1
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Kim DH, Loke H, Thompson J, Hill R, Sundram S, Lee J. The dopamine D2-like receptor and the Y-chromosome gene, SRY, are reciprocally regulated in the human male neuroblastoma M17 cell line. Neuropharmacology 2024; 251:109928. [PMID: 38552780 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Hannah Loke
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - James Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Rachel Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Suresh Sundram
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia; Mental Health Program, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Joohyung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia; Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.
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2
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Li J, Song S, Zhang J. Where Are the Formerly Y-linked Genes in the Ryukyu Spiny Rat that has Lost its Y Chromosome? Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae046. [PMID: 38478711 PMCID: PMC10959550 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been predicted that the highly degenerate mammalian Y chromosome will be lost eventually. Indeed, Y was lost in the Ryukyu spiny rat Tokudaia osimensis, but the fate of the formerly Y-linked genes is not completely known. We looked for all 12 ancestrally Y-linked genes in a draft T. osimensis genome sequence. Zfy1, Zfy2, Kdm5d, Eif2s3y, Usp9y, Uty, and Ddx3y are putatively functional and are now located on the X chromosome, whereas Rbmy, Uba1y, Ssty1, Ssty2, and Sry are missing or pseudogenized. Tissue expressions of the mouse orthologs of the retained genes are significantly broader/higher than those of the lost genes, suggesting that the destinies of the formerly Y-linked genes are related to their original expressions. Interestingly, patterns of gene retention/loss are significantly more similar than by chance across four rodent lineages where Y has been independently lost, indicating a level of certainty in the fate of Y-linked genes even when the chromosome is gone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Li
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Siliang Song
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jianzhi Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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3
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Hafezi Y, Omurzakov A, Carlisle JA, Caldas IV, Wolfner MF, Clark AG. The Drosophila melanogaster Y-linked gene, WDY, is required for sperm to swim in the female reproductive tract. Commun Biol 2024; 7:90. [PMID: 38216628 PMCID: PMC10786823 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Unique patterns of inheritance and selection on Y chromosomes have led to the evolution of specialized gene functions. We report CRISPR mutants in Drosophila of the Y-linked gene, WDY, which is required for male fertility. We demonstrate that the sperm tails of WDY mutants beat approximately half as fast as those of wild-type and that mutant sperm do not propel themselves within the male ejaculatory duct or female reproductive tract. Therefore, although mature sperm are produced by WDY mutant males, and are transferred to females, those sperm fail to enter the female sperm storage organs. We report genotype-dependent and regional differences in sperm motility that appear to break the correlation between sperm tail beating and propulsion. Furthermore, we identify a significant change in hydrophobicity at a residue at a putative calcium-binding site in WDY orthologs at the split between the melanogaster and obscura species groups, when WDY first became Y-linked. This suggests that a major functional change in WDY coincided with its appearance on the Y chromosome. Finally, we show that mutants for another Y-linked gene, PRY, also show a sperm storage defect that may explain their subfertility. Overall, we provide direct evidence for the long-held presumption that protein-coding genes on the Drosophila Y regulate sperm motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassi Hafezi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
| | - Arsen Omurzakov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Jolie A Carlisle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Ian V Caldas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Mariana F Wolfner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Andrew G Clark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
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4
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Feng X, Zhang T, Chou J, Patwa HS, Sullivan CA, Browne JD. Y-Chromosome-Linked Genes Are Associated With Sex-Related Head-Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Survival. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 169:1533-1541. [PMID: 37418217 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define novel gene biomarkers for prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients' survival. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC RNA-Seq dataset. METHODS Coexpressed gene clusters were extracted from TCGA RNA-seq data using our previously published method (EPIG). Kaplan-Meier estimator was then used for overall survival-relevant analysis, with patients partitioned into 3 groups based on gene expression levels: female, male_low, and male_high. RESULTS Male had better overall survival than female and male with higher expression level of Y-chromosome-linked (Y-linked) genes had significantly better survival than those with lower expression levels. In addition, male with a higher expression level of Y-linked genes showed even better survival when they have a higher level of coexpressed cluster of genes related to B or T cell immune response. Other clinical conditions related to immune responses also consistently showed favorable effects on the Y-linked genes for survival estimation. Male patients with higher expression level of Y-linked genes also have significantly higher tumor/normal tissue (T/N) ratio of those genes and higher level of several immune responses related clinical measurements (eg, lymphocyte and TCR related). Male patients with lower expression level of Y-linked genes benefited from radiation-only treatment. CONCLUSIONS The favorable role of a cluster of coexpressed Y-linked genes in HNSCC patients' survival is potentially associated with elevated level of immune responses. These Y-linked genes could serve as useful prognostic biomarkers for HNSCC patients' survival estimation and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tan Zhang
- Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeff Chou
- Center for Cancer Genomics and Precision Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hafiz S Patwa
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher A Sullivan
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Dale Browne
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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5
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Abstract
Unreliable protein-based tools are impeding sex-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D Gelfand
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jayakrishna Ambati
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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6
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Rao R, Chan SY. A dUTY to Protect: Addressing "Y" We See Sex Differences in Pulmonary Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:137-139. [PMID: 35549630 PMCID: PMC9887418 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202204-0653ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Rao
- Department of Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- Department of Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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7
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Yamauchi Y, Matsumura T, Bakse J, Holmlund H, Blanchet G, Carrot E, Ikawa M, Ward MA. Loss of mouse Y chromosome gene Zfy1 and Zfy2 leads to spermatogenesis impairment, sperm defects, and infertility. Biol Reprod 2022; 106:1312-1326. [PMID: 35293998 PMCID: PMC9199016 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using mice with Y chromosome deficiencies and supplementing Zfy transgenes, we, and others, have previously shown that the loss of Y chromosome Zfy1 and Zfy2 genes is associated with infertility and spermiogenic defects and that the addition of Zfy transgenes rescues these defects. In these past studies, the absence of Zfy was linked to the loss of other Y chromosome genes, which might have contributed to spermiogenic phenotypes. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to specifically remove open reading frame of Zfy1, Zfy2, or both Zfy1 and Zfy2, and generated Zfy knockout (KO) and double knockout (DKO) mice. Zfy1 KO and Zfy2 KO mice were both fertile, but the latter had decreased litters size and sperm number, and sperm headshape abnormalities. Zfy DKO males were infertile and displayed severe spermatogenesis defects. Postmeiotic arrest largely prevented production of sperm and the few sperm that were produced all displayed gross headshape abnormalities and structural defects within head and tail. Infertility of Zfy DKO mice could be overcome by injection of spermatids or sperm directly to oocytes, and the resulting male offspring had the same spermiogenic phenotype as their fathers. The study is the first describing detailed phenotypic characterization of mice with the complete Zfy gene loss. It provides evidence supporting that the presence of at least one Zfy homolog is essential for male fertility and development of normal sperm functional in unassisted fertilization. The data also show that while the loss of Zfy1 is benign, the loss of Zfy2 is mildly detrimental for spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yamauchi
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Takafumi Matsumura
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jackson Bakse
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Hayden Holmlund
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Genevieve Blanchet
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Emmaelle Carrot
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Monika A Ward
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
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8
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Gamez S, Chaverra-Rodriguez D, Buchman A, Kandul NP, Mendez-Sanchez SC, Bennett JB, Sánchez C HM, Yang T, Antoshechkin I, Duque JE, Papathanos PA, Marshall JM, Akbari OS. Exploiting a Y chromosome-linked Cas9 for sex selection and gene drive. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7202. [PMID: 34893590 PMCID: PMC8664916 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-based genetic engineering tools aimed to bias sex ratios, or drive effector genes into animal populations, often integrate the transgenes into autosomal chromosomes. However, in species with heterogametic sex chromsomes (e.g. XY, ZW), sex linkage of endonucleases could be beneficial to drive the expression in a sex-specific manner to produce genetic sexing systems, sex ratio distorters, or even sex-specific gene drives, for example. To explore this possibility, here we develop a transgenic line of Drosophila melanogaster expressing Cas9 from the Y chromosome. We functionally characterize the utility of this strain for both sex selection and gene drive finding it to be quite effective. To explore its utility for population control, we built mathematical models illustrating its dynamics as compared to other state-of-the-art systems designed for both population modification and suppression. Taken together, our results contribute to the development of current CRISPR genetic control tools and demonstrate the utility of using sex-linked Cas9 strains for genetic control of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gamez
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Agragene Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Duverney Chaverra-Rodriguez
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anna Buchman
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Verily Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Nikolay P Kandul
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Stelia C Mendez-Sanchez
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Group for Research in Biochemistry and Microbiology (Grupo de Investigación en Bioquímica Y Microbiología-GIBIM), School of Chemistry, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Jared B Bennett
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Divisions of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Héctor M Sánchez C
- Divisions of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ting Yang
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Igor Antoshechkin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering (BBE), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Jonny E Duque
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales - CINTROP, Facultad de Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Piedecuesta, Santander, Colombia
| | - Philippos A Papathanos
- Department of Entomology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - John M Marshall
- Divisions of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Omar S Akbari
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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9
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Abstract
The Y chromosome is the most gene-deficient chromosome in the human genome (though not the smallest chromosome) and has largely been sequestered away from large-scale studies of the effects of genetics on human health. Here I review the literature, focusing on the last 2 years, for recent evidence of the role of the Y chromosome in protecting from or contributing to disease. Although many studies have focused on Y chromosome gene copy number and variants in fertility, the role of the Y chromosome in human health is now known to extend too many other conditions including the development of multiple cancers and Alzheimer's disease. I further include the discussion of current technology and methods for analyzing Y chromosome variation. The true role of the Y chromosome and associated genetic variants in human disease will only become clear when the Y chromosome is integrated into larger studies of human genetic variation, rather than being analyzed in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Wilson
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85282 USA
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10
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Käfer J, Lartillot N, Marais GAB, Picard F. Detecting sex-linked genes using genotyped individuals sampled in natural populations. Genetics 2021; 218:iyab053. [PMID: 33764439 PMCID: PMC8225351 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a method, SDpop, able to infer sex-linkage caused by recombination suppression typical of sex chromosomes. The method is based on the modeling of the allele and genotype frequencies of individuals of known sex in natural populations. It is implemented in a hierarchical probabilistic framework, accounting for different sources of error. It allows statistical testing for the presence or absence of sex chromosomes, and detection of sex-linked genes based on the posterior probabilities in the model. Furthermore, for gametologous sequences, the haplotype and level of nucleotide polymorphism of each copy can be inferred, as well as the divergence between them. We test the method using simulated data, as well as data from both a relatively recent and an old sex chromosome system (the plant Silene latifolia and humans) and show that, for most cases, robust predictions are obtained with 5 to 10 individuals per sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Käfer
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5558, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - Nicolas Lartillot
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5558, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - Gabriel A B Marais
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5558, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - Franck Picard
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5558, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69622, France
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11
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Andreuzza S. Y Keep Your X? Insights into the Genetic Basis of Plant Sex Chromosome Evolution. Plant Cell 2020; 32:1769-1770. [PMID: 32265318 PMCID: PMC7268795 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Andreuzza
- Assistant Features Editor Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridge, United KingdomCenter for Cellular and Molecular BiologyHyderabad, India
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12
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Sidrat T, Kong R, Khan AA, Idrees M, Xu L, Sheikh ME, Joo MD, Lee KL, Kong IK. Difference in Developmental Kinetics of Y-Specific Monoclonal Antibody Sorted Male and Female In Vitro Produced Bovine Embryos. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010244. [PMID: 31905822 PMCID: PMC6981608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex-related growth differences between male and female embryos remain an attractive subject for reproductive biologists. This study aimed to investigate the endogenous factors that play a crucial role in the pace of early development between male and female bovine embryos. Using sex pre-selected semen by Y-specific monoclonal antibodies for the production of bovine embryos, we characterized the critical endogenous factors that are responsible for creating the development differences, especially during the pre-implantation period between male and female embryos. Our results showed that at day seven, (57.8%) Y-sperm sorted in vitro cultured embryos reached the expanded blastocyst (BL) stage, whereas the X-sperm sorted group were only 25%. Y-BLs showed higher mRNA abundance of pluripotency and developmental competency regulators, such as Oct4 and IGF1-R. Interestingly, Y-sperm sorted BLs had a homogeneous mitochondrial distribution pattern, higher mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ѱm), efficient OXPHOS (oxidative phosphorylation) system and well-encountered production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) level. Moreover, Y-blastocysts (BLs) showed less utilization of glucose metabolism relative to the X-BLs group. Importantly, both sexes showed differences in the timing of epigenetic events. All these factors directly or indirectly orchestrate the whole embryonic progression and may help in the faster and better quality yield of BL in the Y-sperm sorted group compared to the X counterpart group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabinda Sidrat
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Korea; (T.S.); (M.I.); (L.X.); (M.E.S.); (M.-D.J.); (K.-L.L.)
| | - Rami Kong
- Gyeongsang Animal Science Technology (GAST), Gyeongsang National University; Jinju-daero 501, Korea;
| | - Abdul Aziz Khan
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA;
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Korea; (T.S.); (M.I.); (L.X.); (M.E.S.); (M.-D.J.); (K.-L.L.)
| | - Lianguang Xu
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Korea; (T.S.); (M.I.); (L.X.); (M.E.S.); (M.-D.J.); (K.-L.L.)
| | - Marwa El Sheikh
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Korea; (T.S.); (M.I.); (L.X.); (M.E.S.); (M.-D.J.); (K.-L.L.)
| | - Myeong-Don Joo
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Korea; (T.S.); (M.I.); (L.X.); (M.E.S.); (M.-D.J.); (K.-L.L.)
| | - Kyeong-Lim Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Korea; (T.S.); (M.I.); (L.X.); (M.E.S.); (M.-D.J.); (K.-L.L.)
| | - Il-Keun Kong
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Korea; (T.S.); (M.I.); (L.X.); (M.E.S.); (M.-D.J.); (K.-L.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1942
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13
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Krasovec M, Kazama Y, Ishii K, Abe T, Filatov DA. Immediate Dosage Compensation Is Triggered by the Deletion of Y-Linked Genes in Silene latifolia. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2214-2221.e4. [PMID: 31231053 PMCID: PMC6616318 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The loss of functional genes from non-recombining sex-specific chromosomes [1, 2], such as the Y chromosomes in mammals [3] or W chromosomes in birds [4], should result in an imbalance of gene products for sex-linked genes [5]. Different chromosome-wide systems that rebalance gene expression are known to operate in organisms with relatively old sex chromosomes [6]; e.g., Drosophila overexpress X-linked genes in males [7], while mammals shut down one of the X chromosomes in females [8]. It is not known how long it takes for a chromosome-wide dosage compensation system to evolve. To shed light on the early evolution of dosage compensation, we constructed a high-density Y-deletion map and used deletion mutants to manipulate gene dose and analyze gene expression in white campion (Silene latifolia), which evolved dioecy and sex chromosomes only 11 million years ago [9]. We demonstrate that immediate dosage compensation can be triggered by deletions in a large portion of the p arm of the Y chromosome. Our results indicate that dosage compensation in S. latifolia does not have to evolve gene by gene because a system to upregulate gene expression is already operating on part of the X chromosome, which likely represents an intermediate step in the evolution of a chromosome-wide dosage compensation system in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Krasovec
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Yusuke Kazama
- RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Sciences, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ishii
- RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Sciences, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoko Abe
- RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Sciences, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Dmitry A Filatov
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
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14
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Abstract
Many organisms have a global mechanism for dosage compensation (DC) operating along the entire male X chromosome, which equalizes gene expression on the male X with that on the two Xs in females and/or on autosomes. At the initial stage of sex chromosome evolution, however, gene-by-gene (or localized) DC may also be necessary because the degeneration of Y-linked genes occurs independently at different times. We therefore tested whether the up-regulation of X-linked genes depends on the status of their Y-linked homologs, using the young sex chromosomes, neo-X and neo-Y, in Drosophila miranda. In support of the presence of gene-by-gene DC, the extent of up-regulation in males was indeed higher for neo-X-linked genes with pseudogenized neo-Y-linked homologs than for neo-X-linked genes with functional neo-Y-linked homologs. Further molecular evolutionary analysis also supports the idea that many individual neo-X-linked genes first acquired the potential for up-regulation, which then enabled the pseudogenization of neo-Y-linked homologs, without serious deleterious effects on male fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Nozawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
- Research Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Kazuho Ikeo
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Computational Bioscience Research Center, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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15
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Schubert C. Two Genes Substitute for Y Chromosome. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:98. [PMID: 27150608 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.139279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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16
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Yamauchi Y, Riel JM, Ruthig V, Ward MA. Mouse Y-Encoded Transcription Factor Zfy2 Is Essential for Sperm Formation and Function in Assisted Fertilization. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005476. [PMID: 26719889 PMCID: PMC4697804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a key developmental process allowing for a formation of a mature male gamete. During its final phase, spermiogenesis, haploid round spermatids undergo cellular differentiation into spermatozoa, which involves extensive restructuring of cell morphology, DNA, and epigenome. Using mouse models with abrogated Y chromosome gene complements and Y-derived transgene we identified Y chromosome encoded Zfy2 as the gene responsible for sperm formation and function. In the presence of a Zfy2 transgene, mice lacking the Y chromosome and transgenic for two other Y-derived genes, Sry driving sex determination and Eif2s3y initiating spermatogenesis, are capable of producing sperm which when injected into the oocytes yield live offspring. Therefore, only three Y chromosome genes, Sry, Eif2s3y and Zfy2, constitute the minimum Y chromosome complement compatible with successful intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the mouse. The mammalian Y chromosome was once thought to be a genetic wasteland with testis determinant Sry being the only gene of importance. We now know that there are many genes on this chromosome crucial for male reproduction but their specific roles are often undefined. Here, we investigated the function of the Y chromosome gene Zfy2 during a final step of male gamete formation. We demonstrated that Zfy2 is responsible for allowing sperm precursor cells, haploid round spermatids, to undergo transformation into spermatozoa, and that these sperm are capable of yielding live offspring when injected into the oocytes. Thus, we identified a novel role of the Zfy2 gene during spermatogenesis and fertilization. Considering that in human sperm formation is a prerequisite for male infertility treatment using assisted reproduction technologies, our finding bear translational significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yamauchi
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Riel
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Victor Ruthig
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Monika A. Ward
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Vernet N, Mahadevaiah SK, Yamauchi Y, Decarpentrie F, Mitchell MJ, Ward MA, Burgoyne PS. Mouse Y-linked Zfy1 and Zfy2 are expressed during the male-specific interphase between meiosis I and meiosis II and promote the 2nd meiotic division. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004444. [PMID: 24967676 PMCID: PMC4072562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse Zfy1 and Zfy2 encode zinc finger transcription factors that map to the short arm of the Y chromosome (Yp). They have previously been shown to promote meiotic quality control during pachytene (Zfy1 and Zfy2) and at the first meiotic metaphase (Zfy2). However, from these previous studies additional roles for genes encoded on Yp during meiotic progression were inferred. In order to identify these genes and investigate their function in later stages of meiosis, we created three models with diminishing Yp and Zfy gene complements (but lacking the Y-long-arm). Since the Y-long-arm mediates pairing and exchange with the X via their pseudoautosomal regions (PARs) we added a minute PAR-bearing X chromosome derivative to enable formation of a sex bivalent, thus avoiding Zfy2-mediated meiotic metaphase I (MI) checkpoint responses to the unpaired (univalent) X chromosome. Using these models we obtained definitive evidence that genetic information on Yp promotes meiosis II, and by transgene addition identified Zfy1 and Zfy2 as the genes responsible. Zfy2 was substantially more effective and proved to have a much more potent transactivation domain than Zfy1. We previously established that only Zfy2 is required for the robust apoptotic elimination of MI spermatocytes in response to a univalent X; the finding that both genes potentiate meiosis II led us to ask whether there was de novo Zfy1 and Zfy2 transcription in the interphase between meiosis I and meiosis II, and this proved to be the case. X-encoded Zfx was also expressed at this stage and Zfx over-expression also potentiated meiosis II. An interphase between the meiotic divisions is male-specific and we previously hypothesised that this allows meiosis II critical X and Y gene reactivation following sex chromosome silencing in meiotic prophase. The interphase transcription and meiosis II function of Zfx, Zfy1 and Zfy2 validate this hypothesis. The mouse Y chromosome genes Zfy1 and Zfy2 were first identified in the late 1980s during the search for the gene on the Y that triggers male development; they encode proteins that regulate the expression of other genes to which they bind via a ‘zinc finger’ domain. We have now discovered that these genes play important roles during spermatogenesis. Zfy2 proved to be essential for the efficient operation of a ‘checkpoint’ during the first meiotic division that identifies and kills cells that would otherwise produce sperm with an unbalanced chromosome set. Female meiosis, which does not have an equivalent checkpoint, generates a significant proportion of eggs with an unbalanced chromosome set. In the present study we show that Zfy2 also has a major role in ensuring that the second meiotic division occurs, with Zfy1 and a related gene, Zfx, on the X chromosome providing some support. In order to fulfil this function all three genes are expressed in the ‘interphase’ stage between the two divisions. In female meiosis there is no interphase stage between the two meiotic divisions but in this case essential functions during the divisions are supported by stored RNAs, so an interphase is not needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Vernet
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of functional genomics and cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail: ,
| | | | - Yasuhiro Yamauchi
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawaii Medical School, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | | | - Michael J. Mitchell
- Aix Marseille Université, GMGF, Marseille, France
- Inserm UMR_S 910, Marseille, France
| | - Monika A. Ward
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawaii Medical School, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Burgoyne
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Rebała K, Tsybovsky IS, Mikulich AI, Szczerkowska Z. [Identification of a novel Y-SNP in the USP9Y gene and its impact on genotyping alleles of the M46 locus]. Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol 2012; 62:165-170. [PMID: 23650841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Y-chromosomal SNP markers are becoming increasingly more popular among forensic geneticists, but since they constitute variants specific to the ethnic origin, detailed population studies are required. Research into frequency of haplogroup N-M46 in the Belarusian population detected a mutated allele in 22 males, including one with a very distinct Y-STR haplotype. Sequencing of the M46 locus of this individual revealed the presence of a novel Y-SNP nearby the M46 locus, which was responsible for the erroneous assignment of the Y chromosome to the haplogroup N-M46. An impact of the identified polymorphism on discrimination of alleles of the M46 locus with various techniques was discussed, and solutions ensuring correctness of the genotyping results were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Rebała
- Katedry i Zakładu Medycyny Sadowej Gdańskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego, Gdańsk.
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19
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Stöck M, Horn A, Grossen C, Lindtke D, Sermier R, Betto-Colliard C, Dufresnes C, Bonjour E, Dumas Z, Luquet E, Maddalena T, Sousa HC, Martinez-Solano I, Perrin N. Ever-young sex chromosomes in European tree frogs. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1001062. [PMID: 21629756 PMCID: PMC3100596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-recombining sex chromosomes are expected to undergo evolutionary decay,
ending up genetically degenerated, as has happened in birds and mammals. Why are
then sex chromosomes so often homomorphic in cold-blooded vertebrates? One
possible explanation is a high rate of turnover events, replacing master
sex-determining genes by new ones on other chromosomes. An alternative is that
X-Y similarity is maintained by occasional recombination events, occurring in
sex-reversed XY females. Based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences, we
estimated the divergence times between European tree frogs (Hyla
arborea, H. intermedia, and H.
molleri) to the upper Miocene, about 5.4–7.1 million years
ago. Sibship analyses of microsatellite polymorphisms revealed that all three
species have the same pair of sex chromosomes, with complete absence of X-Y
recombination in males. Despite this, sequences of sex-linked loci show no
divergence between the X and Y chromosomes. In the phylogeny, the X and Y
alleles cluster according to species, not in groups of gametologs. We conclude
that sex-chromosome homomorphy in these tree frogs does not result from a recent
turnover but is maintained over evolutionary timescales by occasional X-Y
recombination. Seemingly young sex chromosomes may thus carry old-established
sex-determining genes, a result at odds with the view that sex chromosomes
necessarily decay until they are replaced. This raises intriguing perspectives
regarding the evolutionary dynamics of sexually antagonistic genes and the
mechanisms that control X-Y recombination. Non-recombining sex chromosomes, such as the Y chromosome, are expected to
degenerate over evolutionary times because they accumulate deleterious mutations
that cannot be corrected by recombination with a pristine copy. In most
cold-blooded vertebrates, such as frogs, however, sex chromosomes are
undifferentiated. Why is that so? On the one hand, the
“high-turnover” hypothesis holds that these sex chromosomes are
regularly replaced before they had time to decay. On the other hand, the
“fountain-of-youth” hypothesis posits that they are regularly
rejuvenated by X-Y recombination in sex-reversed XY females. Here, we show that
three species of tree frogs that diverged more than 5.4 million years ago share
the same pair of undifferentiated sex chromosomes. Although male recombination
stopped before species divergence, X and Y alleles show no differentiation, and
cluster by species, not gametologs. We conclude that their sex chromosome
homomorphy is not due to a recent turnover but is maintained over long
evolutionary times by occasional recombination. Such rare episodes of X-Y
recombination are expected to have long-lasting consequences on the evolution of
sex chromosomes and sex antagonistic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stöck
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Agnès Horn
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Christine Grossen
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Dorothea Lindtke
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,
Switzerland
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg,
Switzerland
| | - Roberto Sermier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | | | - Christophe Dufresnes
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Bonjour
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Zoé Dumas
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,
Switzerland
- Umweltmikrobiologie, EAWAG, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Emilien Luquet
- UMR 5023 Ecology of Fluvial Hydrosystems, Bât. Darwin C,
Université Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Helena Clavero Sousa
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,
Switzerland
- Perpetuo Socorro, Puerto Santa María (Cádiz),
Spain
| | - Iñigo Martinez-Solano
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos
(UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Nicolas Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,
Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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20
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Jacewicz R, Krajewski P, Ulewicz D, Piatek J, Jedrzejczyk M, Babol-Pokora K, Prośniak A, Konarzewska M, Ossowski A, Parafiniuk M, Berent J. [Y-STR Poland--a database for evaluation of evidence value in forensic genetics]. Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol 2011; 61:146-152. [PMID: 22390128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The "Y-STR Poland" is a multicenter project, the aim of which is the construction of a widely available database of Y chromosome haplotypes determined in the Polish population in a range of sixteen loci in AmpFISTR Y-filer system. The database will be regularly updated and it will be used in assessment of evidence value in forensic genetics. The starting base "Y-STR Poland" contains 1600 Y-STR haplotypes and encompasses data collected in Lodz (two independent centers), Warsaw and Szczecin regions. The present report contains as an attachment the data in an Excel-type file, which serves as a tool in frequency determination of a given Y haplotype in the Polish population. The file will be updated on a regular basis along with updating the database, and will be freely available from www.genetyka-sadowa.pl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Jacewicz
- Z Katedry i Zakładu Medycyny Sadowej Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Łodzi.
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21
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Gilgenkrantz S. [Evolutive divergence between human and chimpanzee Y chromosomes]. Med Sci (Paris) 2010; 26:464-5. [PMID: 20510141 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2010265464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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23
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Abstract
Deletions in the azoospermia factor region AZFa on the human Y chromosome and, more specifically, in the region that encompasses the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 9, Y-linked gene USP9Y have been implicated in infertility associated with oligospermia and azoospermia. We have characterized in detail a deletion in AZFa that results in an absence of USP9Y in a normospermic man and his brother and father. The association of this large deletion with normal fertility shows that USP9Y, hitherto considered a candidate gene for infertility and azoospermia, does not have a key role in male reproduction. These results suggest that it may not be necessary to consider USP9Y when screening the Y chromosome of infertile or subfertile men for microdeletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Luddi
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Italy
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24
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Condon KC, Condon GC, Dafa'alla TH, Fu G, Phillips CE, Jin L, Gong P, Alphey L. Genetic sexing through the use of Y-linked transgenes. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 37:1168-1176. [PMID: 17916503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sterile insect technique (SIT)-based pest control programs rely on the mass release of sterile insects to reduce the wild target population. In many cases, it is desirable to release only males. Sterile females may cause damage, e.g., disease transmission by mosquitoes or crop damage via oviposition by the Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly). Also, sterile females may decrease the effectiveness of released males by distracting them from seeking out wild females. To eliminate females from the release population, a suitable sexual dimorphism is required. For several pest species, genetic sexing strains have been constructed in which such a dimorphism has been induced by genetics. Classical strains were based on the translocation to the Y chromosome of a selectable marker, which is therefore expressed only in males. Recently, several prototype strains have been constructed using sex-specific expression of markers or conditional lethal genes from autosomal insertions of transgenes. Here, we describe a novel genetic sexing strategy based on the use of Y-linked transgenes expressing fluorescent proteins. We demonstrate the feasibility of this strategy in a major pest species, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and discuss the advantages and disadvantages relative to other genetic sexing methods and potential applicability to other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty C Condon
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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25
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Abstract
Placental site trophoblastic tumor is a neoplasm of extravillous intermediate trophoblast at the implantation site, preceded in the majority of cases by a female gestational event. Our pilot investigation suggested that the development of this tumor might require a paternally derived X chromosome and the absence of a Y chromosome. Twenty cases of placental site trophoblastic tumor were included in this study. Genotyping at 15 polymorphic loci and one sex determination locus was performed by multiplex PCR followed by capillary electrophoresis. X chromosome polymorphisms were determined by PCR amplification of exon 1 of the human androgen receptor gene using primers flanking the polymorphic CAG repeats within this region. Genotyping at 15 polymorphic loci was informative and paternal alleles were present in all tumors, confirming the trophoblastic origin of the tumors. The presence of an X chromosome and the absence of a Y chromosome were observed in all tumors. Among 13 cases in which analysis of the X chromosome polymorphism was informative, all but one demonstrated at least two X alleles and seven cases showed one identifiable paternal X allele. These results confirm a unique pathogenetic mechanism in placental site trophoblastic tumor, involving an exclusion of the Y chromosome from the genome and, therefore, a tumor arising from the trophectoderm of a female conceptus. As epigenetic regulations of imprinting during X chromosome inactivation are of significant biological implications, placental site trophoblastic tumor may provide an important model for studying the sex chromosome biology and the proliferative advantage conferred by the paternal X chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Hui
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8023, USA.
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26
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Ellis PJI, Ferguson L, Clemente EJ, Affara NA. Bidirectional transcription of a novel chimeric gene mapping to mouse chromosome Yq. BMC Evol Biol 2007; 7:171. [PMID: 17892569 PMCID: PMC2212661 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The male-specific region of the mouse Y chromosome long arm (MSYq) contains three known highly multi-copy X-Y homologous gene families, Ssty1/2, Sly and Asty. Deletions on MSYq lead to teratozoospermia and subfertility or infertility, with a sex ratio skew in the offspring of subfertile MSYqdel males RESULTS We report the highly unusual genomic structure of a novel MSYq locus, Orly, and a diverse set of spermatid-specific transcripts arising from copies of this locus. Orly is composed of partial copies of Ssty1, Asty and Sly arranged in sequence. The Ssty1- and Sly-derived segments are in antisense orientation relative to each other, leading to bi-directional transcription of Orly. Genome search and phylogenetic tree analysis is used to determine the order of events in mouse Yq evolution. We find that Orly is the most recent gene to arise on Yq, and that subsequently there was massive expansion in copy number of all Yq-linked genes. CONCLUSION Orly has an unprecedented chimeric structure, and generates both "forward" (Orly) and "reverse" (Orlyos) transcripts arising from the promoters at each end of the locus. The region of overlap of known Orly and Orlyos transcripts is homologous to Sly intron 2. We propose that Orly may be involved in an intragenomic conflict between mouse X and Y chromosomes, and that this process underlies the massive expansion in copy number of the genes on MSYq and their X homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter JI Ellis
- Mammalian Molecular Genetics Group, University of Cambridge Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Lydia Ferguson
- Mammalian Molecular Genetics Group, University of Cambridge Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Emily J Clemente
- Mammalian Molecular Genetics Group, University of Cambridge Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Nabeel A Affara
- Mammalian Molecular Genetics Group, University of Cambridge Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
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27
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Abstract
Differences between males and females in the optimal phenotype that is favoured by selection can be resolved by the evolution of differential gene expression in the two sexes. Microarray experiments have shown that such sex-biased gene expression is widespread across organisms and genomes. Sex-biased genes show unusually rapid sequence evolution, are often labile in their pattern of expression, and are non-randomly distributed in the genome. Here we discuss the characteristics and expression of sex-biased genes, and the selective forces that shape this previously unappreciated source of phenotypic diversity. Sex-biased gene expression has implications beyond just evolutionary biology, including for medical genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Ellegren
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
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28
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Abstract
Gene flow occurs predominantly via pollen in angiosperms, leading to stronger population subdivision for maternally inherited markers, relative to paternally or biparentally inherited genes. In contrast to this trend, population subdivision within Silene latifolia and S. dioica, as well as subdivision between the two species, is substantially lower in maternally inherited chloroplast genes compared to paternally inherited Y-linked genes. A significant frequency spectrum bias toward rare polymorphisms and a significant loss of polymorphism in chloroplast genes compared to Y-linked and autosomal genes suggest that intra- and inter-specific subdivision in the chloroplast DNA may have been eroded by a selective sweep that has crossed the S. latifolia and S. dioica species boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Muir
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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29
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Isensee J, Witt H, Pregla R, Hetzer R, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Ruiz Noppinger P. Sexually dimorphic gene expression in the heart of mice and men. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 86:61-74. [PMID: 17646949 PMCID: PMC2755745 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and clinical manifestation of several cardiovascular diseases vary considerably with sex and age. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular basis of these differences may represent a starting point for an improved gender-specific medicine. Despite the fact that sex-specific differences have been observed in the cardiovascular system of humans and animal models, systematic analyses of sexual dimorphisms at the transcriptional level in the healthy heart are missing. Therefore we performed gene expression profiling on mouse and human cardiac samples of both sexes and young as well as aged individuals and verified our results for a subset of genes using real-time polymerase chain reaction in independent left ventricular samples. To tackle the question whether sex differences are evolutionarily conserved, we also compared sexually dimorphic genes between both species. We found that genes located on sex chromosomes were the most abundant ones among the sexually dimorphic genes. Male-specific expression of Y-linked genes was observed in mouse hearts as well as in the human myocardium (e.g. Ddx3y, Eif2s3y and Jarid1d). Higher expression levels of X-linked genes were detected in female mice for Xist, Timp1 and Car5b and XIST, EIF2S3X and GPM6B in women. Furthermore, genes on autosomal chromosomes encoding cytochromes of the monoxygenase family (e.g. Cyp2b10), carbonic anhydrases (e.g. Car2 and Car3) and natriuretic peptides (e.g. Nppb) were identified with sex- and/or age-specific expression levels. This study underlines the relevance of sex and age as modifiers of cardiac gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Isensee
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Straße 3-4, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Gender in Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Straße 3-4, Berlin, Germany
- Department Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-73, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Witt
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Straße 3-4, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Gender in Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Straße 3-4, Berlin, Germany
- Department Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-73, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Pregla
- German Heart Institute Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Hetzer
- German Heart Institute Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vera Regitz-Zagrosek
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Straße 3-4, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Gender in Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Straße 3-4, Berlin, Germany
- German Heart Institute Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patricia Ruiz Noppinger
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Straße 3-4, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Gender in Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Straße 3-4, Berlin, Germany
- Department Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-73, Berlin, Germany
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30
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Abstract
A survey of the genetic ancestry of 125 Cambodian children resident in Siem Reap province was undertaken, based on eight Y-chromosome binary polymorphisms and sequencing of the mtDNA HV1 region. The data indicated a largely East Asian paternal ancestry and a local Southeast Asian maternal ancestry. The presence of Y-chromosomes P* and R1al* was suggestive of a small but significant Indo-European male ancestral component, which probably reflects the history of Indian, and later European, influences on Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Black
- Centre for Human Genetics, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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31
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Steinemann S, Steinemann M. Evolution of sex chromosomes: dosage compensation of the Lcp1-4 gene cluster on the evolving neo-X chromosome in Drosophila miranda. Insect Mol Biol 2007; 16:167-74. [PMID: 17352708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In Drosophila miranda the small multigene family of the larval cuticle protein (Lcp1-4) genes resides on the evolving neo-X and neo-Y sex chromosome pair while in the sibling species Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila persimilis the gene cluster is inherited autosomally. The neo-Y chromosomal Lcp1, Lcp2 and Lcp4 genes are, as previously shown by us, not expressed and only Lcp3 is expressed at a strongly reduced level. As a first step in understanding the evolutionary mechanism(s) transforming an autosome into a dosage compensated X we analysed the expression behaviour and promoter structure of the Lcp1-4 genes on the neo-X. The normalized relative expression levels reveal that all four neo-X chromosomal Lcp genes in D. miranda males, including Lcp3, are already dosage compensated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Steinemann
- Institut für Molekulargenetik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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32
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Horth L. A sex-linked allele, autosomal modifiers and temperature-dependence appear to regulate melanism in male mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 209:4938-45. [PMID: 17142682 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
About 1% of male mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) express melanic (mottled-black) body coloration, which differs dramatically from the wild-type, silvery-gray coloration. Here, I report on the genetic inheritance pattern of melanic coloration, which indicates Y-linkage, and at least one autosomal modifier. Phenotypic expression of melanism is also affected by temperature. Expression is constitutive (temperature insensitive) in some populations, inducible (temperature sensitive) in others. Constitutive and inducible expression occur among geographically proximal populations. However, males from any single population demonstrate the same constitutive or inducible expression pattern as one another. The F1 males from inter-population crosses demonstrate temperature-related expression patterns like their sires'. As well, the sex ratio of melanic males' progeny differs among populations. Here, inter-population crosses demonstrate a sex-ratio bias in the same direction as intra-population crosses of the sire population. About 20% of the male progeny of melanic sires express the wild-type phenotype. These silver F1 males sire only silver offspring, suggestive of loss of the melanin gene in F1 males from crossover between sex chromosomes, or control by additional modifiers, or involvement of additional factors. In nature, melanic males persist at very low frequencies. The data collected here on heritability indicate that genetic factors contribute to the rarity of melanic male mosquitofish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Horth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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33
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Algar EM, St Heaps L, Darmanian A, Dagar V, Prawitt D, Peters GB, Collins F. Paternally Inherited Submicroscopic Duplication at 11p15.5 Implicates Insulin-like Growth Factor II in Overgrowth and Wilms' Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2360-5. [PMID: 17325026 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Loss of imprinting at insulin-like growth factor II (IGFII), in association with H19 silencing, has been described previously in a subgroup of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) patients who have an elevated risk for Wilms' tumor. An equivalent somatic mutation occurs in sporadic Wilms' tumor. We describe a family with overgrowth in three generations and Wilms' tumor in two generations, with paternal inheritance of a cis-duplication at 11p15.5 spanning the BWS IC1 region and including H19, IGFII, INS, and TH. The duplicated region was below the limit of detection by high-resolution karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization, has a predicted minimum size of 400 kb, and was confirmed by genotyping and gene-dosage analysis on a CytoChip comparative genomic hybridization bacterial artificial chromosome array. IGFII is the only known paternally expressed oncogene mapping within the duplicated region and our findings directly implicate IGFII in Wilms' tumorigenesis and add to the mutation spectrum that increases the effective dose of IGFII. Furthermore, this study raises the possibility that sporadic cases of overgrowth and Wilms' tumor, presenting with apparent gain of methylation at IC1, may be explained by submicroscopic paternal duplications. This finding has important implications for determining the transmission risk in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Algar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.
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34
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Abstract
Abnormal teat patterning phenotype (ATPP) is characterized by one (moderate form) or two (severe form) absent teats in cattle. Using an allele-sharing non-parametric linkage strategy, significant associations with severe ATPP animals were detected on BTA17 (Z(max) = 7.3 at 21 cM), centromeric BTA1 (Z(max) = 3.7 at 8 cM) and telomeric BTA1 (Z(max) = 4.8 at 142 cM). The BTA17 region was also significantly associated in the analysis of the moderate ATPP animals (Z(max) = 5.3 at 0 cM). The transmission disequilibrium test in severe ATPP animals demonstrated significant over-transmission of paternal alleles in the BTA17 region (P = 2.2 x 10(-9)), the centromeric BTA1 region (P = 0.035) and the telomeric BTA1 region (P = 0.005). Significant over-transmission of the BTA17 region was also observed among the moderate ATPP animals (P = 2.3 x 10(-4)). These findings indicate that the BTA17 locus plays a key role in risk of the disease, and that the BTA17 locus contributes temporally in combination with the two other loci on BTA1 and/or possibly unknown modifier(s) in a probabilistic oligo- or polygenic manner of transmission. Haplotypes of these three loci can be used for marker-assisted animal breeding to control the recurrence of affected progeny with ATPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ihara
- Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima 961-8061, Japan
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35
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Krzywinski J, Chrystal MA, Besansky NJ. Gene finding on the Y: fruitful strategy in Drosophila does not deliver in Anopheles. Genetica 2006; 126:369-75. [PMID: 16636930 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-005-1985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Anopheles gambiae genome project yielded almost complete sequences for the autosomes and for a large part of the X chromosome, however, no information for the Y chromosome was obtained. Yet, by design, fragmented Y chromosome sequences should be present in the resulting assembly. Here we report the search for Anopheles Y chromosome genes using a strategy successfully applied for identification of Y genes in Drosophila. A complete set of the unmapped scaffolds was targeted in a broad TBLASTN search using both A. gambiae predicted genes and all proteins from nr database as query sequences. After filtering of the BLAST report, we selected 181 scaffolds possibly containing fragments of Y chromosome genes to experimentally test their Y-linkage. Surprisingly, none of the tested sequences appeared to originate from the Y chromosome. Several factors could account for the failure to detect Y genes, including their different organization in A. gambiae compared to Drosophila and the suboptimal quality of the assembly and annotation of the Anopheles genome. Regardless of the cause, our results illuminate problems associated with the genome analysis of outbred organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Krzywinski
- Center for Tropical Disease Research and Training, Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, 46556, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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36
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Mbulaiteye SM, Sternberg LR, Nsubuga MM, Anver MR, Mehta M, Biryahwaho B, Kambugu F, Rabkin CS, Biggar RJ. Absence of Y-chromosome sequences in tumors from African women with AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. Cancer Lett 2006; 248:229-33. [PMID: 16934394 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) occurs with relatively high frequency in immunosuppressed transplant recipients and in patients with AIDS. Recently, Italian investigators reported transplant-related KS tumors bearing donor-derived antigens, suggesting possible parenteral transmission of KS as whole cells, i.e., chimeric tumors. To investigate the hypothesis that KS whole cells may also be transmitted into immunocompromised persons via heterosexual acts, we tested nodular KS lesions and matched normal tissue obtained from female patients with AIDS for the presence of the Y-chromosome specific sex determining sequence (SRY). Among 25 unique tumors tested, none was positive for SRY sequence. While our results do not exclude sexual cellular transmission of whole KS cells, they suggest that if it occurs, it is rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Viral Epidemiology Branch, DCEG, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza South Rm 7080, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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37
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Karwacki V, Kovac J, Mauceri G, Backhaus A, Föhse L, Schmidtke J, Schubert S. Tspy is nonfunctional in the Mongolian gerbil but functional in the Syrian hamster. Genomics 2006; 88:65-73. [PMID: 16626932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The TSPY gene is conserved in placental mammals and encodes the testis-specific protein, Y encoded. Within the testis, TSPY expression is restricted to germ cells, and it is assumed that TSPY plays a role in the proliferation of germ cells. Since it was first discovered in humans, TSPY orthologous gene families have been subsequently characterized in many mammalian lineages. In contrast to the situation in cattle and primates, in which TSPY is organized in a moderately repetitive cluster, including functional members and pseudogenes, a peculiar situation is observed in rodents, in which Tspy has been become low or single copy and degenerated to a pseudogene in some species of the subgenus Mus. We have extended this approach and investigated Tspy gene evolution in the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Whereas the Syrian hamster Tspy is functionally conserved, organized in multiple copies, and expressed only in testis, the closely related Mongolian gerbil possesses a single-copy pseudogene that is unable to generate a functional transcript. Thus, the Tspy locus has degenerated at least twice at different points of rodent evolution, strongly supporting the hypothesis that the decay of Y-chromosomal genes is an intrinsic evolutionary process. TSPY is the first example of a Y-chromosomal tandem repetitive gene whose decay could be studied in two independent mammalian lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Karwacki
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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38
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Kayser M, Vowles EJ, Kappei D, Amos W. Microsatellite length differences between humans and chimpanzees at autosomal Loci are not found at equivalent haploid Y chromosomal Loci. Genetics 2006; 173:2179-86. [PMID: 16783019 PMCID: PMC1569685 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.055632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When homologous microsatellites are compared between species, significant differences in mean length are often noted. A dominant cause of these length differences is ascertainment bias due to selection for maximum repeat number and repeat purity when the markers are being developed. However, even after ascertainment bias has been allowed for through reciprocal comparisons, significant length differences remain, suggesting that the average microsatellite mutation rate differs between species. Two classes of mechanism have been proposed: rapid evolution of enzymes involved in the generation and repair of slippage products (enzyme evolution model) and heterozygote instability, whereby interchromosomal events at heterozygous sites offer extra opportunities for mutations to occur (heterozygote instability model). To examine which of these hypotheses is most likely, we compared ascertainment bias and species length differences between humans and chimpanzees in autosomal and Y chromosomal microsatellites. We find that levels of ascertainment bias are indistinguishable, but that interspecies length differences are significantly greater for autosomal loci compared with haploid Y chromosomal loci. Such a pattern is consistent with predictions from the heterozygote instability model and is not expected under models of microsatellite evolution that do not include interchromosomal events such as the enzyme evolution model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Kayser
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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39
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Branco CC, Palla R, Lino S, Pacheco PR, Cabral R, De Fez L, Peixoto BR, Mota-Vieira L. Assessment of Azorean ancestry by Alu insertion polymorphisms. Am J Hum Biol 2006; 18:223-6. [PMID: 16493635 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of population ancestry from genetic markers is essential, for example, to understand the history of human migration and to carry out admixture and association studies. Here we assess the genome ancestry of the Azorean population through analysis of six Alu polymorphic sites (TPA-25, ACE, APO, B65, PV92, and D1) in 65 Azoreans and 30 Portuguese unrelated blood donors and compare data for the Y-chromosome and mtDNA. Allele frequencies were calculated by direct counting. Statistical analysis was performed using Arlequin 2.0. Nei's genetic distance was calculated with DISPAN software, and trees were constructed by neighbor joining (NJ) using PHYLIP 3.63. The results show that all Alu insertions were polymorphic. APO is the closest to fixation. The less frequent insertions are PV92 and D1 in the Azores and Portugal, respectively. ACE and TPA-25 show the highest values of heterozygosity in both populations. Allele frequencies are very similar to those obtained in European populations. These results are validated by the Y-chromosome and mtDNA data, where the majority of the maternal and paternal lineages are European. Overall, these data are reflected in the phylogenetic tree, in which the Azoreans and the Portuguese branch with Catalans, Andalusians, Moroccans, and Algerians. We conclude that the population of the Azores shows no significant genetic differences from that of mainland Portugal and that it is an outbred population. Moreover, the data validate the use of Alu insertion polymorphisms to assess the origin and history of human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Branco
- Molecular Genetics and Pathology Unit, Hospital of Divino Espírito Santo, Ponta Delgada, São Miguel Island, Azores
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- C Krausz
- Andrology Unit of the University of Florence, Training Centre of the European Academy of Andrology, Florence, Italy
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41
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Kanazawa S. Violent men have more sons: further evidence for the generalized Trivers-Willard hypothesis (gTWH). J Theor Biol 2005; 239:450-9. [PMID: 16246373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The generalized Trivers-Willard hypothesis (gTWH) [Kanazawa, S., 2005a. Big and tall parents have more sons; further generalizations of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis. J. Theor. Biol. 235, 583-590] proposes that parents who possess any heritable trait which increases the male reproductive success at a greater rate than female reproductive success in a given environment have a higher-than-expected offspring sex ratio, and parents who possess any heritable trait which increases the female reproductive success at a greater rate than male reproductive success in a given environment have a lower-than-expected offspring sex ratio. One heritable trait which increases the reproductive success of sons significantly more than that of daughters in the ancestral environment is the tendency toward violence and aggression. I therefore predict that violent parents have a higher-than-expected offspring sex ratio (more sons). The analysis of both American samples and a British sample demonstrates that battered women, who are mated to violent men, have significantly more sons than daughters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kanazawa
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK.
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42
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Chae SH, Kim JM, Kim IC, Choi HH, Choi SH, Kim DW, Koh S, Park H, Park HS. Identification of novel allele on the locus 47z (DXYS5) in the Korean population. J Hum Genet 2005; 50:664-6. [PMID: 16200389 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-005-0305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two homogenous sequences of 47z (DXYS5) are located on the X (DXYS5X) and Y (DXYS5Y) chromosomes, and these are known to be useful polymorphic markers for tracing male-specific gene flow such as the migration routes of human populations. Using the 47z/StuI PCR-RFLP system, we found a novel allele which showed two bands, in contrast to the previous two allele types, one band (Y1) and three bands (Y2). This means that copies of PCR products derived from both the DXYS5X and DXYS5Y loci were clearly cut by the StuI enzyme, implying that the DXYS5X locus of the X chromosome is polymorphic. Allelic frequencies examined in 267 male Korean individuals showed that 95.8% had Y1, 3.4% Y2, and 0.8% had the novel allele. Our findings should contribute to a better understanding of genetic polymorphism on X and Y chromosomes, the molecular evolution mechanism of sex chromosomes, and how the migration route of Koreans is related to those of other East Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hwa Chae
- Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 305-333 Daejeon, South Korea
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43
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Wu RJ. [The standardization of genetic terms--I. Of the same name with different definition phenomenon]. Yi Chuan 2005; 27:815-8. [PMID: 16257916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of same term with different definitions exists widely in genetic teaching courses. The present paper was aiming at analyzing and discussing these problems. For example, the terms such as Y-linked inheritance, sex-limited inheritance, sex-influenced inheritance, haploid, polyploid and cumulative effect expression are very confused and chaotic in meaning, even mutually contradictory. This involves the accuracy of nomenclature. We presumed that the term of Y-linked inheritance cannot confuse with that of sex-limited inheritance, and that though the sex-limited factor and the sex-influenced inheritance gene are both located on autosome with some distance, but they are still different. Haploid refers to the gametophyte chromosome number an individual has, but does not equate to monoploid. Also we thought that polyploid represented the basic number of chromosome, such as triploid indicated for 3x. And, the cumulative effect refers to mutual accumulation function between the exponential quantitative characters of relevant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Jing Wu
- Bioengineering College, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
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44
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Pfeiffer I, Brenig B. X- and Y-chromosome specific variants of the amelogenin gene allow sex determination in sheep (Ovis aries) and European red deer (Cervus elaphus). BMC Genet 2005; 6:16. [PMID: 15771775 PMCID: PMC1079817 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-6-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Simple and precise methods for sex determination in animals are a pre-requisite for a number of applications in animal production and forensics. However, some of the existing methods depend only on the detection of Y-chromosome specific sequences. Therefore, the abscence of a signal does not necessarily mean that the sample is of female origin, because experimental errors can also lead to negative results. Thus, the detection of Y- and X-chromosome specific sequences is advantageous. Results A novel method for sex identification in mammals (sheep, Ovis aries and European red deer, Cervus elaphus) is described, using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of a part of the amelogenin gene. A partial sequence of the amelogenin gene of sheep and red deer was obtained, which exists on both X and Y chromosomes with a deletion region on the Y chromosome. With a specific pair of primers a DNA fragment of different length between the male and female mammal was amplified. Conclusion PCR amplification using the amelogenin gene primers is useful in sex identification of samples from sheep and red deer and can be applied to DNA analysis of micro samples with small amounts of DNA such as hair roots as well as bones or embryo biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pfeiffer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - B Brenig
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
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45
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Abstract
Each somatic cell of the human body contains 46 chromosomes consisting of two sets of 23; one inherited from each parent. These chromosomes can be categorised as 22 pairs of autosomes and two sex chromosomes; females are XX and males are XY. Similarly, at the molecular level, two copies of each autosomal gene exist; one copy derived from each parent. Until the mid-1980s, it was assumed that each copy of an autosome or gene was functionally equivalent, irrespective of which parent it was derived from. However, it is now clear from classical experiments in mice and from examples of human genetic disease that this is not the case. The functional activity of some genes or chromosomal regions is unequal, and dependent on whether they have been inherited maternally or paternally. This phenomenon is termed 'genomic imprinting' and the activity or silence of an imprinted gene or chromosomal region is set during gametogenesis. Genomic imprinting involving the autosomes appears to be restricted to eutherian mammals, and has most likely evolved as a result of the conflicting concerns of the parental genomes in the growth and development of their offspring. When the normal pattern of imprinting is disrupted, the phenotypes observed in humans and mice are generally associated with abnormal fetal growth, development and behaviour, illustrating its importance for a normal intrauterine environment. The characteristics of imprinted genes, their regulation and the phenotypes associated with altered imprinting are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan P Hitchins
- Department of Fetal and Maternal Medicine, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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46
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47
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BRIQUET JUNIOR R. [Holandric Inheritance in man]. Bras Med 1947; 61:411-413. [PMID: 18912686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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