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Khan EA, Khan NS. 67-year-old woman • excessive flatulence • persistent heartburn • chronic cough • Dx? J Fam Pract 2020; 69:304-305. [PMID: 32724911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
► Excessive flatulence, belching, and bloating ► Persistent heartburn ► Chronic cough.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie S Khan
- Personalized Longevity Medical Center, Allentown, PA, USA
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Ghorani V, Marefati N, Shakeri F, Rezaee R, Boskabady M, Boskabady MH. The Effects of Allium Cepa Extract on Tracheal Responsiveness, Lung Inflammatory Cells and Phospholipase A2 Level in Asthmatic Rats. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 17:221-231. [PMID: 29908539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of Allium cepa (A. cepa) have been previously shown. In this study, the effects of A. cepa aqueous-alcoholic extract on tracheal responsiveness, lung inflammatory cells and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) level in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) of asthmatic rats were examined. Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (C), asthmatic group (A), asthmatic group (A) treated with A. cepa extract (AC, 0.175, 0.35, and 0.7 mg/mL) and dexamethasone (D, 1.25 μg/mL). The extract of A. cepa and dexamethasone were added to animal's drinking water during sensitization period. Tracheal responsiveness to methacholine and ovalbumin, lung inflammatory cells and PLA2 level in BALF were assessed. Tracheal responsiveness to methacholine and ovalbumin, PLA2 level, total and most differential WBC count were increased but lymphocytes was decreased in asthmatic animals compared to group C (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Treatment of sensitized rats with dexamethasone and all concentrations of A. cepa lead to a significant decrease in total WBC and PLA2 level compared to asthmatic group (p<0.001). The two higher concentrations of A. cepa also significantly decreased tracheal responsiveness, neutrophil and eosinophil counts but led to a significant increase in lymphocytes count compared to asthmatic group (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Treatment of sensitized group with the highest concentration of A. cepa also significantly reduced monocyte count compared to asthmatic group (p<0.001). Anti-inflammatory and preventive effects of A. cepa on tracheal responsiveness and lung inflammation in asthmatic animals may suggest its potential therapeutic effect on airway diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Ghorani
- Pharmaciutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Marefati
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Shakeri
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marzie Boskabady
- Dental Materials Research Center, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Marefati N, Eftekhar N, Kaveh M, Boskabadi J, Beheshti F, Boskabady M. The Effect of Allium cepa Extract on Lung Oxidant, Antioxidant, and Immunological Biomarkers in Ovalbumin-Sensitized Rats. Med Princ Pract 2018; 27:122-128. [PMID: 29471299 PMCID: PMC5968249 DOI: 10.1159/000487885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of Allium cepa (A. cepa) on levels of oxidants, antioxidants, and immunological markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) of sensitized rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oxidant/antioxidant markers and cytokines in BALF of control rats treated with saline (group C), ovalbumin-sensitized rats (group S), rats treated with 1.25 μg/mL dexamethasone and 3 doses of A. cepa extract (35, 70, and 140 mg/kg body weight [BW]/day) (S + AC) were investigated. Comparison of the results between groups was performed using analysis of variance with the Tukey-Kramer post hoc test. RESULTS The oxidant markers nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrate (NO3-), and malondialdehyde (MDA), and immunological markers interleukin (IL)-4 and immunoglobulin E (IgE) were significantly higher, but the antioxidant markers superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), thiol, and interferon (IFN)-γ, and the IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio were lower in sensitized rats compared to control rats (p < 0.001 to p < 0.01). Compared to group S, the levels of the following markers were significantly lower: NO2, NO3-, and IgE in groups treated with the A. cepa extract, MDA and IL-4 levels in groups treated with 70 and 140 mg/kg BW/day of the A. cepa extract, and all these markers as well as IFN-γ in rats treated with dexamethasone (p < 0.001 to p < 0.05). However, there were significantly higher levels of SOD and CAT and an increased IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio (groups treated with 70 and 140 mg/kg BW/day of the A. cepa extract), and levels of thiol and IFN-γ (group treated with 140 mg/kg BW/day of the A. cepa extract) as well as SOD, CAT, and thiol (dexamethasone-treated group) versus group S (p < 0.00 to p < 0.05). CONCLUSION A. cepa showed antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties in sensitized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Marefati
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - N. Eftekhar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M. Kaveh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - J. Boskabadi
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - F. Beheshti
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M.H. Boskabady
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- *Mohammad Hossein Boskabady, Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad (Iran), E-Mail or
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Frías M, González M, González C, Brito N. BcIEB1, a Botrytis cinerea secreted protein, elicits a defense response in plants. Plant Sci 2016; 250:115-124. [PMID: 27457989 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BcIEB1 is a very abundant protein in the secretome of Botrytis cinerea but it has no known function and no similarity to any characterized protein family. Previous results suggested that this protein is an elicitor of the plant defense system. In this work we have generated loss-of-function B. cinerea mutants lacking BcIEB1 and we have expressed the protein in yeast to assay its activity on plants. Analysis of the Δbcieb1 mutants did not result in any observable phenotype, including no difference in the virulence on a variety of hosts. However, when BcIEB1 was applied to plant tissues it produced necrosis as well as a whole range of symptoms: inhibition of seedling growth in Arabidopsis and tobacco, ion leakage from tobacco leaf disks, a ROS burst, cell death and autofluorescence in onion epidermis, as well as the expression of defense genes in tobacco. Moreover, tobacco plants treated with BcIEB1 showed an increased systemic resistance to B. cinerea. A small 35-amino acids peptide derived from a conserved region of BcIEB1 is almost as active on plants as the whole protein. These results clearly indicate that BcIEB1 elicits plant defenses, probably as a consequence of its recognition as a pathogen associated molecular pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Frías
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Mario González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Celedonio González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Nélida Brito
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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Abdelrahman M, Abdel-Motaal F, El-Sayed M, Jogaiah S, Shigyo M, Ito SI, Tran LSP. Dissection of Trichoderma longibrachiatum-induced defense in onion (Allium cepa L.) against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepa by target metabolite profiling. Plant Sci 2016; 246:128-138. [PMID: 26993243 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are versatile opportunistic plant symbionts that can cause substantial changes in the metabolism of host plants, thereby increasing plant growth and activating plant defense to various diseases. Target metabolite profiling approach was selected to demonstrate that Trichoderma longibrachiatum isolated from desert soil can confer beneficial agronomic traits to onion and induce defense mechanism against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepa (FOC), through triggering a number of primary and secondary metabolite pathways. Onion seeds primed with Trichoderma T1 strain displayed early seedling emergence and enhanced growth compared with Trichoderma T2-treatment and untreated control. Therefore, T1 was selected for further investigations under greenhouse conditions, which revealed remarkable improvement in the onion bulb growth parameters and resistance against FOC. The metabolite platform of T1-primed onion (T1) and T1-primed onion challenged with FOC (T1+FOC) displayed significant accumulation of 25 abiotic and biotic stress-responsive metabolites, representing carbohydrate, phenylpropanoid and sulfur assimilation metabolic pathways. In addition, T1- and T1+FOC-treated onion plants showed discrete antioxidant capacity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) compared with control. Our findings demonstrated the contribution of T. longibrachiatum to the accumulation of key metabolites, which subsequently leads to the improvement of onion growth, as well as its resistance to oxidative stress and FOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Abdelrahman
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; Botany Department Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
| | - Fatma Abdel-Motaal
- Botany Department Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
| | - Magdi El-Sayed
- Botany Department Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
| | - Sudisha Jogaiah
- Plant Healthcare and Diagnostic Center, PG Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, Karnataka, India
| | - Masayoshi Shigyo
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ito
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Plant Abiotic Stress Research Group & Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam; Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumiku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of specific IgE antibodies against food materials indicates allergic sensitization. Some very widely consumed foods materials such as garlic and onion have rarely been investigated for their allergenic potential. OBJECTIVES To assess the presence of garlic and onion specific IgE antibodies in patients investigated for food allergy. METHODS Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) results of 108 patients with clinical suspicion of food allergy who were specifically screened for garlic and onion specific IgE antibodies along with other food allergens were analyzed retrospectively at King Khalid University Hospital between January 2008 and April 2009. This group of patients included 73 males and 35 females with mean age 27+13.2 years. Estimation of garlic and onion specific IgE antibodies was performed by radioallergosorbent test (RAST) using Pharmacia ImmunoCAP 250 analyzer. RESULTS Out of the 108 patients 15 (13.8%) had garlic and onion specific IgE antibodies in their sera. Garlic specific IgE antibodies with the RAST scores between one to four were present in 14 and onion specific IgE were detected in 13 patients. For garlic specific IgEs majority of patients (08) had RAST score of one (0.35-0.69 kU/L) and for onion specific IgE antibodies seven patients had RAST score of two (0.70-3.49 kU/L). Among these patients 12 (80%) were found to have coexisting specific IgE antibodies against garlic and onion. CONCLUSION The presence of garlic and onion specific IgE antibodies in a sizeable number of patients indicate sensitization and allergenic potential of these food materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Almogren
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and University Hospitals, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Arochena L, Gámez C, del Pozo V, Fernández-Nieto M. Cutaneous allergy at the supermarket. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2012; 22:441-442. [PMID: 23101191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Arochena
- Allergy Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.
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Poliakovs'kyĭ SO, Dmytriiev OP. [Studi "priming" callose accumulation in Allium cepa when processing biotic inducers]. Tsitol Genet 2011; 45:50-54. [PMID: 21950143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Effect of salicylic and caproic acids as an inducters of plant resistance was studied using three onion cultivars differed in resistance to Botrytis spp. Salicylic and caproic acids were shown to prime callose accumulation in Allium cepa varieties resistant to B. allii and B. cinerea. The results obtained sugest that protection of onion against necrotrophs involves the priming of callose accumulation which is important mechanical barrier against invading pathogens.
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Enrique E, Malek T, De Mateo JA, Castelló J, Lombardero M, Barber D, Salcedo G. Involvement of lipid transfer protein in onion allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2007; 98:202. [PMID: 17304894 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pérez-Calderón
- Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina, Servicio de Alergología Carretera de Portugal, Badajoz, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cadot
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Gasthuisberg O & N, Leuven, Belgium.
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Sanchez-Hernandez MC, Hernandez M, Delgado J, Guardia P, Monteseirin J, Bartolomé B, Palacios R, Martinez J, Conde J. Allergenic cross-reactivity in the Liliaceae family. Allergy 2000; 55:297-9. [PMID: 10753025 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Sanchez-Hernandez
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Servicio Regional de Inmunologia y Alergia, Seville, Spain
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Garlic dust has not been a frequently encountered cause of IgE-mediated disease. OBJECTIVE We report on 12 patients (all of them garlic workers) with the clinical criteria for occupational asthma. METHODS Skin prick tests and serum-specific IgE determinations were performed with common inhalants, garlic, and other members of the Liliaceae family (onion, leek, and asparagus). Bronchial challenge test with garlic powder was performed in all patients. Garlic and onion extract proteins were separated by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Immunoblot and IgE immunoblot inhibition analyses were performed with patients' sera on extracts of garlic, onion, and pollens of Phleum pratense and Chenopodium album. RESULTS Garlic sensitization was demonstrated by bronchial challenge test in seven patients (group 1) and ruled out in the remaining five (group 2). Clinical data were similar in both groups. The patients with garlic allergy had a mean age of 27 years, and all of them had pollen allergy; sensitization to other members of the Liliaceae family was also common. Electrophoresis of garlic extract revealed two major protein bands at approximately 12 and 54 kd. During IgE immunoblotting, the pool of sera reacted with garlic proteins mainly at 54 kd. Preincubation with onion, Phleum, and Chenopodium partially abolished the IgE binding to several allergens of garlic. CONCLUSION We report on seven patients in whom an occupational garlic allergy was demonstrated. Garlic allergy is relatively rare but seems to affect young subjects with pollen allergy, and sensitization to other members of the Liliaceae family is common. The results of this study confirm the presence of some structurally similar allergens in garlic, onion, and certain pollens.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Añibarro
- Hospital Virgen de la Luz, Cuenca, Spain
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Reuzeau C, Doolittle KW, McNally JG, Pickard BG. Covisualization in living onion cells of putative integrin, putative spectrin, actin, putative intermediate filaments, and other proteins at the cell membrane and in an endomembrane sheath. Protoplasma 1997; 199:173-97. [PMID: 11541651 DOI: 10.1007/bf01294505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Covisualizations with wide-field computational optical-sectioning microscopy of living epidermal cells of the onion bulb scale have evidenced two major new cellular features. First, a sheath of cytoskeletal elements clads the endomembrane system. Similar elements clad the inner faces of punctate plasmalemmal sites interpreted as plasmalemmal control centers. One component of the endomembrane sheath and plasmalemmal control center cladding is anti-genicity-recognized by two injected antibodies against animal spectrin. Immunoblots of separated epidermal protein also showed bands recognized by these antibodies. Injected phalloidin identified F-actin with the same cellular distribution pattern, as did antibodies against intermediate-filament protein and other cytoskeletal elements known from animal cells. Injection of general protein stains demonstrated the abundance of endomembrane sheath protein. Second, the endomembrane system, like the plasmalemmal puncta, contains antigen recognized by an anti-beta 1 integrin injected into the cytoplasm. Previously, immunoblots of separated epidermal protein were shown to have a major band recognized both by this antibody prepared against a peptide representing the cytosolic region of beta 1 integrin and an antibody against the matrix region of beta 1 integrin. The latter antiboby also identified puncta at the external face of protoplasts. It is proposed that integrin and associated transmembrane proteins secure the endomembrane sheath and transmit signals between it and the lumen or matrix of the endoplasmic reticulum and organellar matrices. This function is comparable to that proposed for such transmembrane linkers in the plasmalemmal control centers, which also appear to bind cytoskeleton and a host of related molecules and transmit signals between them and the wall matrix. It is at the plasmalemmal control centers that the endoplasmic reticulum, a major component of the endomembrane system, attaches to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reuzeau
- Biology Department, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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Gens JS, Reuzeau C, Doolittle KW, McNally JG, Pickard BG. Covisualization by computational optical-sectioning microscopy of integrin and associated proteins at the cell membrane of living onion protoplasts. Protoplasma 1996; 194:215-230. [PMID: 11541650 DOI: 10.1007/bf01882029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using higher-resolution wide-field computational optical-sectioning fluorescence microscopy, the distribution of antigens recognized by antibodies against animal beta 1 integrin, fibronectin, and vitronectin has been visualized at the outer surface of enzymatically protoplasted onion epidermis cells and in depectinated cell wall fragments. On the protoplast all three antigens are colocalized in an array of small spots, as seen in raw images, in Gaussian filtered images, and in images restored by two different algorithms. Fibronectin and vitronectin but not beta 1 integrin antigenicities colocalize as puncta in comparably prepared and processed images of the wall fragments. Several control visualizations suggest considerable specifity of antibody recognition. Affinity purification of onion cell extract with the same anti-integrin used for visualization has yielded protein that separates in SDS-PAGE into two bands of about 105-110 and 115-125 kDa. These bands are again recognized by the visualization antibody, which was raised against the extracellular domain of chicken beta 1 integrin, and are also recognized by an antibody against the intracellular domain of chicken beta 1 integrin. Because beta 1 integrin is a key protein in numerous animal adhesion sites, it appears that the punctate distribution of this protein in the cell membranes of onion epidermis represents the adhesion sites long known to occur in cells of this tissue. Because vitronectin and fibronection are matrix proteins that bind to integrin in animals, the punctate occurrence of antigenically similar proteins both in the wall (matrix) and on enzymatically prepared protoplasts reinforces the concept that onion cells have adhesion sites with some similarity to certain kinds of adhesion sites in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Gens
- Biology Department, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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