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Hardarson JP, Gudmundsdottir B, Valdimarsdottir AG, Gudmundsdottir K, Tryggvadottir A, Thorarinsdottir K, Wessman I, Davidsdottir S, Tomasson G, Holmes EA, Thorisdottir AS, Bjornsson AS. Appraisals of Social Trauma and Their Role in the Development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:577. [PMID: 37504024 PMCID: PMC10376637 DOI: 10.3390/bs13070577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive theories of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) feature appraisal of trauma as a critical factor in the development and maintenance of the disorder. Here we explored appraisals of social trauma (severe rejection or humiliation). Participants were outpatients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and clinically significant PTSD symptoms (PTSS) after social trauma (n = 15); two clinical control groups of either SAD (n = 32) or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; n = 13); and a control group with no diagnoses (n = 38). Measures included a clinical interview to assess social trauma and related open-ended appraisals and the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI). Raters blind to group assignment performed content analyses of appraisals. Results showed that the PTSS group scored significantly higher than either clinical group on the PTCI SELF subscale. Only the SELF subscale predicted a diagnosis of both PTSS and SAD. All but one PTSS participant reported primarily negative beliefs about their social trauma, and the most common categories were flawed self and others are critical or cruel. Post-traumatic appraisals implicated in the course of PTSD are significant in how individuals respond to social trauma, with negative self-cognitions linked to both PTSS and SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Berglind Gudmundsdottir
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland
- Department of Mental Health Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | - Inga Wessman
- Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Soley Davidsdottir
- Icelandic Center for Treatment of Anxiety Disorders, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Gunnar Tomasson
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Emily A Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Andri S Bjornsson
- Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present the relational dimension of trauma according to Sándor Ferenczi, illustrating it by using the testimonial material produced during the analysis of Maryan S. Maryan, a visual artist, survivor of Auschwitz. Furthermore, a few formulations are proposed on being witness to traumatic experiences in psychoanalytic practice, as well as what can be considered as ethics and politics in psychoanalysis when facing situations of social trauma and violence.
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Kezar S, Shroyer M, Doyle-Meyers L, Gilbert M, Russell-Lodrigue K. Tracheal trauma in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). J Med Primatol 2021; 51:45-48. [PMID: 34693542 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tracheal disruption is a previously unreported complication of nonhuman primate social trauma. Two cases were identified in rhesus macaques with subcutaneous emphysema. These cases resolved with medical management and demonstrate that the combined use of radiography and tracheoscopy allows rapid assessment and diagnosis of tracheal trauma in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kezar
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Monica Shroyer
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lara Doyle-Meyers
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Margaret Gilbert
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kasi Russell-Lodrigue
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
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Vergara RJD. Social trauma as a contributory factor in Filipino's vaccine hesitancy. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 43:e745-e746. [PMID: 33837432 PMCID: PMC8083390 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite of the Government's effort to persuade the public to participate in its vaccination program against COVID-19, vaccine hesitancy remains to be a big challenge in the Philippines. While various efforts were undertaken to promote the safety and efficacy of vaccines against COVID-19, it is imperative that the Philippine government considers social traumas as a factor in vaccine hesitancy. This study proposes Judith Herman's stages of trauma recovery as a possible framework that could be utilize by the government in its drive to increase public trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond John D Vergara
- Institute of Arts, Sciences, and Teacher Education, Mabalacat City College, Mabalacat City 2010, Philippines
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Veronese G, Dhaouadi Y, Afana A. Rethinking sense of coherence: Perceptions of comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness in a group of Palestinian health care providers operating in the West Bank and Israel. Transcult Psychiatry 2021; 58:38-51. [PMID: 32847440 DOI: 10.1177/1363461520941386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Drawing on a salutogenic perspective, we explored sense of coherence (SOC) in a group of Palestinian mental health care providers living and working in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories (West Bank). Specifically, we conducted a qualitative exploration of the cultural characteristics of SOC and its components (comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness) in two groups of Palestinian Muslim helpers. We found that context-specific features of SOC can mobilize generalized resistance resources for coping with traumatic and stressful experiences, even in an environment characterized by political instability, military violence, and social trauma. Ten main themes emerged from the thematic content analysis: acceptance, reacting to adversity, acknowledging human insecurity (comprehensibility), self-control, talking to family, education as a resource for survival, connecting to the severity of the event, responsibility as a source of control (manageability), religiosity, and sense of belonging (meaningfulness). The Islamic faith, as expressed through the concepts of Sumud and Taslim, seemed to permeate individuals' ability to attribute meaning to historical and transgenerational trauma, as well as to their ongoing traumatic conditions, thus acting as their ultimate source of health and wellbeing. A holistic, spiritual, and collectivist outlook helped respondents to approach their lives with optimism. We discuss the implications for mental health care providers and future research directions.
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Zamperini A, Menegatto M, Mostacchi M, Barbagallo S, Testoni I. Loss of Close Relationships and Loss of Religious Belonging as Cumulative Ostracism: From Social Death to Social Resurrection. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:bs10060099. [PMID: 32531961 PMCID: PMC7349362 DOI: 10.3390/bs10060099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ostracism is a negative experience that has been studied primarily in laboratory settings. This study extends current research by investigating ostracism in daily life, analyzing the transition from social death to social resurrection of Catholic partners who suffered ostracism both in the couple (with the consequent divorce) and in the religious community they belong to (ban from religious practices). Therefore, we introduce the notion of ‘cumulative ostracism’. Method: Data are composed of the biographical narratives of n = 25 participants in a religious experience group in a period of 7 months. A narrative analysis was used within the framework of the temporal need–threat model. Results: Participants’ narratives are consistent with the temporal need–threat model. The ostracism experience, both in the couple and in the religious group, is characterized by the sequence: immediate stage, coping stage and resignation stage. Moreover, the cumulative ostracism suffered by the participants presents an analogy with the cumulative trauma that occurs in intra-family abuse. Social resurrection occurs through the encounter with a new religious group that allows ostracized people to experience a Catholic religious affiliation again. Conclusions: Our findings reflect the existing theory and add to the existing laboratory research by capturing ostracism-unique dynamics in real life.
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Abstract
Unlike other European countries, at the turn of the 20th century, Hungary ensured complete legal and religious equality for Jews living in the country. As a result, they became strongly assimilated and identified themselves as Hungarian. Leading up to and during WWII, there was a gradual and steady deterioration of those legal and religious conditions, and the "betrayal" and persecution of Jews caused unspeakable trauma all over the world. After the defeat of the Nazis, only a small number of Holocaust survivors returned to their home country; the majority emigrated. This study provides a psychoanalytical analysis of the changes in Hungarian survivors' psychic realities and the construction of their new identities, depending on the survival strategy they chose. The hypothesis is that the rebuilding of the demolished identity and the level of trauma elaboration depend on whether this process was done at the place of the trauma or in a different society. The study uses psychoanalytic and social psychology literature to follow the impacts of the emigration process, to draw conclusions and apply them to trauma elaboration after the Holocaust.
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Abstract
Trauma-informed approaches emerged partly in response to research demonstrating that trauma is widespread across society, that it is highly correlated with mental health and that this is a costly public health issue. The fundamental shift in providing support using a trauma-informed approach is to move from thinking ‘What is wrong with you?’ to considering ‘What happened to you?’. This article, authored by trauma survivors and service providers, describes trauma-informed approaches to mental healthcare, why they are needed and how barriers can be overcome so that they can be implemented as an organisational change process. It also describes how past trauma can be understood as the cause of mental distress for many service users, how service users can be retraumatised by ‘trauma-uninformed’ staff and how staff can experience vicariously the service user's trauma and can themselves be traumatised by practices such as restraint and seclusion. Trauma-informed mental healthcare offers opportunities to improve service users' experiences, improve working environments for staff, increase job satisfaction and reduce stress levels by improving the relationships between staff and patients through greater understanding, respect and trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sweeney
- Trauma survivor and researcher. She has worked in mental health research since 2001, and has a particular interest in perinatal mental health and trauma-informed approaches (TIA). Her current research is aimed at understanding and improving assessment processes for talking therapies
| | - Beth Filson
- US-based writer and trainer in TIA. She works with diverse groups to integrate TIA in policy and practice. She also contributes to the development of Intentional Peer Support and peer support alternatives to the psychiatric system. Her early experience of multiple hospital admissions informs her work
| | - Angela Kennedy
- Clinical psychologist who has worked in the NHS since 1990. She is trauma informed care lead for a large Mental Health Trust and is mental health lead for the North of England Clinical Network. Her focus is applying clinical knowledge to system-wide change, including compassion-focused cultures and leadership
| | - Lucie Collinson
- Public health specialty registrar on the London training scheme and NIHR Academic Clinical Fellow at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. She has worked as a doctor in the NHS and overseas and has experience in health services research
| | - Steve Gillard
- Reader in social and community mental health. His current research focuses on the increasing role played by people with lived experience in producing the services that they use - the development of more distributed forms of mental health practice
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Abstract
There are intergenerational secrets and unprocessed experiences that very often don't have a voice or an image associated with them but loom in our minds nonetheless. What haunts are not the dead, but the gaps left within us by the secrets of others. This paper will look at the conflict that occurs when unspoken events and memories of one generation haunt the next one. It is my contention that the second-generation survivors of trauma can be deeply affected by something that did not directly happen to them. Utilizing my own personal narrative I will examine how being the daughter of a woman who escaped the Holocaust, and her silence about those events affected my personal development and later my work with patients. I will also explore the unspoken secret that a patient's mother kept from her, paralleling the writer's mother's secret.
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Abstract
This paper offers arguments to justify the relevance of psychoanalysis-psychoanalyses-in present-day Argentina and reflects on the stance taken by psychoanalysts with different theoretical perspectives in the face of the havoc wreaked by state terror (1976-1983). To this end, the author focuses on the pioneers' traits, the significance of the Argentine Psychoanalytic Association in the 1950s and 1960s, and the impact of the departure of the Plataforma Group in 1971. The establishment of the latter opened the way for the development of a psychoanalysis tied to popular movements, sensitive to social conflict, and close to human rights organizations. The author explores both on psychoanalysts' intervention to address the social trauma resulting from the theft of babies during the dictatorship, and on their relationship with Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo.
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Abstract
Using extensive quotation, the author reviews the introduction and current state of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy in China from the vantage point of recent publications in English. Psychoanalysis was briefly introduced to China before the Communist era, then forbidden, and has experienced an accelerated reintroduction since the late 1980s. The author briefly summarizes the cultural and historical background of China relevant to the introduction of psychoanalysis, the traumatic history of China, and the deep structure of thought and philosophical differences from Western culture that challenge a simple imposition of psychoanalytic ideas and practice, and some psychological effects of rapid cultural change throughout China. Training programs in China, the general enthusiasm for analysis among the Chinese, and a number of notable contributions by Western and Chinese authors are discussed. Also surveyed are the use of distance technology for training and treatment, the personal experience of Chinese senior and junior colleagues, and ongoing challenges to the continuing growth of psychoanalysis and analytic psychotherapy in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Scharff
- Editor of the journal Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy in China..
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Chowdhury S. Injuries in marginal workers and social trauma in female: Important cause of the paradigm shift in eye injury over a decade. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2015; 19:36-43. [PMID: 26023270 PMCID: PMC4446937 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5278.157006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changing profile of work force can give rise different types of injuries. PURPOSE To analyse causative factors (Host-Agent-Event) in ocular trauma over last 15 years. METHODS Hospital based prospective study during 1997-2012. Detailed information on nature of trauma; agent and setting were recorded. RESULTS Cohort included 12365 eye injuries, 1241 serious cases. Prevalence - 0.45 /10000 Mean age 45.8 with bi- modal pattern of incidence, 3:1 male-female ratio. 80% closed globe, 48% workplace injury (90% in marginal labourers with an exponential annual increase). 10% cases from garage mechanics.60% of eye injuries in female were related to "social violence". Multivariate analysis has detected new causative agents. CONCLUSION Significant change in parameters of trauma (Host-Agent-Event) is resulting in paradigm shift in eye injury. Unorganised unaccustomed labour in workplace injury and "social trauma" in females has become an important cause of eye injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Chowdhury
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bokaro General Hospital, Steel Authority of India Limited, Bokaro Steel City, Jharkhand, India
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