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Zhao B, Wang Z, Liu D, Zhang S. Genetically predicted serum testosterone and risk of gynecological disorders: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1161356. [PMID: 38075074 PMCID: PMC10710168 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1161356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Testosterone plays a key role in women, but the associations of serum testosterone level with gynecological disorders risk are inconclusive in observational studies. Methods We leveraged public genome-wide association studies to analyze the effects of four testosterone related exposure factors on nine gynecological diseases. Causal estimates were calculated by inverse variance-weighted (IVW), MR-Egger and weighted median methods. The heterogeneity test was performed on the obtained data through Cochrane's Q value, and the horizontal pleiotropy test was performed on the data through MR-Egger intercept and MR-PRESSO methods. "mRnd" online analysis tool was used to evaluate the statistical power of MR estimates. Results The results showed that total testosterone and bioavailable testosterone were protective factors for ovarian cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 0.885, P = 0.012; OR = 0.871, P = 0.005) and endometriosis (OR = 0.805, P = 0.020; OR = 0.842, P = 0.028) but were risk factors for endometrial cancer (OR = 1.549, P < 0.001; OR = 1.499, P < 0.001) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (OR = 1.606, P = 0.019; OR = 1.637, P = 0.017). dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) is a protective factor against endometriosis (OR = 0.840, P = 0.016) and premature ovarian failure (POF) (OR = 0.461, P = 0.046) and a risk factor for endometrial cancer (OR= 1.788, P < 0.001) and PCOS (OR= 1.970, P = 0.014). sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a protective factor against endometrial cancer (OR = 0.823, P < 0.001) and PCOS (OR = 0.715, P = 0.031). Conclusion Our analysis suggested causal associations between serum testosterone level and ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, endometriosis, PCOS, POF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Songling Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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De Santis C, Götte M. The Role of microRNA Let-7d in Female Malignancies and Diseases of the Female Reproductive Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147359. [PMID: 34298978 PMCID: PMC8305730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Let-7d is a microRNA of the conserved let-7 family that is dysregulated in female malignancies including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and cervical cancer. Moreover, a dysregulation is observed in endometriosis and pregnancy-associated diseases such as preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Let-7d expression is regulated by cytokines and steroids, involving transcriptional regulation by OCT4, MYC and p53, as well as posttranscriptional regulation via LIN28 and ADAR. By downregulating a wide range of relevant mRNA targets, let-7d affects cellular processes that drive disease progression such as cell proliferation, apoptosis (resistance), angiogenesis and immune cell function. In an oncological context, let-7d has a tumor-suppressive function, although some of its functions are context-dependent. Notably, its expression is associated with improved therapeutic responses to chemotherapy in breast and ovarian cancer. Studies in mouse models have furthermore revealed important roles in uterine development and function, with implications for obstetric diseases. Apart from a possible utility as a diagnostic blood-based biomarker, pharmacological modulation of let-7d emerges as a promising therapeutic concept in a variety of female disease conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Aging
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Fertility/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genital Diseases, Female/drug therapy
- Genital Diseases, Female/genetics
- Genital Neoplasms, Female/drug therapy
- Genital Neoplasms, Female/genetics
- Humans
- Mice
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/physiology
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/physiology
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3
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Kacperczyk M, Kmieciak A, Kratz EM. The Role of ApoE Expression and Variability of Its Glycosylation in Human Reproductive Health in the Light of Current Information. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137197. [PMID: 34281251 PMCID: PMC8268793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a 34-kDa glycoprotein, as part of the high-density lipoprotein (HDL), has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic properties. The variability of ApoE expression in the course of some female fertility disorders (endometriosis, POCS), and other gynecological pathologies such as breast cancer, choriocarcinoma, endometrial adenocarcinoma/hyperplasia and ovarian cancer confirm the multidirectional biological function of ApoE, but the mechanisms of its action are not fully understood. It is also worth taking a closer look at the associations between ApoE expression, the type of its genotype and male fertility disorders. Another important issue is the variability of ApoE glycosylation. It is documented that the profile and degree of ApoE glycosylation varies depending on where it occurs, the type of body fluid and the place of its synthesis in the human body. Alterations in ApoE glycosylation have been observed in the course of diseases such as preeclampsia or breast cancer, but little is known about the characteristics of ApoE glycans analyzed in human seminal and blood serum/plasma in the context of male reproductive health. A deeper analysis of ApoE glycosylation in the context of female and male fertility will both enable us to broaden our knowledge of the biochemical and cellular mechanisms in which glycans participate, having a direct or indirect relationship with the fertilization process, and also give us a chance of contributing to the enrichment of the diagnostic panel in infertile women and men, which is particularly important in procedures involved in assisted reproductive techniques. Moreover, understanding the mechanisms of glycoprotein glycosylation related to the course of various diseases and conditions, including infertility, and the interactions between glycans and their specific ligands may provide us with an opportunity to interfere with their course and thus develop new therapeutic strategies. This brief overview details some of the recent advances, mainly from the last decade, in understanding the associations between ApoE expression and some female and male fertility problems, as well as selected female gynecological diseases and male reproductive tract disorders. We were also interested in how ApoE glycosylation changes influence biological processes in the human body, with special attention to human fertility.
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4
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Abstract
The WNT family of proteins is crucial in numerous developmental pathways and tissue homeostasis. WNT4, in particular, is uniquely implicated in the development of the female phenotype in the fetus, and in the maintenance of müllerian and reproductive tissues. WNT4 dysfunction or dysregulation can drive sex-reversal syndromes, highlighting the key role of WNT4 in sex determination. WNT4 is also critical in gynecologic pathologies later in life, including several cancers, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and infertility. The role of WNT4 in normal decidualization, implantation, and gestation is being increasingly appreciated, while aberrant activation of WNT4 signaling is being linked both to gynecologic and breast cancers. Notably, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the WNT4 gene locus are strongly associated with these pathologies and may functionally link estrogen and estrogen receptor signaling to upregulation and activation of WNT4 signaling. Importantly, in each of these developmental and disease states, WNT4 gene expression and downstream WNT4 signaling are regulated and executed by myriad tissue-specific pathways. Here, we review the roles of WNT4 in women's health with a focus on sex development, and gynecologic and breast pathologies, and our understanding of how WNT4 signaling is controlled in these contexts. Defining WNT4 functions provides a unique opportunity to link sex-specific signaling pathways to women's health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Pitzer
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Marisa R Moroney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Natalie J Nokoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Matthew J Sikora
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Correspondence: Matthew J. Sikora, PhD; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8104, Research Complex 1 South, Rm 5117, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. . Twitter: @mjsikora
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5
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Ma Y, Xu Y, Zhang J, Zheng L. Biogenesis and functions of circular RNAs and their role in diseases of the female reproductive system. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2020; 18:104. [PMID: 33148278 PMCID: PMC7640390 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A member of the newly discovered RNA family, circular RNA (circRNA) is considered as the intermediate product of by-product splicing or abnormal RNA splicing. With the development of RNA sequencing, circRNA has recently drawn research interest. CircRNA exhibits stability, species conservatism, and tissue cell specificity. It acts as a miRNA sponge in the circRNA-microRNA (miRNA-mRNA axis, which can regulate gene transcription and protein translation. Studies have confirmed that circRNA is ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells, which play an important role in the regulation of human gene expression and participate in the occurrence and development of various human diseases. CircRNA may be closely related to the occurrence and development of female reproductive system diseases. By analyzing the biological functions and mechanism of circRNA, we find that circRNA has certain development prospects as biomarkers of the female reproductive system diseases. The production and degradation of circRNA, biological functions, and their association with the occurrence of diseases of female reproductive system are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Ma
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jingshun Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lianwen Zheng
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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6
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Sabarwal A, Kumar K, Singh RP. Hazardous effects of chemical pesticides on human health-Cancer and other associated disorders. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 63:103-114. [PMID: 30199797 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Poisoning from pesticides is a global public health problem and accounts for nearly 300,000 deaths worldwide every year. Exposure to pesticides is inevitable; there are different modes through which humans get exposed to pesticides. The mode of exposure is an important factor as it also signifies the concentration of pesticides exposure. Pesticides are used extensively in agricultural and domestic settings. These chemicals are believed to cause many disorders in humans and wildlife. Research from past few decades has tried to answer the associated mechanism of action of pesticides in conjunction with their harmful effects. This perspective considers the past and present research in the field of pesticides and associated disorders. We have reviewed the most common diseases including cancer which are associated with pesticides. Pesticides have shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases as well as various disorders of the respiratory and reproductive tracts. Oxidative stress caused by pesticides is an important mechanism through which many of the pesticides exert their harmful effects. Oxidative stress is known to cause DNA damage which in turn may cause malignancies and other disorders. Many pesticides have shown to modulate the gene expression at the level of non-coding RNAs, histone deacetylases, DNA methylation patterns suggesting their role in epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Sabarwal
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India; Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kunal Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Rana P Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India; Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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7
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Slade JA, Hall JV, Kintner J, Phillips-Campbell R, Schoborg RV. Host Nectin-1 Promotes Chlamydial Infection in the Female Mouse Genital Tract, but Is Not Required for Infection in a Novel Male Murine Rectal Infection Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160511. [PMID: 27486990 PMCID: PMC4972247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted pathogen, but more than 70% of patients fail to seek treatment due to the asymptomatic nature of these infections. Women suffer from numerous complications from chronic chlamydial infections, which include pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. We previously demonstrated in culture that host cell nectin-1 knockdown significantly reduced chlamydial titers and inclusion size. Here, we sought to determine whether nectin-1 was required for chlamydial development in vivo by intravaginally infecting nectin-1-/- mice with Chlamydia muridarum and monitoring chlamydial shedding by chlamydial titer assay. We observed a significant reduction in chlamydial shedding in female nectin-1-/- mice compared to nectin-1+/+ control mice, an observation that was confirmed by PCR. Immunohistochemical staining in mouse cervical tissue confirmed that there are fewer chlamydial inclusions in Chlamydia-infected nectin-1-/- mice. Notably, anorectal chlamydial infections are becoming a substantial health burden, though little is known regarding the pathogenesis of these infections. We therefore established a novel male murine model of rectal chlamydial infection, which we used to determine whether nectin-1 is required for anorectal chlamydial infection in male mice. In contrast to the data from vaginal infection, no difference in rectal chlamydial shedding was observed when male nectin-1+/+ and nectin-1-/- mice were compared. Through the use of these two models, we have demonstrated that nectin-1 promotes chlamydial infection in the female genital tract but does not appear to contribute to rectal infection in male mice. These models could be used to further characterize tissue and sex related differences in chlamydial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Slade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jennifer V. Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Kintner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Regenia Phillips-Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert V. Schoborg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Yin GW, Guo Y, Jin B. Expressions of NDRG1, VEGF and Ki-67 in Condyloma Acuminatum. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2016; 30:773-776. [PMID: 27655496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the expressions and significance of NDRG1 (N-myc downregulated gene family 1), VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and Ki-67 in lesions of Condyloma Acuminatum (CA). Immunohistochemistry was adopted to measure the expressions of NDRG1, VEGF and Ki-67 in 48 cases of CA and 18 normal skin controls. The positive rates of NDRG1, VEGF and Ki-67 were 63. 83.33% (40/48), 93.75% (45/48) and 85.42% (41/48) in the CA tissues, and 27.78% (5/18), 94.44%(17/18) and 61.11% (11/18) in the controls, respectively. The intensities of the expressions of NDRG1, VEGF and Ki-67 in CA tissues were significantly higher than those in the controls. There were significant differences both in the positive rates and the expression intensities of NDRG1, VEGF and Ki-67 between the two groups (P less than0.05). The Spearmans Rank-Order Correlation analysis indicated that the expressions of NDRG1 protein and VEGF protein were positively correlated by the Spearmans Rank-Order Correlation analysis (r = 0.346, P=0.016). For the CA tissues with high expressions of NDRG1 and VEGF, NDRG1 and VEGF influenced both the occurrence and development of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Yin
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, PR China
| | - Y Guo
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, PR China
| | - B Jin
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, PR China
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9
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Wu J, Cui SH, Li HZ, Li QH, Yuan R, Zhang YP, Zhao TW. Ultrasound diagnosis in gynecological acute abdomen. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2016; 30:211-217. [PMID: 27049094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As ultrasound diagnosis is applied more frequently in gynecological acute abdomen, we carried out this study to discuss the diagnosis of endometriosis with ultrasound imaging and analyze the efficacy of microRNA used for diagnosing endometriosis and evaluating prognosis by comparing differentially expressed microRNA in subjects with or without endometriosis. Ultrasound examination results and clinical pathological examination results of 60 cases of gynecological acute abdomen were compared. Blood samples were collected from patients with endometriosis. Of 60 cases, 38 cases recurred in 20 months after surgery and the remaining 22 cases had no recurrence in the 30-month follow-up. Additionally, blood was collected from 40 patients without endometriosis as control. Then total RNA was extracted from these blood samples to determine the difference of expression of microRNA (miR-17-5p, miR-20a, miR-199a and miR-141). Compared to healthy subjects, the endometriosis patients showed significantly increased expression of miR-199a, but the expression of miR-17-5p, miR-20a and miR-141 had an obvious decrease; the differences were statistically significant (p less than 0.01). For recurred cases, miR-199 showed a remarkably high expression and miR-17-5p and miR-20a expressed significantly low.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Department of ultrasound, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - S H Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - H Z Li
- Department of ultrasound, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Q H Li
- Department of ultrasound, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - R Yuan
- Department of ultrasound, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Y P Zhang
- Department of ultrasound, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - T W Zhao
- GE Company, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Tarín JJ, García-Pérez MA, Hamatani T, Cano A. Infertility etiologies are genetically and clinically linked with other diseases in single meta-diseases. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:31. [PMID: 25880215 PMCID: PMC4404574 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review aims to ascertain whether different infertility etiologies share particular genes and/or molecular pathways with other pathologies and are associated with distinct and particular risks of later-life morbidity and mortality. In order to reach this aim, we use two different sources of information: (1) a public web server named DiseaseConnect ( http://disease-connect.org ) focused on the analysis of common genes and molecular mechanisms shared by diseases by integrating comprehensive omics and literature data; and (2) a literature search directed to find clinical comorbid relationships of infertility etiologies with only those diseases appearing after infertility is manifested. This literature search is performed because DiseaseConnect web server does not discriminate between pathologies emerging before, concomitantly or after infertility is manifested. Data show that different infertility etiologies not only share particular genes and/or molecular pathways with other pathologies but they have distinct clinical relationships with other diseases appearing after infertility is manifested. In particular, (1) testicular and high-grade prostate cancer in male infertility; (2) non-fatal stroke and endometrial cancer, and likely non-fatal coronary heart disease and ovarian cancer in polycystic ovary syndrome; (3) osteoporosis, psychosexual dysfunction, mood disorders and dementia in premature ovarian failure; (4) breast and ovarian cancer in carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations in diminished ovarian reserve; (5) clear cell and endometrioid histologic subtypes of invasive ovarian cancer, and likely low-grade serous invasive ovarian cancer, melanoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in endometriosis; and (6) endometrial and ovarian cancer in idiopathic infertility. The present data endorse the principle that the occurrence of a disease (in our case infertility) is non-random in the population and suggest that different infertility etiologies are genetically and clinically linked with other diseases in single meta-diseases. This finding opens new insights for clinicians and reproductive biologists to treat infertility problems using a phenomic approach instead of considering infertility as an isolated and exclusive disease of the reproductive system/hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. In agreement with a previous validation analysis of the utility of DiseaseConnect web server, the present study does not show a univocal correspondence between common gene expression and clinical comorbid relationship. Further work is needed to untangle the potential genetic, epigenetic and phenotypic relationships that may be present among different infertility etiologies, morbid conditions and physical/cognitive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Tarín
- Department of Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain.
| | - Miguel A García-Pérez
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain.
- Research Unit-INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico de Valencia, Valencia, 46010, Spain.
| | - Toshio Hamatani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Antonio Cano
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, 46010, Spain.
- Service of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Clinic Hospital, Valencia, 46010, Spain.
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11
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Yin GW, Li J, Zhang HB. EXPRESSION AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF APOPTOSIS-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS SURVIVIN AND LIVIN IN CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2015; 29:431-436. [PMID: 26122233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to explore the expression and significance of survivin and Livin in lesions of Condyloma acuminatum (CA). Streptavidin-peroxidase (SP) immunohistochemistry method was used to measure the expression of survivin, Livin and Ki-67 in 48 cases of CA and 25 cases of normal foreskin tissues. The positive expression rates of survivin, Livin and Ki-67 were 72.91% (35/48), 77.08% (37/48) and 85.42% (41/48) in CA tissues, and 4% (1/25), 4% (5/25) and 60% (15/25) in the control group, respectively. The expression intensity of survivin, Livin and Ki-67 in CA tissues (++ ~ +++) was significantly higher than that in the normal control group (- ~ ++). There were significant differences (P <0.05) both in the positive rates and the expression intensity of survivin, Livin and Ki-67 between the two groups. There was positive correlation between the expression of survivin and Livin in CA group (P < 0.01); the expressions of survivin and Ki-67 were positively correlated with each other (P < 0.01); Livin and Ki-67 expressions were positively correlated with each other (P < 0.01). There were over-expressions and excessive proliferations of survivin and Livin in CA tissues, and apoptosis suppressors survivin and Livin were correlated with CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-W Yin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - H-B Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
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12
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İnal EE, Rüstemoğlu A, İnanır A, Ekinci D, Gül Ü, Yiğit S, Ateş Ö. Associations of rs4810485 and rs1883832 polymorphisms of CD40 gene with susceptibility and clinical findings of Behçet's disease. Rheumatol Int 2014; 35:837-43. [PMID: 25373542 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-014-3171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There are evidences that besides geographic tendency, interactions between genetic and environmental factors play an essential role in the pathogenesis of Behçet's disease (BD). In this study, we have evaluated the associations between rs4810485 and rs1883832 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)s of CD40 gene with the susceptibility and clinical findings of BD. Two hundred and eighty-five patients with BD and 225 age-matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study. The clinical findings of patients were noted. The distributions of genotypes, alleles, combined genotypes and haplotypes of these two SNPs in BD patients were compared with those in healthy controls. In further evaluation, we evaluated the patients with and without any of clinical findings with regarding to distribution of genotypes and alleles of these two SNPs. There was no significant difference concerning frequencies of genotypes, alleles, combined genotypes and haplotypes of rs4810485 and rs1883832 between patients and controls (p > 0.05 for all). Frequency of GT genotype of CD40 rs4810485 polymorphism was found to be significantly higher in patients with skin lesions (p < 0.05, OR 1.65, 95 % CI 1.02-2.64). Also, we have found significantly higher frequencies of CC genotype and C allele of CD40 rs1883832 polymorphism in patients with genital ulcers (p < 0.05 for both, OR 2.30, 95 % CI 1.07-4.94 and OR 1.78, 95 % CI 1.06-2.97, respectively). However, these significances were disappeared after Bonferroni correction. We suggest that differences in the expression levels of CD40 because of different genotypes of these two SNPs may take part in the development of skin lesions or genital ulcers in patients with BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Erkol İnal
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey,
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13
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Danielsson K, Coates PJ, Ebrahimi M, Nylander E, Wahlin YB, Nylander K. Genes involved in epithelial differentiation and development are differentially expressed in oral and genital lichen planus epithelium compared to normal epithelium. Acta Derm Venereol 2014; 94:526-30. [PMID: 24626344 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic mucocutaneous disease with unknown cause. Patients with LP often have both oral and genital lesions, but these conditions are often considered as separate diseases and treated accordingly. To find out which genes are differently expressed in mucosal LP compared to normal mucosa and establish whether oral and genital LP are in fact the same disease, whole genome expression analysis was performed on epithelium from 13 patients diagnosed with oral and/or genital LP and normal controls. For confirmation of keratin 4 and corneodesmosin expression, quantitative reverse-transcription PCR and immunohistochemistry were used. Many genes involved in epithelial development and differentiation are differently expressed in epithelium from LP compared to normal epithelium. Several of the differentially expressed genes are common for oral and genital LP and the same biological processes are altered which supports the fact that oral and genital LP are manifestations of the same disease. The change in gene expression indicates that differentiation is altered leading to changes in the epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Danielsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
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14
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Abstract
With the advent of improved molecular biology techniques, the genetic basis of an increasing number of reproductive disorders has been elucidated. Mutations in at least 20 genes cause hypogonadotropic hypogonadism including Kallmann syndrome in about 35-40% of patients. The two most commonly involved genes are FGFR1 and CHD7. When combined pituitary hormone deficiency includes hypogonadotropic hypogonadism as a feature, PROP1 mutations are the most common of the six genes involved. For hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, mutations in 14 genes cause gonadal failure in 15% of affected females, most commonly in FMR1. In eugonadal disorders, activating FSHR mutations have been identified for spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome; and WNT4 mutations have been described in mullerian aplasia. For other eugonadal disorders, such as endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, and leiomyomata, specific germline gene mutations have not been identified, but some chromosomal regions are associated with the corresponding phenotype. Practical genetic testing is possible to perform in both hypogonadotropic and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. However, clinical testing for endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, and leiomyomata is not currently practical for the clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence C Layman
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Neuroscience Program, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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15
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Nassif J, Mattar S, Abu Musa A, Eid A. Endometriosis and cancer: what do we know? Minerva Ginecol 2013; 65:167-179. [PMID: 23598782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is the presence of endometriotic tissue outside of the uterus, composed of endometriotic glands and stroma. It affects between 10% to 12% of women in reproductive age. It presents with dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, chronic pelvic pain, infertility, urinary or digestive symptoms. Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion, clinical exam, pelvic ultrasound or pelvic magnetic resonance, and confirmed by laparoscopy with pathology studies. Its management is better understood nowadays. However, its association with neoplasia has been questioned for many years. It probably plays a role in the etiology of gynecological cancers, mainly ovarian neoplasia. In our review, we separately compared endometriosis and endometrioma to cancer, in terms of mutual causality, common risk factors, distinction based on histological findings, in addition to molecular and genetic pathways behind this association. This article reviews the English literature for studies on the association between endometriosis and gynecological cancers. Additional reports were collected by systematically reviewing all references from retrieved papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nassif
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
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16
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Bruner-Tran KL, Herington JL, Duleba AJ, Taylor HS, Osteen KG. Medical management of endometriosis: emerging evidence linking inflammation to disease pathophysiology. Minerva Ginecol 2013; 65:199-213. [PMID: 23598784 PMCID: PMC3718308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone action normally mediates the balance between anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory processes throughout the female reproductive tract. However, in women with endometriosis, endometrial progesterone resistance, characterized by alterations in progesterone responsive gene and protein expression, is now considered a central element in disease pathophysiology. Recent studies additionally suggest that the peritoneal microenvironment of endometriosis patients exhibits altered physiological characteristics that may further promote inflammation-driven disease development and progression. Within this review, we summarize our current understanding of the pathogenesis of endometriosis with an emphasis on the role that inflammation plays in generating not only the progesterone-resistant eutopic endometrium but also a peritoneal microenvironment that may contribute significantly to disease establishment. Viewing endometriosis from the emerging perspective that a progesterone resistant endometrium and an immunologically compromised peritoneal microenvironment are biologically linked risk factors for disease development provides a novel mechanistic framework to identify new therapeutic targets for appropriate medical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylon L. Bruner-Tran
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA 37232
| | - Jennifer L. Herington
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA 37232
| | - Antoni J. Duleba
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California USA 95817
| | - Hugh S. Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA 06510
| | - Kevin G. Osteen
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA 37232
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17
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Pernet C, Bessis D, Savignac M, Tron E, Guillot B, Hovnanian A. Genitoperineal papular acantholytic dyskeratosis is allelic to Hailey-Hailey disease. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167:210-2. [PMID: 22229453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Viktorova TV, Kochetova OV, Safina KF, Gaĭnullina MK, Akhmadishina LZ, Korytina GF. [Contribution of polymorphic variants of the genes of xenobiotic transformation enzymes, antioxidative defense, and DNA repair to the development of individual predisposition to hepatobiliary and reproductive system diseases in petrochemical workers]. Gig Sanit 2011:54-57. [PMID: 22250394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The paper gives the basic results of studying the polymorphic loci of the genes of xenobiotic transformation enzymes, antioxidative defense, and DNA repair in petrochemical workers. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay was used to identify markers of the predisposition to the development of toxic hepatitis in men and impaired reproduction in women.
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19
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Berra M, Williams EL, Muroni B, Creighton SM, Honour JW, Rumsby G, Conway GS. Recognition of 5α-reductase-2 deficiency in an adult female 46XY DSD clinic. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 164:1019-25. [PMID: 21402750 DOI: 10.1530/eje-10-0930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The late presentation of steroid 5α-reductase-2 (SRD5A2) deficiency in females is poorly characterised. The ratios of 5α/5β-reduced metabolites of adrenal steroids in a urine steroid profile (USP) can give an indication of SRD5A2 deficiency, although the diagnostic cut-off for 5α/5β ratios are not clearly defined in genetically confirmed cases. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to establish the frequency of SRD5A2 deficiency in an adult clinic for disorders of sexual development (DSD) focussing on 46XY partially virilised adult female subjects. We investigated the relationship between USP results and SRD5A2 genetic sequence and determined the cut-off for USP 5α/5β-reduced steroid ratios compared with gene sequencing for the identification of SRD5A2 deficiency. METHODS USP and SRD5A2 genetic analyses were performed in 23 adult females, aged 19-57 years, with 46XY DSD and in four males with confirmed SRD5A2 deficiency. 5α-Reductase activity was assessed using the USP ratio of androsterone to aetiocholanolone (A/Ae), 5α-tetrahydrocortisol (5α-THF)/tetrahydrocortisol (THF) and 5α-tetrahydrocorticosterone to tetrahydrocorticosterone (5α-THB/THB). RESULTS The SRD5A2 gene mutations were found in 10/23 (43%) females and in all four males. Totally, four novel mutations were identified. All mutation-positive subjects had A/Ae and 5α-THB/THB ratios below the lower limit of normal (100% sensitivity) while the sensitivity of 5α-THF/THF ratio was 90%. CONCLUSION SRD5A2 deficiency is more prevalent than expected in the adult female 46XY DSD population. The clinical spectrum of this disorder may extend to a more female phenotype than previously considered to include individuals with little or no virilisation.
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MESH Headings
- 3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase/deficiency
- 3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Adult
- DNA/genetics
- Disorder of Sex Development, 46,XY/enzymology
- Disorder of Sex Development, 46,XY/genetics
- Disorder of Sex Development, 46,XY/pathology
- Female
- Genital Diseases, Female/enzymology
- Genital Diseases, Female/genetics
- Humans
- Hypospadias/genetics
- Hypospadias/pathology
- Middle Aged
- Mutation/physiology
- Mutation, Missense/physiology
- Puberty/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Steroid Metabolism, Inborn Errors
- Steroids/urine
- Uterus/abnormalities
- Virilism/enzymology
- Virilism/genetics
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Berra
- Department of Endocrinology, University College London Hospitals, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2BU, UK
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20
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Hellstrom I, Heagerty PJ, Swisher EM, Liu P, Jaffar J, Agnew K, Hellstrom KE. Detection of the HE4 protein in urine as a biomarker for ovarian neoplasms. Cancer Lett 2010; 296:43-8. [PMID: 20381233 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The HE4 protein is overexpressed in ovarian carcinomas and can be detected in serum by an ELISA with sensitivity similar to CA125 and higher specificity for malignant disease. We now demonstrate that HE4 can also be detected in the urine at a specificity level of 94.4%, including 13/15 (86.6%) with stage I/II and 57/64 (89.0%) with stage III/IV disease and including 90.5% of patients with serous ovarian carcinoma. Assaying serum and urine from the same patients showed similar sensitivity. Our data indicate that measuring HE4 in urine may aid diagnosis and the monitoring of response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingegerd Hellstrom
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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21
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Karimi O, Ouburg S, de Vries HJC, Peña AS, Pleijster J, Land JA, Morré SA. TLR2 haplotypes in the susceptibility to and severity of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Dutch women. Drugs Today (Barc) 2009; 45 Suppl B:67-74. [PMID: 20011697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis infections may cause several disease conditions ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe upper genital tract pathology, thereby causing significant morbidity worldwide. Remarkable interindividual differences in the clinical course of C. trachomatis infection have been observed, and are mainly based on variation in genes encoding immune-regulatory and bacteria-sensing proteins. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are closely involved in pathogen recognition and host defense in C. trachomatis infections. The aim of this study is to assess the role of TLR2 single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes in the susceptibility to, and severity of C. trachomatis infections. The study comprised a sexually transmitted disease cohort of 468 Dutch Caucasian women and a control group of 321 women. The subfertility cohort consisted of 56 women with clinically well-defined tubal pathology. The results showed no significant differences in individual TLR2 genotype frequencies in the susceptibility for C. trachomatis infections between the C. trachomatis-positive group and controls. However, haplotype 1 was statistically significant (P = 0.015) and was associated with protection against tubal pathology following C. trachomatis infection. The same haplotype was also significantly decreased (P = 0.021) in increasing severity of C. trachomatis infections (asymptomatic > symptomatic > tubal pathology) suggesting a protective effect of this haplotype against the development of late complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Karimi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1007MB, The Netherlands
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22
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Lyons JM, Igietseme JU, Black CM, Morré SA. Identification of candidate genes using the murine model of female genital tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Drugs Today (Barc) 2009; 45 Suppl B:51-59. [PMID: 20011695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The integrated approach to the study of female genital tract infection (GTI) with Chlamydia trachomatis is a conceptual framework through which a consistent and comprehensive evidence-based understanding of C. trachomatis GTI could evolve. One application of this approach has been to identify candidate genes that may play a role in the course and severity of C. trachomatis GTI in women, using human clinical and genetic data together with results obtained in the female mouse model to guide the selection process This model has been proven robust enough: i) to identify stable phenotypic differences in the course and outcome of GTI among commonly used immunocompetent inbred mouse stains that are used in the construction of gene knockout (KO) and transgenic mice; as well as ii) to serve as a platform in which to assess the influence of genetic differences among human genital tract isolates of C. trachomatis as well as between this biovar and the mouse biovar, Chlamydia muridarum. This review presents a summary of published and unpublished results from 25 years of studies in immunodeficient and gene-deficient KO mice that both inform our present understanding of the immunogenetics of C. trachomatis GTI and serve to guide candidate gene selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lyons
- Integrated Disease Modeling, Claremont, California 91711, USA.
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23
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Zamulaeva IA, Sal'nikova LE, Ivanova TI, Orlova NV, Smirnova SG, Lapteva NS, Chumachenko AG, Belopol'skaia OB, Krikunova LI, Smirnova IA, Saenko AS, Rubanovich AV. [The association of TCR-mutant cells with DNA polymorphism in women residing in radiation polluted regions of the Russian Federation]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2009; 49:389-396. [PMID: 19799358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Using flow-cytometric method the frequency of lymphocytes beaming mutations at T-cell receptor (TCR) locus was assessed in women residing in radiation polluted regions of Bryansk and Tula Districts. Simultaneously genotyping of the 8 polymorph loci for genes involved in detoxication of xenobiotics and oestrogen metabolism was carried out. The increased TCR-mutant cell frequency was found to be characteristic of homozygotes of the low activity appropriated enzymes for 3 loci (HFE187, GSTM1 and MTHFR) at least. This tendency was statistically significant in case of deletion polymorphism of the GSTM1 gene: TCR-mutant cell frequency of the homozygous carriers of a deletion at the GSTM1 locus was (4.63 +/- 0.18) x 10(-4) while it was (4.05 +/- 0.15) x 10(-4) in other groups of persons. The greatest mutant cell frequency was observed in carriers of the minor allele 4889G of the locus CYP1A. More often the increased values of the TCR-mutant cells (outside range "3sigma") were determined in women with genotypes A/G or G/G of the locus CYP1A1 (25%) than in carries of the normal genotype A/A (1.6%) (OR = 20.6; p = 0.0002). The comparison of the groups of women with reproductive system diseases reveals significant elevation in the mean TCR-mutant cell frequency in inhabitants of the most radiation polluted region among others.
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24
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual reproduction provides the means for preserving genetic identity and in turn, genetic variability may affect the ability to reproduce. This review aims to summarize current research on genetic diagnosis and genetic causes of reproductive disorders. METHODS Searches were done by subject in Medline and other databases, and each subject summary was presented to the Workshop Group and omissions or disagreements were resolved by discussion. RESULTS Single-gene defects are most likely to be found among patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, which may be due to defects in the KAL genes or the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptor genes. With premature ovarian failure there is an increased risk of having a premutation of the Fragile X syndrome gene. Complex genetic inheritance may explain the variable familial links in polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis, but no definitive genetic pathways are as yet known. With recurrent miscarriage, genetic defects causing thrombophilias are 2-fold more likely. Chromosome abnormalities account for approximately 60% of all spontaneous abortions, and the most common type, trisomy, is closely associated with advanced maternal age. Three percent of couples have a balanced chromosome abnormality, but live birth rates are better with natural conception than with preimplantation genetic diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Understanding of the methods used for genetic diagnosis and research is becoming a standard requirement for the clinical practice of reproductive medicine.
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Abstract
Gene therapy represents a potentially useful approach for the treatment of diseases refractory to conventional therapies. Various preclinical and clinical strategies have been explored for treatment of gynaecological diseases. Given the most severe unmet clinical need, much of the work has been performed with gynaecological cancers and ovarian cancer in particular. Although the safety of many treatment strategies has been demonstrated in early phase clinical trials, efficacy has been mostly limited heretofore. Major challenges include improving the vectors used with the aim of more effective and selective delivery. In addition, effective penetration into and spreading within advanced and complex tumour masses and metastases remains challenging. This review focuses on existing and developmental gene transfer applications for gynaecological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kanerva
- University of Helsinki, Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki), Biomedicum, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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26
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Chassaing N, Gilbert-Dussardier B, Nicot F, Fermeaux V, Encha-Razavi F, Fiorenza M, Toutain A, Calvas P. Germinal mosaicism and familial recurrence of a SOX2 mutation with highly variable phenotypic expression extending from AEG syndrome to absence of ocular involvement. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:289-91. [PMID: 17219395 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Baron MJ, Filman DJ, Prophete GA, Hogle JM, Madoff LC. Identification of a glycosaminoglycan binding region of the alpha C protein that mediates entry of group B Streptococci into host cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:10526-36. [PMID: 17259175 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608279200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) frequently colonizes the human gastrointestinal and gynecological tracts and less frequently causes deep tissue infections. The transition between colonization and infection depends upon the ability of the organism to cross epithelial barriers. The alpha C protein (ACP) on the surface of GBS contributes to this process. A virulence factor in mouse models of infection, and prototype for a family of Gram-positive bacterial surface proteins, ACP facilitates GBS entry into human cervical epithelial cells and movement across cell layers. ACP binds to host cell surface glycosaminoglycan (GAG). From crystallography, we have identified a cluster of basic residues (BR2) that is a putative GAG binding area in Domain 2, near the junction of the N-terminal domain of ACP and the first of a series of tandem amino acid repeats. D2-R, a protein construct including this region, binds to cells similarly to full-length ACP. We now demonstrate that the predicted charged BR2 residues confer GAG binding; site-directed mutagenesis of these residues (Arg(172), Arg(185), or Lys(196)) eliminates cell-binding activity of construct D2-R. In addition, we have constructed a GBS strain expressing a variant ACP with a charge-neutralizing substitution at residue 185. This strain enters host cells less effectively than does the wild-type strain and similarly to an ACP null mutant strain. The point mutant strain transcytoses similarly to the wild-type strain. These data indicate that GAG-binding activity underlies ACP-mediated cellular entry of GBS. GBS entry into host cells and transcytosis of host cells may occur by distinct mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/chemistry
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Bacterial Adhesion/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Bacterial Translocation/genetics
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cervix Uteri/metabolism
- Cervix Uteri/microbiology
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/microbiology
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Diseases/genetics
- Gastrointestinal Diseases/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Diseases/microbiology
- Genital Diseases, Female/genetics
- Genital Diseases, Female/metabolism
- Genital Diseases, Female/microbiology
- Glycosaminoglycans/chemistry
- Glycosaminoglycans/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Point Mutation
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Streptococcal Infections/genetics
- Streptococcal Infections/metabolism
- Streptococcus agalactiae/chemistry
- Streptococcus agalactiae/genetics
- Streptococcus agalactiae/metabolism
- Streptococcus agalactiae/pathogenicity
- Virulence Factors/chemistry
- Virulence Factors/genetics
- Virulence Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam J Baron
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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28
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Dimitrijević A, Milosević-Djordjević O, Grujicić D, Arsenijević S. Micronucleus frequency in women with genital Chlamydia Trachomatis infection before and after therapy. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2006; 608:43-8. [PMID: 16777475 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of infection with the intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, and subsequent treatments with oral doxycycline or azithromycin on the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in peripheral blood lymphocytes of adult female patients receiving standard doses of these drugs. The frequency of micronuclei was measured in the lymphocytes of 38 newly diagnosed adult women with genital C. trachomatis infection. Samples were taken before and after the therapy, and from 50 healthy control females. The therapy was taken orally during 10 days at 2 x 100 mg per day, and then for another 10 days at 1 x 100 mg per day for doxycycline, and as a single dose of 1g for azithromycin. Isolated lymphocytes from all subjects were cultured by use of the whole-blood method and blocked in metaphase with cytochalasin B (Cyt B). One thousand binucleate cells per subject were scored according to published criteria. The frequency of micronuclei was not significantly higher in samples of infected females before therapy, compared with the baseline frequency in healthy control females (p > 0.05). In patients who received doxycycline, the micronucleus frequency after the end of therapy was significantly higher than before treatment (p < 0.001). The mean frequency of micronuclei in females after the end of the therapy with azithromycin did not show an increase (p > 0.05). The application of linear regression analysis showed that the difference in micronucleus frequency before and after therapy (effect of the antibiotics) was affected by the therapy type. Age and smoking did not affect micronucleus frequency in analyzed samples of patients (p = 0.078, 0.579). We conclude that C. trachomatis infection does not induce micronuclei in peripheral blood lymphocytes of infected adult female patients. Therapy with doxycycline significantly increases the micronucleus frequency in lymphocytes of treated patients, but treatment with azithromycin does not induce micronuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dimitrijević
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Clinic of Kragujevac, Serbia and Montenegro
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29
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Abstract
The authors describe recent progress and obstacles to harnessing RNA interference to prevent or treat viral infection.
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30
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Abstract
Genomic imprinting has a special role in placental biology. Imprinted genes are often strongly expressed in the placenta, and the allelic expression bias due to imprinting is sometimes stronger in this extraembryonic organ than in the embryo and adult. Mutations, epimutations, and uniparental disomies affecting imprinted loci cause placental stunting or overgrowth in mice and humans, and placental neoplasms (complete hydatidiform moles) are androgenetic. Whether imprinted genes might also play a role in the more common medical conditions that affect the placenta, including preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is an important question that is now receiving some attention. Here we review this area and describe recent data indicating altered expression of imprinted genes in the placental response to maternal vascular underperfusion associated with IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tycko
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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31
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Abstract
The resolution of primary and secondary chlamydial genital infection in immunoglobulin A (IgA)-deficient (IgA(-/-)) mice was not different from that in IgA(+/+) mice. Furthermore, depletion of either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells prior to reinfection of IgA(+/+) or (-/-) mice had limited impact on immunity to reinfection. Thus, although antibody contributes importantly to immunity to chlamydial genital tract reinfection, IgA antibodies are not an absolute requirement of that protective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G Morrison
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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32
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Abstract
To identify overlapping and non-overlapping functions for TSP-1 and alphavbeta6, we crossed TSP-1-null and beta6-null mice and compared the phenotype of the double-null mice with those of wild-type and single-null mice. The double-null mice exhibited focal acute and organizing pneumonia that was more severe than the wild-type and single-null mice as well as a significantly higher incidence of inflammation in tissues other than the lung. The TSP-1-null and beta6-null mice exhibited a five to eight-fold increase in granulocyte recruitment to the lung three days after exposure to lipopolysaccharide. They also had abnormalities that were infrequently observed in the wild-type and single-null mice, including heart degeneration (8.35% in wild-type and 28.1% in double-null mice), hyperplasia of the glandular of the stomach (2.8% in wild-type and 21.1% in double-null mice) and endometrial hyperplasia (0% in wild-type and 38.5% in double-null females). Furthermore, the beta6-null and double-null mice displayed a significant elevation in benign and malignant cancers. Stomach papillomas, squamous cell carcinomas of the ear and stomach, and adenocarcinomas of the lungs, vagina/cervix and colon were observed with the highest frequency. These data demonstrate that TSP-1 and alphavbeta6 are involved in regulation of the immune system and epithelial homeostasis. They also indicate that alphavbeta6 functions as a tumor suppressor gene and that activation of TGFbeta by TSP-1 and alphavbeta6 contributes to normal tissue architecture and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ludlow
- The Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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33
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Keegan H, Boland C, Malkin A, Griffin M, Ryan F, Lambkin H. Comparison of DNA extraction from cervical cells collected in PreservCyt solution for the amplification of Chlamydia trachomatis. Cytopathology 2005; 16:82-7. [PMID: 15787650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2303.2005.00239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate three methods of DNA extraction for the amplification of Chlamydia trachomatis in uterine cervical samples collected in PreservCyt solution. ThinPrep is the trade name for the slide preparation. METHODS Thirty-eight samples collected in LCx buffer medium, which were identified as C. trachomatis infected by ligase chain reaction (LCR), were selected for this study. DNA from the PreservCyt samples was extracted by three methods: (i) QIAamp kit, (ii) boiling in Tris-EDTA buffer with Chelex purification, and (iii) Proteinase K digestion with Chelex purification. Sample DNA was tested for the presence of C. trachomatis by PCR using cryptic plasmid research (CTP) primers and major outer membrane protein research momp gene (MOMP) primers. Real-time (LightCycler) PCR for relative C. trachomatis quantification following DNA extraction was performed using primers (Hsp 60) for the 60 kDa heat-shock protein hsp60 gene. RESULTS Amplification using CTP primers was the most successful with each of the extraction protocols. Boiling in buffer was the least successful extraction method. QIAamp was the best extraction method, yielding the most positives with both the CTP and MOMP primers. Proteinase K-Chelex extraction gave similar sensitivity to QIAamp extraction with CTP primers but lower for MOMP primers. CONCLUSIONS The DNA extraction method must be carefully selected to ensure that larger PCR amplicons can be successfully produced by PCR and to ensure high sensitivity of detection of C. trachomatis. In this study it was found that the QIAamp extraction method followed by PCR with the CTP primers was the most successful for amplification of C. trachomatis DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Keegan
- Molecular Biomedical Research, School of Biological Sciences, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
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34
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Abstract
Digene Corporation is a molecular diagnostics company that develops, manufactures and markets proprietary gene-based testing systems for the screening, monitoring and diagnosis of human diseases. The company's primary focus is in women's cancers and infectious diseases. Our proprietary, patented Hybrid Capture((R)) technology has been successfully applied to the development of diagnostic tests for human papillomavirus (HPV), Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, hepatitis B virus and cytomegalovirus. Digene's Hybrid Capture 2 (hc2) trade mark HPV DNA test has now been established as part of the standard of care for cervical cancer screening in the US. We are focusing our research and development activities on support and improvement of existing product lines as well as the development of several new products. We have several ongoing basic research programs with the goal of developing improved molecular diagnostic assay systems for the detection of HPV and other targets of interest in the area of women's cancers and infectious diseases. Digene's goal is to establish primary screening by the Hybrid Capture HPV DNA Test as the worldwide standard of care for cervical cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Obiso
- Digene Corporation, 1201 Clopper Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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35
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Abstract
The number of reports investigating disease susceptibility based on the carriage of low-penetrance, high-frequency polymorphisms has steadily increased over the last years. Evidence based on meta-analyses of individual case-control studies is accumulating, defining specific individual variations in disease susceptibility. For example, genetic variations of the estradiol metabolism have been described as significant contributors to disease susceptibility with variations depending on ethnic background. In the field of obstetrics and gynecology, the genetic contribution of polymorphic markers to a series of disorders has been characterized. These disorders include recurrent pregnancy loss, pre-eclampsia, endometriosis, breast cancer, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT)-related complications such as thrombosis. Among other genetic markers, thrombophilic genetic variants, such as the Factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A polymorphisms, as well as genetic variants of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, for example, CYP19 and CYP1B1, have been established as genetic risk markers and disease modifiers of recurrent and sporadic pregnancy loss and HRT-independent and -dependent breast cancer, respectively. In addition, meta-analyses of data in the literature established the TGFBR1*6A, GSTP I105V, and TP53 R72P polymorphisms, as well as the GSTM1 gene deletion as low-penetrance genetic risk factors of sporadic breast cancer. With respect to genetic modulation of therapeutic effects, beneficial effects of estrogen replacement therapy and HRT are modulated by the carriage of single nucleotide polymorphisms, for example, osteoprotection and blood lipid changes by the estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-a) PvuII polymorphism. Polymorphisms of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), ER-alpha, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and Factor V genes have been demonstrated to modulate the timing of natural menopause. Lastly, a strong genetic contribution of polymorphisms to the development and the clinical course of endometriosis has been established with data pointing to polymorphisms of the COMT, GST, NAT-2, and ER-alpha genes as susceptibility markers. In summary, the available evidence points to a number of polymorphisms of a wide variety of genes as strong hereditary determinants of the susceptibility to benign and malignant gynecologic and obstetric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens B Tempfer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Freiburg Medical School, Freiburg, Germany.
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36
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Abstract
Public fascination with genetics and the new reproductive technologies seem ubiquitious. Although interest in genetic causation for diseases is not new, attention is increasing. There are several predictable reasons for this. One is the overall decrease in deaths due to infection. As a result, genetic factors producing birth defects loom relatively larger. This is also coupled with the public's increased desire for the ideal pregnancy, especially given a decreased population rate. Finally, the public's appetite is whetted by the increasing number of heritable diseases whose molecular basis is being elucidated. We shall focus on three general areas in which genetic technology increasingly impacts upon the obstetrician/gynecologist: genetics of pregnancy losses, genetics of sex determination and the common gynecologic disorders, and finally prenatal genetic diagnosis, particularly in preimplantation genetics and recovering fetal cells from maternal blood. Most of these topics are discussed in a recent text, where extensive references are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Simpson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee, Memphis
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37
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Darville T, O'Neill JM, Andrews CW, Nagarajan UM, Stahl L, Ojcius DM. Toll-like receptor-2, but not Toll-like receptor-4, is essential for development of oviduct pathology in chlamydial genital tract infection. J Immunol 2004; 171:6187-97. [PMID: 14634135 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.6187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The roles of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 in the host inflammatory response to infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis have not been elucidated. We examined production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in wild-type TLR2 knockout (KO), and TLR4 KO murine peritoneal macrophages infected with the mouse pneumonitis strain of C. trachomatis. Furthermore, we compared the outcomes of genital tract infection in control, TLR2 KO, and TLR4 KO mice. Macrophages lacking TLR2 produced significantly less TNF-alpha and IL6 in response to active infection. In contrast, macrophages from TLR4 KO mice consistently produced higher TNF-alpha and IL-6 responses than those from normal mice on in vitro infection. Infected TLR2-deficient fibroblasts had less mRNA for IL-1, IL-6, and macrophage-inflammatory protein-2, but TLR4-deficient cells had increased mRNA levels for these cytokines compared with controls, suggesting that ligation of TLR4 by whole chlamydiae may down-modulate signaling by other TLRs. In TLR2 KO mice, although the course of genital tract infection was not different from that of controls, significantly lower levels of TNF-alpha and macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 were detected in genital tract secretions during the first week of infection, and there was a significant reduction in oviduct and mesosalpinx pathology at late time points. TLR4 KO mice responded to in vivo infection similarly to wild-type controls and developed similar pathology. TLR2 is an important mediator in the innate immune response to C. trachomatis infection and appears to play a role in both early production of inflammatory mediators and development of chronic inflammatory pathology.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL2
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Chlamydia Infections/genetics
- Chlamydia Infections/immunology
- Chlamydia Infections/pathology
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Fallopian Tubes/immunology
- Fallopian Tubes/pathology
- Female
- Fibroblasts/immunology
- Fibroblasts/microbiology
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Genital Diseases, Female/genetics
- Genital Diseases, Female/immunology
- Genital Diseases, Female/pathology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Interleukin-1/genetics
- Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/microbiology
- Lung/pathology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Pneumonia/genetics
- Pneumonia/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Darville
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Arkansas Children's Hospital and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
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38
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Simões RT, Bettini JSR, Soares EG, Duarte G, Gonçalves MAG, Simões AL. Tumour necrosis factor microsatellite association with human papillomavirus cervical infection. Mol Pathol 2004; 56:305-6. [PMID: 14514927 PMCID: PMC1187344 DOI: 10.1136/mp.56.5.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R T Simões
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049–900, Ribeirão Preto, SP–Brazil
| | - J S R Bettini
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049–900, Ribeirão Preto, SP–Brazil
| | - E G Soares
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049–900, Ribeirão Preto, SP–Brazil
| | - G Duarte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto
| | - M A G Gonçalves
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto
| | - A L Simões
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049–900, Ribeirão Preto, SP–Brazil;
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39
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Kobylianskiĭ VI, Bushkovskaia OV. [Young's syndrome: morphologic, functional and genetic aspects of the mucociliary system]. Klin Med (Mosk) 2004; 82:18-20. [PMID: 15022590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The article presents analysis of functional-morphological and genetic aspects and condition of reproductive system in Young's syndrome. On the basis of the study of the mucociliary system a working conception is proposed of Young's syndrome pathogenesis in terms of mucociliary systems of the airways.
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40
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Abstract
With the Human Genome Project complete, and microarray technology progressing rapidly, the study of whole genomes has become a reality. The emerging field of genomics is full of promise, has become a cornerstone of commercial drug development, and looks certain to make a major contribution to clinical practice in the future. There is an increasing number of genomic studies concerned with obstetric and gynaecological conditions. Despite this, clinicians in their busy practices often lack a basic understanding of genomics and the tools involved in generating genome-based information. In the present review, we aim to provide the clinician with a basic overview of genomics--what it is, what tools it uses, and how it may benefit our patients. The existing published reports on genomic studies in the reproductive field is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth C Weston
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
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41
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Abstract
To determine the influence of FSH receptor variants Thr307-Asn680 (TN) and Ala307-Ser680 (AS) on ovarian function, we investigated the frequency of these gene polymorphisms by using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and observed their effects on clinical manifestations. In a population of 522 Japanese women, the overall frequency of TN/TN (NN), TN/AS (NS), and AS/AS (SS) was 41.0, 46.9 and 12.1% respectively. In polycystic ovary patients, the NS population was significantly larger when compared with the spontaneously ovulating group (66.7 versus 43.5%, P < 0.05). In the SS group, a significantly higher (46%) basal level of serum FSH was observed as compared with that in the NS group (P < 0.05). A higher dose of the exogenous gonadotrophin was required to achieve ovulation induction in the SS group as compared with the NS group (P < 0.05). At the time of hCG administration, estradiol levels per oocyte retrieved for IVF in the SS group were significantly lower as compared with the levels in the NS and NN groups (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in FSH-stimulated cAMP production and PI turnover as well as ligand-binding affinity between the two receptor isoforms when overexpressed in transfected 293T cells. These results suggest that although FSH receptor polymorphisms have no discernible effect on FSH receptor function in vitro, there are associations between the genotype and some aspects of patient status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Sudo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University, School of Medicine, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bryant-Greenwood
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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43
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Abstract
We report the second female with genitopatellar syndrome, a recently identified arthrogryposis syndrome. The salient features include severe mental retardation and microcephaly with absence of the corpus callosum, absent/hypoplastic patellae, genital anomalies, and hydronephrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Lammer
- Division of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, California 94609, USA.
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44
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Zhang XY, Guckian M, Nasiri N, Lovell PA, Dalgleish AG, Barton DPJ. Normal and SV40 transfected human peritoneal mesothelial cells produce IL-6 and IL-8: implication for gynaecological disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 129:288-96. [PMID: 12165085 PMCID: PMC1906447 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) have been demonstrated in the peritoneal fluid of benign and malignant gynaecological disease. Peritoneal monocytes and macrophages, endometrial cells, endometrial and peritoneal stromal cells and tumour cells produce these cytokines in vitro. To investigate whether normal human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) produce IL-6 and IL-8, HPMC were isolated from omental biopsies. Primary HPMC (P-HPMC) were transfected with pSV3-neo encoding SV40 large T antigen (T-HPMC) to generate sufficient cells. T-HPMC preserved the characteristics of P-HPMC as assessed by phase contrast microscopy, electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry (FACS) analysis. T-HPMC retained a stable phenotype up to passage 14-19, whereas P-HPMC proliferated poorly and became senescent by passage 4-6. T-HPMC and P-HPMC constitutively expressed IL-6 and IL-8 at both protein and mRNA level. IL-6 and IL-8 production was stimulated by recombinant human interleukin-1beta (hIL-1beta) or human tumour necrosis factor-alpha (hTNF-alpha) alone in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, hIL-1beta or hTNF-alpha up-regulated IL-6 and IL-8 gene expression as determined by competitive PCR. In contrast, human interferon-gamma (hIFN-gamma) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed no effect. These data indicate that (1) T-HPMC lines mimic the morphological and functional features of P-HPMC, (2) P-HPMC and T-HPMC constituitively produce IL-6 and IL-8, which is enhanced by hIL-1beta and hTNF-alpha and (3) HPMC in vivo may participate in the pathogenesis of benign and malignant gynaecological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK
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45
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Abstract
The science of genetics has become increasingly important in the practice of medicine. This article reviews the practical, clinical aspects of genetics relevant to obstetrics and gynecology. The basic fundamentals of molecular biology techniques currently used in DNA diagnostic tests are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Layman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA.
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46
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Abstract
The responses to genital tract infection vary among different women to a far greater extent than has previously been appreciated. All women are not genetically identical and have not been exposed to identical environments; therefore it is naive to expect that a particular microorganism will elicit the identical response and have the identical sequelae for each infected individual. The genes inherited from one's parents, which contain specific polymorphisms in immune response genes, greatly influence the direction and magnitude of the immune response to microorganisms. Similarly, extrinsic variables, such as the type or quantity of a specific infection, whether there is a coinfection with another microorganism, such as an intracellular parasite, and whether an immediate hypersensitivity response is concurrently induced also determine the nature of the host response and thus the consequences of microbial exposure. Finally, factors such as the frequency of sexual intercourse and previous immune sensitization to spermatozoa or other components of a particular ejaculate also influence the outcome. An increased awareness of the uniqueness of each host will lead to the development of more precise individualized treatments and improvements in combating infectious diseases of the female genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Witkin
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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47
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Abstract
Familial aggregates of the most common disorders of müllerian differentiation in females-Müllerian aplasia, incomplete Müllerian fusion-are best explained on the basis of polygenic/multifactorial inheritance. No information exists on the number and chromosomal location of responsible genes. Single mutant genes (Mendelian) are responsible for the McKusick-Kaufman syndrome (MKS) and the hand-foot-genital syndrome. The molecular basis for the latter condition involves HOXA13, but the molecular basis of MKS and other disorders of the female reproductive ducts is unknown. Vaginal atresia, Müllerian aplasia, and incomplete Müllerian fusion are not infrequently observed in malformation syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Simpson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6550 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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48
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Rahat MA, Lahat N, Sharon A, Gazawi H, Abramovici H, Bornstein J. Increased telomerase activity and decreased telomere length in genital condylomata acuminata. Int J STD AIDS 1999; 10:699-702. [PMID: 10563554 DOI: 10.1258/0956462991913367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to find a possible correlation between telomerase activity, mean telomere length and human papillomavirus (HPV) presence and type in genital condylomata acuminata. Fifteen biopsies from women with genital condylomata acuminata and nine control tissue samples were tested for telomerase activity, mean telomere length, and HPV presence and type. All condylomata exhibited telomerase activity, compared to 78% of the control samples. The mean telomere length of condylomata was significantly (P<0.002) shorter compared to telomere length in control tissue samples. All condylomata lesions were infected with HPV types 6/11, and more than half had additional infection with HPV 16/18. Mixed HPV 6/11 with 16/18 infection correlated with shorter telomeres than presence of HPV 6/11 alone in the lesions (4.68 +/- 0.44 kb vs 4.97 +/- 0.57 kb). None of the control tissue samples showed presence of HPV DNA. Telomerase activity may be a marker of proliferation rather than malignancy, whereas the mean telomere length could better serve as a marker for the progression of HPV lesions toward malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rahat
- Immunology Research Unit, Carmel Medical Center, and Rapapport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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49
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Genes and Gynecology. Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium of the Wim Schellekens Foundation. The Hague, The Netherlands, June 12, 1998. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1999; 82:121-66. [PMID: 10375294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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50
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Imai H, Motegi M, Mizuki N, Ohtani H, Komatsuda A, Hamai K, Miura AB. Mouth and genital ulcers with inflamed cartilage (MAGIC syndrome): a case report and literature review. Am J Med Sci 1997; 314:330-2. [PMID: 9365335 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-199711000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A 39-year-old woman had relapsing polychondritis and Behçet's disease, which was described as mouth and genital ulcers with inflamed cartilage syndrome (MAGIC). Serologic human leukocyte antigen analysis showed A24 (9), A31 (19), B56 (22), B62 (15), Cw6, DR4, DR9. Human leukocyte antigen allele analysis revealed DRB1* 0406/0901, DQA1* 0301/0301, DQB1* 0302/0303, DPB1* 0201/0501 through determining the genotype using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Treatment with methotrexate (5 mg/week) and pentoxifylline (300 mg/d) was effective to control oral ulcers, erythema nodosum, and arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Imai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan
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