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Cantero-Navarro E, Fernández-Fernández B, Ramos AM, Rayego-Mateos S, Rodrigues-Diez RR, Sánchez-Niño MD, Sanz AB, Ruiz-Ortega M, Ortiz A. Renin-angiotensin system and inflammation update. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 529:111254. [PMID: 33798633 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The most classical view of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) emphasizes its role as an endocrine regulator of sodium balance and blood pressure. However, it has long become clear that the RAS has pleiotropic actions that contribute to organ damage, including modulation of inflammation. Angiotensin II (Ang II) activates angiotensin type 1 receptors (AT1R) to promote an inflammatory response and organ damage. This represents the pathophysiological basis for the successful use of RAS blockers to prevent and treat kidney and heart disease. However, other RAS components could have a built-in capacity to brake proinflammatory responses. Angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) activation can oppose AT1R actions, such as vasodilatation, but its involvement in modulation of inflammation has not been conclusively proven. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) can process Ang II to generate angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)), that activates the Mas receptor to exert predominantly anti-inflammatory responses depending on the context. We now review recent advances in the understanding of the interaction of the RAS with inflammation. Specific topics in which novel information became available recently include intracellular angiotensin receptors; AT1R posttranslational modifications by tissue transglutaminase (TG2) and anti-AT1R autoimmunity; RAS modulation of lymphoid vessels and T lymphocyte responses, especially of Th17 and Treg responses; interactions with toll-like receptors (TLRs), programmed necrosis, and regulation of epigenetic modulators (e.g. microRNAs and bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins). We additionally discuss an often overlooked effect of the RAS on inflammation which is the downregulation of anti-inflammatory factors such as klotho, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α), transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), SNF-related serine/threonine-protein kinase (SNRK), serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 6 catalytic subunit (Ppp6C) and n-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP). Both transcription factors, such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and epigenetic regulators, such as miRNAs are involved in downmodulation of anti-inflammatory responses. A detailed analysis of pathways and targets for downmodulation of anti-inflammatory responses constitutes a novel frontier in RAS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cantero-Navarro
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology. IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain; Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Fernández
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Spain; Unidad de Diálisis. IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrian M Ramos
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Spain; Unidad de Diálisis. IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Rayego-Mateos
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology. IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain; Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Spain
| | - Raúl R Rodrigues-Diez
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology. IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain; Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Spain
| | - María Dolores Sánchez-Niño
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Spain; Unidad de Diálisis. IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Sanz
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Spain; Unidad de Diálisis. IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology. IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain; Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Spain.
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Spain; Unidad de Diálisis. IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain.
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Patel M, Kurade M, Rajalingam S, Bhavsar R, Mustafa SJ, Ponnoth DS. Role of angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptors in airway reactivity and inflammation in an allergic mouse model of asthma. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:428-437. [PMID: 31062639 PMCID: PMC7453970 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1609026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Angiotensin II (Ang II) exerts its effects through two G-protein coupled receptors: angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1) and type 2 receptors (AT2). Both these receptor subtypes are poorly understood in asthma. In this study, we investigated effects of AT1 receptor antagonist losartan, novel AT2 receptor agonist novokinin and AT2 receptor antagonist PD 123319 in a mouse model of asthma. Methods: Mice were divided into control (CON) and allergen sensitized (SEN) groups. SEN was sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) on days 1 and 6 (30 μg; i.p.), followed by 5% OVA aerosol challenge (days 11-13). Treatments included (a) losartan (SEN + LOS; 20 mg/kg i.p., day 14), (b) novokinin (SEN + NOV; 0.3 mg/kg i.p., day 14), and (c) PD 123319 (SEN + PD; 5 mg/kg i.p., day 14). Experiments for airway responsiveness, bronchoalveolar lavage, and tracheal ring reactivity using isolated organ bath were performed. Results: Airway responsiveness to methacholine (MCh) (48 mg/mL) was significantly higher in SEN (563.71 ± 40% vs. 294.3 ± 123.84 in CON). This response was potentiated in SEN + PD group (757 ± 30%; p < .05 compared to SEN). SEN + LOS (247.61 ± 86.85%) and SEN + NOV (352 ± 11%) had significantly lower response compared to SEN. SEN + LOS (26.22 ± 0.29%) and SEN + NOV (46.20 ± 0.76%) treatment significantly (p < .001) attenuated total cell count and eosinophils compared to SEN group (69.38 ± 1.5%), while SEN + PD (73.04 ± 0.69%) had highest number of eosinophils. Tracheal response to MCh was significantly higher in SEN group compared to controls, and this response was significantly lowered with the losartan and novokinin treatments. Conclusions: These data suggest that AT1 and AT2 receptors have opposite effects in modulating airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehaben Patel
- Long Island University, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Mangesh Kurade
- Long Island University, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Sahith Rajalingam
- Long Island University, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Riya Bhavsar
- Long Island University, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Brooklyn, New York
| | - S Jamal Mustafa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Dovenia S. Ponnoth
- Long Island University, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Brooklyn, New York
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Yaguchi S, Ogawa Y, Shimmura S, Kawakita T, Hatou S, Satofuka S, Nakamura S, Imada T, Miyashita H, Yoshida S, Yaguchi T, Ozawa Y, Mori T, Okamoto S, Kawakami Y, Ishida S, Tsubota K. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist attenuates lacrimal gland, lung, and liver fibrosis in a murine model of chronic graft-versus-host disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64724. [PMID: 23762250 PMCID: PMC3675140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), a serious complication following allogeneic HSCT (hematopoietic stem cell transplantation), is characterized by systemic fibrosis. The tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the fibrotic pathogenesis, and an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonist can attenuate fibrosis. Tissue RAS is present in the lacrimal gland, lung, and liver, and is known to be involved in the fibrotic pathogenesis of the lung and liver. This study aimed to determine whether RAS is involved in fibrotic pathogenesis in the lacrimal gland and to assess the effect of an AT1R antagonist on preventing lacrimal gland, lung, and liver fibrosis in cGVHD model mice. We used the B10.D2→BALB/c (H-2d) MHC-compatible, multiple minor histocompatibility antigen-mismatched model, which reflects clinical and pathological symptoms of human cGVHD. First, we examined the localization and expression of RAS components in the lacrimal glands using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Next, we administered an AT1R antagonist (valsartan; 10 mg/kg) or angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) antagonist (PD123319; 10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally into cGVHD model mice and assessed the fibrotic change in the lacrimal gland, lung, and liver. We demonstrated that fibroblasts expressed angiotensin II, AT1R, and AT2R, and that the mRNA expression of angiotensinogen was greater in the lacrimal glands of cGVHD model mice than in controls generated by syngeneic-HSCT. The inhibition experiment revealed that fibrosis of the lacrimal gland, lung, and liver was suppressed in mice treated with the AT1R antagonist, but not the AT2R antagonist. We conclude that RAS is involved in fibrotic pathogenesis in the lacrimal gland and that AT1R antagonist has a therapeutic effect on lacrimal gland, lung, and liver fibrosis in cGVHD model mice. Our findings point to AT1R antagonist as a possible target for therapeutic intervention in cGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Yaguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Ogawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kawakita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Hatou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Satofuka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Imada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Miyashita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Yaguchi
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Ozawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Mori
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Okamoto
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Redondo-Müller MA, Stevanovic-Walker M, Barker S, Puddefoot JR, Vinson GP. Anti-cancer actions of a recombinant antibody (R6313/G2) against the angiotensin II AT1 receptor. Endocr Relat Cancer 2008; 15:277-88. [PMID: 18310294 DOI: 10.1677/erc-07-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although several tumour types express both AT1 and AT2 angiotensin II receptors, and angiotensin II stimulates cell proliferation, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are not effective anti-cancer agents. Development of a biologically active monoclonal antibody (6313/G2) against the AT1 receptor prompted the testing of a recombinant short-chain variable fragment form (R6313/G2) against breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and T47D all expressed both receptor subtypes. In vitro, R6313/G2 suppressed cell proliferation in the presence of 100 nM angiotensin II, with IC50s of 30 nM, 153 nM and 2.8 microM for the three cell types respectively; in contrast, the AT1 receptor blocker losartan was effective only in T47D cells, at 25 microM. Studies on MCF-7 and T47D cells showed R6313/G2 also opposed the angiotensin II-induced inhibition of caspase-3/7 activity. In vivo, hollow fibres containing the cell lines were implanted in nu/nu balb-c mice at two sites, s.c. and i.p. Treatments of R6313/G2 at 2.5 nmol/kg and 25 nmol/kg twice per day for 7 days dose dependently reduced cell numbers for all three cell lines, but here MCF-7 cells responded most sensitively and MDA-MB-231 cells least. Although T47D cells were refractory at the s.c. site, growth was inhibited at the i.p. location, and otherwise results were similar at the two sites. In xenografts, MCF-7 cell tumours were dose dependently reduced by R6313/G2, and 13 and 27 nmol/kg R6313/G2 twice/day gave means of 74 and 76% tumour regression after 7 days. The data suggest that the anti-cancer action of R6313/G2 is considerably more effective than AT1 antagonists.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/therapeutic use
- Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis
- Blood Pressure Determination
- Blotting, Western
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Survival
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/immunology
- Losartan/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/immunology
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/immunology
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Redondo-Müller
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
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5
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Ereso AQ, Ramirez RM, Sadjadi J, Cripps MW, Cureton EL, Curran B, Victorino GP. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor provides an endogenous brake during inflammation-induced microvascular fluid leak. J Am Coll Surg 2007; 205:527-33. [PMID: 17903725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dual actions of angiotensin II (AngII) on microvascular fluid leak remain enigmatic. Our hypothesis was that the AngII type 2 (AT2) receptor decreases microvascular fluid leak during inflammation. The purposes of this study were to determine the activity of the AT2 receptor during stimulation by endogenous AngII, during stimulation by exogenous AngII, and during inflammation. STUDY DESIGN Hydraulic permeability (L(p)) of rat mesenteric venules was measured using a microcannulation technique. L(p) was measured during perfusion with the AT1 receptor antagonist, ZD7155, and also with exogenous AngII during AngII type 1 receptor (AT1) blockade. Inflammation was induced with platelet activating factor (PAF), and L(p) was measured during perfusion of AngII with AT1 blockade and also with an AT2 receptor agonist, CGP42112. RESULTS AT2 receptor activation by endogenous AngII slightly decreased L(p) over that of the control (p=0.02). Exogenous AngII increased L(p) fivefold (L(p)=4.83+/-1.32; p < 0.001). Addition of AT1 receptor blockade decreased L(p) by 74% (to 1.24+/-0.03; p < 0.01). PAF activation increased L(p) fourfold (L(p)=4.49+/-0.74; p < 0.0001). After PAF activation, exogenous AngII then decreased L(p) by 39% (to 2.74+/-0.12; p < 0.01). Exogenous AngII during AT1 receptor blockade after PAF activation decreased L(p) by 61% (from 4.49+/-0.74 to 1.77+/-0.22; p < 0.0001), and selective AT2 receptor stimulation after PAF activation decreased L(p) by 69% (from 4.49+/-0.74 to 1.40+/-0.04; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study further supports a dual role for AngII. AngII increases microvascular fluid leak during basal conditions but appears to decrease it during inflammation. Alterations in AT2 receptor activity may be responsible for these different effects.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Angiotensin II/physiology
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology
- Animals
- Capillary Permeability/drug effects
- Capillary Permeability/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Female
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Mesenteric Veins/drug effects
- Mesenteric Veins/physiopathology
- Microcirculation/immunology
- Models, Animal
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/immunology
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/physiology
- Vascular Diseases/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Q Ereso
- Department of Surgery, UCSF-East Bay, Alameda County Medical Center, Oakland, CA 94602, USA
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You D, Loufrani L, Baron C, Levy BI, Widdop RE, Henrion D. High blood pressure reduction reverses angiotensin II type 2 receptor-mediated vasoconstriction into vasodilation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circulation 2005; 111:1006-11. [PMID: 15710752 PMCID: PMC2234478 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000156503.62815.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT(2)R) stimulation causes endothelium-dependent vasodilation that does not desensitize after chronic angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade, suggesting a role for AT2R in antihypertensive treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS We recorded mean arterial pressure (MAP) and investigated AT2R by Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, and function in isolated mesenteric resistance arteries (205 microm in diameter) from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) receiving the following for 4 weeks in drinking water: placebo, AT1R blockade (candesartan; 2 mg/kg per day), ACE inhibitor (perindopril; 3 mg/kg per day), nonselective vasodilator (hydralazine; 16 or 24 mg/kg per day), or candesartan plus hydralazine (16 mg/kg per day). In precontracted isolated arteries, AT2R stimulation (angiotensin II in the presence of candesartan) caused vasodilation in WKY rats (MAP=118 mm Hg) and vasoconstriction in SHR (MAP=183 mm Hg). In SHR treated with candesartan (MAP=146 mm Hg) or hydralazine (16 mg/kg per day; MAP=145 mm Hg), AT2R-induced contraction was reduced by 50%. In SHR treated with perindopril (MAP=125 mm Hg), AT2R stimulation induced vasodilation. In SHR treated with hydralazine (24 mg/kg per day; MAP=105 mm Hg) and in SHR treated with hydralazine (16 mg/kg per day) plus candesartan (MAP=102 mm Hg), an AT2R-mediated vasodilation was restored. Immunochemistry and Western blot analysis showed that AT2R expression, lower in SHR than in WKY rats, was restored to normal levels by treatments reducing arterial pressure in SHR. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that in resistance arteries of SHR, (1) AT2R is downregulated by hypertension, and (2) specific and nonspecific antihypertensive treatments restore AT(2)R expression and vasodilator functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong You
- Biologie et physiologie moléculaire du vaisseau
INSERM : U541Hôpital Lariboisière
41, boulevard de la chapelle
75475 Paris Cedex 10,FR
| | - Laurent Loufrani
- CRMC, Circulations régionales et micro circulation
CNRS : UMR6188Université d'AngersUER de Médecine
rue Haute de Reculée
49045 ANGERS CEDEX 01,FR
| | - Céline Baron
- CRMC, Circulations régionales et micro circulation
CNRS : UMR6188Université d'AngersUER de Médecine
rue Haute de Reculée
49045 ANGERS CEDEX 01,FR
| | - Bernard I. Levy
- Service de physiologie et explorations fonctionnelles multidisciplinaires
AP-HPHôpital LariboisièreUniversité Denis Diderot - Paris VIIParis,FR
| | | | - Daniel Henrion
- CRMC, Circulations régionales et micro circulation
CNRS : UMR6188Université d'AngersUER de Médecine
rue Haute de Reculée
49045 ANGERS CEDEX 01,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Daniel Henrion
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