Shikonin enhances sensitization of gefitinib against wild-type EGFR non-small cell lung cancer via inhibition PKM2/stat3/cyclinD1 signal pathway

AIMS

Mutant EGFR Non-small cell lung cancer has benefit from gefitinib, but it has limited effect for wild-type EGFR tumors. Shikonin, a natural naphthoquinone isolated from a traditional Chinese medicine, the plant Lithospermum erythrorhizon (zicao), not only can inhibit the tumor growth, but also overcome cancer drug resistance. Our aim is to investigate whether shikonin can enhance antitumor effect of gefitinib in EGFR wild-type lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

CCK-8 was used to determine the proliferation of EGFR wild-type non-small cell lung cancer. Apoptosis and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry. PKM2, STAT3, p-STAT3 and cyclinD1 were detected by Western blot. A549 tumor model was established to observe the antitumor effect of shikonin combination with gefitinib in vivo.

KEY FINDINGS

The results showed that combination of shikonin with gefitinib exhibited synergistic antitumor effect in vitro and in vivo. Its potential molecular mechanisms may be associated with inhibition of PKM2/STAT3/cyclinD1.

SIGNIFICANCE

These results provide a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of wild-type EGFR non-small cell lung cancer.

Dietary virgin olive oil enhances secretagogue-evoked calcium signaling in rat pancreatic acinar cells

OBJECTIVE

We evaluated the long-term effects of a fat-enriched diet (virgin olive oil) on calcium mobilization and amylase secretion induced by cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) in rat pancreatic acinar cells. Olive oil is a major component of the Mediterranean diet, and its role in human health is actively being debated.

METHODS

Weaning male Wistar rats (21 d old) were assigned to one of two experimental groups and fed for 8 wk with a commercial chow (control group) or an experimental diet (olive group) containing 100 g/kg of virgin olive oil as dietary fat. Intracellular free calcium [Ca(2+)](i) levels were determined by loading the pancreatic cells with the fluorescent ratio-metric calcium indicator Fura-2 on an inverted fluorescent microscope. For measurement of amylase secretion, cells were incubated with the appropriate secretagogue for 30 min, and amylase activities in the supernatant were determined by the Phadebas blue starch method. Analysis of variance was used to test differences between groups.

RESULTS

Compared with the control group, the CCK-8-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](i) occurred in cells from rats in the olive group (P < 0.05). This stimulatory effect of dietary virgin olive oil was observed in calcium oscillations and large [Ca(2+)](i) transients induced by low (20 pM/L) and high (10 nM/L) concentrations of CCK-8, respectively. In addition to the effects of dietary virgin olive oil on calcium mobilization, it increased (P < 0.05) amylase secretion in response to CCK-8. Olive oil treatment did not significantly alter resting [Ca(2+)](i) or amylase release values compared with the control group. Similar results were obtained when pancreatic acinar cells were stimulated with a high concentration of acetylcholine (10 microM/L).

CONCLUSION

The present results demonstrate that a diet supplemented with virgin olive oil can modify pancreatic cell function as assessed by [Ca(2+)](i) mobilization and amylase release evoked by secretagogues in rat pancreatic acinar cells. A role for fatty acids in calcium signaling is suggested.

Novel approaches to targeting neuropeptide systems

Generation and/or interruption of cell signalling by neuropeptides has been shown to be essentially, although not exclusively, mediated by one or several membrane-bound enzymes, giving rise to the concept of selective versus dual enzyme inhibitors. Because most of these enzymes are zinc metallopeptidases, novel inhibitors are now being designed based on the structure of these proteins. The physiological role of neuropeptides and their relationships with other peptide systems can be investigated by comparing results obtained using peptidase inhibitors and selective receptor antagonists with those obtained using mice in which genes encoding the various components of a peptide system have been deleted. The potential use of peptidase inhibitors, compared with exogenous agonists, as therapeutic agents (particularly as analgesics or antidepressants) and their use in the investigation of the neurobiology of drug abuse will be discussed with particular focus on enkephalins and cholecystokinin 8 (CCK-8).

Overflow of dopamine and cholecystokinin in rat nucleus accumbens in response to acute drug administration

Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) coexists with dopamine (DA) in rat mesencephalic neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens. To obtain indices of corelease, microdialysis probes were placed in the posterior nucleus accumbens of anesthetized rats, which were then injected acutely (s.c.) with drugs that exert known effects on DA neuronal function. Microdialysis samples were assayed for DA and CCK-8 to determine the differential overflow of these cotransmitters in response to drug treatment. Haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg), d-amphetamine (1 mg/kg), and TCP (5 mg/kg) preferentially increased DA overflow, whereas morphine (5 mg/kg) elicited marked increases in the overflow of both DA and CCK-8. These results suggest that the release of accumbal DA and CCK-8 can be differentially regulated by drug treatment.

Peptide YY inhibits exocrine pancreatic secretion in isolated perfused rat pancreas by Y1 receptors

Peptide YY (PYY) inhibits exocrine pancreatic secretion in several species. Two receptors, Y1 and Y2, are known to mediate PYY actions. While PYY 1-36 binds equally to both receptor subtypes, a second endogenous form of PYY, PYY 3-36, selectively activates Y2 receptors. The importance of Y receptor subtypes for inhibition of exocrine pancreatic secretion by PYY is unknown. We studied the effects of PYY 1-36 on cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8)-stimulated amylase secretion in an isolated perfused rat pancreas model. To characterize functionally the receptors involved we determined the effects of a Y1-selective agonist, [Pro34]PYY; a Y2 selective agonist, PYY 3-36; and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in this model. PYY 1-36 significantly inhibited stimulated amylase secretion in the denervated rat pancreas. [Pro34]PYY and NPY both inhibited exocrine pancreatic secretion as potently as PYY 1-36. Contrary to that, the Y2 selective agonist, PYY 3-36, was inactive. We conclude that PYY inhibits exocrine pancreatic secretion in this extrinsically denervated rat pancreas model by Y1 receptors.

Role of perinatal estrogens in sexual differentiation of the inhibition of lordosis by exogenous cholecystokinin

Microinjections of sulphated cholecystokinin octapeptide (sCCK-8) into the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus inhibit lordosis behavior in receptive female rats. This effect of sCCK-8 seems to differentiate under the control of gonadal steroids shortly after birth. Neonatally castrated males and normal females show similar responses, while androgenized females are less sensitive to sCCK-8. The current study investigated estrogen's role on the differentiation of the response to sCCK-8. On the day of birth male rat pups were castrated, given sham surgeries, or implanted with the antiestrogen tamoxifen or the aromatase inhibitor androst-1, 4, 6-triene-3, 17-dione (ATD). Females were implanted with testosterone propionate or tamoxifen, or given sham surgeries. Implants were removed 10 days later. As adults, rats were tested for female sexual behavior after microinjections of sCCK-8 into the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Neonatally castrated males, ATD-treated males, and control females showed profound inhibition of lordosis behavior after sCCK-8. These results suggest that elimination of estrogen postnatally prevents defeminization of the reproductive circuitry that responds to sCCK-8.