The erosive effect of pomegranate juice on enamel: An in vitro study

AIM

Dental erosion is a chemical-mechanical process that leads to the loss of dental hard tissues. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pomegranate juice on the enamel.

METHODS

Enamel blocks were randomly divided into three groups: deionized water, cola, and pomegranate juice. The blocks were immersed in the solutions four times a day for 14 days, and stored in artificial saliva for the remaining period. The surface hardness was measured on days 7 and 14. The surface structures of the demineralized blocks were observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the depth of demineralization was observed via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The pH, calcium, and phosphorus levels of the three solutions were analyzed.

RESULTS

The microhardness values of the blocks in the pomegranate juice and cola groups decreased with the increase in the demineralization time. The blocks in the pomegranate juice group exhibited large fractures in the enamel column, whereas those in the cola group had pitted enamels with destruction of the interstitial enamel column. Compared with cola group, fluorescent penetration increased in pomegranate juice (P < 0.01). The pH of cola (2.32 ± 0.09) was lower than that of pomegranate juice (3.16 ± 0.16). Furthermore, the calcium content in pomegranate juice was significantly higher than that in cola (P < 0.01). Alternatively, the concentration of phosphorous in cola was significantly higher than that in pomegranate juice (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

These findings indicate that pomegranate juice can cause enamel demineralization with an erosive potential comparable to that of cola.

Prevalence and consumption pattern of kolanut among pregnant women in Ibadan metropolis

Kolanut contains caffeine and it is widely consumed in various social contexts in Nigeria and other Sub-Saharan African countries. While some studies have suggested that kolanut is consumed by pregnant women, there is a dearth of information on the prevalence, consumption pattern and reasons for kolanut consumption among this group. This study investigated kolanut use among pregnant women in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study involving 478 consenting pregnant women in all trimesters of pregnancy was conducted. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Associations between kolanut use and respondent characteristics were investigated using the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis. The mean age of the women was 28.7 ± 6.3 years. One hundred and sixty-two (33.9%) of women reported kolanut use during pregnancy, 140 (29.3%) in the current pregnancy. Fifty-five (39.3%) pregnant women reported frequent use and 46 (32.9%) used it in high quantities. Significant associations were found between current kolanut use and Hausa respondents (p = 0.014), educational level; secondary (p = 0.032), tertiary (p = 0.006), TBA (p = 0.005). The majority (93.7%) used kolanut to prevent spitting, nausea, and vomiting. This study showed that kolanut use is quite common among pregnant women and frequently used in large quantities.

Endoscopic administration of Coca-Cola for medical management of a wedged intestinal trichobezoar in a cat

A 16-year-old, neutered male domestic longhair feline with gastroduodenal and jejunal trichobezoars was treated with administration of Coca-Cola through endoscopic injection catheter. Examination with a Karl Storz endoscope identified a trichobezoar causing suspected partial or early complete obstruction of the jejunum; however, the length of the scope was inadequate to retrieve the trichobezoar. Consequently, 55 mL of Coca-Cola and 5 mL of iohexol were instilled into an injection catheter to disrupt the trichobezoar. No peri- or postoperative complications were reported, and the cat recovered uneventfully. Key clinical message: This case report demonstrates a minimally invasive approach to treatment of a small intestinal trichobezoar in a cat with no intra- or postoperative complications. Coca-Cola infusion through an endoscopic injection catheter may be a viable treatment in cats when a surgical approach is not an option, although further cases are needed to determine whether these results can be generalized to the larger patient population.

Enterolith Treated with a Combination of Double-Balloon Endoscopy and Cola Dissolution Therapy

A 71-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis who had been taking NSAIDs for many years consulted our hospital for abdominal pain. She was diagnosed with a small bowel obstruction due to an enterolith according to an abdominal CT scan that showed dilation from the enterolith in the small intestine on the oral side. It was considered that the intestinal stone was formed due to stagnation of intestinal contents and had gradually increased in size, resulting in an intestinal obstruction. We performed antegrade double-balloon endoscopy (DBE) to observe and remove the enterolith. We used forceps and a snare to fracture the enterolith. During this attempt, we found a seed in the center of the enterolith. Since the intestinal stone was very hard, cola dissolution therapy was administered from an ileus tube for 1 week. The following week, DBE was performed again, and it was found that the stone had further softened, making attempts at fracture easier. Finally, the enterolith was almost completely fractured. Intestinal stenosis, probably due to ulcers caused by NSAIDs, was found. Small bowel obstruction with an enterolith is rare. In this case, it was considered that the seed could not pass through the stenotic region of the small intestine and the intestinal contents had gradually built up around it. It has been suggested that DBE may be a therapeutic option in cases of an enterolith. Further, cola dissolution therapy has been shown to be useful in treating an enterolith, with the possible explanation that cola undergoes an acid–base reaction with the enterolith. In summary, we report, for the first time, treatment of an enterolith with a combination of DBE and cola dissolution therapy, thereby avoiding surgery and its risks.

Formulation and Evaluation of Cola acuminata Gum-based Mucoadhesive Sustained-release Matrix Tablets of Diclofenac Sodium

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate Cola acuminata gum (CAG) for the formulation of mucoadhesive sustained-release matrix tablets of diclofenac sodium.

METHODS

Different batches of granules containing CAG and 100 mg of DS in ratios 0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 were prepared, compressed into tablets, and evaluated for mucoadhesive strength, swelling index, and drug release in SGF (pH 1.2) and SIF (pH 7.4).

RESULTS

Swelling indices and mucoadhesive strengths of the tablets were pH-dependent. Swelling indices of 56 ± 2.03 to 121 ± 2.19% and mucoadhesive strengths of 7.25 ± 1.45 to 15.43 ± 2.71 g/cm2 obtained at pH 7.4 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than swelling indices of 25 ± 2.43 to 47 ± 3.15% and mucoadhesive strengths of 5.52 ± 0.76 to 9.22 ± 1.95 g/cm2 obtained at pH 1.2. The percentage release of DS from the matrix tablets at pH 1.2 after 2 h (T2h) was insignificant. However, the percentage of drug release at pH 7.4 was significant for all the batches and dependent on the CAG concentration. The drug release was in the order of batches containing 3 g (80.44 ± 7.75) < 2 g (86.35 ± 5.65) < 1 g (90.08 ± 6.14) < 0.5 g (99.70 ± 3.90). The time for maximum drug release was 7 h (T7h) for CAG containing 0.5 g and 10 h (T10h) for other batches.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that CAG could be useful for mucoadhesive sustained drug delivery.

[A man with cola-coloured urine]

A 37-year-old man was referred to the Emergency Department of the FundashonMariadal hospital in Bonaire because of an abnormal color of urine after having exercised heavily. Laboratory tests showed rhabdomyolysis with a creatine kinase level of 112.114 U/L. After hyperhydration creatine kinase values decreased rapidly, renal function remained normal.

Analysis of physiological and non-contact signals to evaluate the emotional component in consumer preferences

Emotions are an essential drive in decision making and may influence consumer preference. In this study we assessed the influence of brands in product preference after tasting 2 soft-drinks (Coca Cola vs. Cola beverage), by using physiological measurements, namely the skin conductance, the respiratory rate and heart rate variability (HRV) extracted using contactless sensors. The experimental protocol enrolled twenty-five young subjects which were asked to taste 2 soft drinks in random order, without knowing the brand (blind condition) and then knowing the brand (not blind condition). After each phase the subject was asked to choose the preferred beverage. Our main hypothesis is that if the subject knows the brand there is an arousal effect, independently from the absolute appreciation of the product. In order to evaluate the emotional components, the skin conductance, respiratory and Video-Photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals were continuously recorded throughout the experiment. The Video-PPG was then processed to extract HRV parameters. We observed that the arousal levels changed among beverages and conditions, going from higher arousal for Coca-Cola in the blind condition, to higher arousal for Cola in the not blind condition. Moreover, 44% of the subjects changed their preference when the brand was uncovered: from blind to not blind conditions, 6 subjects went from Cola to Coca-Cola as preferred drink and 5 went from Coca-Cola to Cola. Opposite results were found for the two beverages when comparing the physiological response when the beverage was/was not preferred. Finally, differences were found also between consumers and not consumers of Coca-Cola and the blind/not blind comparison. We conclude that the brand is a fundamental element in a request for choice and it can affect the first emotional response of a subject.

Tannin-phytobezoars with Gastric Outlet Obstruction Treated by Dissolution with Administration and Endoscopic Injection of Coca-Cola®, Endoscopic Crushing, and Removal (with Video)

A 77-year-old man complained of postmeal vomiting and sustained general fatigue. An abdominal computed tomography scan showed massive gastric expansion and fluid storage. Gastroscopy revealed four gastric bezoars that were considered to have caused pyloric ring obstruction. The patient was asked to drink 500 mL per day of Coca-Cola^® for 4 days. On the fourth day, we performed endoscopic crushing and removal by injecting Coca-Cola^®, cutting the softened bezoar with endoscopic snares, and collecting the pieces with endoscopic nets. We herein report (with a video presentation) a rare case of tannin-phytobezoars endoscopically removed with the administration and injection of Coca-Cola^®.

Optimisation of microwave-assisted extraction and functional elucidation of bioactive compounds from Cola nitida pod

INTRODUCTION

The quality characteristics and stability of phenolic by-products from Cola nitida wastes are critical factors for drug formulation and food nutraceutical applications.

OBJECTIVES

In this study, the effect of electromagnetic-based microwave-reflux extraction on the total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, morphological characteristics, physisorption and chromatographic phenolic profiles were successfully investigated. These physicochemical analyses are often employed in the standardisation of dried herbal and food nutraceutical products.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this study, the electromagnetic-based extraction process was optimised using the Box-Behnken design. The oleoresin bio-products were subsequently characterised to determine the total phenolic content, morphological and microstructural degradation. These analyses were conducted to elucidate the effect of the microwave heating on the C. nitida pod powder.

RESULTS

From the predicted response, the optimal percentage yield was achieved at 26.20% under 5.39 min of irradiation time, 440 W microwave power and oven temperature of 55°C. Moreover, the rapid estimation of the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were recorded at 124.84 ± 0.064 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (d.w.) and 6.93 ± 0.34 μg/mL, respectively. The physicochemical characterisation results from the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and physisorption analyses showed remarkable changes in the micro-surface area (13.66%) characteristics.

CONCLUSION

The recorded optimal conditions established a basis for future scale-up of microwave extraction parameters with a potential for maximum yield. The physiochemical characterisation revealed the functional characteristics of C. nitida and their tolerance to microwave heating.

Flattened cola improves high-intensity interval performance in competitive cyclists

PURPOSE

Some cyclists consume flattened cola during competitive events, but limited research has investigated if cola beverages elicit ergogenic effects, particularly on high-intensity exercise performance. Whether the potentially beneficial effects of cola are due to the caffeine and/or the carbohydrate content is also unclear. This study assessed the ergogenic effects of different cola beverages on performance during a constant power bout (CPB) and subsequent high-intensity interval efforts in competitive cyclists.

METHODS

In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design, competitive cyclists (n = 13; [Formula: see text]O_2max 65.7 ± 5.9 ml kg^-1 min^-1) completed a 45-min CPB at 69% of maximum workload (W_max), followed by four maximal 1-min high-intensity intervals (HII) against a resistance of 0.5 N kg^-1. Participants consumed 16 ml kg^-1 total (intermittantly at four time points) of flattened decaffinated diet cola (PLA), caffeinated diet cola (CAF) or cola containing caffeine and carbohydrates (CAF + CHO).

RESULTS

During the CPB, ratings of perceived exertion were lower in the CAF + CHO and CAF conditions compared to PLA (both, P < 0.04). Compared to PLA, CAF + CHO and CAF similarly increased (all, P < 0.049) mean power (CAF + CHO: 448 ± 51 W; CAF: 448 ± 50 W; PLA: 434 ± 57 W), minimum power (CAF + CHO: 353 ± 45 W; CAF: 352 ± 51 W; PLA: 324 ± 49 W) and total work (CAF + CHO: 26.9 ± 3.1 kJ; CAF: 26.9 ± 3.0 kJ; PLA: 26.0 ± 3.4 kJ), but not peak power (CAF + CHO: 692 ± 117 W; CAF: 674 ± 114 W; PLA: 670 ± 113 W; all, P > 0.57) during the HII.

CONCLUSION

Cola containing caffeine with or without carbohydrates favorably influenced perceived effort during the CPB and enhanced mean and minimum power during repeated maximal intervals. We provide evidence supporting the consumption of commercially available cola for high-intensity cycling in competitive cyclists.

The impact of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages on cola purchasing in Catalonia: an approach to causal inference with time series cross-sectional data

Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes related to the quantity of sugar have appeared as a popular regulatory tool around the world during the last decade showing important variations in their implementation and impact. We evaluated the impact of a new SSB tax implemented in Catalonia since May 1, 2017 on the purchased quantities and penetration rates of taxed and untaxed cola beverages. We use aggregate time series of cola beverages purchases in all 17 Spanish Autonomous Communities before and after the implementation of the SBB tax in Catalonia, from January 2013 to June 2019. A comparison between two different types of causal inference methods was conducted: a two-way fixed effects difference in differences model and a modified synthetic control model. Regular cola purchases decreased 12.1% and their penetration rate decreased by 1.27 points during the two post-intervention years using the preferred model. Diet cola purchases increased 17.0% and their penetration rate also increased by 1.65 points. Only regular cola results were robust to all placebo test checks. The SSB tax implemented in Catalonia in 2017 significantly reduced the volume and penetration rates of regular colas with no robust evidence for the substitution effect on diet colas.

Evaluation of the corrosion inhibition efficacy of Cola acuminata extract for low carbon steel in simulated acid pickling environment

In this study, Kola nut extract (KE) was evaluated for inhibiting ability towards low carbon steel corrosion in 1 M HCl solution using weight loss and electrochemical techniques. The surface of the corroded carbon steel was examined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Elemental composition of the corrosion products and/or adsorbed inhibitor film on the carbon steel surface was determined with the aid of an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) experiments were also performed to get information about the interaction of KE with the carbon steel surface. It was found that KE exhibited good corrosion protection property. From weight loss technique, corrosion rate was reduced from 0.387 to 0.054 mm/year by 700 ppm of KE at room temperature after 24 h immersion and this corresponded to inhibition efficiency (IE) of 86%. The IE however depreciated with rise in temperature. FTIR results reveal that KE interacted with the carbon steel surface through the O and N heteroatoms of its phytoconstituents. FTIR spectroscopy, UV-vis, SEM, AFM, and EDX data provided proof of KE adsorption on the steel surface as reason for the corrosion inhibition.

Influence of the Coca-Cola Drinks on the Overall Color of Glazed or Polished Porcelain Veneers Fabricated from Different Materials and Thicknesses: An In Vitro Study

AIM

The aim of the current study is to assess the influence of Coca-Cola drinks on the overall color of glazed or polished porcelain veneers fabricated of three different porcelain systems and two different thicknesses.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 96 ceramic disk specimens were fabricated. The ceramic veneers were prepared to a standardized thickness of 1.0 mm ± 0.025 mm and 0.6 ± 0.025 (48 samples each group) using the following ceramic systems: Zircon, E-max press, and E-max CAD/CAM. Veneer samples from each system were divided into two subgroups (n = 8). First subgroup samples were glazed according to the manufacturer's instructions, and the other subgroup samples were adjusted with diamond burs then polished with ceramic polishing kit. Color was measured with Vita Easyshade spectrophotometer. Then all samples immersed with Cola drink, for 4 weeks, in a thermocycling machine and then the color were measured again and color change was recorded.

RESULTS

Significant differences in color change were noticed before and after immersing with Coca-Cola and thermocycling for all materials and thicknesses used (p < 0.01). Significant differences in color changes were noticed between glazed and polished samples (p < 0.001). No significant differences in color change were noticed when using different thicknesses for all materials used (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Different porcelain materials have shown significant color changes after immersing and thermocycling in Coca-Cola drinks. The color changes of polished porcelain specimens were more considerable than those of polished specimens for all porcelain materials and thicknesses used. This suggests reglazing of all esthetic restoration after any adjustments might be performed and before final cementation in an attempt to maintain the color stability in oral environment.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

To achieve a perfect color stability of ceramic veneers, clinicians should take into consideration the possible color deviations that might result after any adjustment followed by polishing procedures to the ceramic surface. And, it is always preferable to do reglazing of porcelain restorations after any surface treatments and before final cementation.

Cola Dissolution Therapy via Ileus Tube Was Effective for Ileus Secondary to Small Bowel Obstruction Induced by an Enterolith

An 87-year-old bedridden woman developed intestinal obstruction caused by an enterolith or bezoar. Since the patient refused surgery, we administered 1,000 mL/day of cola via an ileus tube to dissolve the stone. Occlusion of the small intestine disappeared on day 6. The excreted stones contained calcium phosphate, which is typical of enteroliths. We later confirmed that the retrieved stones could be dissolved in cola (Coca-Cola^®, pH 1.9) as well as 0.10 and 0.010 mol/L hydrochloric acid (pH 1.0 and 2.0, respectively) and food-grade vinegar (pH 2.6). These findings suggest that the enteroliths were dissolved by an acid-base reaction.

Immediate Erosive Potential of Cola Drinks and Orange Juices

Little is known about the erosive potential of soft drinks within the first minutes of exposure to teeth, and about the potentially protective role of salivary proteins. We hypothesized that the erosive potential is determined primarily by pH and decreases in the presence of salivary proteins. To investigate this, we first added uncoated hydroxyapatite crystals and, second, salivary-protein-coated hydroxyapatite crystals to 20 commercially available cola drinks and orange juices simultaneously, with pH recordings every 15 sec for 3 min. The amount of apatite lost per liter of soft drink per sec was calculated from titratable acidity values to each pH obtained by crystal addition. The erosive potential within the first minutes of exposure was determined solely by the pH of the drink, and the erosive potential was ten-fold higher in cola drinks compared with juices. However, salivary proteins reduced the erosive potential of cola drinks by up to 50%.

A prospective randomized trial on the use of Coca-Cola Zero(®) vs water for polyethylene glycol bowel preparation before colonoscopy

AIM

The study aimed to determine whether Coca-Cola (Coke) Zero is a safe and effective solvent for polyethylene glycol (PEG).

METHOD

Between December 2013 and April 2014, 209 healthy adults (115 men, 95 women) scheduled for elective colonoscopy were randomized to use either Coke Zero (n = 100) or drinking water (n = 109) with PEG as bowel preparation. Each patient received two sachets of PEG to dissolve in 2 l of solvent, to be completed 6 h before colonoscopy. Serum electrolytes were measured before and after preparation. Bowel cleanliness and colonoscopy findings were recorded. Palatability of solution, adverse effects, time taken to complete and willingness to repeat the preparation were documented via questionnaire.

RESULTS

Mean palatability scores in the Coke Zero group were significantly better compared with the control group (2.31 ± 0.61 vs 2.51 ± 0.63, P = 0.019), with a higher proportion willing to use the same preparation again (55% vs 43%). The mean time taken to complete the PEG + Coke Zero solution was significantly faster (74 ± 29 min vs 86 ± 31 min, P = 0.0035). The quality of bowel cleansing was also significantly better in the Coke Zero group (P = 0.0297). There was no difference in the frequency of adverse events (P = 0.759) or the polyp detection rate (32% vs 31.2%). Consumption of either preparation did not significantly affect electrolyte levels or hydration status.

CONCLUSION

Coke Zero is a useful alternative solvent for PEG. It is well tolerated, more palatable, leads to quicker consumption of the bowel preparation and results in better quality cleansing.

Gastric Outlet Obstruction--An Unexpected Complication during Coca-Cola Therapy for a Gastric Bezoar: A Case Report and Literature Review

Gastric bezoars are concretions of undigested material, and Coca-Cola therapy is an easy, efficacious and safe approach for bezoar treatment. Gastric outlet obstruction due to a migratory gastric bezoar during Coca-Cola therapy is an uncommon presentation and, to the best of our knowledge, no cases have been previously reported. We herein describe one such case with no known predisposing factors that recovered via the endoscopic technique. A thorough literature search was performed, which yielded eight relevant patients from seven publications, all of who developed gastrointestinal obstruction during dissolution treatment and recovered uneventfully after surgical intervention. In conclusion, this potential complication should be kept in mind in the event that alternative treatment is necessary.

An Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy Analysis of Elemental Changes of a Persimmon Phytobezoar Dissolved in Coca-Cola

To investigate the mechanism of phytobezoar dissolution by Coca-Cola(®), persimmon phytobezoar pieces removed from a 60-year-old Japanese woman were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The amount of calcium significantly decreased after dissolution treatment using Coca-Cola(®), suggesting a potential contribution of calcium to dissolution mechanisms. Moreover, immersion in Coca-Cola(®) for 120 hours on the exterior surface revealed that Coca-Cola(®) did not permeate persimmon phytobezoars. This is the first study to investigate the mechanisms of persimmon phytobezoar permeability and dissolution induced by Coca-Cola(®).

Comparative study on the effects of aqueous extracts of viscum album (mistletoe) from three host plants on hematological parameters in albino rats

BACKGROUND

The extract of the leaves of Viscum album (mistletoe) has been used for centuries in traditional medicine in many parts of the world. However, like many medicinal plants, the belief that things of natural origin are safe may not be entirely true. The blood is a good indicator of health and pathological mirror of the entire body.

OBJECTIVE

Therefore, in this study, the acute effects of extracts of mistletoe, harvested from three hosts, on haematology indices of wistar albino rats was investigated.

METHODS

Graded doses (400, 800, 1600 and 3200mg/kg body weight) of aqueous extracts of mistletoe from three different host plants, coffee (Coffee arabica), kola (Kola nitida), cocoa (Theobromae cacao), were administered orally to wistar albino rats for 14 days. Full haematological parameters were evaluated on whole blood collected from rats twenty four hours after the administration of the last dose.

RESULTS

Mistletoe from kola caused a concentration dependent and statistically significant (p<0.05) reduction in platelets count in rats. Administration of mistletoe extract from cocoa and coffee led to reduction in hemoglobin concentration. Reductions in packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell (RBC) and increase in white blood cells (WBC) were also observed in rats administered all the extracts.

CONCLUSION

Increase in the WBC count observed in rats administered mistletoe suggests that mistletoe extract contains agents that could stimulate the production of leucocytes and could serve as immune booster. However, there is need to be cautious in administration at high doses to prevent the risk of anaemia.

An in situ/ex vivo comparison of the ability of regular and light colas to induce enamel wear when erosion is combined with abrasion

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether the type of cola drink (regular or diet) could influence the wear of enamel subjected to erosion followed by brushing abrasion.

METHOD AND MATERIALS

Ten volunteers wore intraoral devices that each had eight bovine enamel blocks divided into four groups: ER, erosion with regular cola; EAR, erosion with regular cola plus abrasion; EL, erosion with light cola; and EAL, erosion with light cola plus abrasion. Each day for 1 week, half of each device was immersed in regular cola for 5 minutes. Then, two blocks were brushed using a fluoridated toothpaste and electric toothbrush for 30 seconds four times daily. Immediately after, the other half of the device was subjected to the same procedure using a light cola. The pH, calcium, phosphorus, and fluoride concentrations of the colas were analyzed using standard procedures. Enamel alterations were measured by profilometry. Data were tested using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test (P<.05).

RESULTS

Regarding chemical characteristics, light cola presented pH 3.0, 13.7 mg Ca/L, 15.5 mg P/L, and 0.31 mg F/L, while regular cola had pH 2.6, 32.1 mg Ca/L, 18.1 mg P/L, and 0.26 mg F/L. The light cola promoted less enamel loss (EL, 0.36 Μm; EAL, 0.39 Μm) than its regular counterpart (ER, 0.72 Μm; EAR, 0.95 Μm) for both conditions. There was not a significant difference (P>.05) between erosion and erosion plus abrasion for light cola. However, for regular cola, erosion plus abrasion resulted in higher enamel loss than erosion alone.

CONCLUSION

The data suggest that light cola promoted less enamel wear even when erosion was followed by brushing abrasion.

Effects of aqueous extract of kola nut (Cola Nitida Rubra) on reproductive hormones in rats

Our previous study suggests that aqueous extract of kola nut had effect on reproductive hormones in male rats. This study evaluates the effects of kola nut extract on plasma level of testosterone and luteinizing hormones in male rats. 30 adult male rats were used. These were divided into three groups: group A served as control and it received water only, group B and C received kola nut extract only (8mg/kg body weight), C served as recovery group. All the groups were treated for four weeks. The C which served as recovery group was allowed to recover for another four weeks at the end of the extract administration period. The plasma level of testosterone was significantly increased while that of luteinizing hormone was significantly decreased when compared with control animals. The recovery group showed values that were insignificantly lowered but a bit closer to those of the control animals. This showed that the rats were able to recover to some extent after the extract administration.

Effect of colored beverages on the color stability of feldspathic porcelain subjected to various surface treatments

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of porcelain treatment techniques on the color change of feldspathic porcelain before and after exposure to distilled water, coffee, red wine, and cola and examine the surface texture of the porcelain with field-emission SEM.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Test specimens were prepared in the form of discs 15 mm in diameter by 2-mm thick and divided into four groups: Naturalglaze, dual-ion exchange, overglaze and polishing. The specimens were prepared according to their group and stored in red wine, coffee, and cola. After removal, the specimens were dipped in distilled water. Color measurements were made with a spectrophotometer, and color differences were determined using the CIE-LAB system. Statistical analysis was made with SPSS 13.5.

RESULTS

Immersion time and types of surface treatment were significant factors for color stability (P < .01).

A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds Part III. A re-description of the male of Ixodes kerguelenensis André & Colas-Belcour, 1942

André & Colas-Belcour (1942) described the male of Ixodes kerguelenensis as a variety of I. canisuga on the basis of one specimen. Subsequently Zumpt (1952) stated that its status as a full species was unquestionable, for, compared with I. canisuga, the jugular plates on each side of the pregenital plate in I. kerguelenensis are large. The structure of Haller's organ also fully justifies this separation (Arthur, 1956). Zumpt wrote further that: ‘The specimen on which the authors based kerguelenensis was probably fully engorged so that the ventral plates would be widely separated from each other…. The single male from Kerguelen is drawn as having the anal groove diverging, but this is certainly due to a distortion of the engorged tick.’ Through the courtesy of Professor André I was permitted to examine the type. Distortion is not due to engorgement, as Zumpt suggests, but to the mounting of the specimen on a slide under a cover-glass.

Acute intestinal obstruction caused by a persimmon phytobezoar after dissolution therapy with Coca-Cola

Bezoars are concretions or hard masses of foreign matter that are found in the gastrointestinal tract. Recent reports have demonstrated the efficacy of Coca-Cola administration for the dissolution of phytobezors. Here we report on a 73-year-old man with a very large gastric persimmon diospyrobezoar, and this caused small intestinal obstruction after partial dissolution with oral and injected Coca-Cola.

Topical application of plant extracts containing xanthine derivatives can prevent UV-induced wrinkle formation in hairless mice

BACKGROUND

Plants are the source of important products with nutritional and therapeutic value. Topical or oral administration of some plant extracts has been shown to reduce photodamage. Cacao bean and cola nut are popular edible plants that contain polyphenols and xanthine derivatives. These plant extracts possess protective effects against UV-induced erythema when taken orally, and an H(2)O(2)-scavenging effect.

METHODS

Plant extracts containing xanthine derivatives and three xanthine derivatives were topically applied to the dorsal skin of hairless mice, and the mice were exposed to a resemblance of solar ultraviolet irradiation at a dose of 13.0 J/cm(2) (UVA) for 15 weeks, five times a week on weekdays. After the final irradiation, histological, and analytical studies were performed.

RESULTS

Topical application of plant extracts (cacao beans, cola nuts) and caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline markedly prevented photodamage including wrinkle formation and histological alterations. A significant increase in total hydroxyproline content caused by UV irradiation was observed. In contrast, topical application of plant extracts and xanthine derivatives reduced total hydroxyproline and pepsin-resistant hydroxyproline content in comparison with that of the control (vehicle, UV-irradiation group). Moreover, naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase staining and diaminobenzidine staining suggested that leukocytes including neutrophils increased in the UV-exposed skin. In contrast, weak staining was observed in skin treated with xanthine derivatives.

CONCLUSION

Topical application of plant extracts and xanthine derivatives suppressed wrinkle formation, dermal connective alteration, and collagen accumulation. It is suggested that xanthine derivatives prevented neutrophil infiltration caused by UV-irradiation.

Improving the palatability of activated charcoal in pediatric patients

OBJECTIVES

To compare the taste preference and ease of swallowing of activated charcoal among healthy teenagers when mixed separately with 3 different additives: chocolate milk, Coca-Cola, and water.

METHODS

Healthy volunteers between 14 to 19 years of age were selected for the study. Five grams of activated charcoal (25 mL of 0.2 g/mL of Charcodote [Pharma Science, Montreal, Canada]) was mixed with 25 mL of chocolate milk, Coca-Cola, or water individually to make up 50 mL. The volunteers drank the 3 cups of the charcoal-additive mixture separately and then rated taste and ease of swallowing on a 10-cm visual analogue scale. The subjects then indicated their preferred charcoal-additive mixture if he/she had to drink 9 more portions of charcoal (this would estimate the dose of charcoal for a 50-kg child).

RESULTS

A total of 44 subjects were recruited (25 boys and 19 girls). The mean scores for taste preference for chocolate milk, Coca-Cola, and water mixtures of charcoal were 5.5, 6.3, and 2.0, respectively, on a 10-cm visual analogue scale. Thus, subjects preferred the taste of charcoal mixed with chocolate milk or Coca-Cola over charcoal mixed with water (P = 0.0003 for both comparisons). The subjects did not show a statistically significant difference for ease of swallowing between the 3 charcoal-additive mixtures. Overall, 48% preferred the chocolate milk mixture, 45% preferred the Coca-Cola mixture, and 7% preferred charcoal mixed with water.

CONCLUSIONS

Healthy teenaged subjects identified that activated charcoal (Charcodote) mixed with chocolate milk or Coca-Cola (in a 1:1 ratio) improved taste but had no significant effect on improving ease of swallowing. Overall, the addition of chocolate milk or coke improves the palatability of charcoal and is favored over charcoal mixed with water alone.

Commercial soft drinks: pH and in vitro dissolution of enamel

Most soft drinks are acidic in nature and exposure to these drinks may result in enamel erosion. This study sought to measure the pH of 20 commercial brands of soft drinks, the dissolution of enamel resulting from immersion in these drinks, and the influence of pH on enamel loss. Comparison of the erosive potential of cola versus non-cola drinks as well as regular sugared and diet versions of the same brands was undertaken. The pH was measured immediately after opening the soft drink can. Enamel slices obtained from freshly extracted teeth were immersed in the soft drinks and weighed at baseline and after 6, 24, and 48 hours of immersion. Non-cola drinks had significantly higher pH values than cola drinks but showed higher mean percent weight loss. By contrast, sugared versions of the cola and non-cola drinks showed significantly lower pH values and higher mean percent weight loss than their diet counterparts. The pH value of the soft drink did not have a significant influence on the mean percent weight loss (r = -0.28). Prolonged exposure to soft drinks can lead to significant enamel loss. Non-cola drinks are more erosive than cola drinks. Sugared versions of cola and non-cola drinks proved to be more erosive than their diet counterparts. The erosive potential of the soft drinks was not related to their pH value.

Effect of five staining solutions on the colour stability of two acrylics and three composite resins based provisional restorations

The effect of coffee, tea, coca-cola, orange-juice and red wine on the colour stability of acrylic and composite based provisional materials were evaluated. Two acrylic resins and three composite resins were studied. 48 standardized specimens for each provisional material were prepared. Each group was divided into 6 subgroups. Specimens from each group were immersed in staining solutions at room temperature for 30 days. Red wine and tea caused the most significant colour changes and orange juice showed the least significant colour changes. deltaE of all of the provisional restorations materials was changed after the immersion in all of the staining solutions during the experimental process.

Color stability of resin composites after immersion in different drinks

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the discoloration of two nanohybrids, two microhybrids, and a posterior composite resin restorative material upon exposure to different drinks--namely tea, cola, coffee, red wine, and water. The colors of all specimens before and after storage in the solutions were measured by a colorimeter based on CIE Lab system, and the color differences thereby calculated. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's HSD test. According to ANOVA, the restorative material, staining agent, and their interaction were found to play a statistically significant role (P = 0.0001) in color change. Among the staining agents, water consistently showed the lowest deltaE* value for all materials, whereas red wine showed the highest deltaE* value. In other words, for all the materials tested, their color change in staining agents ranked in this increasing order: water < cola < tea < coffee < red wine. In terms of comparison among the five restorative materials, Filtek P60 and Z250 were observed to manifest less color change than the nanohybrids and Quadrant LC.

Effect of five staining solutions on the colour stability of two acrylics and three composite resins based provisional restorations

The effect of coffee, tea, coca-cola, orange-juice and red wine on the colour stability of acrylic and composite based provisional materials were evaluated. Two acrylic resins and three composite resins were studied. 48 standardized specimens for each provisional material were prepared. Each group was divided into 6 subgroups. Specimens from each group were immersed in staining solutions at room temperature for 30 days. Red wine and tea caused the most significant colour changes and orange juice showed the least significant colour changes. deltaE of all of the provisional restorations materials was changed after the immersion in all of the staining solutions during the experimental process.

Coffee and fetal death: a cohort study with prospective data

The authors conducted a cohort study within the Danish National Birth Cohort to determine whether coffee consumption during pregnancy is associated with late fetal death (spontaneous abortion and stillbirth). A total of 88,482 pregnant women recruited from March 1996 to November 2002 participated in a comprehensive interview on coffee consumption and potentially confounding factors in pregnancy. Information on pregnancy outcome was obtained from the National Hospital Discharge Register and medical records. The authors detected 1,102 fetal deaths. High levels of coffee consumption were associated with an increased risk of fetal death. Relative to nonconsumers of coffee, the adjusted hazard ratios for fetal death associated with coffee consumption of 1/2-3, 4-7, and > or =8 cups of coffee per day were 1.03 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.89, 1.19), 1.33 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.63), and 1.59 (95% CI: 1.19, 2.13), respectively. Reverse causation due to unrecognized fetal demise may explain the association between coffee intake and risk of fetal death prior to 20 completed weeks' gestation but not the association with fetal loss following 20 completed weeks' gestation. Consumption of coffee during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of fetal death, especially losses occurring after 20 completed weeks of gestation.

Kola acuminata proanthocyanidins: a class of anti-trypanosomal compounds effective against Trypanosoma brucei

Human African trypanosomiasis is undergoing an alarming rate of recrudescence in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, there is no successful chemotherapy for the disease due to a limited number of useful drugs, side effects and drawbacks of the existing medication, as well as the development of drug resistance by the parasite. Here we describe a new lead anti-trypanosomal compound isolated from Kola acuminata (Makasu). We purified a proanthocyanidin by chromatographic procedures and confirmed its homogeneity and structure by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry, respectively. In vitro, this compound potently induced growth arrest and lysis of bloodstream form trypanosomes in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In a mouse model, it exhibited a trypanostatic effect that extended the life of infected, treated animals up to 8 days post-infection against the 4 days for infected, untreated animals. The proanthocyanidin showed a low cytotoxicity against mammalian cells, whereas treated-BF showed massive enlargement of their flagellar pocket and lysosome-like structures caused by an intense formation of multivesicular bodies and vesicles within these organelles. The observed ultrastructural alterations caused rupture of plasma membranes and the release of cell contents, indicative of a necrotic process rather than a programmed cell death. Interestingly, the proanthocyanidin acted against BF but not procyclic form trypanosomes. This new anti-trypanosomal compound should be further studied to determine its efficacy and suitability as an anti-trypanosomal drug and may be used as a tool to define novel specific drug targets in BF trypanosomes.

Effects of omeprazole or cola beverage on the pharmacokinetics of oral DA-8159, a new erectogenic, in rats

The changes in pharmacokinetics of DA-8159 by omeprazole with respect to inhibition of CYP3A1/2 in rats were evaluated. After oral administration of DA-8159 at dose of 30 mg/kg to rats pretreated with oral omeprazole at 30 mg/kg for 1 week, the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time infinity (AUC) of DA-8159 was significantly greater (37.5% increase) than that in control rats. This could be due to inhibition of metabolism of DA-8159 by inhibition of CYP3A1/2 by omeprazole. The AUC(DA-8164 (a metabolite of DA-8159))/AUC(DA-8159) ratio was also smaller (32.4% decrease) with omeprazole. After oral administration of DA-8159 at a dose of 30 mg/kg to rats without or with cola beverage, the pharmacokinetic parameters of DA-8159 and DA-8164 were not significantly different between two groups of rats. This suggested that cola beverage did not have any considerable effects on CYP3A1/2 in rats.

A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of a product containing ephedrine, caffeine, and other ingredients from herbal sources for treatment of overweight and obesity in the absence of lifestyle treatment

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy and side effects of an herbal formulation to promote weight loss, as compared to placebo.

DESIGN

12-week multicenter double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized parallel groups design. Study conducted at three clinical sites in New York State. Subjects were randomized to receive either the 'active' product or a 'placebo' supplement for 12 weeks. Minimal steps were taken to influence lifestyle changes with regard to diet or exercise.

SUBJECTS

102 overweight/obese (30<BMI</=39.9 kg/m(2)) volunteers between the ages of 18 and 65 y.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Weight, percent body fat, fat mass, waist circumference, BMI, blood pressure, and pulse measured at 2 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks postrandomization.

RESULTS

Subjects receiving the 'active' treatment experienced, on average, an additional 1.5 kg of weight loss compared with subjects receiving the placebo. In addition, subjects receiving the 'active' treatment experienced greater reductions in BMI and waist circumference over the 12-week period. No differences were observed with respect to percent body fat, fat mass, diastolic or systolic blood pressure, pulse, the occurrence of any adverse event, or the occurrence of any presumed treatment-related adverse event. Testing of the study product by two independent laboratories indicated that it had only approximately half of the intended amount of ephedrine alkaloids and caffeine.

CONCLUSIONS

Over the 12-week trial, subjects on the active treatment experienced significantly greater weight loss than subjects on placebo, without an increase in blood pressure, pulse, or the rate of adverse events. These benefits were achieved in the absence of any lifestyle treatment to change dietary or exercise behavior and with lower doses of ephedrine alkaloids and caffeine than those commonly utilized.

Influence of food-simulating solutions and surface finish on susceptibility to staining of aesthetic restorative materials

OBJECTIVES

To determine the degree of surface staining of resin-based composites (RBCs) and glass-ionomer cements (GICs) after immersion in various stains and food-simulating solutions (FSS).

METHODS

Six tooth-coloured restorative materials were used: a light-cured microfilled RBC (Durafil, Kulzer), a light-cured microglass RBC (Charisma, Kulzer), a polyacid-modified RBC (F2000, 3M/ESPE), a conventional GIC (Fuji IX, GC) and two resin-modified GICs (Fuji II LC, GC; Photac Fil, 3M/ESPE). Disk-shaped specimens were prepared and tested with either a matrix finish or polished using wet silicon carbide papers up to 2000 grit. All specimens were immersed in 37 degrees C distilled water for 1 week, followed by three different FSS (water, 10% ethanol, Crodamol GTCC) and five stains (red wine, coffee, tea, soy sauce and cola) for a further 2 weeks. Three specimens of each material for each stain were tested. Colour coefficients (CIE L* a* b*) were measured by a spectrophotometer after each treatment. The change in colour (DeltaEn) was calculated using the formula: DeltaEn=[(DeltaLn+(Deltaa(n))2+(Deltab(n))2]1/2.

RESULTS

Distilled water caused no perceptible colour change as tested by ANOVA and Tukey's tests. The effect of surface finish on staining was not statistically significant (P>0.05). There was no strong interaction between FSS and stains or between FSS and materials. There was a strong interaction between surface and material, and stain and material (P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

All materials were susceptible to staining by all stains especially coffee, red wine and tea; Fuji IX showed the least susceptibility and F2000 the greatest.

The effect of surface finishing and storage solutions on the color stability of resin-based composites

BACKGROUND

The authors tested the hypothesis that surface-finishing treatments and the type of storage solutions significantly affected the staining of resin-based composites, or RBCs, and unfilled resins, or URs.

METHODS

Fifty-four RBC and 54 UR disks were polymerized through a polyester film strip (Mylar, DuPont, Wilmington, Del.) and polished in one of three groups: 1-micrometer aluminum oxide, 15-microm diamond plate and no treatment (polyester film). All specimens were immersed in water for two days and then in coffee, cola or red wine for seven more days at 37 C. The authors recorded tristimulus color measurements before the immersions; after one and two days in water; and after one, two, three and seven days in the storage solutions.

RESULTS

Most of the color changes occurred between day 2 in water and day 7 in the staining solution. Analysis of variance showed that the finishing treatment and storage solution significantly influenced the overall color change (deltaE), and interactions occurred between the finishing treatment and the storage solution (P < .0001) for both materials. RBC specimens generally exhibited greater color changes than did UR specimens. The polyester film finishing exhibited the greatest amount of color change, while the diamond finishing exhibited the least amount of color change. Immersion in wine caused the greatest color change for both materials; cola and coffee resulted in the smallest color change for RBC and UR specimens, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Finishing treatments and storage solutions significantly affect the surface staining of RBC materials. Polyester film finishing and red wine produced the greatest color change after seven days for RBC specimens.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Clinicians should remove the polyester film-finished surface and advise patients that drinking wine could intensify surface staining on RBC restorations.

In vitro anti-mycobacterial activities of three species ofCola plant extracts(Sterculiaceae)

Extracts obtained from three Nigerian Sterculiaceae plants: Cola accuminata, C. nitida and C. milleni were screened for anti-mycobacterium properties using a slow growing Mycobacterium bovis ATCC 35738 (designated BCG Mexican and known to have some virulence in mouse and guinea pig) at 1000 microg/ml using the radiometric (BACTEC) method. The extracts were also tested against six fast growing ATCC strains of M. vaccae using the broth microdilution method. The methanol extracts from both leaves, stem bark and root bark of Cola accuminata and from the leaves and stem bark of C. nitida and C. milleni were not active at the highest concentration of 1000 microg/ml. Only the methanol extract of root bark for both C. nitida and C. milleni were found to be potent against both M. bovis and strains of M. vaccae. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of C. nitida against M. bovis is 125 microg/ml while the MIC of C. milleni against M. bovis is 62.5 microg/ml after at least 6 days of inhibition with growth index (GI) units lesser than or equal to the change in GI units inoculated with a 1/100 of the BACTEC inoculum for a control vial. The minimum inhibitory concentration of C. milleni against the six ATCC strain of M. vaccae ranged from 62.5 microg/ml to 250 microg/ml while for C. nitida ranged from 500 microg/ml to above 1000microg/ml. Evidently, C. milleni has the highest inhibitory activity against both M. bovis and strains of M. vaccae used. Rifampicin, the positive control used has strong activity against M. bovis at the tested concentration of 5 microg and 10 microg/ml and 4 to 8 microg/ml against the six strains of M. vaccae.

Evaluation of gloss changes of two denture acrylic resin materials in four different beverages

OBJECTIVES

The primary disadvantages of the materials which are used in construction of complete and removable partial dentures is that their esthetic, physical and mechanical properties change rapidly with time in the oral environment. For esthetics, color stability is one of the criteria that needs careful attention. Color may provide important information on the serviceability of these materials. Color change affects the gloss of these materials. The objective of the present study was to determine the gloss changes resulting from the testing process in four different beverages in one heat-polymerized denture base resin and one cold-polymerized denture base repair resin.

METHODS

Thirty-six samples were fabricated for each material. Each sample had a smooth polished and a rough unpolished surface. The gloss measurements were made with a glossmeter before testing. Four different beverages (tea, coffee, cola and cherry juice) were used for testing. Two angles of illumination (20 and 60 degrees) were used for the gloss measurements. The samples were immersed in water, tea, coffee, cola and cherry juice solutions. The gloss of the samples was measured again with the glossmeter at the end of the 45th day and 135th day of testing. The arithmetic mean and standard deviation of each of the samples were calculated and compared with each other statistically by using the Wilcoxon test (within times) (p < or = 0.05 significant), the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (p < or = 0.05 significant) and the Mann-Whitney U-test with Bonforoni correction (when the difference between the samples was significant) (p < or = 0.05 significant).

RESULTS

The results of this study revealed that gloss changes occurred after testing in heat-polymerized denture base resin and cold-polymerized denture base repair resin. The significance of the gloss changes exhibited by each sample, kept for different lengths of time in the same solution, were compared using the Wilcoxon test. The results were statistically significant (p < or = 0.05). According to the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance, the difference between measurements for angles of illumination was statistically significant (p < or = 0.05). Also according to the Mann-Whitney U-test, the difference between two polished surfaces or two unpolished surfaces was statistically insignificant (p > 0.05), but the difference between smooth polished and rough unpolished surfaces was statistically significant (p < or = 0.05).

SIGNIFICANCE

It was found that either the gloss of heat-polymerized denture base resin or the gloss of cold-polymerized denture base repair resin was affected by tested agents, and the four beverages demonstrated noticeable gloss changes. Cherry juice demonstrated the least change, while tea exhibited the greatest change.

Effects of a caffeine-free Cola nitida nuts extract on elastase/alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor balance

In an infection, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) become activated and they produce oxidizing compounds and elastase in the extracellular medium. Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha1PI), a protease inhibitor which is inactivated by oxidants, is the main endogenous inhibitor of elastase helping to limit excessive elastase activity. This study evaluates the ability of a plant extract, Cola nitida nuts, to protect alpha1PI from inactivation by oxidizing compounds as reactive oxygen species. On the one hand, we have evaluated the direct effect of cola nut extract on neutrophil elastase, and on the H(2)O(2) and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-H(2)O(2) system via cell-free systems. Results showed that cola nut extract scavenges H(2)O(2) and therefore protects alpha1PI from HOCl which is produced from the MPO-H(2)O(2) system. Experiments also showed that cola extract has the capacity to limit elastase activity. On the other hand, we have worked on cellular systems including isolated PMN with the aim to study the effect of cola extract on PMN metabolism. PMN were stimulated with PMA, calcium ionophore or fMLP. Each stimulant possesses its own stimulation pathway. According to the inhibitory concentration obtained at 50%, the results on cellular systems led to the conclusion that cola extract can reduce elastase liberation from PMN. It can then be concluded that cola nut extract can protect alpha1PI from inactivation, and has an effect both on elastase liberation and elastase activity. The cola nut extract effect is rather biased towards a reduction in elastase release, thus limiting the injurious effects caused by this enzyme.

[An in vitro study of the action of kola nitida on bacterial strains implicated in dental caries and periodontal diseases]

The Nitida Kola is a substance extracted from the kolanut. In West Africa its use by chewing is widespread among the Manding people. It's said to have tonic, stimulant and aphrodisiac characteristics and even recent studies have shown that it has antibacterial characteristics. The aim of this study is to make an estimation of the Nitida Kola's effects on different bacterial species involved in the two main oral and dental pathologies (teeth decays and periodontal illnesses). The obtained results indicate that the kola extract is not effectual against the tried-out bacteria at regular dose used by chewing.

Parkinson's disease risks associated with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine intake

A reduced risk for Parkinson's disease (PD) among cigarette smokers has been observed consistently during the past 30 years. Recent evidence suggests that caffeine may also be protective. Findings are presented regarding associations of PD with smoking, caffeine intake, and alcohol consumption from a case-control study conducted in western Washington State in 1992-2000. Incident PD cases (n = 210) and controls (n = 347), frequency matched on gender and age were identified from enrollees of the Group Health Cooperative health maintenance organization. Exposure data were obtained by in-person questionnaires. Ever having smoked cigarettes was associated with a reduced risk of PD (odds ratio (OR) = 0.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4, 0.8). A stronger relation was found among current smokers (OR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1, 0.7) than among ex-smokers (OR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4, 0.9), and there was an inverse gradient with pack-years smoked (trend p < 0.001). No associations were detected for coffee consumption or total caffeine intake or for alcohol consumption. However, reduced risks were observed for consumption of 2 cups/day or more of tea (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2, 0.9) and two or more cola drinks/day (OR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.3, 1.4). The associations for tea and cola drinks were not confounded by smoking or coffee consumption.