jue-Ying-Qi Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China (; ; ; ; )
| | - Yi-Jing Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China (; ; ; ; )
| | - Ye Qiu
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China (; ; ; ; )
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China (; ; ; ; )
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20
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Møller AP, Kwiecinski Z, Tryjanowski P. Prey reduce risk-taking and abundance in the proximity of predators. Curr Zool 2016; 63:591-598. [PMID: 29492019 PMCID: PMC5804210 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prey have evolved anti-predator defences that reduce or eliminate the risk of predation. Predators often reproduce at specific sites over many years causing permanent threats to local prey species. Such prey may respond by moving elsewhere thereby reducing local population abundance, or they may stay put and adjust their behavior to the presence of predators. We tested these predictions by analyzing population abundance and anti-predator behavior within 100 m of and 500 m away from nests of sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus and goshawks A. gentilis for 80 species of birds. Population abundance of prey was reduced by 11% near goshawk nests and by 15% near sparrowhawk nests when compared with nearby control sites in similar habitats. Flight initiation distance (FID) of prey, estimated as the distance at which birds took flight when approached by a human, increased by 50% in the presence of hawk nests, providing evidence of adjustment of anti-predator behavior to prevailing risks of predation. Susceptibility to predation was estimated as log transformed abundance of the observed number of prey items obtained from prey remains collected around nests minus log transformed expected number of prey according to point counts of breeding birds. FID increased from 10 to 46 m with increasing susceptibility of prey species to predation by the goshawk and from 12 to 15 m with increasing susceptibility of prey species to predation by the sparrowhawk. These findings suggest that prey adjust their distribution and anti-predator behavior to the risk of predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders P Møller
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex F-91405, France
| | - Zbigniew Kwiecinski
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Science, Wojska Polskiego 71C, Poznań PL-60-625, Poland
| | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Science, Wojska Polskiego 71C, Poznań PL-60-625, Poland
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Jandricic SE, Wraight SP, Gillespie DR, Sanderson JP. Biological Control Outcomes Using the Generalist Aphid Predator Aphidoletes aphidimyza under Multi-Prey Conditions. Insects 2016; 7:insects7040075. [PMID: 27983620 PMCID: PMC5198223 DOI: 10.3390/insects7040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aphidophagous midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is used in biological control programs against aphids in many crops. Short-term trials with this natural enemy demonstrated that that females prefer to oviposit among aphids colonizing the new growth of plants, leading to differential attack rates for aphid species that differ in their within-plant distributions. Thus, we hypothesized that biological control efficacy could be compromised when more than one aphid species is present. We further hypothesized that control outcomes may be different at different crop stages if aphid species shift their preferred feeding locations. Here, we used greenhouse trials to determine biological control outcomes using A. aphidimyza under multi-prey conditions and at different crop stages. At all plant stages, aphid species had a significant effect on the number of predator eggs laid. More eggs were found on M. persicae versus A. solani-infested plants, since M. persicae consistently colonized plant meristems across plant growth stages. This translated to higher numbers of predatory larvae on M. periscae-infested plants in two out of our three experiments, and more consistent control of this pest (78%-95% control across all stages of plant growth). In contrast, control of A. solani was inconsistent in the presence of M. persicae, with 36%-80% control achieved. An additional experiment demonstrated control of A. solani by A. aphidimyza was significantly greater in the absence of M. persicae than in its presence. Our study illustrates that suitability of a natural enemy for pest control may change over a crop cycle as the position of prey on the plant changes, and that prey preference based on within-plant prey location can negatively influence biological control programs in systems with pest complexes. Careful monitoring of the less-preferred pest and its relative position on the plant is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Jandricic
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0, Canada.
| | - Stephen P Wraight
- Robert W. Holly Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Dave R Gillespie
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada.
| | - John P Sanderson
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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Chakrabarti S, Jhala YV, Dutta S, Qureshi Q, Kadivar RF, Rana VJ. Adding constraints to predation through allometric relation of scats to consumption. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:660-70. [PMID: 26931378 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A thorough understanding of mechanisms of prey consumption by carnivores and the constraints on predation help us in evaluating the role of carnivores in an ecosystem. This is crucial in developing appropriate management strategies for their conservation and mitigating human-carnivore conflict. Current models on optimal foraging suggest that mammalian carnivores would profit most from killing the largest prey that they can subdue with minimal risk of injury to themselves. Wild carnivore diets are primarily estimated through analysis of their scats. Using extensive feeding experiments (n = 68) on a wide size range (4·5-130 kg) of obligate carnivores - lion, leopard, jungle cat and domestic cat, we parameterize biomass models that best relate consumption to scat production. We evaluate additional constraints of gut fill, prey digestibility and carcass utilization on carnivory that were hereto not considered in optimal foraging studies. Our results show that patterns of consumption to scat production against prey size are similar and asymptotic, contrary to established linear models, across these carnivores after accounting for the effect of carnivore size. This asymptotic, allometric relationship allowed us to develop a generalized model: biomass consumed per collectable scat/predator weight = 0·033-0·025exp(-4·284(prey weight/predator weight)) , which is applicable to all obligate carnivores to compute prey biomass consumed from scats. Our results also depict a relationship for prey digestibility which saturates at about 90% for prey larger than predator size. Carcass utilization declines exponentially with prey size. These mechanisms result in digestible biomass saturating at prey weights approximately equal to predator weight. Published literature on consumption by tropical carnivores that has relied on linear biomass models is substantially biased. We demonstrate the nature of these biases by correcting diets of tiger, lion and leopard in recent publications. Our analysis suggests that consumption of medium-sized prey was significantly underestimated, while large prey consumption was grossly overestimated in large carnivore diets to date. We highlight that additional constraints of prey digestibility and utilization combined with escalating handling time and risks of killing large prey make prey larger than the predator size unprofitable for obligate carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stotra Chakrabarti
- Department of Animal Ecology & Conservation Biology, Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand , 248 001, India
| | - Yadvendradev V Jhala
- Department of Animal Ecology & Conservation Biology, Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand , 248 001, India
| | - Sutirtha Dutta
- Department of Animal Ecology & Conservation Biology, Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand , 248 001, India
| | - Qamar Qureshi
- Department of Landscape Level Planning & Management, Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand, 248 001, India
| | - Riaz F Kadivar
- Sakkarbaug Zoological Park, Junagadh, Gujarat, 362001, India
| | - Vishwadipsinh J Rana
- Sakkarbaug Zoological Park, Junagadh, Gujarat, 362001, India.,Training & Research Wing, Gujarat Forest Department, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382010, India
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Lemos F, Bernardo AMG, Dias CR, Sarmento RA, Pallini A, Venzon M, Janssen A. Breaking and entering: predators invade the shelter of their prey and gain protection. Exp Appl Acarol 2015; 67:247-57. [PMID: 26188859 PMCID: PMC4559574 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-9951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many herbivorous arthropods construct shelters on their host plant that offer protection against natural enemies. This has resulted in selection on natural enemies to enter these shelters, where they can feed on prey that are inaccessible for competing predators and parasitoids. The spider mite Tetranychus evansi produces a shelter consisting of a dense web that is impenetrable for most predators; the only known natural enemy that can penetrate the web and can forage efficiently on this pest is Phytoseiulus longipes. We show that this predator preferentially foraged and oviposited in the web of its prey. Moreover, intraguild predation on juveniles of these predators was significantly higher outside this web and in the less dense web of a closely related prey species (T. urticae) than inside the web of T. evansi. Although the production of shelters by herbivores may be profitable at first, their adapted natural enemies may reap the benefit in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Lemos
- />IBED, Section Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- />Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG Brazil
| | | | - Cleide Rosa Dias
- />Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG Brazil
| | | | - Angelo Pallini
- />Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG Brazil
| | - Madelaine Venzon
- />Agriculture and Livestock Research Enterprise of Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), Viçosa, MG Brazil
| | - Arne Janssen
- />IBED, Section Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Aman JW, Imperial JS, Ueberheide B, Zhang MM, Aguilar M, Taylor D, Watkins M, Yoshikami D, Showers-Corneli P, Safavi-Hemami H, Biggs J, Teichert RW, Olivera BM. Insights into the origins of fish hunting in venomous cone snails from studies of Conus tessulatus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5087-92. [PMID: 25848010 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424435112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prey shifts in carnivorous predators are events that can initiate the accelerated generation of new biodiversity. However, it is seldom possible to reconstruct how the change in prey preference occurred. Here we describe an evolutionary "smoking gun" that illuminates the transition from worm hunting to fish hunting among marine cone snails, resulting in the adaptive radiation of fish-hunting lineages comprising ∼100 piscivorous Conus species. This smoking gun is δ-conotoxin TsVIA, a peptide from the venom of Conus tessulatus that delays inactivation of vertebrate voltage-gated sodium channels. C. tessulatus is a species in a worm-hunting clade, which is phylogenetically closely related to the fish-hunting cone snail specialists. The discovery of a δ-conotoxin that potently acts on vertebrate sodium channels in the venom of a worm-hunting cone snail suggests that a closely related ancestral toxin enabled the transition from worm hunting to fish hunting, as δ-conotoxins are highly conserved among fish hunters and critical to their mechanism of prey capture; this peptide, δ-conotoxin TsVIA, has striking sequence similarity to these δ-conotoxins from piscivorous cone snail venoms. Calcium-imaging studies on dissociated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons revealed the peptide's putative molecular target (voltage-gated sodium channels) and mechanism of action (inhibition of channel inactivation). The results were confirmed by electrophysiology. This work demonstrates how elucidating the specific interactions between toxins and receptors from phylogenetically well-defined lineages can uncover molecular mechanisms that underlie significant evolutionary transitions.
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Jackson RR, Li D, Woon JRW, Hashim R, Cross FR. Intricate predatory decisions by a mosquito-specialist spider from Malaysia. R Soc Open Sci 2014; 1:140131. [PMID: 26064534 PMCID: PMC4448905 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.140131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Paracyrba wanlessi is a southeast Asian jumping spider (Salticidae) that lives in the hollow internodes of fallen bamboo and preys on the larvae, pupae and adults of mosquitoes. In contrast to Evarcha culicivora, an East African salticid that is also known for actively targeting mosquitoes as preferred prey, there was no evidence of P. wanlessi choosing mosquitoes on the basis of species, sex or diet. However, our findings show that P. wanlessi chooses mosquitoes significantly more often than a variety of other prey types, regardless of whether the prey are in or away from water, and regardless of whether the mosquitoes are adults or juveniles. Moreover, a preference for mosquito larvae, pupae and adults is expressed regardless of whether test spiders are maintained on a diet of terrestrial or aquatic prey and regardless of whether the diet includes or excludes mosquitoes. Congruence of an environmental factor (in water versus away from water) with prey type (aquatic versus terrestrial mosquitoes) appeared to be important and yet, even when the prey were in the incongruent environment, P. wanlessi continued to choose mosquitoes more often than other prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Jackson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Thomas Odhiambo Campus, PO Box 30, Mbita Point 40305, Kenya
| | - Daiqin Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jeremy R. W. Woon
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
- National Parks Board, Singapore Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road 259569, Singapore
| | - Rosli Hashim
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Fiona R. Cross
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Thomas Odhiambo Campus, PO Box 30, Mbita Point 40305, Kenya
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Fischer S, Zanotti G, Castro A, Quiroga L, Vargas DV. Effect of habitat complexity on the predation of Buenoa fuscipennis (Heteroptera: Notonectidae) on mosquito immature stages and alternative prey. J Vector Ecol 2013; 38:215-223. [PMID: 24581348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2013.12033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Notonectids are well-known predators in aquatic habitats, where mosquito larvae, chironomids, and cladocerans constitute their main diet. Our purpose was to assess the effect of structural complexity on the predatory ability of Buenoa fuscipennis, a common predator in aquatic habitats of Buenos Aires city (Argentina). Buenoa fuscipennis showed type 2 functional responses in both the presence and absence of prey refuge and no differences in attack rate or handling time between refuge treatments. Regarding mosquito size classes, B. fuscipennis exhibited a significantly higher preference for 2(nd) instar larvae and no predation on pupae. In the presence of mosquito larvae and alternative prey, B. fuscipennis preferred mosquitoes over chironomid larvae and adult cladocerans over mosquito larvae. No switching behavior was detected in our experiments. Habitat structure only slightly affected the predator´s consumption rates on mosquito larvae. Overall, preference for prey did not vary with the presence of refuge, except for the preference for mosquitoes over chironomid larvae, which was significantly decreased in the presence of refuge as a consequence of reduced predation on mosquito larvae. The results suggest that B. fuscipennis could efficiently control mosquitoes in structurally simple habitats where chironomids are the most abundant alternative prey but not in temporary pools where cladocerans are abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Fischer
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA).
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