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Kimani S, Kabiru CW, Muteshi J, Guyo J. Female genital mutilation/cutting: Emerging factors sustaining medicalization related changes in selected Kenyan communities. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228410. [PMID: 32119680 PMCID: PMC7051066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) has declined, it is pervasive albeit changing form among communities in Kenya. Transformation of FGM/C include medicalization although poorly understood has increased undermining abandonment efforts for the practice. We sought to understand drivers of medicalization in FGM/C among selected Kenyan communities. A qualitative study involving participants from Abagusii, Somali and Kuria communities and key informants with health care providers from four Kenyan counties was conducted. Data were collected using in-depth interviews (n = 54), key informant interviews (n = 56) and 45 focus group discussions. Data were transcribed and analyzed thematically using NVivo version 12. We found families practiced FGM/C for reasons including conformity to culture/tradition, religion, marriageability, fear of negative sanctions, and rite of passage. Medicalized FGM/C was only reported by participants from the Abagusii and Somali communities. Few Kuria participants shared that medicalized FGM/C was against their culture and would attract sanctions. Medicalized FGM/C was perceived to have few health complications, shorter healing, and enables families to hide from law. To avoid arrest or sanctions, medicalized FGM/C was performed at home/private clinics. Desire to mitigate health complications and income were cited as reasons for health providers performing of FGM/C. Medicalization was believed to perpetuate the practice as it was perceived as modernized FGM/C. FGM/C remains pervasive in the studied Kenyan communities albeit changed form and context. Findings suggest medicalization sustain FGM/C by allowing families and health providers to conform to social norms underpinning FGM/C while addressing risks of FGM/C complications and legal prohibitions. This underscores the need for more nuanced approaches targeting health providers, families and communities to promote abandonment of FGM/C while addressing medicalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kimani
- School of Nursing Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Africa Coordinating Centre for the Abandonment of Female Genital Mutilation /Cutting (ACCAF), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail: ,
| | | | | | - Jaldesa Guyo
- Africa Coordinating Centre for the Abandonment of Female Genital Mutilation /Cutting (ACCAF), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Coveney C, Williams SJ, Gabe J. Medicalisation, pharmaceuticalisation, or both? Exploring the medical management of sleeplessness as insomnia. Sociol Health Illn 2019; 41:266-284. [PMID: 30240017 PMCID: PMC6849542 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we examine the medical management of sleeplessness as 'insomnia', through the eyes of general practitioners (GPs) and sleep experts in Britain. Three key themes were evident in the data. These related to (i) institutional issues around advocacy and training in sleep medicine (ii) conceptual issues in the diagnosis of insomnia (iii) and how these played out in terms of treatment issues. As a result, the bulk of medical management occurred at the primary rather than secondary care level. These issues are then reflected on in terms of the light they shed on relations between the medicalisation and the pharmaceuticalisation of sleeplessness as insomnia. Sleeplessness, we suggest, is only partially and problematically medicalised as insomnia to date at the conceptual, institutional and interactional levels owing to the foregoing factors. Much of this moreover, on closer inspection, is arguably better captured through recourse to pharmaceuticalisation, including countervailing moves and downward regulatory pressures which suggest a possible degree of depharmaceuticalisation in future, at least as far prescription hypnotics are concerned. Pharmaceuticalisation therefore, we conclude, has distinct analytical value in directing our attention, in this particular case, to important dynamics occurring within if not beyond the medicalisation of sleeplessness as insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan Gabe
- Criminology & SociologySchool of LawRoyal HollowayEghamUK
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Teixeira LA, Nakano AR, Nucci MF. Labor and birth: knowledge, reflection, and different perspectives. Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2018; 25:913-915. [PMID: 30624472 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702018000500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Antônio Teixeira
- Pesquisador, Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz;Brasil
- professor, Universidade Estácio de Sá. Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil
| | - Andreza Rodrigues Nakano
- Professora, Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery/ Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil
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Clesse C, Lighezzolo-Alnot J, de Lavergne S, Hamlin S, Scheffler M. The evolution of birth medicalisation: A systematic review. Midwifery 2018; 66:161-167. [PMID: 30176390 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
First described at the beginning of the 1970s, the concept of birth medicalisation has experienced a theoretical and ideological evolution influenced by the lines of research that have been associated with it. This evolution has given rise to different schools of thought concerning medicalisation, but also various methodologies used in different scientific fields. It seems relevant to propose a global synthesis of the various lines of thought related to birth medicalisation. To do this, the authors conducted a systematic literature review based on the PRISMA method. With a total of 38 occurrences in French and English, the authors scrutinised 17 databases with a publication period between 1995 and 2018. A total of 112 documents (107 articles, 3 book chapters, 2 books) has been identified, grouped and categorised into five main themes in the results section (1) the theoretical evolution of the concept of medicalisation, (2) factors related to the birth medicalisation, (3) the impact of the birth medicalisation, (4) the humanisation of birth and (5) experiences related to childbirth. A reasoned synthesis of the literature is therefore carried out in each part and then discussed according to the selected lines of research that require development in order to guarantee the best possible accompaniment to women who give birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Clesse
- Interpsy Laboratory (EA4432) Université de Lorraine - Nancy 2. 3 Place Godeffroy de Bouillon, 54000 Nancy, France; Hospital Centre of Jury-les-Metz - Route d'Ars Laquenexy BP75088, 57073, JURY-LESMETZ Cedex 03, France; Polyclinic Majorelle. 1240 avenue Raymond Pinchard 54100 Nancy, France.
| | - Joëlle Lighezzolo-Alnot
- Interpsy Laboratory (EA4432) Université de Lorraine - Nancy 2. 3 Place Godeffroy de Bouillon, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | | | - Sandrine Hamlin
- Polyclinic Majorelle. 1240 avenue Raymond Pinchard 54100 Nancy, France.
| | - Michèle Scheffler
- Polyclinic Majorelle. 1240 avenue Raymond Pinchard 54100 Nancy, France; Cabinet de Gynécologie Médicale et Obstétrique. 21 avenue Foch 54000 Nancy, France.
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Jiménez Benito J. A meditation on technique. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed) 2018; 93:313-314. [PMID: 29398238 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Jiménez Benito
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, España.
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Abstract
The concept of addiction is loaded with connotations and is often used for its political as much as its medical utility. The scientific case for 'food addiction' as a clinical phenotype currently rests on its association with generic diagnostic criteria for substance-related disorders being applied to everyday foods and eating-related problems. This has fused the concept of obesity with addiction regardless of whether it fits the definition. The hedonic, or reward, system can account for the ingestion of foods and drugs, confirming that they share neural substrates that differentiate liking and wanting. These are normal processes that are recruited for natural homeostatic behaviours and can explain the phenomenon of hedonic overeating as a consequence of human motivation pushed to extremes by an obesogenic environment. Food addiction constitutes a medicalization of common eating behaviours, taking on the properties of a disease. The use of this medical language has implications for the way in which society views overeating and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Finlayson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine &Health, Lifton Place, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, West Yorkshire, UK
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Abstract
The role of law in regulating mental health detention has come to engender great contention in the legal and sociological disciplines alike. This conflict is multifaceted but is centred upon the extent to which law should control the psychiatric power of detention. In this manner the evolution of law regulating mental health detention has been seen in terms of a pendulous movement between two extremes of medicalism and legalism. Drawing on socio-legal literature, legislation, international treaties and case law this article examines the changing purpose of mental health law from an English and Council of Europe perspective by utilizing the concepts of medicalism, legalism and new legalism as descriptive devices before arguing that the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities goes further than all of these concepts and has the potential to influence mental health laws internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Brown
- School of Law and Government, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Abstract
A double dichotomization, of biology and culture, and of cultures (the difference presumption), is to be found in debates about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in cross-cultural psychiatric and bioethics literature. The double dichotomy takes biology to explain cross-cultural similarities and culture to explain inter-cultural differences. In this paper, the double dichotomy is explored in debates on the significance of the worldwide prevalence of ADHD, and on the cogency of cross-cultural diagnosis of ADHD in the central character of Chinese classic novel The Dream of the Red Chamber. Contrary to the difference presumption, cultures are not homogenous unities that contrast in toto with one another. The Dream reveals parallels to contemporary US debates-the medicalization of human life and normative disputes about childhood behaviors. To overcome the empirical and theoretical shortcomings of the difference presumption and its underlying characterization of cultural differences, a transcultural approach is proposed and its potential advantages illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleanor White
- St Leonard's Research Practice, Athelstan Road, Exeter EX1 1SB, UK University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Ginny Russell
- Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 4SG, UK
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Fitzpatrick SJ. Scientism as a Social Response to the Problem of Suicide. J Bioeth Inq 2015; 12:613-622. [PMID: 26615545 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-015-9662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As one component of a broader social and normative response to the problem of suicide, scientism served to minimize sociopolitical and religious conflict around the issue. As such, it embodied, and continues to embody, a number of interests and values, as well as serving important social functions. It is thus comparable with other normative frameworks and can be appraised, from an ethical perspective, in light of these values, interests, and functions. This work examines the key values, interests, and functions of scientism in suicidology and argues that although scientism has had some social benefit, it primarily serves to maintain political and professional interests and has damaging implications for suicide research and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Fitzpatrick
- Centre for Rural and Remote Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, Locked Bag 6005, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gabe
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Paul Martin
- Sheffield University, Sheffield S10 2TU, United Kingdom
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Murphy TF. Are gay and lesbian people fading into the history of bioethics? Hastings Cent Rep 2014; 44 Suppl 4:S6-S11. [PMID: 25231791 DOI: 10.1002/hast.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In many ways, we live in propitious times for gay and lesbian people. In 1996, the Supreme Court struck down Colorado law prohibiting any kind of protected status based on sexual orientation. In 2003, the Supreme Court held that states may not criminalize sexual conduct between consenting adults of the same sex in private, so long as no money changes hands. In 2010, the Congress repealed the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy that excluded openly gay men and lesbians from military service. In 2013, the Supreme Court struck down key elements of the Defense of Marriage Act that prohibited any federal recognition of same-sex marriage. Most states do not allow same-sex marriage, but more and more states are joining the fold. Likewise, most U.S. states do not forbid discrimination based on sexual orientation, but the number that does is increasing. Arguably, no other social minority has made as much legal progress in so short a time. Despite these advances, the story of gay and lesbian people and the law is not yet finished, and the meaning of homosexuality for bioethics is still being written too. Concerns about gay and lesbian people remain important to bioethics in key domains, especially in seeing to the conferral of optimal health care benefits and in sorting through the priorities and social effects of research. Progress in these domains still involves lifting certain burdens of medical and social misjudgments about same-sex attraction.
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Chand K. The medicalisation epidemic must stop. Health Serv J 2014; 124:22. [PMID: 25509488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Doust J. Overdiagnosis: a necessary part of the learning curve towards excellence. Aust Fam Physician 2014; 43:423. [PMID: 25134180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Abstract
Over the course of the past decade, critics have increasingly called attention to the corrosive influence of the pharmaceutical industry on both biomedical research and the practice of medicine. Critics describe the industry's use of ghostwriting and other unethical techniques to expand their markets as evidence that medical science is all-too-frequently subordinated to the goals of corporate profit. While we do not dispute this perspective, we argue that it is imperative to also recognize that the goals of medical science and industry profit are now tightly wed to one another. As a result, medical science now operates to expand disease definitions, lower diagnostic thresholds, and otherwise advance the goals of corporate profit through the redefinition and expansion of what it means to be ill. We suggest that this process has led to a variety of ethical problems that are not fully captured by current critiques of ghostwriting and other troubling practices by the pharmaceutical industry. In our conclusion, we call for physicians, ethicists, and other concerned observers to embrace a more fundamental critique of the relationship between biomedical science and corporate profit.
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Sinniah D. Overdiagnosis: a necessary part of the learning curve towards excellence. Aust Fam Physician 2014; 43:343. [PMID: 25022023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Casabianca A. ["The ultimate goal is to make consumers active participants"]. Krankenpfl Soins Infirm 2014; 107:87. [PMID: 24919334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Bagnaschi P. [Doing more does not mean better]. Krankenpfl Soins Infirm 2014; 107:81. [PMID: 24919333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Camenzind M. [Within reason]. Krankenpfl Soins Infirm 2014; 107:1. [PMID: 24919315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Longerich B. [Less medicine, more common sense]. Krankenpfl Soins Infirm 2014; 107:10-86. [PMID: 24919316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Doust J, Glasziou P. Is the problem that everything is a diagnosis? Aust Fam Physician 2013; 42:856-859. [PMID: 24324985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overdiagnosis is the diagnosis of 'illnesses' that would never have caused patients harm but potentially exposes them to treat-ments where the risks outweigh the benefits. The problem of overdiagnosis is affecting an increasing proportion of the population. OBJECTIVE Overdiagnosis is occurring in several different ways: by changes in the definition or threshold of disease, labelling of risk factors as diseases, early detection from both deliberate screening programs and incidental detection ('incidentalomas'), and the medicalisation of life, particularly in psychiatry. DISCUSSION General practitioners often carry the burden of care for patients who have been overdiagnosed. It is important that general practi-tioners are aware of the potential harm of overdiagnosis, particularly through early detection and aggressive management of early disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Doust
- BMBS, PhD, FRACGP, is Professor, Centre for Research in Evidence Based Practice, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland
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