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Hamaya Y, Suzuki A, Suzuki Y, Tsuchihara K, Yamashita R. Classification and characterization of alternative promoters in 26 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2022; 53:97-104. [PMID: 36465011 PMCID: PMC9885743 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyac175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide landscape of alternative promoter use remains unknown. We determined expression profiles of promoters in 26 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines using the transcriptional start site-sequencing data and proposed an index 'canonical promoter usage' to quantify the diversity of alternative promoter usage. METHODS Transcriptional start site-sequencing and other datasets were obtained from the DataBase of Transcriptional Start Sites. Transcriptional start site-sequencing read clusters were mapped onto RefGene to determine the promoters. Commonly used promoters were designated as canonical promoters. The sequence logos, CpG islands, DNA methylation and histone modifications of canonical and non-canonical promoters were examined. Canonical promoter usage was calculated by dividing 'read counts of a canonical promoter' by 'read counts of all the units of promoters' on each gene. The expressed genes were subjected to hierarchical clustering according to their canonical promoter usage. RESULTS Among 104 455 promoters for 14 297 genes, 8659 canonical and 68 197 non-canonical promoters were identified. Corresponding to higher expression, canonical promoters showed core promoter sequences, higher CpG island positivity, less DNA methylation and higher transcription-promoting histone modifications. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that the clusters with lower canonical promoter usage were related to signalling pathways, whereas clusters of tightly regulated genes with higher canonical promoter usage were related to housekeeping genes. CONCLUSION Canonical promoters were regulated by conventional transcriptional machinery, while non-canonical promoters would be targets of 'leaky' expression. Further investigation is warranted to analyse the correlation between alternative promoter usage and biological characteristics contributing to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamato Hamaya
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan,Division of Translational Informatics, National Cancer Center, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsuya Tsuchihara
- For reprints and all correspondence: Riu Yamashita, Division of Translational Informatics, National Cancer Center, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan. E-mail: ; Katsuya Tsuchihara, Division of Translational Informatics, National Cancer Center, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan. E-mail:
| | - Riu Yamashita
- For reprints and all correspondence: Riu Yamashita, Division of Translational Informatics, National Cancer Center, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan. E-mail: ; Katsuya Tsuchihara, Division of Translational Informatics, National Cancer Center, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan. E-mail:
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2
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Zhang X, He D, Xiang Y, Wang C, Liang B, Li B, Qi D, Deng Q, Yu H, Lu Z, Zheng F. DYSF promotes monocyte activation in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease as a DNA methylation-driven gene. Transl Res 2022; 247:19-38. [PMID: 35460889 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dysferlin (DYSF) has drawn much attention due to its involvement in dysferlinopathy and was reported to affect monocyte functions in recent studies. However, the role of DYSF in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) and the regulation mechanism of DYSF expression have not been fully studied. In this study, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) literatures were searched to find the DNA methylation-driven genes (including DYSF) of ASCVD. The hub genes related to DYSF were also identified through weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). Regulation of DYSF expression through its promoter methylation status was verified using peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) from ASCVD patients and normal controls, and experiments on THP1 cells and Apoe-/- mice. Similarly, the expressions of DYSF related hub genes, mainly contained SELL, STAT3 and TMX1, were also validated. DYSF functions were then evaluated by phagocytosis, transwell and adhesion assays in DYSF knock-down and overexpressed THP1 cells. The results showed that DYSF promoter hypermethylation up-regulated its expression in clinical samples, THP1 cells and Apoe-/- mice, confirming DYSF as a DNA methylation-driven gene. The combination of DYSF expression and methylation status in PBLs had a considerable prediction value for ASCVD. Besides, DYSF could enhance the phagocytosis, migration and adhesion ability of THP1 cells. Among DYSF related hub genes, SELL was proven to be the downstream target of DYSF by wet experiments. In conclusion, DYSF promoter hypermethylation upregulated its expression and promoted monocytes activation, which further participated in the pathogenesis of ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Zhang
- Center for Gene Diagnosis and Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dingdong He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Center for Gene Diagnosis and Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Center for Gene Diagnosis and Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Center for Gene Diagnosis and Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Center for Gene Diagnosis and Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Boyu Li
- Center for Gene Diagnosis and Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Daoxi Qi
- Center for Gene Diagnosis and Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qianyun Deng
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhibing Lu
- Institute of Myocardial Injury and Repair, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Center for Gene Diagnosis and Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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3
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Busche T, Dostálová H, Rucká L, Holátko J, Barvík I, Štěpánek V, Pátek M, Kalinowski J. Overlapping SigH and SigE sigma factor regulons in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1059649. [PMID: 36925999 PMCID: PMC10012870 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1059649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The sigma H (σΗ) and sigma E (σE) subunits of Corynebacterium glutamicum RNA polymerase belong to Group 4 of sigma factors, also called extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors. Genes of the C. glutamicum σΗ regulon that are involved in heat and oxidative stress response have already been defined, whereas the genes of the σE regulon, which is involved in cell surface stress response, have not been explored until now. Using the C. glutamicum RES167 strain and its derivative C. glutamicum ΔcseE with a deletion in the anti-σΕ gene, differential gene expression was analyzed by RNA sequencing. We found 296 upregulated and 398 downregulated genes in C. glutamicum ΔcseE compared to C. glutamicum RES167. To confirm the functional link between σΕ and the corresponding promoters, we tested selected promoters using the in vivo two-plasmid system with gfpuv as a reporter gene and by in vitro transcription. Analyses with RNAP+σΗ and RNAP+σΕ, which were previously shown to recognize similar promoters, proved that the σΗ and σE regulons significantly overlap. The σE-controlled genes were found to be involved for example in protein quality control (dnaK, dnaJ2, clpB, and clpC), the regulation of Clp proteases (clgR), and membrane integrity maintenance. The single-promoter analyses with σΗ and σΕ revealed that there are two groups of promoters: those which are exclusively σΗ-specific, and the other group of promoters, which are σΗ/σE-dependent. No exclusively σE-dependent promoter was detected. We defined the consensus sequences of exclusively σΗ-regulated promotors to be -35 GGAAt and - 10 GTT and σΗ/σE-regulated promoters to be -35 GGAAC and - 10 cGTT. Fifteen genes were found to belong to the σΗ/σΕ regulon. Homology modeling showed that there is a specific interaction between Met170 in σΗ and the nucleotides -31 and - 30 within the non-coding strand (AT or CT) of the σΗ-dependent promoters. In σE, Arg185 was found to interact with the nucleotides GA at the same positions in the σE-dependent promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Busche
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Medical School East Westphalia-Lippe, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hana Dostálová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Rucká
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Holátko
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
| | - Ivan Barvík
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Václav Štěpánek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Pátek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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4
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Toyoda K, Manganelli R, Pátek M. Editorial: Role of Sigma Factors of RNA Polymerase in Bacterial Physiology. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:633740. [PMID: 33841360 PMCID: PMC8032927 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.633740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Toyoda
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Miroslav Pátek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
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5
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Nishimura A, Nasuno R, Yoshikawa Y, Jung M, Ida T, Matsunaga T, Morita M, Takagi H, Motohashi H, Akaike T. Mitochondrial cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase is expressed via alternative transcriptional initiation regulated by energy metabolism in yeast cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13781-13788. [PMID: 31350340 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotes typically utilize two distinct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase isoforms, one for cytosolic and one for mitochondrial protein synthesis. However, the genome of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) contains only one cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase gene (YNL247W, also known as CRS1). In this study, we report that CRS1 encodes both cytosolic and mitochondrial isoforms. The 5' complementary DNA end method and GFP reporter gene analyses indicated that yeast CRS1 expression yields two classes of mRNAs through alternative transcription starts: a long mRNA containing a mitochondrial targeting sequence and a short mRNA lacking this targeting sequence. We found that the mitochondrial Crs1 is the product of translation from the first initiation AUG codon on the long mRNA, whereas the cytosolic Crs1 is produced from the second in-frame AUG codon on the short mRNA. Genetic analysis and a ChIP assay revealed that the transcription factor heme activator protein (Hap) complex, which is involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, determines the transcription start sites of the CRS1 gene. We also noted that Hap complex-dependent initiation is regulated according to the needs of mitochondrial energy production. The results of our study indicate energy-dependent initiation of alternative transcription of CRS1 that results in production of two Crs1 isoforms, a finding that suggests Crs1's potential involvement in mitochondrial energy metabolism in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nishimura
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryo Nasuno
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Minkyung Jung
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matsunaga
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masanobu Morita
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hozumi Motohashi
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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6
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Cattin ME, Deeke SA, Dick SA, Verret-Borsos ZJA, Tennakoon G, Gupta R, Mak E, Roeske CL, Weldrick JJ, Megeney LA, Burgon PG. Expression of murine muscle-enriched A-type lamin-interacting protein (MLIP) is regulated by tissue-specific alternative transcription start sites. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19761-19770. [PMID: 30389785 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle-enriched lamin-interacting protein (Mlip) is an alternatively spliced gene whose splicing specificity is dictated by tissue type. MLIP is most abundantly expressed in brain, cardiac, and skeletal muscle. In the present study, we systematically mapped the transcriptional start and stop sites of murine Mlip Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) of Mlip transcripts from the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle revealed two transcriptional start sites (TSSs), exon 1a and exon 1b, and only one transcriptional termination site. RT-PCR analysis of the usage of the two identified TSSs revealed that the heart utilizes only exon 1a for MLIP expression, whereas the brain exclusively uses exon 1b TSS. Loss of Mlip exon 1a in mice resulted in a 7-fold increase in the prevalence of centralized nuclei in muscle fibers with the Mlip exon1a-deficient satellite cells on single fibers exhibiting a significant delay in commitment to a MYOD-positive phenotype. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the A-type lamin-binding domain in MLIP is encoded in exon 1a, indicating that MLIP isoforms generated with exon 1b TSS lack the A-type lamin-binding domain. Collectively these findings suggest that Mlip tissue-specific expression and alternative splicing play a critical role in determining MLIP's functions in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Elodie Cattin
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Shelley A Deeke
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada.,Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and
| | - Sarah A Dick
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and.,Regenerative Medicine Program, Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada, and
| | | | - Gayashan Tennakoon
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Rishi Gupta
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Esther Mak
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Cassandra L Roeske
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Jonathan J Weldrick
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada.,Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and
| | - Lynn A Megeney
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and.,Regenerative Medicine Program, Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada, and.,Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Patrick G Burgon
- From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada, .,Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and.,Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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7
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Liao Z, Kjellin J, Hoeppner MP, Grabherr M, Söderbom F. Global characterization of the Dicer-like protein DrnB roles in miRNA biogenesis in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. RNA Biol 2018; 15:937-954. [PMID: 29966484 PMCID: PMC6161686 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2018.1481697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro (mi)RNAs regulate gene expression in many eukaryotic organisms where they control diverse biological processes. Their biogenesis, from primary transcripts to mature miRNAs, have been extensively characterized in animals and plants, showing distinct differences between these phylogenetically distant groups of organisms. However, comparably little is known about miRNA biogenesis in organisms whose evolutionary position is placed in between plants and animals and/or in unicellular organisms. Here, we investigate miRNA maturation in the unicellular amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, belonging to Amoebozoa, which branched out after plants but before animals. High-throughput sequencing of small RNAs and poly(A)-selected RNAs demonstrated that the Dicer-like protein DrnB is required, and essentially specific, for global miRNA maturation in D. discoideum. Our RNA-seq data also showed that longer miRNA transcripts, generally preceded by a T-rich putative promoter motif, accumulate in a drnB knock-out strain. For two model miRNAs we defined the transcriptional start sites (TSSs) of primary (pri)-miRNAs and showed that they carry the RNA polymerase II specific m7G-cap. The generation of the 3ʹ-ends of these pri-miRNAs differs, with pri-mir-1177 reading into the downstream gene, and pri-mir-1176 displaying a distinct end. This 3´-end is processed to shorter intermediates, stabilized in DrnB-depleted cells, of which some carry a short oligo(A)-tail. Furthermore, we identified 10 new miRNAs, all DrnB dependent and developmentally regulated. Thus, the miRNA machinery in D. discoideum shares features with both plants and animals, which is in agreement with its evolutionary position and perhaps also an adaptation to its complex lifestyle: unicellular growth and multicellular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liao
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Jonas Kjellin
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Marc P Hoeppner
- b Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden.,c Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology , Kiel , Germany
| | - Manfred Grabherr
- b Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Fredrik Söderbom
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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8
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Li X, Mei H, Chen F, Tang Q, Yu Z, Cao X, Andongma BT, Chou SH, He J. Transcriptome Landscape of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2505. [PMID: 29326668 PMCID: PMC5741613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 has been widely used as a model organism in mycobacterial research, yet a detailed study about its transcription landscape remains to be established. Here we report the transcriptome, expression profiles and transcriptional structures through growth-phase-dependent RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) as well as other related experiments. We found: (1) 2,139 transcriptional start sites (TSSs) in the genome-wide scale, of which eight samples were randomly selected and further verified by 5′-RACE; (2) 2,233 independent monocistronic or polycistronic mRNAs in the transcriptome within the operon/sub-operon structures which are classified into five groups; (3) 47.50% (1016/2139) genes were transcribed into leaderless mRNAs, with the TSSs of 41.3% (883/2139) mRNAs overlapping with the first base of the annotated start codon. Initial amino acids of MSMEG_4921 and MSMEG_6422 proteins were identified by Edman degradation, indicating the presence of distinctive widespread leaderless features in M. smegmatis mc2155. (4) 150 genes with potentially wrong structural annotation, of which 124 proposed genes have been corrected; (5) eight highly active promoters, with their activities further determined by β-galactosidase assays. These data integrated the transcriptional landscape to genome information of model organism mc2155 and lay a solid foundation for further works in Mycobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaoqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Binda T Andongma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- Institute of Biochemistry and NCHU Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jin He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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9
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Teino I, Matvere A, Kuuse S, Ingerpuu S, Maimets T, Kristjuhan A, Tiido T. Transcriptional repression of the Ahr gene by LHCGR signaling in preovulatory granulosa cells is controlled by chromatin accessibility. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:292-301. [PMID: 24145128 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in establishing the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) in normophysiology have discovered its fundamental role, amongst others, in female reproduction. Considering previous studies suggesting the hormonal modulation of Ahr, we aimed to investigate whether in murine granulosa cells (GCs) the gonadotropins regulate Ahr expression and how this is mechanistically implemented. We found that the FSH-like substance--pregnant mare serum gonadotropin--led to stimulation of Ahr expression. More importantly hCG produced relatively rapid reduction of Ahr mRNA in GCs of preovulatory follicles. We show for the first time that LHCGR signaling in regulating the Ahr message involves protein kinase A pathway and is attributable to decreased transcription rate. Finally, we found that Ahr promoter accessibility was decreased by hCG, implicating chromatin remodeling in Ahr gene regulation by LH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrek Teino
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Antti Matvere
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sulev Kuuse
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sulev Ingerpuu
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toivo Maimets
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arnold Kristjuhan
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tarmo Tiido
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia.
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10
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Castellano JM, Wright H, Ojeda SR, Lomniczi A. An alternative transcription start site yields estrogen-unresponsive Kiss1 mRNA transcripts in the hypothalamus of prepubertal female rats. Neuroendocrinology 2014; 99:94-107. [PMID: 24686008 PMCID: PMC4111975 DOI: 10.1159/000362280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the Kiss1 gene in the control of reproductive development is well documented. However, much less is known about the transcriptional regulation of Kiss1 expression in the hypothalamus. Critical for these studies is an accurate identification of the site(s) where Kiss1 transcription is initiated. Employing 5'-RACE PCR, we detected a transcription start site (TSS1) used by the hypothalamus of rats, mice, nonhuman primates and humans to initiate Kiss1 transcription. In rodents, an exon 1 encoding 5'-untranslated sequences is followed by an alternatively spliced second exon, which encodes 5'-untranslated regions of two different lengths and contains the translation initiation codon (ATG). In nonhuman primates and humans, exon 2 is not alternatively spliced. Surprisingly, in rat mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), but not preoptic area (POA), an additional TSS (TSS2) located upstream from TSS1 generates an exon 1 longer (377 bp) than the TSS1-derived exon 1 (98 bp). The content of TSS1-derived transcripts increased at puberty in the POA and MBH of female rats. It also increased in the MBH after ovariectomy, and this change was prevented by estrogen. In contrast, no such changes in TSS2-derived transcript abundance were detected. Promoter assays showed that the proximal TSS1 promoter is much more active than the putative TSS2 promoter, and that only the TSS1 promoter is regulated by estrogen. These differences appear to be related to the presence of a TATA box and binding sites for transcription factors activating transcription and interacting with estrogen receptor-α in the TSS1, but not TSS2, promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Castellano
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center-Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oreg., USA
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11
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Cavalcanti JHF, Oliveira GM, Saraiva KDDC, Torquato JPP, Maia IG, de Melo DF, Costa JH. Identification of duplicated and stress-inducible Aox2b gene co-expressed with Aox1 in species of the Medicago genus reveals a regulation linked to gene rearrangement in leguminous genomes. J Plant Physiol 2013; 170:1609-19. [PMID: 23891563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, alternative oxidase (Aox) is encoded by 3-5 genes distributed in 2 subfamilies (Aox1 and Aox2). In several species only Aox1 is reported as a stress-responsive gene, but in the leguminous Vigna unguiculata Aox2b is also induced by stress. In this work we investigated the Aox genes from two leguminous species of the Medicago genus (Medicago sativa and Medicago truncatula) which present one Aox1, one Aox2a and an Aox2b duplication (named here Aox2b1 and Aox2b2). Expression analyses by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in M. sativa revealed that Aox1, Aox2b1 and Aox2b2 transcripts increased during seed germination. Similar analyses in leaves and roots under different treatments (SA, PEG, H2O2 and cysteine) revealed that these genes are also induced by stress, but with peculiar spatio-temporal differences. Aox1 and Aox2b1 showed basal levels of expression under control conditions and were induced by stress in leaves and roots. Aox2b2 presented a dual behavior, i.e., it was expressed only under stress conditions in leaves, and showed basal expression levels in roots that were induced by stress. Moreover, Aox2a was expressed at higher levels in leaves and during seed germination than in roots and appeared to be not responsive to stress. The Aox expression profiles obtained from a M. truncatula microarray dataset also revealed a stress-induced co-expression of Aox1, Aox2b1 and Aox2b2 in leaves and roots. These results reinforce the stress-inducible co-expression of Aox1/Aox2b in some leguminous plants. Comparative genomic analysis indicates that this regulation is linked to Aox1/Aox2b proximity in the genome as a result of the gene rearrangement that occurred in some leguminous plants during evolution. The differential expression of Aox2b1/2b2 suggests that a second gene has been originated by recent gene duplication with neofunctionalization.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Plant/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Gene Rearrangement/genetics
- Genes, Duplicate/genetics
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Genome, Plant/genetics
- Germination/genetics
- Medicago/drug effects
- Medicago/enzymology
- Medicago/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology
- Plant Leaves/enzymology
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Roots/enzymology
- Plant Roots/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological/drug effects
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
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12
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Zhang S, Lian Y, Liu Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Wang G. Characterization of a maize Wip1 promoter in transgenic plants. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:23872-92. [PMID: 24322445 PMCID: PMC3876083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141223872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Maize Wip1 gene encodes a wound-induced Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) protein which is a type of serine protease inhibitor, and its expression is induced by wounding or infection, conferring resistance against pathogens and pests. In this study, the maize Wip1 promoter was isolated and its function was analyzed. Different truncated Wip1 promoters were fused upstream of the GUS reporter gene and transformed into Arabidopsis, tobacco and rice plants. We found that (1) several truncated maize Wip1 promoters led to strong GUS activities in both transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco leaves, whereas low GUS activity was detected in transgenic rice leaves; (2) the Wip1 promoter was not wound-induced in transgenic tobacco leaves, but was induced by wounding in transgenic rice leaves; (3) the truncated Wip1 promoter had different activity in different organs of transgenic tobacco plants; (4) the transgenic plant leaves containing different truncated Wip1 promoters had low GUS transcripts, even though high GUS protein level and GUS activities were observed; (5) there was one transcription start site of Wip1 gene in maize and two transcription start sites of GUS in Wip1::GUS transgenic lines; (6) the adjacent 35S promoter which is present in the transformation vectors enhanced the activity of the truncated Wip1 promoters in transgenic tobacco leaves, but did not influence the disability of truncated Wip1231 promoter to respond to wounding signals. We speculate that an ACAAAA hexamer, several CAA trimers and several elements similar to ACAATTAC octamer in the 5'-untranslated region might contribute to the strong GUS activity in Wip1231 transgenic lines, meanwhile, compared to the 5'-untranslated region from Wip1231 transgenic lines, the additional upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in the 5'-untranslated region from Wip1737 transgenic lines might contribute to the lower level of GUS transcript and GUS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxue Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing 100081, China; E-Mails: (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Yun Lian
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China; E-Mail:
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing 100081, China; E-Mails: (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing 100081, China; E-Mails: (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Yunjun Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing 100081, China; E-Mails: (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Guoying Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing 100081, China; E-Mails: (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
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13
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Su S, Omiecinski CJ. Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors regulate the basal expression of human microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1) through interaction with the E1b far upstream promoter. Gene 2013; 536:135-44. [PMID: 24315822 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH, EPHX1) is a critical biotransformation enzyme, catalyzing the metabolism of many xenobiotics. Human mEH is transcribed using alternative promoters. The upstream E1 promoter is active in liver while the far upstream E1b promoter drives the expression of mEH in all tissues, including liver. Although several liver-specific transcription factors have been identified in the regulation of E1 transcription, little is known regarding the mechanisms of E1b transcriptional regulation. Genome-wide mapping of DNase I hypersensitive sites revealed an open chromatin region between nucleotide -300 upstream and +400 downstream of E1b. This area coincides with a previously described promoter region responsible for maintaining high basal promoter activity. In silico analysis of this location revealed several Sp1/Sp3 binding sites. Site-directed mutagenesis of these motifs suppressed the transactivation activity of the E1b proximal promoter, indicating their importance as contributors to E1b promoter regulation. Further, E1b promoter activities were increased significantly following Sp1 and Sp3 overexpression, while Mithramycin A, a selective Sp1 inhibitor, reduced the promoter activities. EMSA studies demonstrated that Sp1 bound to two putative Sp1/Sp3 binding sites. ChIP analysis confirmed that both endogenous Sp1 and Sp3 were bound to the proximal promoter region of E1b. Knockdown of Sp1 expression using siRNA did not alter the endogenous E1b transcriptional level, while knockdown of Sp3 greatly decreased E1b expression in different human cell lines. Taken together, these results support the concept that Sp1 and Sp3 are functionally involved as transcriptional integrators regulating the basal expression of the derived mEH E1b variant transcript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhong Su
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, 101 Life Sciences Bldg, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Curtis J Omiecinski
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, 101 Life Sciences Bldg, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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14
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Xie Y, Natarajan K, Bauer KS, Nakanishi T, Beck WT, Moreci RS, Jeyasuria P, Hussain A, Ross DD. Bcrp1 transcription in mouse testis is controlled by a promoter upstream of a novel first exon (E1U) regulated by steroidogenic factor-1. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms 2013; 1829:1288-99. [PMID: 24189494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alternative promoter usage is typically associated with mRNAs with differing first exons that contain or consist entirely of a 5' untranslated region. The murine Bcrp1 (Abcg2) transporter has three alternative promoters associated with mRNAs containing alternative untranslated first exons designated as E1A, E1B, and E1C. The E1B promoter regulates Bcrp1 transcription in mouse intestine. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a novel Bcrp1 promoter and first exon, E1U, located upstream from the other Bcrp1 promoters/first exons, which is the predominant alternative promoter utilized in murine testis. Using in silico analysis we identified a putative steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) response element that was unique to the Bcrp1 E1U alternative promoter. Overexpression of SF-1 in murine TM4 Sertoli cells enhanced Bcrp1 E1U mRNA expression and increased Bcrp1 E1U alternative promoter activity in a reporter assay, whereas mutation of the SF-1 binding site totally eliminated Bcrp1 E1U alternative promoter activity. Moreover, expression of Bcrp1 E1U and total mRNA and Bcrp1 protein was markedly diminished in the testes from adult Sertoli cell-specific SF-1 knockout mice, in comparison to the testes from wild-type mice. Binding of SF-1 to the SF-1 response element in the E1U promoter was demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. In conclusion, nuclear transcription factor SF-1 is involved with the regulation of a novel promoter of Bcrp1 that governs transcription of the E1U mRNA isoform in mice. The present study furthers understanding of the complex regulation of Bcrp1 expression in specific tissues of a mammalian model.
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15
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Jiang Y, Jin J, Iakova P, Hernandez JC, Jawanmardi N, Sullivan E, Guo GL, Timchenko NA, Darlington GJ. Farnesoid X receptor directly regulates xenobiotic detoxification genes in the long-lived Little mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2013; 134:407-15. [PMID: 24007921 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of xenobiotic metabolism pathways has been linked to lifespan extension in different models of aging. However, the mechanisms underlying activation of xenobiotic genes remain largely unknown. Here we showed that although farnesoid X receptor (FXR, Nr1h4) mRNA levels do not change significantly, FXR protein levels are elevated in the livers of the long-lived Little mice, leading to increased DNA binding activity of FXR. Hepatic FXR expression is sex-dependent in wild-type mice but not in Little mice, implying that up-regulation of FXR might be dependent on the reduction of growth hormone in Little mice. Growth hormone treatment decreased hepatic expression of FXR and xenobiotic genes Abcb1a, Fmo3 and Gsta2 in both wild-type and Little mice, suggesting an association between FXR and xenobiotic gene expression. We found that Abcb1a is transactivated by FXR via direct binding of FXR/retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) heterodimer to a response element at the proximal promoter. FXR also positively controls Fmo3 and Gsta2 expression through direct interaction with the response elements in these genes. Our study demonstrates that xenobiotic genes are direct transcriptional targets of FXR and suggests that FXR signaling may play a critical role in the lifespan extension observed in Little mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Jiang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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16
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Chatterjee R, Zhao J, He X, Shlyakhtenko A, Mann I, Waterfall JJ, Meltzer P, Sathyanarayana BK, FitzGerald PC, Vinson C. Overlapping ETS and CRE Motifs ((G/C)CGGAAGTGACGTCA) preferentially bound by GABPα and CREB proteins. G3 (Bethesda) 2012; 2:1243-56. [PMID: 23050235 DOI: 10.1534/g3.112.004002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we identified 8-bps long DNA sequences (8-mers) that localize in human proximal promoters and grouped them into known transcription factor binding sites (TFBS). We now examine split 8-mers consisting of two 4-mers separated by 1-bp to 30-bps (X(4)-N(1-30)-X(4)) to identify pairs of TFBS that localize in proximal promoters at a precise distance. These include two overlapping TFBS: the ETS⇔ETS motif ((C/G)CCGGAAGCGGAA) and the ETS⇔CRE motif ((C/G)CGGAAGTGACGTCAC). The nucleotides in bold are part of both TFBS. Molecular modeling shows that the ETS⇔CRE motif can be bound simultaneously by both the ETS and the B-ZIP domains without protein-protein clashes. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) shows that the ETS protein GABPα and the B-ZIP protein CREB preferentially bind to the ETS⇔CRE motif only when the two TFBS overlap precisely. In contrast, the ETS domain of ETV5 and CREB interfere with each other for binding the ETS⇔CRE. The 11-mer (CGGAAGTGACG), the conserved part of the ETS⇔CRE motif, occurs 226 times in the human genome and 83% are in known regulatory regions. In vivo GABPα and CREB ChIP-seq peaks identified the ETS⇔CRE as the most enriched motif occurring in promoters of genes involved in mRNA processing, cellular catabolic processes, and stress response, suggesting that a specific class of genes is regulated by this composite motif.
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Teubner B, Degen J, Söhl G, Güldenagel M, Bukauskas FF, Trexler EB, Verselis VK, De Zeeuw CI, Lee CG, Kozak CA, Petrasch-Parwez E, Dermietzel R, Willecke K. Functional expression of the murine connexin 36 gene coding for a neuron-specific gap junctional protein. J Membr Biol 2000; 176:249-62. [PMID: 10931976 PMCID: PMC3659790 DOI: 10.1007/s00232001094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mouse connexin 36 (Cx36) gene was mapped on chromosome 2 and an identical transcriptional start site was determined in brain and retina on exon I. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies to the presumptive cytoplasmic loop of the Cx36 protein recognized in immunohistochemical analyses Cx36 expression in the retina, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, inferior olive and cerebellum. In olivary neurons strong punctate labeling at dendritic cell contacts and weaker labeling in the cytoplasm of dendrites were shown by immuno electron microscopy. After expression of mouse Cx36 cDNA in human HeLa cells, neurobiotin transfer was increased 1.8-fold and electrical conductance at least 15-fold compared to untransfected HeLa cells. No Lucifer Yellow transfer was detected in either untransfected or Cx36 transfected HeLa cells. Single Cx36 channels in transfected HeLa cells showed a unitary conductance of 14.3 + or - 0. 8 pS. The sensitivity of Cx36 channels to transjunctional voltage was low in both HeLa-Cx36 cells and Xenopus oocytes expressing mouse Cx36. No increased transfer of neurobiotin was detected in heterotypic gap junctions formed by Cx36 and 9 other connexins expressed in HeLa cells. Our results suggest that Cx36 channels function as electrical synapses for transmission of electrical and metabolic signals between neurons in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Teubner
- Institut für Genetik, Abteilung Molekulargenetik, Universität Bonn, Römerstr. 164, D-53117 Bonn, Germany
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