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Chang LL, DesJardin JT, Albert MA, Ezekowitz J, Yusuf S. Dietary Sodium Restriction in Patients with Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:1621-1623. [PMID: 37099346 DOI: 10.1056/nejmclde2215283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
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Liu Z, Li SK, Huang CK, Huang CF. A High-Sodium Diet Modulates the Immune Response of Food Allergy in a Murine Model. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113684. [PMID: 34835940 PMCID: PMC8621805 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence demonstrates that a high-salt diet (HSD) not only affects hemodynamic changes but also disrupts immune homeostasis. The T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are susceptible to hypersalinity. However, research on the influence of sodium on Th2-mediated food allergies remains scarce. We aimed to investigate the effect of dietary sodium on the immune response to food allergies. Mice maintained on an HSD (4% NaCl), low-salt diet (LSD; 0.4% NaCl), or control diet (CTRL; 1.0% NaCl) were orally sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and a cholera toxin (CT) adjuvant, and then subjected to an intragastric OVA challenge. OVA-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG1, IgG2a, and IgE antibodies were significantly higher in the HSD group than in the CTRL group (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.05, respectively). Mice on HSD had significantly higher interleukin (IL)-4 levels than the CTRL group (p < 0.01). The IL-10 levels were significantly lower in the HSD group than in the CTRL group (p < 0.05). The serum levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), sodium, and chloride did not differ among the three groups. This study indicates that excessive salt intake promotes Th2 responses in a mouse model of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheying Liu
- Emergency Department, Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11696, Taiwan;
- Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11696, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan; (S.-K.L.); (C.-K.H.)
| | - Shih-Kuan Li
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan; (S.-K.L.); (C.-K.H.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonghe Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City 23445, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kang Huang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan; (S.-K.L.); (C.-K.H.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan City 33052, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Huang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan; (S.-K.L.); (C.-K.H.)
- National Defense Medical Center, School of Medicine, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2875-7019; Fax: +886-2-2873-9019
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Lucarini M, Durazzo A, Sette S, Lombardi-Boccia G, Santini A, Strazzullo P. Sodium Intake and Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147608. [PMID: 34299228 PMCID: PMC8304641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Lucarini
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (S.S.); (G.L.-B.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (S.S.); (G.L.-B.)
| | - Stefania Sette
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (S.S.); (G.L.-B.)
| | - Ginevra Lombardi-Boccia
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (S.S.); (G.L.-B.)
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Pasquale Strazzullo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (P.S.)
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Yang Y, Wang J, Ma J, Shi W, Wu J. Comparison of Salt-Related Knowledge and Behaviors Status of WeChat Users between 2019 and 2020. Nutrients 2021; 13:2141. [PMID: 34206633 PMCID: PMC8308297 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to identify the status of salt-related knowledge and behavior of the residents who were active in WeChat software between 2019 and 2020, 10-day salt-related surveys were conducted in 2019 and 2020 based on the WeChat public platform of China Healthy Lifestyle for All Campaign. Distribution and scores of salt-related knowledge, salt reduction behavior and high-salt intake behavior between 2019 and 2020 were compared. Data of 2109 participants in 2019 and 12,732 participants in 2020 were left for analysis. Overall, 88.2% of participants in 2019 had a willingness to reduce the amount of cooking salt in their households, significantly lower than 90.2% in 2020 (p-value < 0.05). In 2019 and 2020, over 80% of the participants knew fine dried noodles contain salt, but less than 30% knew ice cream contains salt. Over 78% of participants chose 5 g or 6 g for the maximum daily salt intake of healthy adults, and about 98% of participants knew that excessive salt intake would increase the risk of hypertension in both years. The percentage of participants who used salt measuring spoons asked restaurants to use less salt, read the sodium content on the nutrition facts table, chose foods with low sodium content and regularly used low-sodium salt, were 36.1%, 45.0%, 44.1%, 40.3% and 35.8% in 2019, and the percentage increased significantly to 46.4%, 49.2%, 50.8%, 47.1% and 43.4% in 2020 (all p-value < 0.05). The percentage of people regularly eating pickled mustard tubers, salted vegetables and sauce foods or using high-salt condiments also increased from 2019 to 2020. The median of salt-related knowledge scores, salt reduction behavior scores and high-salt intake behavior scores were 11, 2, 5 points in 2019, and 10, 3, 5 points in 2020, respectively. Compared to 2019, the salt-related knowledge score was relatively lower, while the salt reduction behavior score and high-salt intake behavior score were relatively higher in 2020. Besides, the score of salt-related knowledge and behaviors differed in different gender, age and hypertension groups. The COVID-19 epidemic may have influenced the salt-related knowledge and behaviors status of WeChat users in China. Promotion and education of salt-related knowledge and online behavior intervention are still needed, particularly for male and hypertension patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Yang
- Office of Non-Communicable Disease and Aging Health Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Jinglei Wang
- Office of Non-Communicable Disease and Aging Health Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Jixiang Ma
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China;
| | - Wenhui Shi
- Office of Non-Communicable Disease and Aging Health Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Jing Wu
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
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Rozga M, Burrowes JD, Byham-Gray LD, Handu D. Effects of Sodium-Specific Medical Nutrition Therapy from a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist in Individuals with Chronic Kidney Disease: An Evidence Analysis Center Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 122:445-460.e19. [PMID: 33941476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dietary sodium intake can increase risk of hypertension, a leading cause of kidney failure in individuals with chronic kidney disease. The objective of this systematic review was to examine the effect of sodium-specific medical nutrition therapy provided by a registered dietitian nutritionist or international equivalent on blood pressure and urinary sodium excretion in individuals with chronic kidney disease, stages 2 through 5, receiving maintenance dialysis and posttransplant. Medline, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and other databases were searched to identify eligible controlled trials published in the English language from January 2000 until June 2020 that addressed the research question. Risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2.0 tool and quality of evidence was examined by outcome using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation method. Of the 5,642 articles identified, eight studies were included in the final analyses. Six studies targeted clients who were not dialyzed, including one with clients who were posttransplantation, and two studies with clients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. Sodium-specific medical nutrition therapy from a registered dietitian nutritionist significantly reduced clinic systolic blood pressure (mean difference -6.7, 95% CI -11.0 to -2.4 mm Hg; I2 = 51%) and diastolic blood pressure (mean difference -4.8, 95% CI, -7.1 to -2.4 mm Hg; I2 = 23%) as well as urinary sodium excretion (mean difference -67.6, 95% CI -91.6 to -43.6 mmol/day; I2 = 84.1%). Efficacy was limited to individuals who were not dialyzed, including posttransplantation, but the intervention did not significantly improve blood pressure in individuals receiving maintenance hemodialysis. Adults with chronic kidney disease should begin to work with registered dietitian nutritionist early in the course of disease to receive individualized, effective counseling to improve risk factors and, ultimately, health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Rozga
- Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Center, Chicago, IL.
| | | | | | - Deepa Handu
- Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Center, Chicago, IL
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Millar CL, Cohen A, Juraschek SP, Foley A, Shtivelman M, Mukamal KJ, Sahni S. The Feasibility of Using Computrition Software for Nutrition Research-A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020329. [PMID: 33498640 PMCID: PMC7911746 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the feasibility of using Computrition to design and implement a low vs. typical sodium meal plan intervention for older adults. Dietitians used Computrition to design a 7-day meal plan with three caloric levels (≤1750, 2000, ≥2250 kcals/day) and two sodium densities (low = 0.9 mg/kcal; n = 11 or typical = 2 mg/kcal; n = 9). Feasibility was determined by post-hoc definitions of effectiveness, sodium compliance, palatability of diet, sustainability, and safety. Given the low number of participants in one of the three calorie groups, the higher calorie groups were combined. Thus, comparisons are between low vs. typical meal plans at two calorie levels (≤1750 or ≥2000 kcals/day). Overall, regardless of the calorie group, the meal plans created with Computrition were effective in reaching the targeted sodium density and were safe for participants. Furthermore, individuals appeared to be equally compliant and reported similar palatability across meal plans. However, one of the three criteria for the sustainability definition was not met. In conclusion, we successfully used Computrition to design low and typical sodium meal plans that were effective, compliable, and safe. Future studies of older adults in similar settings should focus on improving the palatability of the meal plans and scaling this protocol to larger studies in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L. Millar
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Roslindale, Boston, MA 02131, USA; (C.L.M.); (A.F.)
- Hebrew Senior Life, Roslindale, Boston, MA 02131, USA; (A.C.); (M.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.P.J.); (K.J.M.)
| | - Alegria Cohen
- Hebrew Senior Life, Roslindale, Boston, MA 02131, USA; (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Stephen P. Juraschek
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.P.J.); (K.J.M.)
| | - Abby Foley
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Roslindale, Boston, MA 02131, USA; (C.L.M.); (A.F.)
- Hebrew Senior Life, Roslindale, Boston, MA 02131, USA; (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Misha Shtivelman
- Hebrew Senior Life, Roslindale, Boston, MA 02131, USA; (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Kenneth J. Mukamal
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.P.J.); (K.J.M.)
| | - Shivani Sahni
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Roslindale, Boston, MA 02131, USA; (C.L.M.); (A.F.)
- Hebrew Senior Life, Roslindale, Boston, MA 02131, USA; (A.C.); (M.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.P.J.); (K.J.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Liu T, Rao H, Wang M, Xu H, Wang W, Li G, Wang H, Mu L. Comparative analysis of visit and home blood pressure in a pilot trial on the effect of 18% sodium substitute salt on blood pressure. Sci Rep 2021; 11:907. [PMID: 33441669 PMCID: PMC7806920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim to compare the home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) and visit blood pressure monitoring in a clinical phase I single-arm pilot trial. The 18% sodium substitute salt was used in 43 hypertensives for 8 weeks, and visited once a week, while weekly visit blood (VBP) pressure, daily home blood pressure (HBP) and urine test results before and after intervention were collected. 43 hypertensive patients were recruited, 4 were lost. And enrolled 39 patients for analysis. The VBP were lower than morning HBP and night HBP (P < 0.05). And VBP was good correlated with morning BP (SBP: r = 0.692, P < 0.001, DBP: r = 0.789, P < 0.001) and night BP (SBP: r = 0.571, P < 0.001, DBP: r = 0.738, P < 0.001). The results of mixed linear model analysis showed that patients' visit SBP (- 11.4 mmHg, 95% CI: - 17.0 to - 5.7, P < 0.001), morning home SBP (- 10.0 mmHg, 95% CI: - 16.4 to - 3.6, P = 0.003) and night home SBP (- 10.2 mmHg, 95% CI: - 15.8 to - 4.6, P = 0.001) decreased significantly, after intervention. Both HBP and VBP showed that 18% substitute salt intervention could decrease the blood pressure of hypertensives. Medication led to VBP lower than HBP, but the two still had a good correlation.Trial registration: NCT03226327. Registered 21 July 2017-Retrospectively registered, http://www.clinicaltrials.gov .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Huakun Rao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Meixian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Huini Xu
- Chongqing Nan'an District People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Chongqing Nan'an District People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Chongqing Nan'an District People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Lihong Mu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Maruya S, Takachi R, Kanda M, Nakadate M, Ishihara J. Short-Term Effects of Salt Restriction via Home Dishes Do Not Persist in the Long Term: A Randomized Control Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103034. [PMID: 33022957 PMCID: PMC7600707 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt intake reduction is crucial to prevent non-communicable diseases (NCDs) globally. This study aimed to investigate the short- and long-term effects of monitoring salt concentration in homemade dishes on reducing salt intake in a Japanese population. A double-blind randomized controlled trial using a 2 × 2 factorial design with two interventions was conducted in 195 participants; they were assigned to both interventions for a group monitoring salt concentration in soups (control: no monitoring) and a group using low-sodium seasoning (control: regular seasoning). We evaluated 24-hour urinary sodium excretions at baseline and after a three-month intervention for the changes as major outcomes, at six- and twelve-months after baseline as long-term follow-up surveys. Urinary sodium excretion decreased in both intervention and control groups after the intervention. However, differences in the change for both monitoring and low-sodium seasoning interventions were statistically non-significant (p = 0.29 and 0.52, respectively). Urinary sodium excretion returned to the baseline level after twelve-months for all groups. Monitoring of salt concentration is ineffective in reducing salt intake for short- and long-term among the people studied in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Maruya
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan; (S.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Ribeka Takachi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan; (S.M.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-742-20-3565
| | - Maki Kanda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan; (S.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Misako Nakadate
- Department of Food and Life Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan; (M.N.); (J.I.)
| | - Junko Ishihara
- Department of Food and Life Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan; (M.N.); (J.I.)
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Ide N, Ajenikoko A, Steele L, Cohn J, J. Curtis C, Frieden TR, Cobb LK. Priority Actions to Advance Population Sodium Reduction. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092543. [PMID: 32842580 PMCID: PMC7551205 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High sodium intake is estimated to cause approximately 3 million deaths per year worldwide. The estimated average sodium intake of 3.95 g/day far exceeds the recommended intake. Population sodium reduction should be a global priority, while simultaneously ensuring universal salt iodization. This article identifies high priority strategies that address major sources of sodium: added to packaged food, added to food consumed outside the home, and added in the home. To be included, strategies needed to be scalable and sustainable, have large benefit, and applicable to one of four measures of effectiveness: (1) Rigorously evaluated with demonstrated success in reducing sodium; (2) suggestive evidence from lower quality evaluations or modeling; (3) rigorous evaluations of similar interventions not specifically for sodium reduction; or (4) an innovative approach for sources of sodium that are not sufficiently addressed by an existing strategy. We identified seven priority interventions. Four target packaged food: front-of-pack labeling, packaged food reformulation targets, regulating food marketing to children, and taxes on high sodium foods. One targets food consumed outside the home: food procurement policies for public institutions. Two target sodium added at home: mass media campaigns and population uptake of low-sodium salt. In conclusion, governments have many tools to save lives by reducing population sodium intake.
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Rito AI, Mendes S, Santos M, Goiana-da-Silva F, Cappuccio FP, Whiting S, Dinis A, Rascôa C, Castanheira I, Darzi A, Breda J. Salt Reduction Strategies in Portuguese School Meals, from Pre-School to Secondary Education-The Eat Mediterranean Program. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082213. [PMID: 32722323 PMCID: PMC7469016 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High sodium (salt) consumption is associated with an increased risk of developing non-communicable diseases. However, in most European countries, Portugal included, sodium intake is still high. This study aimed to assess the sodium content of school meals before and after the Eat Mediterranean (EM) intervention—a community-based program to identify and correct nutritional deviations through the implementation of new school menus and through schools’ food handlers training. EM (2015–2017) was developed in 25 schools (pre to secondary education) of two Portuguese Municipalities, reaching students aged 3–21 years old. Samples of the complete meals (soup + main course + bread) from all schools were collected, and nutritional quality and laboratory analysis were performed to determine their nutritional composition, including sodium content. Overall, there was a significant decrease (−23%) in the mean sodium content of the complete school meals, which was mainly achieved by the significant reduction of 34% of sodium content per serving portion of soup. In conclusion, EM had a positive effect on the improvement of the school meals’ sodium content, among the participant schools. Furthermore, school setting might be ideal for nutrition literacy interventions among children, for flavors shaping, and for educating towards less salty food acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Rito
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Nutrition and Childhood Obesity—National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA, IP), 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.S.); (I.C.)
- Centre for Studies and Research in Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS), 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-217-519-200
| | - Sofia Mendes
- Centre for Studies and Research in Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS), 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
- National School of Public Health, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana Santos
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Nutrition and Childhood Obesity—National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA, IP), 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.S.); (I.C.)
- National School of Public Health, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Goiana-da-Silva
- Centre for Health Policy, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (F.G.-d.-S.); (A.D.)
| | - Francesco Paolo Cappuccio
- University of Warwick, WHO Collaborating Centre for Nutrition, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK;
| | - Stephen Whiting
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, 125009 Moscow, Russia; (S.W.); (J.B.)
| | - Ana Dinis
- Regional Health Administration of Lisbon and Tagus Valley (ARSLVT), 1700-179 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.D.); (C.R.)
| | - Carla Rascôa
- Regional Health Administration of Lisbon and Tagus Valley (ARSLVT), 1700-179 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.D.); (C.R.)
| | - Isabel Castanheira
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Nutrition and Childhood Obesity—National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA, IP), 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.S.); (I.C.)
| | - Ara Darzi
- Centre for Health Policy, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (F.G.-d.-S.); (A.D.)
| | - João Breda
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, 125009 Moscow, Russia; (S.W.); (J.B.)
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Bayomy O, Zaheer S, Williams JS, Curhan G, Vaidya A. Disentangling the Relationships Between the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, Calcium Physiology, and Risk for Kidney Stones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5803967. [PMID: 32163150 PMCID: PMC7185954 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Complex relationships between aldosterone and calcium homeostasis have been proposed. OBJECTIVE To disentangle the influence of aldosterone and intravascular volume on calcium physiology. DESIGN Patient-oriented and epidemiology studies. SETTING Clinical research center and nationwide cohorts. PARTICIPANTS/INTERVENTIONS Patient-oriented study (n = 18): Participants were evaluated after completing a sodium-restricted (RES) diet to contract intravascular volume and after a liberalized-sodium (LIB) diet to expand intravascular volume. Cross-sectional studies (n = 3755): the association between 24h urinary sodium and calcium excretion and risk for kidney stones was assessed. RESULTS Patient-oriented study: compared to a RES-diet, a LIB-diet suppressed renin activity (LIB: 0.3 [0.1, 0.4] vs. RES: 3.1 [1.7, 5.3] ng/mL/h; P < 0.001) and plasma aldosterone (LIB: 2.0 [2.0, 2.7] vs. RES: 20.0 [16.1, 31.0] vs. ng/dL; P < 0.001), but increased calciuria (LIB: 238.4 ± 112.3 vs. RES: 112.9 ± 60.8 mg/24hr; P < 0.0001) and decreased serum calcium (LIB: 8.9 ± 0.3 vs. RES: 9.8 ± 0.4 mg/dL; P < 0.0001). Epidemiology study: mean urinary calcium excretion was higher with greater urinary sodium excretion. Compared to a urinary sodium excretion of < 120 mEq/day, a urinary sodium excretion of ≥220 mEq/day was associated with a higher risk for having kidney stones in women (risk ratio = 1.79 [95% confidence interval 1.05, 3.04]) and men (risk ratio = 2.06 [95% confidence interval 1.27, 3.32]). CONCLUSIONS High dietary sodium intake suppresses aldosterone, decreases serum calcium, and increases calciuria and the risk for developing kidney stones. Our findings help disentangle the influences of volume from aldosterone on calcium homeostasis and provide support for the recommendation to restrict dietary sodium for kidney stone prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Bayomy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, US
| | - Sarah Zaheer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, US
| | - Jonathan S Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, US
| | - Gary Curhan
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, US
| | - Anand Vaidya
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, US
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Anand Vaidya, MD MMSc, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail:
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Toft U, Riis NL, Lassen AD, Trolle E, Andreasen AH, Frederiksen AKS, Joergensen NR, Munk JK, Bjoernsbo KS. The Effects of Two Intervention Strategies to Reduce the Intake of Salt and the Sodium-To-Potassium Ratio on Cardiovascular Risk Factors. A 4-Month Randomised Controlled Study among Healthy Families. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051467. [PMID: 32438659 PMCID: PMC7284652 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim was to examine the effects of two different salt reduction strategies on selected cardiovascular risk factors. The study was a four-month cluster randomised controlled study. Eighty-nine healthy Danish families (309 individuals) were randomly assigned to either (A) gradually salt-reduced bread, (B) gradually salt-reduced bread and dietary counselling to further reduce salt intake and increase potassium intake or (C) standard bread (control). The effect was assessed using linear mixed models. Intention to treat analyses comparing changes in the three groups showed a significant reduction in body fat percent (−1.31% (−2.40; −0.23)) and a borderline significant reduction in total plasma cholesterol (−0.25 mmol/L (−0.51; 0.01) and plasma renin (−0.19 pmol/L (−0.39; 0.00) in group A compared to the control group. Adjusted complete case analyses showed a significant reduction in total plasma cholesterol (−0.29 mmol/L (−0.50; −0.08), plasma LDL cholesterol (−0.08 mmol/L (−0.15; −0.00)), plasma renin (−0.23 pmol/L (−0.41; −0.05)), plasma adrenaline (−0.03 nmol/L (−0.06; −0.01)) and body fat percent (−1.53% (−2.51; −0.54)) in group A compared to the control group. No significant changes were found in group B compared to the control group. In conclusion, receiving sodium reduce bread was associated with beneficial changes in cardiovascular risk factors. No adverse effects were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Toft
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (N.L.R.); (A.H.A.); (A.K.S.F.); (K.S.B.)
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-2999-7877
| | - Nanna Louise Riis
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (N.L.R.); (A.H.A.); (A.K.S.F.); (K.S.B.)
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (A.D.L.); (E.T.)
| | - Anne Dahl Lassen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (A.D.L.); (E.T.)
| | - Ellen Trolle
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (A.D.L.); (E.T.)
| | - Anne Helms Andreasen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (N.L.R.); (A.H.A.); (A.K.S.F.); (K.S.B.)
| | - Amalie Kruse Sigersted Frederiksen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (N.L.R.); (A.H.A.); (A.K.S.F.); (K.S.B.)
| | - Niklas Rye Joergensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Kristian Munk
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Amager and Hvidovre Hospital, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark;
| | - Kirsten Schroll Bjoernsbo
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (N.L.R.); (A.H.A.); (A.K.S.F.); (K.S.B.)
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Unda Villafuerte F, Llobera Cànaves J, Lorente Montalvo P, Moreno Sancho ML, Oliver Oliver B, Bassante Flores P, Estela Mantolan A, Pou Bordoy J, Rodríguez Ruiz T, Requena Hernández A, Leiva A, Torrent Quetglas M, Coll Benejam JM, D’Agosto Forteza P, Rigo Carratalà F. Effectiveness of a multifactorial intervention, consisting of self-management of antihypertensive medication, self-measurement of blood pressure, hypocaloric and low sodium diet, and physical exercise, in patients with uncontrolled hypertension taking 2 or more antihypertensive drugs: The MEDICHY study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19769. [PMID: 32332617 PMCID: PMC7220514 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High blood pressure is the leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality and with significant health care costs for individuals and society. However, fewer than half of the patients with hypertension receiving pharmacological treatment have adequate blood pressure control. The main reasons for this are therapeutic inertia, lack of adherence to treatment, and unhealthy lifestyle (i.e., excess dietary fat and salt, sedentary lifestyle, and overweight). Cardiovascular risk and mortality are greater in hypertensive patients who are receiving treatment but have suboptimal control of blood pressure. METHODS/DESIGN This is a multicentre, parallel, 2-arm, single-blind (outcome assessor), controled, cluster-randomized clinical trial. General practitioners and nurses will be randomly allocated to the intervention group (self-management of antihypertensive medication, self-measurement of blood pressure, hypocaloric and low sodium diet, and physical exercise) or the control group (regular clinical practice). A total of 424 patients in primary care centers who use 2 or more antihypertensive drugs and blood pressure of at least 130/80 during 24-hambulatory blood pressure monitoring will be recruited. The primary outcome is systolic blood pressure at 12 months. The secondary outcomes are blood pressure control (<140/90 mm Hg); quality of life (EuroQol 5D); direct health care costs; adherence to use of antihypertensive medication; and cardiovascular risk (REGICOR and SCORE scales). DISCUSSION This trial will be conducted in the primary care setting and will evaluate the impact of a multifactorial intervention consisting of self-management of blood pressure, antihypertensive medications, and lifestyle modifications (hypocaloric and low sodium diet and physical exercise).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joan Llobera Cànaves
- Primary Care Research Unit of Mallorca, Balearic Health Services (IB-Salut)
- Institut d’investigació Sanitària Illes Balears
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tomás Rodríguez Ruiz
- Primary Care Research Unit of Menorca, Balearic Health Services (IB-Salut), Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | | | - Alfonso Leiva
- Primary Care Research Unit of Mallorca, Balearic Health Services (IB-Salut)
- Institut d’investigació Sanitària Illes Balears
| | - Matíes Torrent Quetglas
- Institut d’investigació Sanitària Illes Balears
- Primary Care Research Unit of Menorca, Balearic Health Services (IB-Salut), Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - José María Coll Benejam
- Institut d’investigació Sanitària Illes Balears
- Menorca Primary care management, Menorca, Balearic Health Services (IB-Salut)
| | | | - Fernando Rigo Carratalà
- Institut d’investigació Sanitària Illes Balears
- San Agustín Healthcare Centre, Institut d’investigació Sanitària Illes Balears
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Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Salt reduction remains a global challenge and different salt reduction strategies have been studied in China. This study is to systematically evaluate evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCT) in China and inform the effective salt reduction strategies. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Wanfang Data and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases through October 2019. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA RCTs conducted in China with at least 4 weeks' duration of study and blood pressure (BP) reported. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data were screened, extracted and appraised by two independent reviewers. The quality of study was assessed using a modified Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. The primary outcome was the difference in BP change from baseline to the end of study between interventions and control. The effects were pooled using a random effects model and associated factors were explored by a meta-regression. RESULTS We identified 24 studies involving 10 448 participants, including 8 studies on health education (4583 participants), 2 studies on salt restriction diet (162 participants), 1 study on salt restriction spoon (50 participants) and 13 studies on salt substitute (5653 participants). Six studies on salt substitute and three studies on health education were identified with high quality. Pooled results from the six studies showed that salt substitutes significantly reduced systolic BP (-5.7 mm Hg; 95% CI -8.5 to -2.8) and diastolic BP (-2.0 mm Hg; 95% CI -3.5 to -0.4). The School-EduSalt study showed that the school-based health education significantly reduced systolic BP among parents (-2.3 mm Hg; 95% CI -4.5 to -0.04). CONCLUSIONS Among four salt reduction strategies studied in China with RCT design, only salt substitute was proved effective in lowering BP by the pooled effect from multiple studies with high quality. More well-designed studies are warranted for other strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoming Jin
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wuxiang Xie
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yangfeng Wu
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Epidemiology, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
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15
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Ushigome E, Oyabu C, Shiraishi M, Kitagawa N, Kitae A, Iwai K, Ushigome H, Yokota I, Hamaguchi M, Yamazaki M, Fukui M. Evaluation of the efficacy of simplified nutritional instructions from physicians on dietary salt restriction for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus consuming excessive salt: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20:761. [PMID: 31870424 PMCID: PMC6929491 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is present in more than 50% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dietary salt restriction is recommended for the management of high blood pressure. Instructions on dietary salt restriction, provided by a dietitian, have been shown to help patients reduce their salt intake. However, appointments for the dietitians in hospitals are often already fully booked, making it difficult for patients to receive instructions on the same day as the outpatient clinic visit. AIM The aim of this trial is to test a new intervention to assess whether guidance on dietary salt restriction provided by physicians during outpatient visits is effective in reducing salt intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have an excessive salt intake. METHODS In this unblinded randomized controlled trial (RCT), a total of 200 patients, male or female, aged between 20 and 90 years, who have type 2 diabetes mellitus and consume excessive salt will be randomly assigned to two groups: an intervention group and a control group. In addition to being given routine treatment, participants in the intervention group will be given individual guidance on restricting their dietary salt intake by a physician upon enrollment. The control group will only be given routine treatment. Participants will be followed up for 24 weeks. The primary outcome will be dietary salt intake, which will be assessed at baseline and at 8, 16, and 24 weeks. The secondary outcomes, including body weight, body mass index, hemoglobin A1c level, blood pressure, blood glucose level, serum lipid profile, and urinary albumin excretion level, will be assessed at baseline and at 8, 16, and 24 weeks. DISCUSSION The results of this RCT have the potential to provide a simple and novel clinical approach to reduce salt intake among patients with type 2 diabetes, making regular visits to their physician, in outpatient facilities. This protocol will contribute to the literature because it describes a practical intervention that has not been tested previously, and it may serve as guidance to other researchers interested in testing similar interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN), UMIN000028809. Registered retrospectively on 24 August 2017. http://www.umin.ac.jp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Ushigome
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto, 621-8585 Japan
| | - Chikako Oyabu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto First Red Cross Hospital, 749 Honmachi 15-chome, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto, 605-0981 Japan
| | - Makoto Shiraishi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
| | - Nobuko Kitagawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
| | - Aya Kitae
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
| | - Keiko Iwai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
| | - Hidetaka Ushigome
- Department of Organ Transplantation and General Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
| | - Isao Yokota
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 8, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0808 Japan
| | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
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Ratchford SM, Broxterman RM, La Salle DT, Kwon OS, Park SY, Hopkins PN, Richardson RS, Trinity JD. Salt restriction lowers blood pressure at rest and during exercise without altering peripheral hemodynamics in hypertensive individuals. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H1194-H1202. [PMID: 31584837 PMCID: PMC7199224 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00431.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dietary salt restriction is a well-established approach to lower blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular disease risk in hypertensive individuals. However, little is currently known regarding the effects of salt restriction on central and peripheral hemodynamic responses to exercise in those with hypertension. Therefore, this study sought to determine the impact of salt restriction on the central and peripheral hemodynamic responses to static-intermittent handgrip (HG) and dynamic single-leg knee extension (KE) exercise in individuals with hypertension. Twenty-two subjects (14 men and 8 women, 51 ± 10 yr, 173 ± 11 cm, 99 ± 23 kg) forewent their antihypertensive medication use for at least 2 wk before embarking on a 5-day liberal salt (LS: 200 mmol/day) diet followed by a 5-day restricted salt (RS: 10 mmol/day) diet. Subjects were studied at rest and during static intermittent HG exercise at 15, 30, and 45% of maximal voluntary contraction and KE exercise at 40, 60, and 80% of maximum KE work rate. Salt restriction lowered resting systolic blood pressure (supine: -12 ± 12 mmHg, seated: -17 ± 12 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (supine: -3 ± 9 mmHg, seated: -5 ± 7 mmHg, P < 0.05). Despite an ~8 mmHg lower mean arterial blood pressure during both HG and KE exercise following salt restriction, neither central nor peripheral hemodynamics were altered. Therefore, salt restriction can lower blood pressure during exercise in subjects with hypertension, reducing the risk of cardiovascular events, without impacting central and peripheral hemodynamics during either arm or leg exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to examine the potential blood pressure-lowering benefit of a salt-restrictive diet in individuals with hypertension without any deleterious effects of exercising blood flow. While mean arterial pressure decreased by ~8 mmHg following salt restriction, these findings provide evidence for salt restriction to provide protective effects of reducing blood pressure without inhibiting central or peripheral hemodynamics required to sustain arm or leg exercise in subjects with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Ratchford
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina
| | - Ryan M Broxterman
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - D Taylor La Salle
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Oh Sung Kwon
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Song-Young Park
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Paul N Hopkins
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Division of Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Joel D Trinity
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Babcock MC, Robinson AT, Migdal KU, Watso JC, Wenner MM, Stocker SD, Farquhar WB. Reducing Dietary Sodium to 1000 mg per Day Reduces Neurovascular Transduction Without Stimulating Sympathetic Outflow. Hypertension 2019; 73:587-593. [PMID: 30661474 PMCID: PMC6374182 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The American Heart Association recommends no more than 1500 mg of sodium/day as ideal. Some cohort studies suggest low-sodium intake is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. Extremely low-sodium diets (≤500 mg/d) elicit activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and stimulate sympathetic outflow. The effects of an American Heart Association-recommended diet on sympathetic regulation of the vasculature are unclear. Therefore, we assessed whether a 1000 mg/d diet alters sympathetic outflow and sympathetic vascular transduction compared with the more commonly recommended 2300 mg/d. We hypothesized that sodium reduction from 2300 to 1000 mg/d would not affect resting sympathetic outflow but would reduce sympathetic transduction in healthy young adults. Seventeen participants (age: 26±2 years, 9F/8M) completed 10-day 2300 and 1000 mg/d sodium diets in this randomized controlled feeding study (crossover). We measured resting renin activity, angiotensin II, aldosterone, blood pressure, muscle sympathetic nerve activity, and norepinephrine. We quantified beat-by-beat changes in mean arterial pressure and leg vascular conductance (femoral artery ultrasound) following spontaneous sympathetic bursts to assess sympathetic vascular transduction. Reducing sodium to 1000 mg/d increased renin activity, angiotensin II, and aldosterone ( P<0.01 for all) but did not alter mean arterial pressure (78±2 versus 77±2 mm Hg, P=0.56), muscle sympathetic nerve activity (13.9±1.3 versus 13.9±0.8 bursts/min, P=0.98), or plasma/urine norepinephrine. Sympathetic vascular transduction decreased ( P<0.01). These data suggest that reducing sodium from 2300 to 1000 mg/d stimulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, does not increase resting basal sympathetic outflow, and reduces sympathetic vascular transduction in normotensive adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Babcock
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713
| | - Austin T. Robinson
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713
| | - Kamila U. Migdal
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713
| | - Joseph C. Watso
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713
| | - Megan M. Wenner
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713
| | - Sean D. Stocker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal-Electrolyte, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - William B. Farquhar
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713
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Peng AW, Appel LJ, Mueller NT, Tang O, Miller ER, Juraschek SP. Effects of sodium intake on postural lightheadedness: Results from the DASH-sodium trial. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2019; 21:355-362. [PMID: 30690866 PMCID: PMC6420359 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lightheadedness after standing contributes to adverse clinical events, including falls. Recommendations for higher sodium intake to treat postural lightheadedness have not been evaluated in a trial setting. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)-Sodium trial (1998-1999) tested the effects of the DASH diet and sodium reduction on blood pressure (BP). Participants were randomly assigned to DASH or a typical Western diet (control). During either diet, participants ate three sodium levels (50, 100, 150 meq/d at 2100 kcal) in random order for 30-days, separated by 5-day breaks. Participants reported the presence and severity of postural lightheadedness at baseline and after each feeding period. There were 412 participants (mean age 48 years; 57% women; 57% black). Mean baseline SBP/DBP was 135/86 mm Hg; 9.5% reported baseline lightheadedness. Among those consuming the DASH diet, high vs low sodium increased lightheadedness (OR 1.71; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.90; P = 0.047) and severity of lightheadedness (P = 0.02), but did not affect lightheadedness in those consuming the control diet (OR 0.77; 95% CI: 0.46, 1.29; P = 0.32). Among those consuming high vs low sodium in the context of the DASH diet, adults <60 vs ≥60 years old experienced more lightheadedness (P-interaction = 0.04), along with obese vs non-obese adults (P-interaction = 0.01). In the context of the DASH diet, higher sodium intake was associated with more frequent and severe lightheadedness. These findings challenge traditional recommendations to increase sodium intake to prevent lightheadedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison W. Peng
- The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical ResearchBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Lawrence J. Appel
- The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical ResearchBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Noel T. Mueller
- The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical ResearchBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Olive Tang
- The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical ResearchBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Edgar R. Miller
- The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical ResearchBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Stephen P. Juraschek
- Division of General Medicine and Primary CareBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
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Petersen KS, Rae S, Venos E, Malta D, Trieu K, Santos JA, Thout SR, Webster J, Campbell NRC, Arcand J. Paucity of high-quality studies reporting on salt and health outcomes from the science of salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (April 2017 to March 2018). J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2019; 21:307-323. [PMID: 30589204 PMCID: PMC8030311 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to identify, summarize, and critically appraise studies on dietary salt and health outcomes that were published from April 2017 to March 2018. The search strategy was adapted from a previous systematic review on dietary salt and health. Identified studies were screened based on a priori defined criteria to identify publications eligible for detailed critical appraisals. Overall, 6747 citations were identified by the search strategy, and 42 health outcome studies were identified. Three of the 42 studies met the criteria for methodological quality and health outcomes and underwent detailed critical appraisals and commentary. In addition, a systematic review and meta-analysis was critically appraised, although it did not strictly meet our methodological criteria. All four of the studies critically appraised found that sodium reduction improved blood pressure, especially in individuals with hypertension. In addition, sodium reduction reduced albuminuria in patients with stage 1-3 chronic kidney disease. Examination of the time course of blood pressure responses to sodium reduction revealed lowering sodium in the context of an average American diet may not produce maximal blood pressure reductions within a 4-week intervention period. This review provides further evidence of the benefit of sodium reduction for blood pressure lowering and gives insights into the subgroups of the population that may derive the greatest benefit from sodium reduction and the time course required to see benefit. Only three high-quality studies were identified during this 12-month review period, highlighting the critical need for more well-conducted rigorous studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S. Petersen
- Department of Nutritional SciencesPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
- The George Institute for Global HealthSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Sarah Rae
- Faculty of Health SciencesThe University of Ontario Institute of TechnologyOshawaOntarioCanada
| | - Erik Venos
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Daniela Malta
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Kathy Trieu
- The George Institute for Global HealthUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Joseph Alvin Santos
- The George Institute for Global HealthUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Jacqui Webster
- The George Institute for Global HealthUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Norm R. C. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology and Community Health SciencesO'Brien Institute for Public Health and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - JoAnne Arcand
- Faculty of Health SciencesThe University of Ontario Institute of TechnologyOshawaOntarioCanada
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Colin-Ramirez E, Ezekowitz JA. Rationale and design of the Study of Dietary Intervention Under 100 MMOL in Heart Failure (SODIUM-HF). Am Heart J 2018; 205:87-96. [PMID: 30205241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with heart failure (HF) remain at high risk for future events despite medical and device therapy. Dietary sodium reduction is often recommended based on limited evidence. However, it is not known whether dietary sodium reduction reduces the morbidity or mortality associated with HF. METHODS The SODIUM study is a pragmatic, randomized, open-label trial assessing the efficacy of dietary sodium reduction to <1500 mg daily counseling compared to usual care for patients with chronic HF. The intervention is provided by trained personnel at the site and uses 3-day food records for directing counseling. The primary outcome is an intention-to-treat analysis on the time to first cardiovascular event or death measured at 12 months. Secondary end points include the change in quality of life (using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire), change in New York Heart Association class, and change in 6-minute walk test. The first patient was enrolled in March 2014, and subsequently, 27 sites in 6 countries enrolled patients. CONCLUSIONS The SODIUM-HF trial will provide a robust evaluation of the effects of dietary sodium reduction in patients with HF. Results are expected in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Colin-Ramirez
- National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), and National Institute of Cardiology 'Ignacio Chavez', Mexico City, Mexico; Canadian VIGOUR Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Justin A Ezekowitz
- Canadian VIGOUR Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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21
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Trieu K, Jan S, Woodward M, Grimes C, Bolam B, Nowson C, Reimers J, Davidson C, Webster J. Protocol for the Process Evaluation of a Complex, Statewide Intervention to Reduce Salt Intake in Victoria, Australia. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10080998. [PMID: 30720790 PMCID: PMC6115992 DOI: 10.3390/nu10080998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Systematic reviews of trials consistently demonstrate that reducing salt intake lowers blood pressure. However, there is limited evidence on how interventions function in the real world to achieve sustained population-wide salt reduction. Process evaluations are crucial for understanding how and why an intervention resulted in its observed effect in that setting, particularly for complex interventions. This project presents the detailed protocol for a process evaluation of a statewide strategy to lower salt intake in Victoria, Australia. We describe the pragmatic methods used to collect and analyse data on six process evaluation dimensions: reach, dose or adoption, fidelity, effectiveness, context and cost, informed by Linnan and Steckler's framework and RE-AIM. Data collection methods include routinely collected administrative data; surveys of processed foods, the population, food industry and organizations; targeted campaign evaluation and semi-structured interviews. Quantitative and qualitative data will be triangulated to provide validation or context for one another. This process evaluation will contribute new knowledge about what components of the intervention are important to salt reduction strategies and how the interventions cause reduced salt intake, to inform the transferability of the program to other Australian states and territories. This protocol can be adapted for other population-based, complex, disease prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Trieu
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia.
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Stephen Jan
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia.
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Mark Woodward
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia.
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Carley Grimes
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Bruce Bolam
- Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Caryl Nowson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Jenny Reimers
- Victorian Health Promotion Foundation, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Chelsea Davidson
- National Heart Foundation (Victorian Division), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Jacqui Webster
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia.
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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22
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Abstract
Evidence has shown that long-term sodium reduction can not only reduce blood pressure, but also provide cardiovascular benefits. To date, there is little evidence related to the effects of salt reduction on isolated systolic hypertension (ISH).A total of 126 hypertensive patients were divided into an ISH group (n = 51) and a non-ISH (NISH) group (n = 75). The members of each group were then randomly assigned to low sodium salt (LSSalt) or normal salt (NSalt) diets for 6 months. Their blood pressure was measured every 2 months. Serum plasma renin-angiotensin activity, blood biochemical assays and urinary measurements were determined at the baseline and at the end of the 6 months.At the end of the study, the mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) of the ISH LSSalt group had significantly decreased by 10.18 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.13 to 17.2, P = .006) compared with that of the ISH NSalt group, while the mean SBP only decreased by 5.10 mm Hg (95% CI: -2.02 to 12.2, P = .158) in the NISH LSSalt group compared with that of the NISH NSalt group. The mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) had no significant differences in the ISH and NISH groups. No obvious renin angiotensin system activation was found after LSSalt intervention. Regarding the urinary excretion of electrolytes and blood biochemical assays, the LSSalt treatment had the same effects on the ISH group as on the NISH group.The present study showed that the SBP of ISH patients was significantly decreased with the LSSalt intervention, while neither the SBP of the NISH patients nor the DBP of either group were similarly decreased, which indicated that ISH patients were more sensitive to salt restriction.
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23
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Padilha BM, Ferreira RC, Bueno NB, Tassitano RM, Holanda LDS, Vasconcelos SML, Cabral PC. Association between blood cholesterol and sodium intake in hypertensive women with excess weight. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0371. [PMID: 29642188 PMCID: PMC5908596 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Restricted sodium intake has been recommended for more than 1 century for the treatment of hypertension. However, restriction seems to increase blood cholesterol. In women with excess weight, blood cholesterol may increase even more because of insulin resistance and the high lipolytic activity of adipose tissue.The aim of this study was to assess the association between blood cholesterol and sodium intake in hypertensive women with and without excess weight.This was a cross-sectional study with hypertensive and nondiabetic women aged 20 to 59 years, recruited at the primary healthcare units of Maceio, Alagoas, Brazilian Northeast. Excess weight was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥25.0 kg/m. Sodium intake was estimated by the 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium. Blood cholesterol was the primary outcome investigated by this study, and its relationship with sodium intake and other variables was assessed by Pearson correlation and multivariate linear regression using a significance level of 5%.This study included 165 hypertensive women. Of these, 135 (81.8%) were with excess weight. The mean sodium intake was 3.7 g (±1.9) and 3.4 g (±2.4) in hypertensive women with and without excess weight, respectively. The multiple normal linear regression models fitted to the "blood cholesterol" in the 2 groups reveal that for the group of hypertensive women without excess weight only 1 independent variable "age" is statistically significant to explain the variability of the blood cholesterol levels. However, for the group of hypertensive women with excess weight, 2 independent variables, age and sodium intake, can statistically explain variations of the blood cholesterol levels.Blood cholesterol is statistically inversely related to sodium intake for hypertensive women with excess weight, but it is not statistically related to sodium intake for hypertensive women without excess weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Merten Padilha
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, Alagoas
| | | | - Nassib Bezerra Bueno
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, Alagoas
| | - Rafael Miranda Tassitano
- Department of Physical Education, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros
| | - Lidiana de Souza Holanda
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Poliana Coelho Cabral
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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24
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Johnson C, Santos JA, McKenzie B, Thout SR, Trieu K, McLean R, Petersen KS, Campbell NR, Webster J. The Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of the implementation of salt reduction interventions (September 2016-February 2017). J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2017; 19:928-938. [PMID: 29024455 PMCID: PMC8031093 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This periodic review aims to identify, summarize, and appraise studies relating to the implementation of salt reduction strategies that were published between September 2016 and February 2017. A total of 41 studies were included as relevant to the design, assessment, and implementation of salt reduction strategies, and a detailed appraisal was conducted on the seven studies that evaluated the impact of salt reduction strategies. Of these, three were national studies or included large populations and four were conducted in communities with small participant sample sizes. Each study used a different strategy for reducing salt intake varying from category-specific sodium targets for packaged food to use of a low-sodium salt substitute to behavior change interventions. Four studies found statistically significant decreases in dietary salt intake and one study showed statistically significant decreases in mean sodium density of packaged food products. Four of the seven studies used either spot or 24-hour urine samples to measure dietary salt intake and five were conducted in East or Southeast Asia-two of which were in low- and middle-income countries. Study quality varied among the seven studies and all except one had one or more risks related to bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Johnson
- The George Institute for Global HealthCamperdownNSWAustralia
- The University of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Joseph A. Santos
- The George Institute for Global HealthCamperdownNSWAustralia
- The University of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Briar McKenzie
- The George Institute for Global HealthCamperdownNSWAustralia
- The University of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | | | - Kathy Trieu
- The George Institute for Global HealthCamperdownNSWAustralia
- The University of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Rachael McLean
- Department of Preventive & Social MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Kristina S. Petersen
- The George Institute for Global HealthCamperdownNSWAustralia
- The University of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Norm R.C. Campbell
- Department of MedicinePhysiology and Pharmacology and Community Health SciencesO'Brien Institute for Public HealthUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of AlbertaUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Jacqui Webster
- The George Institute for Global HealthCamperdownNSWAustralia
- The University of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
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25
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Neal B, Tian M, Li N, Elliott P, Yan LL, Labarthe DR, Huang L, Yin X, Hao Z, Stepien S, Shi J, Feng X, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Wu Y. Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the Salt Substitute and Stroke Study (SSaSS)-A large-scale cluster randomized controlled trial. Am Heart J 2017; 188:109-117. [PMID: 28577665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lowering sodium intake with a reduced-sodium, added potassium salt substitute has been proved to lower blood pressure levels. Whether the same strategy will also reduce the risks of vascular outcomes is uncertain and controversial. The SSaSS has been designed to test whether sodium reduction achieved with a salt substitute can reduce the risk of vascular disease. The study is a large-scale, open, cluster-randomized controlled trial done in 600 villages across 5 provinces in China. Participants have either a history of stroke or an elevated risk of stroke based on age and blood pressure level at entry. Villages were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to intervention or continued usual care. Salt substitute is provided free of charge to participants in villages assigned to the intervention group. Follow-up is scheduled every 6months for 5years, and all potential endpoints are reviewed by a masked adjudication committee. The primary end point is fatal and nonfatal stroke, and the 2 secondary endpoints are total major cardiovascular events and total mortality. The study has been designed to provide 90% statistical power (with 2-sided α = .05) to detect a 13% or greater relative risk reduction for stroke. The power estimate assumes a primary outcome event rate of 3.5% per year and a systolic blood pressure difference of 3.0mm Hg between randomized groups. Recruitment is complete and there are 20,996 participants (about 35 per village) that have been enrolled. Mean age is 65years and 49% are female. There were 73% enrolled on the basis of a history of stroke. The trial is well placed to describe the effects of salt substitution on the risks of vascular disease and death and will provide important policy-relevant data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Maoyi Tian
- The George Institute for Global Health and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Nicole Li
- The George Institute for Global Health and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Lijing L Yan
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
| | | | - Liping Huang
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Yin
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Hao
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Sandrine Stepien
- The George Institute for Global Health and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jingpu Shi
- China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Jianxin Zhang
- Hebei Center for Disease Control, Shijiazhuang, China
| | | | | | - Yangfeng Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
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26
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Han X, Hu Z, Chen J, Huang J, Huang C, Liu F, Gu C, Yang X, Hixson JE, Lu X, Wang L, Liu DP, He J, Chen S, Gu D. Associations Between Genetic Variants of NADPH Oxidase-Related Genes and Blood Pressure Responses to Dietary Sodium Intervention: The GenSalt Study. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:427-434. [PMID: 28200110 PMCID: PMC6191854 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpw200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to comprehensively test the associations of genetic variants of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-related genes with blood pressure (BP) responses to dietary sodium intervention in a Chinese population. METHODS We conducted a 7-day low-sodium intervention followed by a 7-day high-sodium intervention among 1,906 participants in rural China. BP measurements were obtained at baseline and each dietary intervention using a random-zero sphygmomanometer. Linear mixed-effect models were used to assess the additive associations of 63 tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 11 NADPH oxidase-related genes with BP responses to dietary sodium intervention. Gene-based analyses were conducted using the truncated product method. The Bonferroni method was used to adjust for multiple testing in all analyses. RESULTS Systolic BP (SBP) response to high-sodium intervention significantly decreased with the number of minor T allele of marker rs6967221 in RAC1 (P = 4.51 × 10-4). SBP responses (95% confidence interval) for genotypes CC, CT, and TT were 5.03 (4.71, 5.36), 4.20 (3.54, 4.85), and 0.56 (-1.08, 2.20) mm Hg, respectively, during the high-sodium intervention. Gene-based analyses revealed that RAC1 was significantly associated with SBP response to high-sodium intervention (P = 1.00 × 10-6) and diastolic BP response to low-sodium intervention (P = 9.80 × 10-4). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that genetic variants of NADPH oxidase-related genes may contribute to the variation of BP responses to sodium intervention in Chinese population. Further replication of these findings is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xikun Han
- Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zunsong Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fangchao Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Charles Gu
- School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xueli Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - James E Hixson
- School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiangfeng Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Laiyuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - De-Pei Liu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shufeng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dongfeng Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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27
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Santos JA, Trieu K, Raj TS, Arcand J, Johnson C, Webster J, McLean R. The Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of the implementation of salt reduction interventions (March-August 2016). J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2017; 19:439-451. [PMID: 28247592 PMCID: PMC8031001 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to identify, summarize, and appraise studies reporting on the implementation of salt reduction interventions that were published between March and August 2016. Overall, 40 studies were included: four studies evaluated the impact of salt reduction interventions, while 36 studies were identified as relevant to the design, assessment, and implementation of salt reduction strategies. Detailed appraisal and commentary were undertaken on the four studies that measured the impact of the interventions. Among them, different evaluation approaches were adopted; however, all demonstrated positive health outcomes relating to dietary salt reduction. Three of the four studies measured sodium in breads and provided consistent evidence that sodium reduction in breads is feasible and different intervention options are available. None of the studies were conducted in low- or lower middle-income countries, which stresses the need for more resources and research support for the implementation of salt reduction interventions in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Alvin Santos
- The George Institute for Global HealthUniversity of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Kathy Trieu
- The George Institute for Global HealthUniversity of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - JoAnne Arcand
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Ontario Institute of TechnologyOshawa OntarioCanada
| | - Claire Johnson
- The George Institute for Global HealthUniversity of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jacqui Webster
- The George Institute for Global HealthUniversity of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Rachael McLean
- Departments of Preventive & Social Medicine/Human NutritionUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
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28
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Li N, Yan LL, Niu W, Yao C, Feng X, Zhang J, Shi J, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Hao Z, Chu H, Zhang J, Li X, Pan J, Li Z, Sun J, Zhou B, Zhao Y, Yu Y, Engelgau M, Labarthe D, Ma J, MacMahon S, Elliott P, Wu Y, Neal B. The Effects of a Community-Based Sodium Reduction Program in Rural China - A Cluster-Randomized Trial. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166620. [PMID: 27935977 PMCID: PMC5147834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Average sodium intake and stroke mortality in northern China are both among the highest in the world. An effective, low-cost strategy to reduce sodium intake in this population is urgently needed. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the effects of a community-based sodium reduction program on salt consumption in rural northern China. DESIGN This study was a cluster-randomized trial done over 18 months in 120 townships (one village from each township) from five provinces. Sixty control villages were compared to 60 intervention villages that were given access to a reduced-sodium, added-potassium salt substitute in conjunction with a community-based health education program focusing on sodium reduction. The primary outcome was the difference in 24-hour urinary sodium excretion between randomized groups. RESULTS Among 1,903 people with valid 24-hour urine collections, mean urinary sodium excretion in intervention compared with control villages was reduced by 5.5% (-14mmol/day, 95% confidence interval -26 to -1; p = 0.03), potassium excretion was increased by 16% (+7mmol/day, +4 to +10; p<0.001), and sodium to potassium ratio declined by 15% (-0.9, -1.2 to -0.5; p<0.001). Mean blood pressure differences were -1.1 mm Hg systolic (-3.3 to +1.1; p = 0.33) and -0.7 mm Hg diastolic (-2.2 to +0.8, p = 0.35) and the difference in the proportion with hypertension was -1.3% (-5.1 to 2.5, p = 0.56). CONCLUSION There were clear differences in population sodium and potassium intake between villages that were most likely a consequence of increased use of salt substitute. The absence of effects on blood pressure reflects the moderate changes in sodium and potassium intake achieved. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01259700.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Li
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lijing L. Yan
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Wenyi Niu
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Yao
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jianxin Zhang
- Hebei Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jingpu Shi
- First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | | | - Zhixin Hao
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongling Chu
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Li
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhong Pan
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Jixin Sun
- Hebei Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Michael Engelgau
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Darwin Labarthe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jixiang Ma
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Stephen MacMahon
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Yangfeng Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney
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Tyson CC, Smith PJ, Sherwood A, Mabe S, Hinderliter AL, Blumenthal JA. Influence of Kidney Function on Blood Pressure Response to Lifestyle Modifications: Secondary Analysis From the Exercise and Nutritional Interventions for Cardiovascular Health (ENCORE) Trial. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2016; 18:1260-1267. [PMID: 27338954 PMCID: PMC8031978 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is an important regulator of blood pressure (BP). To determine whether BP response to lifestyle modification varies across normal ranges of kidney function, the authors examined the moderating role of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on clinic and ambulatory systolic BP (SBP) response in overweight and obese adults with unmedicated high BP. Among 144 participants of the Exercise and Nutritional Interventions for Cardiovascular Health (ENCORE) trial, mean age was 52.0±9.6 years and median eGFR was 89.1 (53-146) mL/min/1.73m2 . After multivariable regression, the interaction between eGFR and weight loss was significant for clinic (P=.023) and ambulatory SBP (P=.041). Similarly, the interaction between eGFR and improved fitness was significant for clinic (P=.041) and ambulatory SBP (P=.044). The relationship between reduced dietary sodium and SBP was not moderated by eGFR. SBP findings were inconsistent for adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. These findings suggest that the effects of lifestyle modifications on SBP may be influenced by eGFR, even when kidney function is preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick J. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNC
| | - Andrew Sherwood
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNC
| | - Stephanie Mabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNC
| | - Alan L. Hinderliter
- Department of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC
| | - James A. Blumenthal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNC
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Wang X, Li X, Vaartjes I, Neal B, Bots ML, Hoes AW, Wu Y. Does education level affect the efficacy of a community based salt reduction program? - A post-hoc analysis of the China Rural Health Initiative Sodium Reduction Study (CRHI-SRS). BMC Public Health 2016; 16:759. [PMID: 27515930 PMCID: PMC4982434 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether educational level influences the effects of health education is not clearly defined. This study examined whether the impact of a community-based dietary salt reduction program was affected by the level of education of participants. METHODS The China Rural Health Initiative Sodium Reduction Study (CRHI-SRS) was a cluster-randomized controlled trial conducted in 120 villages from five Northern Chinese provinces. The intervention comprised a village-wide health education program and availability of salt substitute at village shops. 24-h urine samples were collected among 1903 participants for primary evaluation of the intervention effect. A post-hoc analysis was done to explore for heterogeneity of intervention effects by education level using generalized estimating equations. All models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index and province. RESULTS Daily salt intake was lower in intervention than in control at all educational levels with no evidence of a difference in the effect of the intervention across different levels of education. P value for the interaction term between education level and the intervention was 0.35. There was likewise no evidence of an interaction for effects of the intervention on potassium intake (p = 0.71), the sodium to potassium ratio (p = 0.07), or knowledge and behaviors related to salt (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that the effects of the intervention were achieved regardless of the level of education and that the intervention should therefore be broadly effective in rural Chinese populations. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered with clinicaltrial.gov ( NCT01259700 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xian Li
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Level 18, Tower B, Horizon Tower, No. 6 Zhichun Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100088 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ilonca Vaartjes
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michiel L. Bots
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arno W. Hoes
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yangfeng Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Level 18, Tower B, Horizon Tower, No. 6 Zhichun Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100088 People’s Republic of China
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Naseem S, Ghazanfar H, Assad S, Ghazanfar A. Role of sodium-restricted dietary approaches to control blood pressure in Pakistani hypertensive population. J PAK MED ASSOC 2016; 66:837-842. [PMID: 27427132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in post-interventional phase through dietary approaches to stop hypertension/salt-restricted diet. METHODS This randomised controlled clinical study was conducted from February 2014 to March 2015 at the Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology, Rawalpindi, and Ali Medical Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan, and involved hypertensive patients and matching controls. The control group followed routine diet while the intervention group was given a diet plan containing 1,500mg of sodium providing 2,000 calories. Both groups were advised not to consume sodium-rich foods. Paired sample t-test was applied to determine the change in blood pressure among the groups at two different occasions. RESULTS Of the 1,492 participants, 710(47.6%) were controls and 782(52.4%) were in the interventional group. Overall, 417(27.9%) participants got their blood pressure checked less than twice in six months, while 409(27.4%) had it done on a regular basis. Moreover, 941(63.1%)) subjects had a family history of high blood pressure and 149(10.0%) participants did not exercise at all. The overall mean age was 53.42±9.302 years. Mean systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure after five weeks was 126.33±3.35 and 84.40±3.04mmHg in the intervention group, and128.41±3.52 and 84.04±2.953mmHg in the control group. Changes in blood pressure between the two groups were minimal but statistically significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS A diet which is restricted in salt, rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods and reduced saturated and total fat can substantially lower blood pressure. Such a diet offers an additional nutritional approach to the prevention and treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajida Naseem
- ShifaTameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad and Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Haider Ghazanfar
- ShifaTameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad and Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Assad
- ShifaTameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad and Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Ghazanfar
- Federal Medical and Dental College, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Di Iorio BR, De Simone E, Quintaliani P. [Protein Intake with diet or nutritional therapy in ESRD. A different point of view for non specialists]. G Ital Nefrol 2016; 33:gin/00240.1. [PMID: 27067210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Abstract
Several dietary guidelines, health organizations and government policies recommend population-wide sodium restriction to prevent hypertension and related comorbidities like heart failure (HF). The current European Society of Cardiology and American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Heart Failure guidelines recommend restricting sodium in HF patients. However, these recommendations are based on expert opinion (level C), leading to wide variability in application and lack of consensus among providers pertaining to dietary salt restriction. To evaluate the strength of current evidences to recommend dietary salt restriction among HF patients, we performed a comprehensive literature review and explored the safety and efficacy of such recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James H O'Keefe
- Mid-America Heart Institute at Saint Luke's Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Jenkins DJA, Jones PJ, Frohlich J, Lamarche B, Ireland C, Nishi SK, Srichaikul K, Galange P, Pellini C, Faulkner D, de Souza RJ, Sievenpiper JL, Mirrahimi A, Jayalath VH, Augustin LS, Bashyam B, Leiter LA, Josse R, Couture P, Ramprasath V, Kendall CWC. The effect of a dietary portfolio compared to a DASH-type diet on blood pressure. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25:1132-1139. [PMID: 26552742 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Compared to a DASH-type diet, an intensively applied dietary portfolio reduced diastolic blood pressure at 24 weeks as a secondary outcome in a previous study. Due to the importance of strategies to reduce blood pressure, we performed an exploratory analysis pooling data from intensively and routinely applied portfolio treatments from the same study to assess the effect over time on systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure (MAP), and the relation to sodium (Na(+)), potassium (K(+)), and portfolio components. METHODS AND RESULTS 241 participants with hyperlipidemia, from four academic centers across Canada were randomized and completed either a DASH-type diet (control n = 82) or a dietary portfolio that included, soy protein, viscous fibers and nuts (n = 159) for 24 weeks. Fasting measures and 7-day food records were obtained at weeks 0, 12 and 24, with 24-h urines at weeks 0 and 24. The dietary portfolio reduced systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure compared to the control by 2.1 mm Hg (95% CI, 4.2 to -0.1 mm Hg) (p = 0.056), 1.8 mm Hg (CI, 3.2 to 0.4 mm Hg) (p = 0.013) and 1.9 mm Hg (CI, 3.4 to 0.4 mm Hg) (p = 0.015), respectively. Blood pressure reductions were small at 12 weeks and only reached significance at 24 weeks. Nuts, soy and viscous fiber all related negatively to change in mean arterial pressure (ρ = -0.15 to -0.17, p ≤ 0.016) as did urinary potassium (ρ = -0.25, p = 0.001), while the Na(+)/K(+) ratio was positively associated (ρ = 0.20, p = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS Consumption of a cholesterol-lowering dietary portfolio also decreased blood pressure by comparison with a healthy DASH-type diet. CLINICAL TRIAL REG. NO.: NCT00438425, clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J A Jenkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - P J Jones
- Richardson Center for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - J Frohlich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - B Lamarche
- School of Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - C Ireland
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S K Nishi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - K Srichaikul
- Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - P Galange
- Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - C Pellini
- Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - D Faulkner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R J de Souza
- Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J L Sievenpiper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A Mirrahimi
- Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - V H Jayalath
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L S Augustin
- Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - B Bashyam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L A Leiter
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R Josse
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - P Couture
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - V Ramprasath
- Richardson Center for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - C W C Kendall
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Li N, Yan LL, Niu W, Labarthe D, Feng X, Shi J, Zhang J, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Chu H, Neiman A, Engelgau M, Elliott P, Wu Y, Neal B. A large-scale cluster randomized trial to determine the effects of community-based dietary sodium reduction--the China Rural Health Initiative Sodium Reduction Study. Am Heart J 2013; 166:815-22. [PMID: 24176436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death and disability in China. High blood pressure caused by excess intake of dietary sodium is widespread and an effective sodium reduction program has potential to improve cardiovascular health. DESIGN This study is a large-scale, cluster-randomized, trial done in five Northern Chinese provinces. Two counties have been selected from each province and 12 townships in each county making a total of 120 clusters. Within each township one village has been selected for participation with 1:1 randomization stratified by county. The sodium reduction intervention comprises community health education and a food supply strategy based upon providing access to salt substitute. Subsidization of the price of salt substitute was done in 30 intervention villages selected at random. Control villages continued usual practices. The primary outcome for the study is dietary sodium intake level estimated from assays of 24-hour urine. TRIAL STATUS The trial recruited and randomized 120 townships in April 2011. The sodium reduction program was commenced in the 60 intervention villages between May and June of that year with outcome surveys scheduled for October to December 2012. Baseline data collection shows that randomisation achieved good balance across groups. DISCUSSION The establishment of the China Rural Health Initiative has enabled the launch of this large-scale trial designed to identify a novel, scalable strategy for reduction of dietary sodium and control of blood pressure. If proved effective, the intervention could plausibly be implemented at low cost in large parts of China and other countries worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Li
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Van Biesen W, Van de Velde T, Slabbaert M, Simoens I, Van Paemel R, van der Veer S. Blood pressure management in patients with chronic kidney disease: an appraisal and summary of existing guidelines. Acta Clin Belg 2013; 68:394-8. [PMID: 24635324 DOI: 10.2143/acb.3437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a prevalent problem with huge impact on health and health care budgets. Several guidelines on how to manage blood pressure have been published, and it is unclear which one should be preferred. METHODS Eight guidelines dealing with blood pressure management of chronic kidney disease patients were evaluated for methodological quality by the AGREE II instrument by 4 appraisers. They were also analysed for consistency in their recommendations. RESULTS Most problematic domains were "applicability", "stakeholder involvement" and "editorial independence". Three guidelines scored below 50% for 5, and one for 4 of the 6 AGREE II domains. The guideline produced by Canadian Hypertension Education Program was preferred most, followed by KDIGO. There were discrepancies between the different guidelines with regard to blood pressure targets and thresholds, with the best and most recent advocating 140/90 mmHg. There was a consensus on the use of ACE-I/ARB's in patients with but not for those without proteinuria. However, only two guidelines specify a second line treatment (thiazides), whereas others do not, although it is well known that most patients need more than one drug to control their blood pressure. Three out of eight guidelines did not provide guidance on life-style modification. Those who did, advocated different levels of sodium restriction,, weight control, and physical activity. Remarkably, 5 out of 8 guidelines did not specify how exactly blood pressure should be measured. CONCLUSION Blood pressure guidelines seem to be of low methodological quality, with clear improvements for the ones produced the latest. Especially the "applicability" domain, evaluating how the guideline can be put into practice, seems problematic, with as biggest hurdles that it is unclear what should be second or third line treatments, and how blood pressure should be measured or defined. The most recent guidelines advocate an office blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg for patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Kwan MWM, Wong MCS, Wang HHX, Liu KQL, Lee CLS, Yan BPY, Yu CM, Griffiths SM. Compliance with the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet: a systematic review. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78412. [PMID: 24205227 PMCID: PMC3813594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet has been recognized as effective to lower blood pressure in feeding trials, but compliance with the diet must be persistent to maximize health benefits in clinical practice. This paper reports a systematic review of the latest evidence on the method to assess DASH compliance and the corresponding patients' compliance in interventional settings. METHODS The databases including MEDLINE, EBM Reviews, EMBASE, and CINAHL Plus were searched for original research studies published in the period of January 1992-December 2012 that evaluated compliance with DASH diet. Studies written in English language, with DASH intervention, with complete documentation of the degree of DASH compliance and the assessment method used were included in this review. The search terms included: dietary approaches to stop hypertension, DASH, compliance, adherence, consistency, and concordance. RESULTS Nine studies were included. Different types of interventions were identified, ranging from feeding trial to dietary counseling. These studies differed in the assessment methods used to evaluate DASH compliance, which included objective approaches like measurement of urinary excretion, and subjective approaches like dietary intake assessment for DASH target comparison and construction of DASH scoring systems. Compliance levels were lower in educational interventions than that of the original DASH feeding trial. CONCLUSIONS To conclude, although no consensus existed regarding the best approach to assess DASH compliance, its suboptimal compliance warrants attention. This study implied a need to investigate effective approaches to sustain the DASH dietary pattern beyond counselling alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Wing-Man Kwan
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Martin Chi-Sang Wong
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Harry Hao-Xiang Wang
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kirin Qi-Lin Liu
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Catherine Lok-Sze Lee
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bryan Ping-Yen Yan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Cheuk-Man Yu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Sian Meryl Griffiths
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Wee LE, Wong J, Chin RT, Lin ZY, Goh DEQ, Vijakumar K, Vong KY, Tay WL, Lim HT, Koh GCH. Hypertension management and lifestyle changes following screening for hypertension in an Asian low socioeconomic status community: a prospective study. Ann Acad Med Singap 2013; 42:451-465. [PMID: 24162320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigated the effect of an access-enhanced intervention on hypertension screening and management, as well as on health behaviours among newly diagnosed hypertensives, in a multi-ethnic low socioeconomic status (SES) community. Factors associated with hypertension screening, treatment, and control in the community were also determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study involved all residents aged ≥40 years in 2 public rental housing precincts (low SES), between 2009 and 2011, who were followed-up prospectively for 1 year after a 6-month community-based intervention comprising a 3-month access-enhanced screening component and a 3-month follow-up (outreach) component. Blood pressure was measured at baseline and follow-up. Multivariate Cox regression determined predictors of hypertension management at follow-up. RESULTS The follow-up rate was 80.9% (467/577). At baseline, 60.4% (282/467) were hypertensive; 53.5% (151/282) were untreated; 54.2% (71/131) uncontrolled. One year later, postintervention, 51.6% (78/151) of untreated hypertensives were treated; combined with treated hypertensives previously uncontrolled, 53.0% (79/149) achieved control. Older age independently predicted treatment (adjusted relative risk, aRR = 1.98, CI, 1.08 to 3.65); majority ethnicity (aRR = 1.76, CI, 1.05 to 2.96), employment (aRR = 1.85, CI, 1.26 to 2.80) and newly treated hypertension (aRR=1.52, CI, 1.01 to 2.32) predicted control. A total of 52.4% (97/185) were irregularly screened at baseline; at follow-up 61.9% (60/97) were regularly screened. Cost and misperceptions were common barriers to screening and treatment. Newly diagnosed hypertensives were also less likely to go for additional cardiovascular screening (aRR = 0.54, CI, 0.29 to 0.99). CONCLUSION An access-enhanced intervention had some success in improving hypertension management within low SES communities; however, it was less successful in improving cardiovascular risk management, especially in encouraging lifestyle changes and additional cardiovascular screening amongst newly diagnosed hypertensives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang En Wee
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
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Stanley K. Cooking 101: low-sodium cooking. Diabetes Self Manag 2013; 30:21-24. [PMID: 23961595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Saxena MK. Should sodium be the real target of fluid restriction? CRIT CARE RESUSC 2013; 15:75-76. [PMID: 23931036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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DiNicolantonio JJ, Di Pasquale P, Taylor RS, Hackam DG. Low sodium versus normal sodium diets in systolic heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart 2013; 99:heartjnl-2012-302337. [PMID: 22914535 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Zhu YF, Gu XB, Zhu HY, Yang XJ, Wang D, Yu P. [Influence of non-sodium restricted diet with diuretics on plasma rennin, renal blood flow and in patients with cirrhotic ascites]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2013; 27:50-53. [PMID: 23855131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore influence of sodium restricted diet and non-sodium restricted diet on plasma rennin (PRA), angiotensin II (All), ALD, renal blood flow (RBF) and subside of ascites in patients with cirrhotic ascites. METHODS Eighty cases of hepatitis B with cirrhotic ascites were randomly divided into sodium restricted diet group and non-sodium restricted diet group. 39 cases were in non-sodium restricted diet group, taking sodium chloride 6500-8000 mg daily; 41 cases were in sodium restricted diet group, taking sodium chloride 5000 mg daily. Both groups received diuretics furosemide and spironolactone. Blood sodium, urine sodium, PRA, AII, ALD, RBF ascites subsiding were compared after treatment. RESULTS In non-sodium restricted diet group, blood sodium and urine sodium increased 10 days after treatment compared with those before treatment, and compared with those of sodium restricted diet group 10 days after treatment, P <0. 01. RBF increased compared with that before treatment, and compared with that of sodium restricted diet group 10 days after treatment, P < 0. 01. Renal damage induced by low blood sodium after treatment was less in non-sodium restricted diet group than that in sodium restricted diet group, P <0. 05. Ascites disappearance upon discharge was more in sodium restricted diet group than that in non-sodium restricted diet group, P <0. 01. Time of ascites disappearance was shorter in non-sodium restricted diet group than that in sodium restricted diet group, P < 0. 01. CONCLUSION Compared with sodium restricted diet, while using diuretics of both groups, non-sodium restricted diet can increase level of blood sodium, thus increasing excretion of urine sodium and diuretic effect. It can also decrease levels of PRA, AII and ALD, increase renal blood flow and prevent renal damage induced by low blood sodium and facilitate subsiding of ascites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-fang Zhu
- Wuxi Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Wuxi, China
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Kobalava ZD, Villeval'de SV, Troitskaia EA. [Salt consumption and arterial hypertension: are there reasons to change point of view?]. Kardiologiia 2013; 53:75-83. [PMID: 24654439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The review presents modern data on interrelationships between sodium consumption, blood pressure level, and risk of cardiovascular complications. Phenomenon of salt sensitivity and methods of its detection are described. Results of epidemiological and interventional studies are used as a basis for formulation of populational strategy of limitation of sodium consumption. Possibilities of antihypertensive therapy with natriuretic effect are also presented.
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McMahon EJ, Bauer JD, Hawley CM, Isbel NM, Stowasser M, Johnson DW, Hale RE, Campbell KL. The effect of lowering salt intake on ambulatory blood pressure to reduce cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease (LowSALT CKD study): protocol of a randomized trial. BMC Nephrol 2012; 13:137. [PMID: 23082956 PMCID: PMC3524774 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-13-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite evidence implicating dietary sodium in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chronic kidney disease (CKD), quality intervention trials in CKD patients are lacking. This study aims to investigate the effect of reducing sodium intake on blood pressure, risk factors for progression of CKD and other cardiovascular risk factors in CKD. METHODS/DESIGN The LowSALT CKD study is a six week randomized-crossover trial assessing the effect of a moderate (180 mmol/day) compared with a low (60 mmol/day) sodium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and risk factors for kidney function decline in mild-moderate CKD (stage III-IV). The primary outcome of interest is 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure, with secondary outcomes including arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity), proteinuria and fluid status. The randomized crossover trial (Phase 1) is supported by an ancillary trial (Phase 2) of longitudinal-observational design to assess the longer term effectiveness of sodium restriction. Phase 2 will continue measurement of outcomes as per Phase 1, with the addition of patient-centered outcomes, such as dietary adherence to sodium restriction (degree of adherence and barriers/enablers), quality of life and taste assessment. DISCUSSION The LowSALT CKD study is an investigator-initiated study specifically designed to assess the proof-of-concept and efficacy of sodium restriction in patients with established CKD. Phase 2 will assess the longer term effectiveness of sodium restriction in the same participants, enhancing the translation of Phase 1 results into practice. This trial will provide much-needed insight into sodium restriction as a treatment option to reduce risk of CVD and CKD progression in CKD patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION Universal Trial Number: U1111-1125-2149. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry Number: ACTRN12611001097932.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J McMahon
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Carmel M Hawley
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Nicole M Isbel
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Michael Stowasser
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - David W Johnson
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Rachael E Hale
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Katrina L Campbell
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
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Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is fast becoming a worldwide epidemic. There is an estimated annual increase of 8% with an associated economical and clinical burden. Recent research into lifestyle factors has confirmed different dietary attributes play a part in slowing the progression of chronic nephropathies. This has important implications and a potentially cost-saving way, to help reduce the progression of the disease. The roles of obesity, lipids, protein, diabetes and blood pressure are discussed to show how the current literature reflects how to modify the dietary aspects of these. The mechanisms behind these are not fully understood, but the message remains the same that there is an increased need for dietary advice in the pre-dialysis population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Clements
- Dept of Nutrition and Dietetics, Barts and The London NHS Trust, London
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Sica DA. Nondrug interventions for the treatment of hypertension: varying effect. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2012; 14:3-4. [PMID: 22235816 PMCID: PMC8108906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Domenic A. Sica
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Hypertension, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA
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Shin SJ, Lim CY, Rhee MY, Oh SW, Na SH, Park Y, Kim CI, Kim SY, Kim JW, Park HK. Characteristics of sodium sensitivity in Korean populations. J Korean Med Sci 2011; 26:1061-7. [PMID: 21860557 PMCID: PMC3154342 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.8.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium sensitivity (SS) is a variable response of blood pressure (BP) to changes in sodium intake. The present study evaluated the existence and the characteristics of subjects with SS in Koreans. One hundred one subjects with (n = 31, 57.7 ± 9.8 yr) or without hypertension (n = 70, 40.8 ± 16.5 yr) were given a low-sodium dietary approache to stop hypertension (DASH) diet (LSD) for 7 days and a high-sodium DASH diet (HSD) for the following 7 days. The prevalence of SS in the present study population was 27.7% (17.6% in the non-hypertensive subjects and 51.6% in the hypertensive subjects). Analysis of the non-hypertensive subjects showed that systolic BP, diastolic BP, and mean arterial pressure at baseline and after HSD were higher in the subjects with SS than the subjects without SS, and there were no differences after LSD. In the hypertensive subjects, there was no difference in the BP at baseline and after HSD whether or not the subjects had SS. However, the systolic BP of hypertensive subjects with SS was lower than hypertensive subjects without SS after LSD. In the present study population, subjects with SS have distinctive BP features unlike to subjects without SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Joon Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University, Goyang, Korea
| | - Chi Yeon Lim
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University, Goyang, Korea
| | - Moo-Yong Rhee
- Cardiovascular Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sang Woo Oh
- Center for Obesity, Nutrition, and Metabolism, Department of Family Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Na
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Cardiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongsoon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cho-il Kim
- Center for Nutrition Policy & Promotion, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Osong, Korea
| | - Seo-Young Kim
- Nutrition Policy Division, Nutrition Policy Office, Food Safety Bureau, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Osong, Korea
| | - Jong-Wook Kim
- Nutrition Policy Division, Nutrition Policy Office, Food Safety Bureau, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Osong, Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Park
- Nutrition Policy Division, Nutrition Policy Office, Food Safety Bureau, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Osong, Korea
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Slagman MCJ, Waanders F, Hemmelder MH, Woittiez AJ, Janssen WMT, Lambers Heerspink HJ, Navis G, Laverman GD. Moderate dietary sodium restriction added to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition compared with dual blockade in lowering proteinuria and blood pressure: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2011; 343:d4366. [PMID: 21791491 PMCID: PMC3143706 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d4366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects on proteinuria and blood pressure of addition of dietary sodium restriction or angiotensin receptor blockade at maximum dose, or their combination, in patients with non-diabetic nephropathy receiving background treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition at maximum dose. DESIGN Multicentre crossover randomised controlled trial. SETTING Outpatient clinics in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS 52 patients with non-diabetic nephropathy. INTERVENTIONS All patients were treated during four 6 week periods, in random order, with angiotensin receptor blockade (valsartan 320 mg/day) or placebo, each combined with, consecutively, a low sodium diet (target 50 mmol Na(+)/day) and a regular sodium diet (target 200 mmol Na(+)/day), with a background of ACE inhibition (lisinopril 40 mg/day) during the entire study. The drug interventions were double blind; the dietary interventions were open label. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was proteinuria; the secondary outcome measure was blood pressure. RESULTS Mean urinary sodium excretion, a measure of dietary sodium intake, was 106 (SE 5) mmol Na(+)/day during a low sodium diet and 184 (6) mmol Na(+)/day during a regular sodium diet (P<0.001). Geometric mean residual proteinuria was 1.68 (95% confidence interval 1.31 to 2.14) g/day during ACE inhibition plus a regular sodium diet. Addition of angiotensin receptor blockade to ACE inhibition reduced proteinuria to 1.44 (1.07 to 1.93) g/day (P=0.003), addition of a low sodium diet reduced it to 0.85 (0.66 to 1.10) g/day (P<0.001), and addition of angiotensin receptor blockade plus a low sodium diet reduced it to 0.67 (0.50 to 0.91) g/day (P<0.001). The reduction of proteinuria by the addition of a low sodium diet to ACE inhibition (51%, 95% confidence interval 43% to 58%) was significantly larger (P<0.001) than the reduction of proteinuria by the addition of angiotensin receptor blockade to ACE inhibition (21%, (8% to 32%) and was comparable (P=0.009, not significant after Bonferroni correction) to the reduction of proteinuria by the addition of both angiotensin receptor blockade and a low sodium diet to ACE inhibition (62%, 53% to 70%). Mean systolic blood pressure was 134 (3) mm Hg during ACE inhibition plus a regular sodium diet. Mean systolic blood pressure was not significantly altered by the addition of angiotensin receptor blockade (131 (3) mm Hg; P=0.12) but was reduced by the addition of a low sodium diet (123 (2) mm Hg; P<0.001) and angiotensin receptor blockade plus a low sodium diet (121 (3) mm Hg; P<0.001) to ACE inhibition. The reduction of systolic blood pressure by the addition of a low sodium diet (7% (SE 1%)) was significantly larger (P=0.003) than the reduction of systolic blood pressure by the addition of angiotensin receptor blockade (2% (1)) and was similar (P=0.14) to the reduction of systolic blood pressure by the addition of both angiotensin receptor blockade and low sodium diet (9% (1)), to ACE inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Dietary sodium restriction to a level recommended in guidelines was more effective than dual blockade for reduction of proteinuria and blood pressure in non-diabetic nephropathy. The findings support the combined endeavours of patients and health professionals to reduce sodium intake. Trial registration Netherlands Trial Register NTR675.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje C J Slagman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands
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Low salt, full flavor: herbs and spices take center stage in new versions of these typically high-sodium dishes. Diabetes Forecast 2011; 64:46-8, 59-60. [PMID: 21692432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Abstract
Here we describe the case of a patient followed from birth because of a positive family history for apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) in an older brother. The patient, a girl, had normal serum electrolyte and blood pressure measurements in the first months after birth. Not until the age of 11 months did she develop anorexia and failure to thrive in combination with hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis, which are consistent with the diagnosis of AME. This diagnosis was confirmed by mutation analysis of the HSD11B2 gene (C1228T). Treatment with amiloride and furosemide electrolyte disturbances normalized her blood pressure. At the age of 19 years she unexpectedly suffered a stroke. Additional investigations revealed no accepted risk factor for stroke. We discuss the possible underlying mechanisms for the delayed manifestation of hypertension and electrolyte disturbances in AME, propose an additional explanation for the stroke in this patient, and advise treatment with a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist to reduce stroke risk in patients with AME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël B B Knops
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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