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Rassool C, Gibbon VE. Restitution versus repatriation: Terminology and concepts matter. Am J Biol Anthropol 2024; 184:e24889. [PMID: 38088517 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Through museum collecting practice, the deceased, possessions, plants and animals were turned into objects, removed from their communities and places of origin, and were segregated and divided into museum classificatory systems. In the decolonial work of embarking upon purposeful and proactive acts of return, the terms "repatriation" and "restitution" have often been used interchangeably. OBJECTIVE To assess the terminological differences between repatriation and restitution. METHODS Here, we critically discuss the politics of these terms and present an argument for restitution as restitutionary work. RESULTS Repatriation refers to the legal, administrative and logistical matters of returning across national borders. However, restitution is a preferred concept highlighting deeper meanings of return to the proper owner, with restitutionary work being time-consuming, emotional, often painful, enriching acts of restoration, and transitional justice. Restitution is about the embodiment and empowerment of choice over all aspects of the return. CONCLUSION Here, we argue that terminology matters. While restitution may involve repatriation, repatriation is not a substitute for acts of restoration embodied in restitutionary work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciraj Rassool
- Department of Historical Studies, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Victoria E Gibbon
- Division of Clinical Anatomy & Biological Anthropology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Leeies M, Landry C, Blouw M, Butcher J, Hrymak CS, Vazquez-Grande G, Valiani S, Prakash V, Haddara WMR, Taneja R, Whittemore KG, MacRedmond RE, Paunovic BN, Downar J, Farrell CA, Murthy S, Haroon BA, DosSantos C, Balan M, Rochwerg B, D'Aragon F, Buss M, Burns KEA. Canadian Critical Care Society position statement on reconciliation, decolonization, and Indigenous engagement. Can J Anaesth 2024; 71:311-321. [PMID: 38332414 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-023-02682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Murdoch Leeies
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Manitoba, S203 Medical Services Bldg., 750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada.
| | - Cameron Landry
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marcus Blouw
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Joshua Butcher
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Carmen S Hrymak
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Sabira Valiani
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Varuna Prakash
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wael M R Haddara
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Critical Care Medicine Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ravi Taneja
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kathryn G Whittemore
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, Regina General Hospital, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Ruth E MacRedmond
- Critical Care Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bojan N Paunovic
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - James Downar
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Palliative Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine A Farrell
- Division of Pediatric Intensive Care, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Srinivas Murthy
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Babar A Haroon
- Department of Critical Care, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Claudia DosSantos
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marko Balan
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- Department of Medicine, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Frédérick D'Aragon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mandy Buss
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Indigenous Physicians Association of Canada, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karen E A Burns
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Unity Health Toronto - St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Holmes A, Giles AR, Hayhurst L. 'I keep forgetting them': Lacrosse, indigenous women and girls and reconciliation in Canada. Int Rev Sociol Sport 2024; 59:3-21. [PMID: 38312492 PMCID: PMC10834277 DOI: 10.1177/10126902231172922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
In Canada, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) released its list of Calls to Action (CTA) in 2015, and five Calls were directly related to reconciliation and sport. Within these five sport-related CTA, there was no specific reference to gender. Lacrosse, as an Indigenous cultural practice that has been culturally appropriated by white settlers, is a complex site to investigate how the TRC's CTA is (or are not) being implemented and the ways in which these efforts are gendered. In this paper, we examined how staff at Canadian lacrosse organizations address the CTA and Indigenous women's and girls' participation in lacrosse. Through the use of Indigenous feminist theory, feminist methodologies informed by the tenets of Indigenous methodologies, semi-structured interviews and reflexive thematic analysis, our findings demonstrate that Indigenous women and girls are commonly overlooked, and gender is typically an afterthought within the implementation of sport-related CTA by lacrosse organizing bodies in Canada - if they are implemented at all. As a result, we argue that there is a need to make gender a central organizing principle when lacrosse organizations within Canada implement the TRC's CTA.
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Ellingsen G, Hertzum M, Severinsen GH, Wynn R. Medication Reconciliation as Repair Work. Stud Health Technol Inform 2024; 310:104-108. [PMID: 38269774 DOI: 10.3233/shti230936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
In Norway, the process of developing a national shared medication list has been underway for several years. The shared medication list provides an overview of all the medications used by a patient. However, its proper use requires that it be maintained regularly through so-called medication reconciliation processes in which health personnel clarify - and ask patients - what and how much medication they use. We explore the work embedded in the bedside medication reconciliation process at a hospital, the health personnel conducting this work and the implications for the shared medication list. We argue that reconciliation processes can be conceptualized as collective repair work that needs to be continued after the shared medication list is implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rolf Wynn
- UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Sinaimeri B, Urbini L, Sagot MF, Matias C. Cophylogeny Reconstruction Allowing for Multiple Associations Through Approximate Bayesian Computation. Syst Biol 2023; 72:1370-1386. [PMID: 37703307 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic tree reconciliation is extensively employed for the examination of coevolution between host and symbiont species. An important concern is the requirement for dependable cost values when selecting event-based parsimonious reconciliation. Although certain approaches deduce event probabilities unique to each pair of host and symbiont trees, which can subsequently be converted into cost values, a significant limitation lies in their inability to model the invasion of diverse host species by the same symbiont species (termed as a spread event), which is believed to occur in symbiotic relationships. Invasions lead to the observation of multiple associations between symbionts and their hosts (indicating that a symbiont is no longer exclusive to a single host), which are incompatible with the existing methods of coevolution. Here, we present a method called AmoCoala (an enhanced version of the tool Coala) that provides a more realistic estimation of cophylogeny event probabilities for a given pair of host and symbiont trees, even in the presence of spread events. We expand the classical 4-event coevolutionary model to include 2 additional outcomes, vertical and horizontal spreads, that lead to multiple associations. In the initial step, we estimate the probabilities of spread events using heuristic frequencies. Subsequently, in the second step, we employ an approximate Bayesian computation approach to infer the probabilities of the remaining 4 classical events (cospeciation, duplication, host switch, and loss) based on these values. By incorporating spread events, our reconciliation model enables a more accurate consideration of multiple associations. This improvement enhances the precision of estimated cost sets, paving the way to a more reliable reconciliation of host and symbiont trees. To validate our method, we conducted experiments on synthetic datasets and demonstrated its efficacy using real-world examples. Our results showcase that AmoCoala produces biologically plausible reconciliation scenarios, further emphasizing its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blerina Sinaimeri
- Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli, Rome, Department of Business and Management, Viale Romania, 32 - 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Urbini
- ERABLE team, Inria - Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique, Lyon, 56 Bd Niels Bohr, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive (LBBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5558, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Marie-France Sagot
- ERABLE team, Inria - Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique, Lyon, 56 Bd Niels Bohr, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive (LBBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5558, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Matias
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Probabilités, Statistique et Modélisation, Paris, France
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Vocca C, Siniscalchi A, Rania V, Galati C, Marcianò G, Palleria C, Catarisano L, Gareri I, Leuzzi M, Muraca L, Citraro R, Nanci G, Scuteri A, Bianco RC, Fera I, Greco A, Leuzzi G, De Sarro G, D’Agostino B, Gallelli L. The Risk of Drug Interactions in Older Primary Care Patients after Hospital Discharge: The Role of Drug Reconciliation. Geriatrics (Basel) 2023; 8:122. [PMID: 38132493 PMCID: PMC10742527 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics8060122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) represent an important clinical problem, particularly in older patients, due to polytherapy, comorbidity, and physiological changes in pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic pathways. In this study, we investigated the association between drugs prescribed after discharge from the hospital or clinic and the risk of DDIs with drugs used daily by each patient. METHODS We performed an observational, retrospective, multicenter study on the medical records of outpatients referred to general practitioners. DDIs were measured using the drug interaction probability scale. Potential drug interactions were evaluated by clinical pharmacologists (physicians) and neurologists. Collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. RESULTS During the study, we evaluated 1772 medical records. We recorded the development of DDIs in 10.3% of patients; 11.6% of these patients required hospitalization. Logistic regression showed an association among DDIs, sex, and the number of drugs used (p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS This observational real-life study shows that the risk of DDIs is common in older patients. Physicians must pay more attention after hospital discharge, evaluating the treatment to reduce the risk of DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vocca
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Renato Dulbecco University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.V.); (V.R.); (G.M.); (C.P.); (L.C.); (I.G.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Antonio Siniscalchi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, Annunziata Hospital of Cosenza, 87100 Cosenza, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Rania
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Renato Dulbecco University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.V.); (V.R.); (G.M.); (C.P.); (L.C.); (I.G.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Cecilia Galati
- Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Gianmarco Marcianò
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Renato Dulbecco University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.V.); (V.R.); (G.M.); (C.P.); (L.C.); (I.G.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Caterina Palleria
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Renato Dulbecco University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.V.); (V.R.); (G.M.); (C.P.); (L.C.); (I.G.); (G.D.S.)
- Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Luca Catarisano
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Renato Dulbecco University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.V.); (V.R.); (G.M.); (C.P.); (L.C.); (I.G.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Ilaria Gareri
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Renato Dulbecco University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.V.); (V.R.); (G.M.); (C.P.); (L.C.); (I.G.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Marco Leuzzi
- Department of Primary Care, ASP Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.L.); (L.M.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (R.C.B.); (I.F.); (A.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Lucia Muraca
- Department of Primary Care, ASP Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.L.); (L.M.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (R.C.B.); (I.F.); (A.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Rita Citraro
- Department of Health Science, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Giacinto Nanci
- Department of Primary Care, ASP Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.L.); (L.M.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (R.C.B.); (I.F.); (A.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Antonio Scuteri
- Department of Primary Care, ASP Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.L.); (L.M.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (R.C.B.); (I.F.); (A.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Rosa Candida Bianco
- Department of Primary Care, ASP Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.L.); (L.M.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (R.C.B.); (I.F.); (A.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Iolanda Fera
- Department of Primary Care, ASP Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.L.); (L.M.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (R.C.B.); (I.F.); (A.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Antonietta Greco
- Department of Primary Care, ASP Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.L.); (L.M.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (R.C.B.); (I.F.); (A.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Giacomo Leuzzi
- Department of Primary Care, ASP Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.L.); (L.M.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (R.C.B.); (I.F.); (A.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Renato Dulbecco University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.V.); (V.R.); (G.M.); (C.P.); (L.C.); (I.G.); (G.D.S.)
- Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Department of Health Science, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Bruno D’Agostino
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Renato Dulbecco University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.V.); (V.R.); (G.M.); (C.P.); (L.C.); (I.G.); (G.D.S.)
- Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Department of Health Science, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Medifarmagen SRL, Renato Dulbecco University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Manson E, Ryding E, Taylor W, Peekeekoot G, Gloeckler SG, Allard P, Johnny C, Greenway KT, Dames S. Indigenous Voices in Psychedelic Therapy: Experiential Learnings from a Community-Based Group Psychedelic Therapy Program. J Psychoactive Drugs 2023; 55:539-548. [PMID: 37723666 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2023.2258120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Novel and traditional psychedelic medicines are attracting interest as potential treatments of mental illness. Before psychedelic therapies can be made available in culturally safe and effective ways to diverse peoples, the field must grapple with the complex legacies of colonialism and ongoing clashes between biomedical and Indigenous Ways of Knowing. This article presents results of a pilot program offering group-based therapy augmented by three sessions of ketamine at a psychedelic dose, for a group of Indigenous participants. This unique project was undertaken in partnership between Roots to Thrive and the Snuneymuxw First Nation to assess this approach's effectiveness and safety for Indigenous peoples. Thematic analysis of qualitative interviews and anonymous feedback received throughout the program from eight participants and two Elders provided rich information on participant motivations, perceived barriers, appreciated and beneficial aspects of the program, and the psychedelic experiences, as well as important directions for further improvement. In addition to challenges, participants attributed significant benefits to the program while highlighting the importance of the involvement of Indigenous team members, the incorporation of traditional approaches to healing, and the cultivation of open and authentic relationships between group participants and facilitators. We discuss important lessons learned and the essential work of reconciliation in, and beyond, psychedelic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy Manson
- Snuneymuxw First Nation, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erin Ryding
- RTT-KaT Program, Roots to Thrive Society for Psychedelic Therapy, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wes Taylor
- RTT-KaT Program, Roots to Thrive Society for Psychedelic Therapy, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Health and Human Services, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gail Peekeekoot
- RTT-KaT Program, Roots to Thrive Society for Psychedelic Therapy, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sara G Gloeckler
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pearl Allard
- Faculty of Health and Human Services, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Kyle T Greenway
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shannon Dames
- RTT-KaT Program, Roots to Thrive Society for Psychedelic Therapy, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Health and Human Services, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
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Rasmussen DA, Guo F. Espalier: Efficient Tree Reconciliation and Ancestral Recombination Graphs Reconstruction Using Maximum Agreement Forests. Syst Biol 2023; 72:1154-1170. [PMID: 37458753 PMCID: PMC10627558 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presence of recombination individuals may inherit different regions of their genome from different ancestors, resulting in a mosaic of phylogenetic histories across their genome. Ancestral recombination graphs (ARGs) can capture how phylogenetic relationships vary across the genome due to recombination, but reconstructing ARGs from genomic sequence data is notoriously difficult. Here, we present a method for reconciling discordant phylogenetic trees and reconstructing ARGs using maximum agreement forests (MAFs). Given two discordant trees, a MAF identifies the smallest possible set of topologically concordant subtrees present in both trees. We show how discordant trees can be reconciled through their MAF in a way that retains discordances strongly supported by sequence data while eliminating conflicts likely attributable to phylogenetic noise. We further show how MAFs and our reconciliation approach can be combined to select a path of local trees across the genome that maximizes the likelihood of the genomic sequence data, minimizes discordance between neighboring local trees, and identifies the recombination events necessary to explain remaining discordances to obtain a fully connected ARG. While heuristic, our ARG reconstruction approach is often as accurate as more exact methods while being much more computationally efficient. Moreover, important demographic parameters such as recombination rates can be accurately estimated from reconstructed ARGs. Finally, we apply our approach to plant infecting RNA viruses in the genus Potyvirus to demonstrate how true recombination events can be disentangled from phylogenetic noise using our ARG reconstruction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Rasmussen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7566, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Fangfang Guo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Sinclaire M, Lavallee B, Cyr M, Schultz A. Indigenous Peoples and Type 2 Diabetes: A Discussion of Colonial Wounds and Epistemic Racism. Can J Diabetes 2023:S1499-2671(23)00031-X. [PMID: 36958990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Racism is rooted in historic and ongoing colonial strategies designed to erase, silence and dismiss Indigenous peoples' voices, personhood and worldview. Although within health care today interpersonal racism (discriminatory treatment) is commonly reported on, racism also influences our understanding of health conditions and related treatments. Epistemic racism, the discrimination of how we know, operates through the questions we ask to advance our evidence, and whose knowledge is sought and deemed valid. Epistemic racism is a colonial mechanism that marginalizes and diminishes the power of Indigenous peoples' voices and knowledge bases. In this work, we begin by sharing 2 stories of Indigenous peoples and type 2 diabetes (T2D) from an Indigenous knowledge base and a biomedical knowledge base. Our discussion of epistemic racism, which underlies reported T2D health disparities among Indigenous peoples, includes providing examples of knowledge emerging when the dominance of the biomedical knowledge base is disrupted through centring Indigenous knowledge and peoples. Indigenous-led research, in respectful relations with biomedical worldviews, is imperative. Unsilencing Indigenous peoples' voices and knowledge is necessary when addressing identified T2D health disparities and is truly a health priority. Indigenous revitalization, that is, acceptance of Indigenous knowledge bases, is valid and vital to health and well-being---it is time for ReconciliACTION.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moneca Sinclaire
- Turtle Lodge, Indigenous Institute of Health & Healing, John Buhler Research Centre, Department of Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Barry Lavallee
- Keewatinohk Inniniw Minoayawin, Inc, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Monica Cyr
- Aboriginal Health & Wellness Centre of Winnipeg, Inc, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Annette Schultz
- College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, St. Boniface Research Center's Health Services & Structural Determinants of Health Research, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Sagherian-Dickey T, Schaafsma J, Zoodsma M, Cho HJ, Dinnick I, Kim J, Noor M, Turner RN, Yáñez de la Cruz MS. Meaningless gestures or pathway to healing and reconciliation? Comparing the perspectives on political apologies in victim and non-victim communities in El Salvador, the Republic of Korea and the United Kingdom. Br J Soc Psychol 2023; 62:414-430. [PMID: 35775470 PMCID: PMC10084294 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Political apologies have been theorized to play an important role in healing and reconciliation processes in post-conflict settings. Whether they actually fulfil this function, however, remains unclear as the voices and perspectives of victim communities have largely been underrepresented in research. To address this, we examined the role of apologies that were offered for the El Mozote massacre (El Salvador), the Jeju 4.3 massacres (Republic of Korea) and Bloody Sunday (United Kingdom), according to members of these communities and the broader public. Although we anticipated that victim community members should find the apology more valuable and meaningful and should, therefore, be more positive about its role in healing and reconciliation processes, we found that this varies across countries. This variation could be explained by people's trust in the country's institutions. Across the samples, we found that the apology was seen as a relatively important gesture. For the apology to be perceived as impactful, however, it had to be seen as a meaningful (i.e. sincere) gesture. Our findings suggest that apologies have a role to play in the aftermath of human rights violations, but that it is essential to take the broader context into account.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Masi Noor
- Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
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11
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Fricke M, Beach Ducharme D, Beavis A, Flett P, Oosman S. Addressing racism in the workplace through simulation: So much to unlearn. Front Rehabil Sci 2023; 4:1126085. [PMID: 37064598 PMCID: PMC10097889 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2023.1126085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Racism exists in the healthcare system and is a root cause of health inequities among Indigenous Peoples. When microaggressions of racism are carried out by healthcare providers, therapeutic trust may be broken and quality of care may be impacted. Anti-racism response training is considered best practice in recognizing and addressing racism. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a virtual (synchronous) anti-racism response training workshop among a group of rehabilitation therapists from across Canada. Methods A 90-minute virtual anti-racism simulation workshop for rehabilitation therapists was developed and delivered virtually four times across Canada between 2020 and 2021. Following an introduction and pre-briefing, role-playing among participants was used to address microaggressive Indigenous-specific racism, followed by an in-depth debriefing with trained facilitators. A post-workshop survey was conducted to evaluate this anti-racism simulation workshop and assess the impact on participating occupational therapists (OTs) and physiotherapists (PTs). Following each simulation workshop, participants were invited to complete an anonymous post-activity survey (n = 20; 50% OTs, 45% PTs). Open text responses were analyzed thematically from the perspective of critical race theory. Results The majority of the participants self-identified as women (95%); white (90%); mid-career (52%); and had never personally experienced racism (70%). All participants agreed that the workshop gave them ideas on how to start dismantling racism in their workplace. Thematic analysis resulted in four themes: so much to unlearn, remain humble, resist the silence, and discomfort is okay. Discussion Despite feelings of discomfort, OTs and PTs appreciated anti-racism skills-based training and recognized the importance of taking action on racism in the workplace. Findings from this study support online (synchronous) anti-racism training as a viable and effective means of creating space for rehabilitation professionals to lean into brave conversations that are necessary for developing strategies to address racial microaggressions impacting Indigenous persons in the workplace. We believe that these small steps of preparing and practicing anti-racism strategies among rehabilitation therapists are essential to achieving a collective goal of dismantling racism in the health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moni Fricke
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Global Health Division, Canadian Physiotherapy Association, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Correspondence: Moni Fricke
| | - Debra Beach Ducharme
- Ongomiizwin Indigenous Institute of Health and Healing, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Allana Beavis
- Global Health Division, Canadian Physiotherapy Association, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Community Therapy Services Inc., Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Priscilla Flett
- Global Health Division, Canadian Physiotherapy Association, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Oosman
- Global Health Division, Canadian Physiotherapy Association, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Rehabilitation Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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12
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Dailey RM, Hazlett AD, Brass-Rosenfield C. The Role of Psychological and Physical Aggression In Relationship Reconciliation. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP22066-NP22091. [PMID: 35099321 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211068082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has established a link between aggression and relationship cycling (i.e., multiple breakups and renewals with the same romantic partner). Couples who have experienced breakups and renewals are up to twice as likely to have experienced psychological and physical aggression in their relationships. Partners who return to previous relationships are also more susceptible to greater violence. To explore this link further, we employed longitudinal data from 179 individuals who had recently experienced a breakup. We assessed post-dissolution closeness and self-concept clarity as mediators of the association between a history of aggression while dating and reconciliation within 6 months. We also assessed the directional nature of aggression (unidirectional or bidirectional) as a potential moderator. Logistic regressions as well as moderating mediating analyses (using Hayes' PROCESS) showed that both psychological and physical aggression were linked to reconciliation. Additionally, closeness mediated this association, but only for those who reported undirectional aggression. Specifically, aggression prior to breakups was associated with feeling closer with the ex-partner, which set the stage for reconciliation, primarily for those who reported one-sided aggression in their relationships. The findings offer insights on identifying those who are more susceptible to revictimization as well as why partners return to previously aggressive relationships. The results suggest additional research examining the causal linkages between cycling and aggression is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- René M Dailey
- Department of Communication Studies, 12330University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Abigail D Hazlett
- Department of Communication Studies, 12330University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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13
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Abstract
Human social hierarchies comprise two distinct bases of status: dominance and prestige. One can acquire high social status not only by physically intimidating others (dominance) but also by providing information goods to others (prestige). Given that prestige-oriented individuals need to be liked and accepted by others, we hypothesized that they would be more eager to reconcile with their coworkers when they were involved in interpersonal conflicts in their workplaces. Study 1 asked 487 respondents about their conciliatory behaviors in response to workplace conflicts. Prestige-oriented individuals were more apologetic (when they hurt someone in their workplace) and forgiving (when they were hurt by someone). However, analyses of a subsample of respondents who had conflicts with their followers showed that organizational leaders' prestige orientation was associated only with forgiveness but not with apologetic behavior. Study 2 collected comparable data from 678 organizational leaders. Study 2 confirmed the results of the subsample analysis of Study 1. Compared with leaders low in prestige orientation, leaders high in prestige orientation were more likely to forgive their subordinates; however, they were no more likely to apologize to their subordinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohsuke Ohtsubo
- Department of Social Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuho Yamaura
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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14
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Heesen R, Austry DA, Upton Z, Clay Z. Flexible signalling strategies by victims mediate post-conflict interactions in bonobos. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210310. [PMID: 35934966 PMCID: PMC9358318 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to other animals, humans supposedly excel at voluntarily controlling and strategically displaying emotional signals. Yet, new data shows that nonhuman great apes' emotion expressions may also be subject to voluntary control. A key context to further explore this is during post-conflict (PC) periods, where signalling by distressed victims may influence bystander responses, including the offering of consolation. To address this, our study investigates the signalling behaviour of sanctuary-living bonobo victims following aggression and its relation to audience composition and PC interactions. Results show that the production of paedomorphic signals by victims (regardless of age) increased their chances of receiving consolation. In adults, the production of such signals additionally reduced the risk of renewed aggression from opponents. Signal production also increased with audience size, yet strategies differed by age: while immatures reduced signalling in proximity of close-social partners, adults did so especially after receiving consolation. These results suggest that bonobos can flexibly adjust their emotion signalling to influence the outcome of PC events, and that this tendency has a developmental trajectory. Overall, these findings highlight the potential role that flexible emotion communication played in the sociality of our last common ancestor with Pan. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cognition, communication and social bonds in primates'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zoe Upton
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Zanna Clay
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK
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15
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Gervais CLM, Johnston MS. Reconsidering Reconciliation Within Families of Youth Who Sexually Offend. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP10093-NP10125. [PMID: 33435796 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520985492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Research on youth sexual offending has focused primarily on its prevalence, risk factors, treatment interventions, and recidivism rates. Thus, there is a need to develop better understandings of the processes towards reconciliation (or the lack thereof) that occur in the context of the collateral consequences of such harm-generating behavior. This qualitative study presents parents' perspectives on the benefits and challenges associated with the implications and outcomes of reconciliation, and of its deprivation among sexually offending youth, victims and their relatives. We analysed in-depth, semi-structured interview data among 16 parents from 10 families in Canada using thematic coding procedures. The findings reveal that in the absence of reconciliation, both relationship repair and rehabilitation are hindered by miscommunication, bitterness, and confusion. By contrast, when meaningful reconciliation occurs, offending youth are better able to take responsibility for their actions, which in many cases led to victim validation and relationship restoration among all affected parties, including immediate and extended relatives. Our research points to the importance of restorative practices in both formal and informal attempts towards accountability, reconciliation, rehabilitation, victim redress, as well as family and community reintegration.
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16
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Galovan AM, Hawkins AJ, Harris SM, Simpson DM. What are they doing? A national survey of help-seeking and relationship-repair behavior of individuals who are thinking about divorce. J Marital Fam Ther 2022; 48:371-390. [PMID: 33405252 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Guided by the Stages of Change (SOC) model, we explored relationship-repair behaviors among those thinking about divorce, employing a recent national longitudinal survey of married individuals (N = 745). Person-centered analyses explored whether there were distinct typologies of relationship-repair behaviors. We found four distinct classes: Intense Seekers (6%), who engaged at high levels of all kinds of repair behaviors, including professional services; Moderate-fading Seekers (14%), who engaged in moderate levels of various repair behaviors, including professional services, but did not sustain that behavior over a year; and Minimal-private Seekers (42%) and Private-sustained Seekers (38%), who eschewed professional services and engaged in low-to-moderate personal and private repair behaviors. We discuss possible applications of the SOC model to the divorce decision-making process and conclude with implications for practice, including the need to allocate greater attention to personal and self-help interventions that match the way most people try to repair their relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Galovan
- Department of Human Ecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alan J Hawkins
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Steven M Harris
- Department of Family Social Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - David M Simpson
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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17
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Smaw ED. Uterus collectors: The case for reproductive justice for African American, Native American, and Hispanic American female victims of eugenics programs in the United States. Bioethics 2022; 36:318-327. [PMID: 34897765 DOI: 10.1111/bioe.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this article, I offer historical, jurisprudential, and moral analyses of racial eugenics campaigns against African American, Native American, and Hispanic American women. I argue that African American, Native American, and Hispanic American women were sterilized at a time in US history when doctors working for/with the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, the Indian Health Service, and Medicaid engaged in forced and coerced sterilizations with impunity. As a result, Black and Brown women did not have equal protection of the laws nor unimpeded access to the courts. Therefore, they had few options for protecting themselves from harm or redressing their grievances against the state. For these reasons, I conclude that African American, Native American, and Hispanic American women who were sterilized without their knowledge or consent by doctors working for public health agencies ought to be awarded reparations by the United States Congress. Additionally, I conclude that federal prosecutors and the American Medical Association ought to bring criminal charges and professional sanctions against the doctors and healthcare workers involved. Finally, I conclude that medical professionals ought to engage in a nationwide effort to reconcile people in Black and Brown communities with the healthcare community in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Smaw
- Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida, USA
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Orlando, Florida, USA
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18
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Marian MI, Barth KM, Oprea MI. Responses to Offense at Work and the Impact of Hierarchical Status: The Fault of the Leader, Causal Attributions, and Social Support During the Covid-19 Pandemic Crisis. Front Psychol 2021; 12:734703. [PMID: 34899475 PMCID: PMC8661119 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.734703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The study explores the mechanism by which unadapted causal attributions and the perception of social support stimulate revenge and reconciliation at the social and professional level in the context of the current pandemic. In particular, the purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between the accused, the victim and offender status and the search for revenge or reconciliation following a personal offense. To test the suggested research model, we analyzed the data collected by 167 (m = 28.52; SD = 8.98) employees in different organizations using a multifactorial experimental design. The results support the influence of attributional predictions in forming revenge and reconciliation and show that they are involved in the decision to carry out revenge, but especially in the way the employee interprets the trigger situation. In conclusion, the revenge is based on a negative attributional mechanism that produces the greatest deficit of adaptation to the situation and a weakening of the perception of social support, while reconciliation seems to be based on a much more complex socio-occupational mechanism. Leaders should pay attention to organizational communication during a crisis as they could encourage hopelessness depression. Adjusting crisis communication is crucial to ensuring job satisfaction that could mitigate negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mihai Ionut Oprea
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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19
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Abstract
Victims commonly respond to experienced wrongdoing by punishing or forgiving the transgressor. While much research has looked at predictors and immediate consequences of these post-transgression responses, comparably less research has addressed the conditions under which punishment or forgiveness have positive or negative downstream consequences on the victim-transgressor relationship. Drawing from research on Social Value Orientation (SVO), we argue that both forgiveness and punishment can be rooted in either prosocial (i.e., relationship- or other-oriented), individualistic (i.e., self-oriented), or competitive (i.e., harm-oriented) motives pursued by the victim. Furthermore, we posit that downstream consequences of forgiveness and punishment crucially depend on how the transgressor interprets the victim's response. The novel motive-attribution framework presented here highlights the importance of alignment between a victim's motives and a transgressor's motive attributions underlying post-transgression responses. This framework thus contributes to a better understanding of positive and negative dynamics following post-transgression interactions.
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20
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Wen X, Li Q, Mao H, Wen X, Chen N. An Improved Slice Reconciliation Protocol for Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution. Entropy (Basel) 2021; 23:e23101317. [PMID: 34682041 PMCID: PMC8534703 DOI: 10.3390/e23101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reconciliation is an essential procedure for continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD). As the most commonly used reconciliation protocol in short-distance CV-QKD, the slice error correction (SEC) allows a system to distill more than 1 bit from each pulse. However, the quantization efficiency is greatly affected by the noisy channel with a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which usually limits the secure distance to about 30 km. In this paper, an improved SEC protocol, named Rotated-SEC (RSEC), is proposed through performing a random orthogonal rotation on the raw data before quantization, and deducing a new estimator for the quantized sequences. Moreover, the RSEC protocol is implemented with polar codes. The experimental results show that the proposed protocol can reach up to a quantization efficiency of about 99%, and maintain at around 96% even at the relatively low SNRs (0.5,1), which theoretically extends the secure distance to about 45 km. When implemented with the polar codes with a block length of 16 Mb, the RSEC achieved a reconciliation efficiency of above 95%, which outperforms all previous SEC schemes. In terms of finite-size effects, we achieved a secret key rate of 7.83×10-3 bits/pulse at a distance of 33.93 km (the corresponding SNR value is 1). These results indicate that the proposed protocol significantly improves the performance of SEC and is a competitive reconciliation scheme for the CV-QKD system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wen
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China; (X.W.); (H.M.)
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China; (X.W.); (H.M.)
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Haokun Mao
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China; (X.W.); (H.M.)
| | - Xiaojun Wen
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Nan Chen
- School of Foreign Languages, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China;
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21
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Villanueva-Bueno C, Escudero-Vilaplana V, Collado-Borrell R, Giménez-Manzorro Á, Ribed A, Marzal-Alfaro B, Revuelta-Herrero JL, Gonzalez-Haba E, Herranz A, Sanjurjo M. Medication guide for the perioperative management of oral antineoplastic agents in cancer patients. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 21:107-119. [PMID: 34357828 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1965990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral antineoplastic agents (OAAs) are high-risk drugs that may increase the risk of bleeding, difficulty in wound healing, or produce alterations in coagulation and/or platelet aggregation. These aspects had to be highly considered throughout the entire perioperative process. Our aim was to create a comprehensive management medication guide based on reconciliation and dose adjustment recommendations for OAAs in patients undergoing a surgical intervention. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed all OAAs approved by the EMA in November 2020. We assessed data related to dose adjustment, drug reconciliation, coagulation disturbances, or anticoagulant interactions from the FDA and EMA summary of product characteristics. RESULTS We analyzed 67 OAAs. We identified that 51 (76.2%) OAAs can produce alteration in the platelet count, 12 (17.9%) affect the wound healing and recovery process, and 32 (47.8%) require control and monitoring in case of combination with anticoagulants. Only 13 (19.4%) OAAs, most of them antiangiogenics, have specific recommendations for temporary suspension before surgery. CONCLUSIONS Most OAAs require perioperative monitoring. This review can serve as an easy (simple, effective) tool to help healthcare professionals involved in patient care to manage OAAs during the perioperative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Villanueva-Bueno
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Escudero-Vilaplana
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Collado-Borrell
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Giménez-Manzorro
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Ribed
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Marzal-Alfaro
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Revuelta-Herrero
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Gonzalez-Haba
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Herranz
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Sanjurjo
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
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22
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Rupcic S. Mens Daemonica: Guilt, Justice, and the Occult in South Africa. Comp Stud Soc Hist 2021; 63:599-624. [PMID: 35548479 PMCID: PMC9090196 DOI: 10.1017/s0010417521000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In winter 2014, the town of Thohoyandou, South Africa was gripped with panic after a series of rapes and murders. In this area, notorious for its occult specialists and witchcraft, stories began to circulate attributing the violence to demonic forces. These stories were given credence by the young man who was charged with these crimes. In his testimony, he confirmed that he was possessed by evil forces. Taking this story as a point of departure, this article provides an empirical account of the ambivalent ways state sites of criminal justice grapple with the occult in South Africa. Drawing on twenty-two months of ethnographic fieldwork, I describe how spirit possession is not easily reconciled with legal methods of parsing criminal liability in courtrooms. And yet, when imprisoned people are paroled, the state entertains the possibility of bewitchment in public ceremonies of reconciliation. Abstracting from local stories about the occult, this article proposes mens daemonica ("demonic mind") to describe this state of hijacked selfhood and as an alternative to the mens rea ("criminal mind") observed in criminal law. While the latter seeks the cause of wrongdoing in the authentic will of the autonomous, self-governing subject, mens daemonica describes a putatively extra-legal idea of captured volition that implicates a vast and ultimately unknowable range of others and objects in what only appears to be a singular act of wrongdoing. This way of reckoning culpability has the potential to inspire new approaches to justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Rupcic
- Population Studies and Training Center Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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23
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Paszek J, Markin A, Górecki P, Eulenstein O. Taming the Duplication-Loss-Coalescence Model with Integer Linear Programming. J Comput Biol 2021; 28:758-773. [PMID: 34125600 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2021.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The duplication-loss-coalescence (DLC) parsimony model is invaluable for analyzing the complex scenarios of concurrent duplication loss and deep coalescence events in the evolution of gene families. However, inferring such scenarios for already moderately sized families is prohibitive owing to the computational complexity involved. To overcome this stringent limitation, we make the first step by describing a flexible integer linear programming (ILP) formulation for inferring DLC evolutionary scenarios. Then, to make the DLC model more scalable, we introduce four sensibly constrained versions of the model and describe modified versions of our ILP formulation reflecting these constraints. Our simulation studies showcase that our constrained ILP formulations compute evolutionary scenarios that are substantially larger than scenarios computable under our original ILP formulation and the original dynamic programming algorithm by Wu et al. Furthermore, scenarios computed under our constrained DLC models are remarkably accurate compared with corresponding scenarios under the original DLC model, which we also confirm in an empirical study with thousands of gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Paszek
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Alexey Markin
- Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Paweł Górecki
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Oliver Eulenstein
- Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Macaraan WER. The sacrament of confession during Covid-19 pandemic. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 43:e531-e532. [PMID: 34080622 PMCID: PMC8194966 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has drastically changed the way of life where measures and strategies to adapt and adopt have become normative. In a recent correspondence, the author explores the adaptation of the Last Rites within the pandemic. On this note, the paper explores another sacrament that has also adapted and has adopted new ways to deal with a strong restriction against in-person meetups and gatherings. The sacrament of Confession provides a venue for people to seek healing and counseling. While face-to-face and confessional confessions are still disallowed, the Church has found ways to adapt the sacrament within the context of the pandemic.
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Frey KS, Onyewuenyi AC, Hymel S, Gill R, Pearson CR. Honor, face, and dignity norm endorsement among diverse North American adolescents: Development of a Social Norms Survey. Int J Behav Dev 2021; 45:256-268. [PMID: 33953454 DOI: 10.1177/0165025420949690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article examined the psychometric properties and validity of a new self-report instrument for assessing the social norms that coordinate social relations and define self-worth within three normative systems. A survey that assesses endorsement of honor, face, and dignity norms was evaluated in ethnically diverse adolescent samples in the U.S. (Study 1a) and Canada (Study 2). The internal structure of the survey was consistent with the conceptual framework, but only the honor and face scales were reliable. Honor endorsement was linked to self-reported retaliation, less conciliatory behavior, and high perceived threat. Face endorsement was related to anger suppression, more conciliatory behavior, and, in the U.S., low perceived threat. Study 1b examined identity-relevant emotions and appraisals experienced after retaliation and after calming a victimized peer. Honor norm endorsement predicted pride following revenge, while face endorsement predicted high shame. Adolescents who endorsed honor norms thought that only avenging their peer had been helpful and consistent with the role of good friend, while those who endorsed face norms thought only calming a victimized peer was helpful and indicative of a good friend. Implications for adolescent welfare are discussed.
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26
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Morel B, Kozlov AM, Stamatakis A, Szöllősi GJ. GeneRax: A Tool for Species-Tree-Aware Maximum Likelihood-Based Gene Family Tree Inference under Gene Duplication, Transfer, and Loss. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:2763-2774. [PMID: 32502238 PMCID: PMC8312565 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inferring phylogenetic trees for individual homologous gene families is difficult because
alignments are often too short, and thus contain insufficient signal, while substitution
models inevitably fail to capture the complexity of the evolutionary processes. To
overcome these challenges, species-tree-aware methods also leverage information from a
putative species tree. However, only few methods are available that implement a full
likelihood framework or account for horizontal gene transfers. Furthermore, these methods
often require expensive data preprocessing (e.g., computing bootstrap trees) and rely on
approximations and heuristics that limit the degree of tree space exploration. Here, we
present GeneRax, the first maximum likelihood species-tree-aware phylogenetic inference
software. It simultaneously accounts for substitutions at the sequence level as well as
gene level events, such as duplication, transfer, and loss relying on established maximum
likelihood optimization algorithms. GeneRax can infer rooted phylogenetic trees for
multiple gene families, directly from the per-gene sequence alignments and a rooted, yet
undated, species tree. We show that compared with competing tools, on simulated data
GeneRax infers trees that are the closest to the true tree in 90% of the simulations in
terms of relative Robinson–Foulds distance. On empirical data sets, GeneRax is the fastest
among all tested methods when starting from aligned sequences, and it infers trees with
the highest likelihood score, based on our model. GeneRax completed tree inferences and
reconciliations for 1,099 Cyanobacteria families in 8 min on 512 CPU cores. Thus, its
parallelization scheme enables large-scale analyses. GeneRax is available under GNU GPL at
https://github.com/BenoitMorel/GeneRax (last accessed June 17, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Morel
- Computational Molecular Evolution Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexey M Kozlov
- Computational Molecular Evolution Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandros Stamatakis
- Computational Molecular Evolution Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gergely J Szöllősi
- ELTE-MTA "Lendület" Evolutionary Genomics Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Biological Physics, Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary.,Evolutionary Systems Research Group, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary
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Gottschalk S, Neubert L, König HH, Brettschneider C. Balancing care demands and personal needs: A typology on the reconciliation of informal dementia care with personal life based on narrative interviews. Dementia (London) 2021; 20:2689-2707. [PMID: 33847550 PMCID: PMC8670745 DOI: 10.1177/14713012211008306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Finding a balance between care and personal needs is often challenging for individuals caring for a person with dementia. The present study aimed to understand how primary and secondary family carers of people with dementia perceive the reconciliation of informal care and their personal life throughout the course of care. Narrative interviews with 14 carers (n=10 female, mean age: 48.79) from seven care networks were conducted. The interviews were analysed using the documentary method. The result was a relational type formation which comprises different process types: ‘Respect your boundaries, stay calm, but plan ahead’, ‘Acting strategic is making it work’, ‘Reflect the situation, deal with it, and pull it through’ and ‘There is no alternative, you have to live with it’. This typology was based on two related dimensions: the way people negotiate their own needs against the demands of care (prospective, strategic, reflective and limited) and the resulting attitudes towards reconciling informal care and personal life (accepting, withstanding and enduring). The results yield implications for practice, such as considering individual needs and the care network to provide effective support and promoting the importance of self-care behaviours to achieve a balance between care and personal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gottschalk
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, 37734University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, Germany
| | - Lydia Neubert
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, 37734University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, Germany
| | - Hans-Helmut König
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, 37734University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, Germany
| | - Christian Brettschneider
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, 37734University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, Germany
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28
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Lizama-Pérez LA, López R JM, Samperio EH. Beyond the Limits of Shannon's Information in Quantum Key Distribution. Entropy (Basel) 2021; 23:229. [PMID: 33669196 DOI: 10.3390/e23020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a new post-processing method for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) that raises cubically the secret key rate in the number of double matching detection events. In Shannon’s communication model, information is prepared at Alice’s side, and it is then intended to pass it over a noisy channel. In our approach, secret bits do not rely in Alice’s transmitted quantum bits but in Bob’s basis measurement choices. Therefore, measured bits are publicly revealed, while bases selections remain secret. Our method implements sifting, reconciliation, and amplification in a unique process, and it just requires a round iteration; no redundancy bits are sent, and there is no limit in the correctable error percentage. Moreover, this method can be implemented as a post-processing software into QKD technologies already in use.
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29
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Prieto-Ursúa M. Is It Possible to Forgive Child Sexual Abuse? Front Psychol 2021; 11:619597. [PMID: 33551932 PMCID: PMC7859423 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.619597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- María Prieto-Ursúa
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Pontificia Comillas de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Marla SS, Mishra P, Maurya R, Singh M, Wankhede DP, Kumar A, Yadav MC, Subbarao N, Singh SK, Kumar R. Refinement of Draft Genome Assemblies of Pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan). Front Genet 2020; 11:607432. [PMID: 33384719 PMCID: PMC7770131 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.607432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome assembly of short reads from large plant genomes remains a challenge in computational biology despite major developments in next generation sequencing. Of late several draft assemblies have been reported in sequenced plant genomes. The reported draft genome assemblies of Cajanus cajan have different levels of genome completeness, a large number of repeats, gaps, and segmental duplications. Draft assemblies with portions of genome missing are shorter than the referenced original genome. These assemblies come with low map accuracy affecting further functional annotation and the prediction of gene components as desired by crop researchers. Genome coverage, i.e., the number of sequenced raw reads mapped onto a certain location of the genome is an important quality indicator of completeness and assembly quality in draft assemblies. The present work aimed to improve the coverage in reported de novo sequenced draft genomes (GCA_000340665.1 and GCA_000230855.2) of pigeonpea, a legume widely cultivated in India. The two recently sequenced assemblies, A1 and A2 comprised 72% and 75% of the estimated coverage of the genome, respectively. We employed an assembly reconciliation approach to compare the draft assemblies and merge them, filling the gaps by employing an algorithm size sorting mate-pair library to generate a high quality and near complete assembly with enhanced contiguity. The majority of gaps present within scaffolds were filled with right-sized mate-pair reads. The improved assembly reduced the number of gaps than those reported in draft assemblies resulting in an improved genome coverage of 82.4%. Map accuracy of the improved assembly was evaluated using various quality metrics and for the presence of specific trait-related functional genes. Employed pair-end and mate-pair local libraries helped us to reduce gaps, repeats, and other sequence errors resulting in lengthier scaffolds compared to the two draft assemblies. We reported the prediction of putative host resistance genes against Fusarium wilt disease by their performance and evaluated them both in wet laboratory and field phenotypic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma S. Marla
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Pallavi Mishra
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjeet Maurya
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohar Singh
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Anil Kumar
- Directorate of Education, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, India
| | - Mahesh C. Yadav
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - N. Subbarao
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev K. Singh
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
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Watanabe S, Laurent SM. Volition Speaks Louder Than Action: Offender Atonement, Forgivability, and Victim Valuation in the Minds of Perceivers. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2020; 47:1020-1036. [PMID: 32900279 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220953996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
On hearing of others' offenses, people frequently intervene to encourage offenders to correct their wrongs. However, externally imposed reconciliatory behaviors may not effectively convince outside observers that offenders value victims' welfare and deserve forgiveness. Four studies examined meta-judgments of victim valuation and offender forgivability when restitution was initiated voluntarily versus externally coerced. The same compensatory actions produced greater perceived valuation/forgivability when atonement was voluntary versus court-ordered (Experiment 1). Across multiple harm/measure types, voluntary (vs. imposed) atonement consistently yielded greater valuation/forgivability, but differences between imposed and no-atonement conditions were not captured using indirect valuation measures (Experiments 2-3). Experiment 3 also showed that voluntary (vs. imposed) atonement positively influenced perceivers' inferences about their own valuation. In Experiment 4, observers perceived greater valuation/forgivability when restitution was made voluntarily rather than imposed by an intervener or requested by the victim. These studies highlight that beyond their compensatory acts, offenders' volition to atone influences third-party evaluations.
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32
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Komiya A, Ozono H, Watabe M, Miyamoto Y, Ohtsubo Y, Oishi S. Socio-Ecological Hypothesis of Reconciliation: Cultural, Individual, and Situational Variations in Willingness to Accept Apology or Compensation. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1761. [PMID: 32793075 PMCID: PMC7390922 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of the present research is to examine socio-ecological hypothesis on apology and compensation. Specifically, we conducted four studies to test the idea that an apology is an effective means to induce reconciliation in a residentially stable community, whereas compensation is an effective means in a residentially mobile community. In Studies 1, 2a, and 2b, American and Japanese participants (national difference in mobility; Study 1) or non-movers and movers (within-nation difference in mobility; Studies 2a and 2b) imagined the situations in which they were hurt by their friends and rated to what extent they would be willing to maintain their friendships upon receipt of apology or compensation. The results showed that compensation was more effective in appeasing residentially mobile people (i.e., Americans and movers) than stable people (i.e., Japanese and non-movers), while apology was slightly more effective appeasing residentially stable people than residentially mobile people (significant in Study 1; not significant in Studies 2a and 2b). In Study 3, by conducting an economics game experiment, we directly tested the hypothesis that mobility would impair the effectiveness of apology and enhance the effectiveness of compensation. The results again partially supported our hypothesis: In the high mobility condition, compensation increased one's willingness to continue the relationship with the offender, when compared to willingness in the low mobility condition. The importance of socio-ecological perspective on the forgiveness literature is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Komiya
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ozono
- Faculty of Law, Economics, and Humanities, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Motoki Watabe
- School of Business, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Yuri Miyamoto
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yohsuke Ohtsubo
- Graduate School of Humanities, Department of Psychology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Oishi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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33
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Li M, Leidner B, Petrović N, Prelic N. Close or Distant Past? The Role of Temporal Distance in Responses to Intergroup Violence From Victim and Perpetrator Perspectives. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2020; 47:657-672. [PMID: 32741254 PMCID: PMC7961862 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220945890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In two different intergroup contexts, three studies investigated the role of temporal distance in responses to intergroup violence from both victim and perpetrator perspectives. In the context of the conflict between Serbs and Bosniaks, Study 1 showed that whereas increased subjective temporal distance predicted less support for justice-restoring efforts and less outgroup empathy among the perpetrator group (Serbs), it predicted more conciliatory, pro-outgroup attitudes among the victim group (Bosniaks). Furthermore, Bosniaks perceived the war as temporally closer than did Serbs. In the context of the U.S.–Iran conflict, Study 2 provided a partial conceptual replication of Study 1 and demonstrated that ingroup glorification motivated more temporal distancing among perpetrators and less temporal distancing among victims. Study 3 further established the causal effects of temporal distance on intergroup outcomes, and that these effects were moderated by glorification. Implications for post-conflict peacebuilding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Li
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA.,Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Germany
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34
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Wenzel M, Woodyatt L, Okimoto TG, Worthington EL. Dynamics of Moral Repair: Forgiveness, Self-Forgiveness, and the Restoration of Value Consensus as Interdependent Processes. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2020; 47:607-626. [PMID: 32674663 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220937551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most psychological research has investigated victims' forgiveness and offenders' self-forgiveness separately, ignoring interactive and dynamic processes between them. We suggest that both parties are interdependent in their attempts to revalidate the values violated by the wrongdoing. In the present study, both partners of close relationships dyads (including 164 complete couples) were surveyed over three time-points following the report of a wrongdoing by one of the partners. Latent growth modeling showed that victims' forgiveness was associated with growth in their perception of a value consensus with the offender. Victims' value consensus perception was associated with growth in offenders' perception of value consensus and engagement in genuine self-forgiveness (working through). However, directly, forgiveness was associated with decline in offenders' genuine self-forgiveness, while offenders' self-punitiveness was associated with decline in victims' forgiveness. The findings highlight the regulatory function of victim forgiveness and the pivotal role of restoring value consensus in interactive moral repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wenzel
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lydia Woodyatt
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tyler G Okimoto
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, South Australia, Australia
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35
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Jansen L, Maina G, Horsburgh B, Kumaran M, Mcharo K, Laliberte G, Kappel J, Bullin CA. Co-Developed Indigenous Educational Materials for Chronic Kidney Disease: A Scoping Review. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2020; 7:2054358120916394. [PMID: 32426147 PMCID: PMC7218329 DOI: 10.1177/2054358120916394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canadian Indigenous populations experience significantly more chronic kidney disease (CKD) than the general population. Indigenous people who live in rural and remote areas may also have difficulty accessing both information and care for their CKD. Informed decision making about treatment options for advancing kidney disease may be delayed, which can result in poor health outcomes and decreased quality of life. Moreover, Indigenous people may experience marginalization within Western health care systems. OBJECTIVE The objective of this scoping review is to identify culturally appropriate and co-developed Indigenous educational tools that will ultimately support CKD learning and end-stage kidney treatment decision making. DESIGN Scoping Review. SETTING Databases included Embase, CINAHL, Medline (OVID), ERIC, and the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technology Gray Matters. STUDY PARTICIPANTS Community-based Indigenous patients, families, health care workers, and community members. METHODS We systematically reviewed the literature to explore the availability of co-developed Indigenous educational tools and material for CKD treatment options. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were reviewed independently by 2 reviewers with disagreements resolved through a third. All aspects of this project, including searching the databases were done in consultation with an Indigenous Elder. RESULTS Only one retrieved article identified a comprehensive CKD tool co-developed by researchers, health care providers, and an Indigenous community. Three themes emerged from the scoping review that may inform characteristics of co-developed tools: cultural appropriateness; appraisal of utility and effectiveness and; content informed by co-development of traditional and Western chronic disease knowledge. LIMITATIONS Consistent with scoping review methodology, the methodological quality of included studies was not assessed. In addition, it was difficult to synthesize the findings from the research and gray literature. CONCLUSION Little is known about the co-development of Indigenous educational tools for CKD. Further in-depth understanding is required about how to best engage with Indigenous communities, specifically to co-develop contextualized CKD tools that are acceptable to Indigenous people.Trial registration: Not applicable as this review described secondary data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Jansen
- College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Prince Albert, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Maina
- College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Prince Albert, Canada
| | - Beth Horsburgh
- College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Maha Kumaran
- Education Library, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Kasha Mcharo
- College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Joanne Kappel
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Carol Ann Bullin
- College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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36
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Wenzel M, Woodyatt L, McLean B. The effects of moral/social identity threats and affirmations on psychological defensiveness following wrongdoing. Br J Soc Psychol 2020; 59:1062-1081. [PMID: 32259296 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Defensive responses to transgressions can have a negative impact on decision-making within government and organizations, on relationships, and even an individual's well-being. Transgressors who are defensive are less likely to acknowledge or appreciate the extent of harm caused, and their responsibility in having contributed to it or in helping to repair it. It is therefore important to understand what situational factors increase or reduce defensiveness and, thus, offer solutions for those trying to foster responsibility-taking by individuals in relationships, organizations, and society. This paper presents two studies exploring what underpins defensive responses in the context of transgressions. In Study 1 (N = 202), participants recalled an interpersonal transgression, and in Study 2 (N = 143), omnivorous participants watched a guilt-eliciting documentary about meat production practices. Both studies demonstrate that defensiveness increases in response to social/moral threat. Further, Study 2 demonstrates that this defensiveness can be reduced by addressing the underlying threat to social/moral identity via value affirmation, encouraging moral engagement, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wenzel
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lydia Woodyatt
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ben McLean
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Abstract
As pharmacy schools across Canada and North America work towards authentic and meaningful curriculum and learning opportunities in Indigenous health and cultural safety, the conversation of “why” we need to do this has become clearer, but the task of “how” we do this remains challenging. This curricular transformation can be increasingly more complex to navigate as a non-Indigenous ally and pharmacy educator. Defining your role as an ally is deeply personal and critically important, as it can transform based on the collaborative work undertaken with Indigenous partners and communities. The purpose of this article is to share perspectives gained over years of experience and practical applications of allyship through the lens of three key separate, but interconnected concepts – indigenization, decolonization, and reconciliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Leung
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia
| | - Jason Min
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia
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38
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Marla SS, Mishra P, Maurya R, Singh M, Wankhede DP, Kumar A, Yadav MC, Subbarao N, Singh SK, Kumar R. Refinement of Draft Genome Assemblies of Pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan). Front Genet 2020. [PMID: 33384719 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.10.243949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome assembly of short reads from large plant genomes remains a challenge in computational biology despite major developments in next generation sequencing. Of late several draft assemblies have been reported in sequenced plant genomes. The reported draft genome assemblies of Cajanus cajan have different levels of genome completeness, a large number of repeats, gaps, and segmental duplications. Draft assemblies with portions of genome missing are shorter than the referenced original genome. These assemblies come with low map accuracy affecting further functional annotation and the prediction of gene components as desired by crop researchers. Genome coverage, i.e., the number of sequenced raw reads mapped onto a certain location of the genome is an important quality indicator of completeness and assembly quality in draft assemblies. The present work aimed to improve the coverage in reported de novo sequenced draft genomes (GCA_000340665.1 and GCA_000230855.2) of pigeonpea, a legume widely cultivated in India. The two recently sequenced assemblies, A1 and A2 comprised 72% and 75% of the estimated coverage of the genome, respectively. We employed an assembly reconciliation approach to compare the draft assemblies and merge them, filling the gaps by employing an algorithm size sorting mate-pair library to generate a high quality and near complete assembly with enhanced contiguity. The majority of gaps present within scaffolds were filled with right-sized mate-pair reads. The improved assembly reduced the number of gaps than those reported in draft assemblies resulting in an improved genome coverage of 82.4%. Map accuracy of the improved assembly was evaluated using various quality metrics and for the presence of specific trait-related functional genes. Employed pair-end and mate-pair local libraries helped us to reduce gaps, repeats, and other sequence errors resulting in lengthier scaffolds compared to the two draft assemblies. We reported the prediction of putative host resistance genes against Fusarium wilt disease by their performance and evaluated them both in wet laboratory and field phenotypic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma S Marla
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Pallavi Mishra
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjeet Maurya
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohar Singh
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Anil Kumar
- Directorate of Education, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, India
| | - Mahesh C Yadav
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - N Subbarao
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev K Singh
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
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39
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Stammel N, Heinzl L, Heeke C, Böttche M, Knaevelsrud C. Association Between Prolonged Grief and Attitudes Toward Reconciliation in Bereaved Survivors of the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:644. [PMID: 32754059 PMCID: PMC7366248 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia, about a quarter of the population died, resulting in many individuals losing close relatives. Still today, many individuals are suffering from the psychological consequences of these losses, which might also affect the process of reconciliation within the Cambodian society. The aim of this paper is therefore to investigate the association between symptoms of prolonged grief and attitudes toward reconciliation. METHODS A sample of 775 survivors of the Khmer Rouge regime who lost relatives during the conflict were interviewed about their losses and traumatic events, prolonged grief (PG; Complicated Grief Assessment Self-Report, CGA-SR), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version) and attitudes toward reconciliation (Readiness to Reconcile Inventory, RRI). RESULTS A higher symptom severity of PG was significantly associated with readiness to reconcile even when controlling for other relevant variables (β = -0.22; p <.001). Persons who met caseness criteria for PG were significantly less ready to reconcile, t(773) = 5.47, p <.001, than persons who did not meet caseness for PG. CONCLUSION PG seems to be a relevant mental health correlate of attitudes toward reconciliation. The results of the current study underline the importance of also considering PG with regard to the reconciliation process in Cambodia and possibly also in other post-conflict regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Stammel
- Department of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Research Department, CENTER ÜEBERLEBEN, Berlin, Germany
| | - Louisa Heinzl
- Department of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carina Heeke
- Department of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Böttche
- Department of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Research Department, CENTER ÜEBERLEBEN, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Knaevelsrud
- Department of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Cordoni G, Palagi E. Back to the Future: A Glance Over Wolf Social Behavior to Understand Dog-Human Relationship. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110991. [PMID: 31752164 PMCID: PMC6912837 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Wolves, the ancestors of dogs, are one of the most cooperative canine species. This cooperative propensity derives from the fact that each subject needs other group members to obtain resources and increase survival. The pack functions as a unit in which each individual collaborates in territory defence, hunting, and rearing of offspring. For this reason, even though a clear hierarchy exists among wolves, subordinates can provide help to dominants to obtain social tolerance in a sort of commodity exchange. Wolves can make peace after aggression, console victims of a conflict, and calm down the aggressors. This set of behaviors, also called post-conflict strategies, requires a social attentiveness towards others’ emotional state and the ability to coordinate appropriate reactions. Adult wolves also play. They engage in play fighting, which strongly resembles real fighting, by finely modulating their motor actions and quickly interpreting playmates’ intentions, thus maintaining the non-serious playful mood. All these cognitive and social skills were a fertile ground for the artificial selection operated by humans to redirect the cooperative propensity of wolves towards dog–human affective relationship. Abstract This review focuses on wolf sociobiology to delineate the traits of cooperative baggage driven by natural selection (wolf-wolf cooperation) and better understand the changes obtained by artificial selection (dog-human cooperation). We selected some behaviors of the dog’s ancestors that provide the basis for the expression of a cooperative society, such as dominance relationships, leverage power, post-aggressive strategies, and playful dynamics between pack members. When possible, we tried to compare the data on wolves with those coming from the dog literature. Wolves can negotiate commodities when the interacting subjects occupy different ranking positions by bargaining social tolerance with helping and support. They are able to manage group disruption by engaging in sophisticated post-conflict maneuvers, thus restoring the relationship between the opponents and reducing the spreading of aggression in the group. Wolves engage in social play also as adults to manipulate social relationships. They are able to flexibly adjust their playful interactions to minimize the risk of escalation. Complex cognitive abilities and communicative skills are probably the main proximate causes for the evolution of inter-specific cooperation in wolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Cordoni
- Natural History Museum, University of Pisa, Via Roma 79, 56011 Calci, Pisa, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Palagi
- Natural History Museum, University of Pisa, Via Roma 79, 56011 Calci, Pisa, Italy;
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Volta 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
This paper2 provides a snapshot of the mental health situation in South Sudan between 2013 and 2016, taking account of the personal reflections of both authors who were engaged in mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS)3 programming in the country at this time.4 It begins by presenting an overview of MHPSS activities from this period, including governmental and non-governmental organisation (NGO) services, and relevant research and coordination mechanisms. It goes on to illustrate the challenges to the provision of support, as well as the overarching structural, governance, and human resource constraints faced by the sector. Finally, recommendations are put forward for improving services and care for people suffering from psychosocial and mental health issues, as well as suggestions for areas of focus in the future. The importance of an integrated, community-based model is emphasised, and opportunities for organisations engaged in reconciliation efforts and mental health service provision to collaborate are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Goldsmith
- Former Country Coordinator Dutch Consortium for Rehabilitation, Save the Children, South Sudan
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42
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Lines J, Lewis P. Accuracy of Antiretroviral Prescribing in a Community Teaching Hospital: A Medication Use Evaluation. J Pharm Pract 2019; 34:103-109. [PMID: 31256704 DOI: 10.1177/0897190019857842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medication errors account for nearly 250 000 deaths in the United States annually, with approximately 60% of errors occurring during transitions of care. Previous studies demonstrated that almost 80% of participants with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have experienced a medication error related to their antiretroviral therapy (ART). OBJECTIVE This retrospective chart review examines propensity and type of ART-related errors and further seeks to identify risk factors associated with higher error rates. METHODS Participants were identified as hospitalized adults ≥18 years old with preexisting HIV diagnosis receiving home ART from July 2015 to June 2017. Medication error categories included delays in therapy, dosing errors, scheduling conflicts, and miscellaneous errors. Logistic regression was used to examine risk factors for medication errors. RESULTS Mean age was 49 years, 76.5% were men, and 72.1% used hospital-supplied medication. For the primary outcome, 60.3% (41/68) of participants had at least 1 error, with 31.3% attributed to delays in therapy. Logistic regression demonstrated multiple tablet regimens (odds ratio [OR]: 3.40, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22-9.48, P = .019) and serum creatinine (SCr) ≥1.5 mg/dL (OR: 8.87, 95% CI: 1.07-73.45, P = .043) were predictive for risk of medication errors. Regimens with significant drug-drug interactions (eg, cobicistat-containing regimens) were not significantly associated with increased risk of medication errors. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE ART-related medication error rates remain prevalent and exceeded 60%. Independent risk factors for medication errors include use of multiple tablet regimens and SCr ≥1.5 mg/dL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Lines
- Department of Pharmacy, 24851Johnson City Medical Center, Johnson City, TN, USA.,4154East Tennessee State University Physicians Infectious Diseases Clinic, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Paul Lewis
- Department of Pharmacy, 24851Johnson City Medical Center, Johnson City, TN, USA
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Abstract
Conflict narratives are cornerstones of group identity, but often facilitate violence by framing the group's actions in ways that foster defensive forms of group identification (i.e., glorification). Three experiments tested whether alternative narratives inclusive of the ingroup's and the adversarial group's suffering can reduce glorification. Israeli Jews (Study 1) and Americans (Study 2) reported less glorification after reading inclusive narratives rather than narratives that dismiss the outgroup's suffering. Study 3 found that through reducing glorification, inclusive narratives indirectly weakened support for retributive justice and militaristic policies and strengthened support for reconciliation. These effects were specific to people high in both (preexisting) glorification and attachment-people identified by prior research as the strongest supporters of violent approaches to conflict. These findings suggest that alternative narratives can reduce glorification by challenging the myopic focus of traditional conflict narratives on ingroup victimization, helping societies move beyond intractable conflict toward lasting peace.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Levi Adelman
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA.,Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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44
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Clouston TJ. Pearls of wisdom: using the single case study or 'gem' to identify strategies for mediating stress and work-life imbalance in healthcare staff. J Res Nurs 2019; 24:61-72. [PMID: 34394507 DOI: 10.1177/1744987118809506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The growing levels of stress and work-life imbalance reported in contemporary health and social care arenas in the UK can be linked to the neoliberal principles driving performance and intensification in the workforce. These pressures are an area of concern in terms of staff health and wellbeing and the impact of these on the care and compassion of patients/service users. Aims This paper reports on a single case study that was part of a wider interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) that aimed to explore the levels of stress and work-life imbalance experienced by occupational therapists working in health and social-care sectors in Wales in the UK. Methods Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used as both an approach and tool of analysis. The use of the single case study and gem as a tool in IPA to pique interest and promote further investigation is also explicated. Results Identified four key strategies that underpinned an approach to mediating stress and work-life balance for staff in the workplace. These were: a sense of choice and autonomy over workloads and decision-making; congruence with family values; supportive workplace attitudes and expectations of others; and finally, that the ability to reconcile conflicts i.e. integrate or harmonise them with personal values, as opposed to holding a sense of compromise marked by concession or loss, can address cognitive and emotional dissonance. Conclusions The existing constructs to support the health and wellbeing of staff in health and social-care settings are ineffective. These strategies offer tools to address this and successfully promote a sense of personal integrity and meaning in life. In turn, this can achieve and sustain a more resilient workforce providing the positive energy needed to be caring and compassionate in their practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teena J Clouston
- Reader in Occupational Therapy, Life Balance and Wellbeing, School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales
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45
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Morgan J, Coe RR, Lesueur R, Kenny R, Price R, Makela N, Birch PH. Indigenous Peoples and genomics: Starting a conversation. J Genet Couns 2018; 28:407-418. [PMID: 30629780 PMCID: PMC7379939 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Compared to European ancestral groups, Indigenous Canadians are more likely to have uninterpretable genome-wide sequencing results due to non-representation in reference databases. We began a conversation with Indigenous Canadians to raise awareness and give voice to this issue. We co-created a video explaining genomic non-representation that included diverse Indigenous view-points. We audio-recorded the focus groups including 30 First Nations, Métis, and Inuit individuals living in Greater Vancouver. After watching an introductory video explaining genomic testing, participants discussed issues surrounding collecting Indigenous genomic data, its control, and usage. Transcripts were analyzed, and participants' quotes representing main themes were incorporated into the introductory video. Indigenous participants discussed data interpretation and gave approval for quote usage. The 20 participants who provided feedback concurred with the thematic interpretation: Systemic racism interlaced most conversations, particularly within the theme of trust. Themes of governance emphasized privacy and fear of discrimination. Some participants thought a separate, Indigenous-controlled database was essential; others recognized advantages of international databases. The theme of implementation included creative ideas to collect Indigenous genomes, but prior approval from Indigenous leaders was emphasized. The final video (https://youtu.be/-wivIBDjoi8) was shared with participants to use as they wish to promote awareness and ongoing discussion of genomic diagnostic inequity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Morgan
- Indigenous Health Program, BC Women's and Children's Hospitals, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rachel R Coe
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rochelle Lesueur
- Indigenous Health Program, BC Women's and Children's Hospitals, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ruth Kenny
- Indigenous Health Program, BC Women's and Children's Hospitals, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Roberta Price
- Indigenous Health Program, BC Women's and Children's Hospitals, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nancy Makela
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Patricia H Birch
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Otake Y. Community Resilience and Long-Term Impacts of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Northern Rwanda. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:E94. [PMID: 30356006 PMCID: PMC6313522 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, discussions have considered how mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) can build upon local resilience in war-affected settings. To contribute to the knowledge in this field, the paper explored the gap between MHPSS and local communities in terms of perceived mental health problems and healing processes, and how the gap could be filled. Qualitative research was conducted in northern Rwanda with 43 participants between 2015 and 2016. Findings revealed how three particular gaps can isolate MHPSS recipients in their local community. First, whereas MHPSS applies bio-psychological frameworks to post-genocide mental health, community conceptualisations emphasise social aspects of suffering. Second, unlike MHPSS which encourages 'talking' about trauma, 'practicing' mutual support plays a major role in the community healing process. Third, MHPSS focuses on one part of the community (those who share the same background) and facilitates their healing in intervention groups. However, healing in natural communities continues in everyday life, through mutual support among different people. Despite these gaps, MHPSS recipients can be (re)integrated into the community through sharing suffering narratives and sharing life with other community members. The paper highlights the ways in which MHPSS could inclusively support different social groups in the overall geographical community, allowing members to preserve the existing reciprocity and recover collective life through their own initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Otake
- School of Anthropology & Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6PE, UK.
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.
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47
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Campos DA, Pereira EC, Jardim R, Cuadrat RRC, Bernardes JS, Dávila AMR. Homology Inference Based on a Reconciliation Approach for the Comparative Genomics of Protozoa. Evol Bioinform Online 2018; 14:1176934318785138. [PMID: 30034216 PMCID: PMC6048835 DOI: 10.1177/1176934318785138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoa parasites are responsible for several diseases in tropical countries, such as malaria, sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, amebiasis, and giardiasis, which together threaten millions of people around the world. In addition, most of the classic parasitic diseases due to protozoa are zoonotic. Understanding the biology of these organisms plays a relevant role in combating these diseases. Using homology inference and comparative genomics, this study targeted 3 protozoan species from different Phyla: Cryptosporidium muris (Apicomplexa), Entamoeba invadens (Amoebozoa), and Trypanosoma grayi (Euglenozoa). In this study, we propose a new approach for the identification of homologs, based on the reconciliation of the results of 2 different homology inference software programs. Our results showed that 46.1% (59/128) of the groups inferred by our reconciliation approach could be validated using this methodology. These validated groups are here called homologous Supergroups and were compared with SUPERFAMILY and Pfam Clans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darueck A Campos
- Acre Federal Institute of Education,
Science and Technology, Rio Branco, Brazil
- Computational and Systems Biology
Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisa C Pereira
- Computational and Systems Biology
Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Jardim
- Computational and Systems Biology
Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael RC Cuadrat
- Computational and Systems Biology
Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Bioinformatics core facility, Max Planck
Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Juliana S Bernardes
- Biologie Computationnelle et
Quantitative, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Alberto MR Dávila
- Computational and Systems Biology
Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Cafazzo S, Marshall-Pescini S, Lazzaroni M, Virányi Z, Range F. The effect of domestication on post-conflict management: wolves reconcile while dogs avoid each other. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:171553. [PMID: 30109041 PMCID: PMC6083655 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly cooperative social species are expected to engage in frequent reconciliation following conflicts in order to maintain pack cohesiveness and preserve future cooperation. By contrast, in social species with low reliance on cooperation, reconciliation is expected to be less frequent. Here, we investigate the pattern of reconciliation in four captive wolf packs and four captive dog packs. We provide evidence for reconciliation in captive wolves, which are highly dependent on cooperation between pack members, while domestic dogs, which rely on conspecific cooperation less than wolves, avoided interacting with their partners after conflicts. Occurrence, intensity, latency, duration and initiation of wolf reconciliations appeared to vary as a consequence of a compromise between the costs (e.g. risk of further aggression) and the benefits (e.g. restoring relationship with opponents) of such interactions. Our results are in line with previous findings on various wolf packs living under different social and ecological conditions, suggesting that reconciliation is an important strategy for maintaining functional relationships and pack cohesiveness. However, current results on dogs are in contrast to the only other study showing that reconciliation can occur also in this species. Therefore, the occurrence of reconciliation in dogs may be influenced by social and environmental conditions more than in wolves. Which factors promote and modulate reconciliation in dogs needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cafazzo
- Wolf Science Center, Domestication Lab, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Marshall-Pescini
- Wolf Science Center, Domestication Lab, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Lazzaroni
- Wolf Science Center, Domestication Lab, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zsófia Virányi
- Wolf Science Center, Domestication Lab, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friederike Range
- Wolf Science Center, Domestication Lab, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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49
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Mashuri A, van Leeuwen E, van Vugt M. Remember your crimes: How an appeal to ingroup wrongdoings fosters reconciliation in separatist conflict. Br J Soc Psychol 2018; 57:815-833. [PMID: 29923254 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of appeals to ingroup wrongdoings, as opposed to ingroup rightdoings, on reconciliation between groups in a real-world conflict. We conducted an experiment in Indonesia, where separatist conflict in the province West Papua is currently unresolved. Participants were a sample of Javanese residents (N = 502), representing the majority group in Indonesia. Compared to ingroup rightdoings, being reminded of ingroup wrongdoings significantly increased participants' sense of perpetratorhood. These feelings of being a perpetrator in turn fostered participants' reconciliatory attitudes towards the separatist group. These findings reveal that an appeal to ingroup wrongdoings can be effective in promoting intergroup reconciliation. In addition to theoretical implications, we discuss practical implications in terms of highlighting the importance of acknowledging ingroup wrongdoings as part of an intervention programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mashuri
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Social and Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Esther van Leeuwen
- Department of Social and Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Mark van Vugt
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Shane
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA .,Clinical Pharmacy, UCSF School of Pharmacy, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kallie Amer
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lydia Noh
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Donna Luong
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Steve Simons
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.,UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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