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Moia ALC, Branco É, Mesquita EYE, de Lima AR. Topography and morphometry of the infraorbital and mandibular foramen of the common sloth (Bradypus variegatus) for use in the application of perineural anaesthesia. Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e13028. [PMID: 38425156 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
A local anaesthetic block performed in cranial and mandibular foramina contributes towards analgesia and the reduction of systemic anaesthesia in procedures in the oral cavity. However, anatomical differences between in wild animals may require adaptations to the anaesthetic and surgical manoeuvres of the head used in domestic animals. With that in mind, we aimed to describe the topography and morphometry of the infraorbital and mandibular foramina in Bradypus variegatus, to support perineural anaesthetic approaches in the cranio-mandibular region of this species. We demonstrated that in B. variegatus there is no significant variability in the morphometric data, allowing access to the studied foramina to occur in a similar way in adult individuals. Finally, we understand that the techniques for the infraorbital and mandibular foramen needed to be adapted due to the anatomical singularities of the species, which culminated in new reference points for more assertive needle positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Carvalho Moia
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Érika Branco
- Institute of Health and Animal Production (ISPA), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Rita de Lima
- Institute of Health and Animal Production (ISPA), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belém, Brazil
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2
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Klećkowska-Nawrot J, Barszcz K, Stegmann KO, Goździewska-Harłajczuk K. The organ of vision morphology of the southern two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus Linnaeus, 1758; Pilosa, Choloepodidae). Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e12984. [PMID: 37822296 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The Choloepus didactylus is a species belonging to the Choloepodidae family of the Folivora suborder. This study concerns the anatomical, morphometrical, histological and histochemical examination of the eye tunics, eyelids and orbital glands in the three adult Choloepus didactylus coming from the Wroclaw Zoological Garden. The cornea consists of four layers since Bowman's membrane was absent. The presence of palisades of Vogt formed from 14/15 to 20/21 layers of epithelial cells was demonstrated. Macroscopically, the tapetum lucidum was not identified, while degenerative choroidal tapetum lucidum cellulosum was found microscopically. The ciliary muscle was found with our histological approach. The pupil was round in shape (post-mortem). The presence of tarsal glands has not been demonstrated in both eyelids. The conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) has been shown in the upper and lower eyelids. The superficial gland of the third eyelid produced a seromucous secretion. The third eyelid was shaped like a curved arch and composed of hyaline cartilage. The deep gland of the third eyelid was big and multilobar acinar simple with serous character. The lacrimal gland produced mucous secretion. The results of our research indicate that the features of the eye anatomy in the southern two-toed sloth (C. didactylus) are also typical of the Folivora suborder and have common features and differences with Vermilingua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Klećkowska-Nawrot
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Barszcz
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Garbino GST, Semedo TBF, Miranda EBP. Taphonomy of harpy eagle predation on primates and other mammals. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23567. [PMID: 37849067 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to provide a taphonomic analysis of bone fragments found in harpy eagle nests in the Brazilian Amazonia, utilizing the largest sample of prey remains collected to date. Harpy eagle kill samples were collected from nine nests, between June 2016 and December 2020 in Mato Grosso, Brazil. We identified the specimens, calculated the number of identified specimens (NISP) and minimum number of individuals (MNI). These metrics were used to estimate bone survivability and fragmentation. A total of 1661 specimens (NISP) were collected, representing a minimum number of 234 individuals (MNI). We identified at least nine species of primates, which represent 63.8% of the individuals in the kill sample. Harpy eagles preyed mostly on the medium-sized capuchin and bearded saki monkeys (28.2% of the MNI), and two-toed sloths (17.7% of the MNI). The large woolly monkeys also represented a significant portion of the sample (11.5% of the MNI). Three distinct patterns of bone survivability were found, one characterizing two-toed sloths, another characterizing medium-sized monkeys, and a third typical of woolly monkeys. We conclude that harpy eagle predation leaves an identifiable signature on the prey with a bone survivability pattern specific to each taxon. The intertaxon variations observed in the taphonomic signatures of harpy eagle kills should be taken into account when evaluating the potential influence of these raptors as accumulators of bone material in both paleontological and neontological assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme S T Garbino
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Museu de Zoologia João Moojen, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Thiago B F Semedo
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus de Vairão, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Everton B P Miranda
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Biodiversity, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA
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Calvo-Fernandez C, Such R, Gutiérrez-Cepeda L, Gómez-Redondo I, García-Vila E, Cerdeira J, Mayenco-Aguirre AM, Santiago-Moreno J, Hernández L, Sánchez-Calabuig MJ. REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE STAGE ASSESSMENT IN THE TWO-TOED SLOTH ( CHOLOEPUS HOFFMANNI), PRELIMINARY RESULTS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 54:805-809. [PMID: 38252005 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The number of two-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni) has significantly decreased in the last years. Deepening the knowledge of this tropical mammal's reproductive physiology is essential to improve captive breeding within conservation programs for this species. However, several aspects of its reproductive biology remain unexplored and have not been described sufficiently. The aim of this work was to describe the estrous cycle and reproductive physiology of two adult female C. hoffmanni by vaginal cytology, appearance of the external genitalia, and behavior. Vaginal cytology assay showed that the average duration of the estrous cycle was 15.1 ± 4.53 d. Positive correlations (P < 0.05) were found between the peak presence of superficial cells (estrous phase) and four parameters: aggressive behavior, pursuing behavior, vulvar swelling, and vaginal discharge. This pilot study, conducted on just two animals, forms a basis for a study design that may be employed for a more comprehensive assessment of the two-toed sloth reproductive physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Calvo-Fernandez
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Veterinary Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Jaguar Rescue Center, Playa Chiquita, 70403, Puerto Viejo de Talamanca, Cahuita, Costa Rica
| | - Roger Such
- Jaguar Rescue Center, Playa Chiquita, 70403, Puerto Viejo de Talamanca, Cahuita, Costa Rica
| | - Luna Gutiérrez-Cepeda
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Veterinary Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain,
| | | | | | - Joaquín Cerdeira
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Veterinary Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Mayenco-Aguirre
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Veterinary Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - María-Jesús Sánchez-Calabuig
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Veterinary Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Merten LJF, Manafzadeh AR, Herbst EC, Amson E, Tambusso PS, Arnold P, Nyakatura JA. The functional significance of aberrant cervical counts in sloths: insights from automated exhaustive analysis of cervical range of motion. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231592. [PMID: 37909076 PMCID: PMC10618861 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides manatees, the suspensory extant 'tree sloths' are the only mammals that deviate from a cervical count (CC) of seven vertebrae. They do so in opposite directions in the two living genera (increased versus decreased CC). Aberrant CCs seemingly reflect neck mobility in both genera, suggesting adaptive significance for their head position during suspensory locomotion and especially increased ability for neck torsion in three-toed sloths. We test two hypotheses in a comparative evolutionary framework by assessing three-dimensional intervertebral range of motion (ROM) based on exhaustive automated detection of bone collisions and joint disarticulation while accounting for interacting rotations of roll, yaw and pitch. First, we hypothesize that the increase of CC also increases overall neck mobility compared with mammals with a regular CC, and vice versa. Second, we hypothesize that the anatomy of the intervertebral articulations determines mobility of the neck. The assessment revealed that CC plays only a secondary role in defining ROM since summed torsion (roll) capacity was primarily determined by vertebral anatomy. Our results thus suggest limited neck rotational adaptive significance of the CC aberration in sloths. Further, the study demonstrates the suitability of our automated approach for the comparative assessment of osteological ROM in vertebral series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa J. F. Merten
- Comparative Zoology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Philippstrasse 12/13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Armita R. Manafzadeh
- Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Eva C. Herbst
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH, University of Zurich, Hönggerbergring 64, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eli Amson
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - P. Sebastián Tambusso
- Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Patrick Arnold
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - John A. Nyakatura
- Comparative Zoology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Philippstrasse 12/13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Nic Eoin L. Sloth ornaments trace the first Americans. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1578. [PMID: 37491591 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
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7
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Martin LJ. The Yale Geochronometric Laboratory and the Rewriting of Global Environmental History. J Hist Biol 2023; 56:35-63. [PMID: 36920651 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-023-09704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Beginning in the nineteenth century, scientists speculated that the Pleistocene megafauna-species such as the giant ground sloth, wooly mammoth, and saber-tooth cat-perished because of rapid climate change accompanying the end of the most recent Ice Age. In the 1950s, a small network of ecologists challenged this view in collaboration with archeologists who used the new tool of radiocarbon dating. The Pleistocene overkill hypothesis imagined human hunting, not climate change, to be the primary cause of megafaunal extinction. This article situates the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis in a broader history of the emergence of historical ecology as a distinct sub-discipline of paleoecology. Tracing the work of the Yale Geochronometric Laboratory and an interdisciplinary research network that included Paul Sears, Richard Foster Flint, Edward Deevey, Kathryn Clisby, and Paul S. Martin, it reveals how both the methods and the meaning of studying fossil pollen shifted between the 1910s and 1960s. First used as a tool for fossil fuel extraction, fossil pollen became a means of envisioning climatic history, and ultimately, a means of reimagining global ecological history. First through pollen stratigraphy and then through radiocarbon dating, ecologists reconstructed past biotic communities and rethought the role of humans in these communities. By the 1980s, the discipline of historical ecology would reshape physical environments through the practice of ecological restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Martin
- Center for Environmental Studies, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA.
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8
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Zheng P, Xiao F, Nguyen PH, Farinha A, Kovac M. Metamorphic aerial robot capable of mid-air shape morphing for rapid perching. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1297. [PMID: 36690665 PMCID: PMC9870873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerial robots can perch onto structures at heights to reduce energy use or to remain firmly in place when interacting with their surroundings. Like how birds have wings to fly and legs to perch, these bio-inspired aerial robots use independent perching modules. However, modular design not only increases the weight of the robot but also its size, reducing the areas that the robot can access. To mitigate these problems, we take inspiration from gliding and tree-dwelling mammals such as sugar gliders and sloths. We noted how gliding mammals morph their whole limb to transit between flight and perch, and how sloths optimized their physiology to encourage energy-efficient perching. These insights are applied to design a quadrotor robot that transitions between morphologies to fly and perch with a single-direction tendon drive. The robot's bi-stable arm is rigid in flight but will conform to its target in 0.97 s when perching, holding its grasp with minimal energy use. We achieved a [Formula: see text] overall mass reduction by integrating this capability into a single body. The robot perches by a controlled descent or a free-falling drop to avoid turbulent aerodynamic effects. Our proposed design solution can fulfill the need for small perching robots in cluttered environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zheng
- Aerial Robotics Laboratory, Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- The Grantham Institute-Climate Change and the Environment, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Feng Xiao
- Aerial Robotics Laboratory, Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Pham Huy Nguyen
- Aerial Robotics Laboratory, Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andre Farinha
- Aerial Robotics Laboratory, Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mirko Kovac
- Aerial Robotics Laboratory, Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Laboratory of Sustainability Robotics, Swiss Federal Laboratories of Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Politis GG, Messineo PG, Stafford TW, Lindsey EL. Campo Laborde: A Late Pleistocene giant ground sloth kill and butchering site in the Pampas. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaau4546. [PMID: 30854426 PMCID: PMC6402857 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The extinction of Pleistocene megafauna and the role played by humans have been subjects of constant debate in American archeology. Previous evidence from the Pampas region of Argentina suggested that this environment might have provided a refugium for the Holocene survival of several megamammals. However, recent excavations and more advanced accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating at Campo Laborde site in the Argentinian Pampas challenge the Holocene survival of Pleistocene megamammals and provide original and high-quality information documenting direct human impact on the Pleistocene fauna. The new data offer definitive evidence for hunting and butchering of Megatherium americanum (giant ground sloth) at 12,600 cal years BP and dispute previous interpretations that Pleistocene megamammals survived into the Holocene in the Pampas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo G. Politis
- INCUAPA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UNICEN) and Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (UNLP), Olavarría, Buenos Aires B7400JWI, Argentina
| | - Pablo G. Messineo
- INCUAPA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UNICEN), Olavarría, Buenos Aires B7400JWI, Argentina
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Larmon JT, McDonald HG, Ambrose S, DeSantis LRG, Lucero LJ. A year in the life of a giant ground sloth during the Last Glacial Maximum in Belize. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaau1200. [PMID: 30820449 PMCID: PMC6392778 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope analysis of the first fossilized Eremotherium laurillardi remains from Belize offers valuable insights into the conditions within which this individual lived and its ability to adapt to the increasing aridity of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy was used to identify chemical alteration of the tooth during fossilization. Results demonstrate that the inner orthodentin resists diagenesis, yielding potentially unaltered values. Using an intensive "vacuum milling" technique, the inner orthodentin produced an accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) date of 26,975 ± 120 calibrated years before the present. The stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of this layer shows that the tooth recorded two wet seasons separated by one longer dry season and that this sloth was able to adapt its diet to the marked seasonality of the LGM. This study offers new insights into obtaining reliable isotope data from fossilized remains and suggests that this individual adapted to climate shifts, contributing to the conversation surrounding megafauna extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean T. Larmon
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Stanley Ambrose
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Lisa J. Lucero
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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11
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Bustos D, Jakeway J, Urban TM, Holliday VT, Fenerty B, Raichlen DA, Budka M, Reynolds SC, Allen BD, Love DW, Santucci VL, Odess D, Willey P, McDonald HG, Bennett MR. Footprints preserve terminal Pleistocene hunt? Human-sloth interactions in North America. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaar7621. [PMID: 29707640 PMCID: PMC5916513 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar7621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions revealed by vertebrate trace fossils are extremely rare. We present footprint evidence from White Sands National Monument in New Mexico for the association of sloth and human trackways. Geologically, the sloth and human trackways were made contemporaneously, and the sloth trackways show evidence of evasion and defensive behavior when associated with human tracks. Behavioral inferences from these trackways indicate prey selection and suggest that humans were harassing, stalking, and/or hunting the now-extinct giant ground sloth in the terminal Pleistocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bustos
- National Park Service, White Sands National Monument, P.O. Box 1086, Holloman Air Force Base, NM 88330, USA
| | - Jackson Jakeway
- National Park Service, White Sands National Monument, P.O. Box 1086, Holloman Air Force Base, NM 88330, USA
| | - Tommy M. Urban
- Department of Classics, Tree-ring Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853–3201, USA
| | - Vance T. Holliday
- School of Anthropology, The University of Arizona, 1009 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 1040 E. Fourth Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Brendan Fenerty
- Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 1040 E. Fourth Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - David A. Raichlen
- School of Anthropology, The University of Arizona, 1009 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Marcin Budka
- Institute for Studies in Landscapes and Human Evolution, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Sally C. Reynolds
- Institute for Studies in Landscapes and Human Evolution, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Bruce D. Allen
- New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - David W. Love
- New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - Vincent L. Santucci
- National Park Service, Geologic Resources Division, 1849 C Street NW, Washington, DC 20240, USA
| | - Daniel Odess
- National Park Service, Cultural Resources Directorate, 1849 C Street NW, Washington, DC 20240, USA
| | - Patrick Willey
- Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico, Chico, CA 95929–0400, USA
| | - H. Gregory McDonald
- Bureau of Land Management, 440 West 200 South, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101–1345, USA
| | - Matthew R. Bennett
- Institute for Studies in Landscapes and Human Evolution, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK
- Corresponding author.
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Davoust B, Marié JL, Pommier de Santi V, Berenger JM, Edouard S, Raoult D. Three-toed sloth as putative reservoir of Coxiella burnetii, Cayenne, French Guiana. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1760-1. [PMID: 25271976 PMCID: PMC4193280 DOI: 10.3201/eid2010.140694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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13
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Moreira DDO, Leite GR, de Siqueira MF, Coutinho BR, Zanon MS, Mendes SL. The distributional ecology of the maned sloth: environmental influences on its distribution and gaps in knowledge. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110929. [PMID: 25338139 PMCID: PMC4206454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The maned sloth Bradypus torquatus (Pilosa, Bradypodidae) is endemic to a small area in the Atlantic Forest of coastal Brazil. It has been listed as a threatened species because of its restricted geographic range, habitat loss and fragmentation, and declining populations. The major objectives of this study were to estimate its potential geographic distribution, the climatic conditions across its distributional range, and to identify suitable areas and potential species strongholds. We developed a model of habitat suitability for the maned sloth using two methods, Maxent and Mahalanobis Distance, based on 42 occurrence points. We evaluated environmental variable importance and the predictive ability of the generated distribution models. Our results suggest that the species distribution could be strongly influenced by environmental factors, mainly temperature seasonality. The modeled distribution of the maned sloth included known areas of occurrence in the Atlantic Forest (Sergipe, Bahia, Espírito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro), but did not match the observed distributional gaps in northern Rio de Janeiro, northern Espírito Santo or southern Bahia. Rather, the model showed that these areas are climatically suitable for the maned sloth, and thus suggests that factors other than climate might be responsible for the absence of species. Suitable areas for maned sloth were located mainly in the mountainous region of central Rio de Janeiro throughout Espírito Santo and to the coastal region of southern Bahia. We indicate 17 stronghold areas and recommended survey areas for the maned sloth. In addition, we highlight specific areas for conservation, including the current network protected areas. Our results can be applied for novel surveys and discovery of unknown populations, and help the selection of priority areas for management and conservation planning, especially of rare and relatively cryptic species directed associated with forested habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle de Oliveira Moreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Animal), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Gustavo Rocha Leite
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Rocha Coutinho
- Secretaria de Extrativismo e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Mariana Santos Zanon
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Animal), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Lucena Mendes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Animal), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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Higginbotham S, Wong WR, Linington RG, Spadafora C, Iturrado L, Arnold AE. Sloth hair as a novel source of fungi with potent anti-parasitic, anti-cancer and anti-bacterial bioactivity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84549. [PMID: 24454729 PMCID: PMC3893167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The extraordinary biological diversity of tropical forests harbors a rich chemical diversity with enormous potential as a source of novel bioactive compounds. Of particular interest are new environments for microbial discovery. Sloths – arboreal mammals commonly found in the lowland forests of Panama – carry a wide variety of micro- and macro-organisms on their coarse outer hair. Here we report for the first time the isolation of diverse and bioactive strains of fungi from sloth hair, and their taxonomic placement. Eighty-four isolates of fungi were obtained in culture from the surface of hair that was collected from living three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus, Bradypodidae) in Soberanía National Park, Republic of Panama. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a diverse group of Ascomycota belonging to 28 distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs), several of which are divergent from previously known taxa. Seventy-four isolates were cultivated in liquid broth and crude extracts were tested for bioactivity in vitro. We found a broad range of activities against strains of the parasites that cause malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi), and against the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Fifty fungal extracts were tested for antibacterial activity in a new antibiotic profile screen called BioMAP; of these, 20 were active against at least one bacterial strain, and one had an unusual pattern of bioactivity against Gram-negative bacteria that suggests a potentially new mode of action. Together our results reveal the importance of exploring novel environments for bioactive fungi, and demonstrate for the first time the taxonomic composition and bioactivity of fungi from sloth hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Higginbotham
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
- * E-mail:
| | - Weng Ruh Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Roger G. Linington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Carmenza Spadafora
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Liliana Iturrado
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - A. Elizabeth Arnold
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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CHAVES N, BARROS M, MENDONCA D, PORTELA E. Adrænaline, Noradrénaline, Réflexe Sino-Carotidien Chez LE Paresseux (Bradypus Tridactylus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 68:263-6. [PMID: 13809522 DOI: 10.3109/13813456009083546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hope K, Sanchez C, Murray S. Clinical challenge. An enlarged urinary bladder. J Zoo Wildl Med 2007; 36:550-2. [PMID: 17312784 DOI: 10.1638/04-046.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Hope
- Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Gai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
Although computed tomography (CT) is used primarily for diagnosis in humans, it can also be used to diagnose disease in veterinary patients. CT and associated three-dimensional reconstruction have a role in diagnosis of a range of illnesses in a variety of animals. In a sea turtle with failure to thrive, CT showed a nodal mass in the chest, granulomas in the lungs, and a ball in the stomach. CT of a sea dragon with balance and movement problems showed absence of the swim bladder. In a sloth with failure to thrive, CT allowed diagnosis of a coin in the intestine. CT of a puffin with failure to thrive showed a mass in the chest, which was found to be a hematoma. In a smooth-sided toad whose head was tilted to one side and who was circling in that direction, CT showed partial destruction of the temporal bone. CT of a domestic cat with listlessness showed a mass with focal calcification, which proved to be a leiomyosarcoma. CT of a sea otter showed pectus excavatum, which is caused by the animal smashing oysters against its chest. In a Japanese koi with abdominal swelling, CT allowed diagnosis of a hepatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Garland
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, 601 N Caroline St, Rm 3254, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Abstract
DNA was extracted from five coprolites, excavated in Gypsum Cave, Nevada and radiocarbon dated to approximately 11 000, 20 000 and 28 500 years BP. All coprolites contained mitochondrial DNA sequences identical to a DNA sequence determined from a bone of the extinct ground sloth Nothrotheriops shastensis. A 157-bp fragment of the chloroplast gene for the large subunit of the ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) was amplified from the boluses and several hundred clones were sequenced. In addition, the same DNA fragment was sequenced from 99 plant species that occur in the vicinity of Gypsum Cave today. When these were compared to the DNA sequences in GenBank, 69 were correctly (two incorrectly) assigned to taxonomic orders. The plant sequences from the five coprolites as well as from one previously studied coprolite were compared to rbcL sequences in GenBank and the contemporary plant species. Thirteen families or orders of plants that formed part of the diet of the Shasta ground sloth could be identified, showing that the ground sloth was feeding on trees as well as herbs and grasses. The plants in the boluses further indicate that the climate 11 000 years BP was dryer than 20 000 and 28 500 years BP. However, the sloths seem to have visited water sources more frequently at 11 000 BP than at earlier times.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hofreiter
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Inselstr. 22, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Bañuls AL, Jonquieres R, Guerrini F, Le Pont F, Barrera C, Espinel I, Guderian R, Echeverria R, Tibayrenc M. Genetic analysis of leishmania parasites in Ecuador: are Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis and Leishmania (V.) Guyanensis distinct taxa? Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 61:838-45. [PMID: 10586922 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of an epidemiologic survey in Ecuador, the following collection of Leishmania stocks was isolated: 28 from patients with clinical signs of leishmaniasis, 2 from sloths, 1 from a dog, and 4 from sand flies. For genetic characterization of these stocks, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were used. Twenty six of the 35 stocks were identified as either Leishmania (V.) panamensis or L. (V.) guyanensis, 2 stocks were identified as L. (V.) braziliensis, the 2 stocks from sloths showed specific genotypes, and 5 stocks were characterized as hybrids between L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (V.) guyanensis. These data show that genetic diversity of Leishmania in Ecuador is high and that L. (V.) panamensis/guyanensis is the dominant group in this country. The genetic analysis questioned the distinctness between the two species L.(V.) panamensis and L. (V.) guyanensis, since MLEE and RAPD data did not indicate that L. (V.) panamensis and L. (V.) guyanensis correspond to distinct monophyletic lines. Population genetic analysis performed on the L. (V.) panamensis/guyanensis group favors the hypothesis of a basically clonal population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Bañuls
- Centre d'Etudes sur le Polymorphisme des Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche no. 9926, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
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Franco AM, Momen H, Naiff RD, Moreira CF, Deane MP, Grimaldi Júnior G. Enzyme polymorphism in Endotrypanum and numerical analysis of isoenzyme data. Parasitology 1996; 113 ( Pt 1):39-48. [PMID: 8710413 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000066257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have analysed enzyme polymorphism among a group of protozoan parasites of the genus Endotrypanum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). Seventeen stocks of Endotrypanum spp. isolated from sloths (Choloepus didactylus and C. juruanus) in the Amazon Region of Brazil were analysed by enzyme electrophoresis, and their electromorphic profiles were compared with reference strains reported previously. The 16 enzymic loci were analysed, and the strains were classified into zymodemes, each representing parasites with unique enzyme profiles. Each zymodeme was considered as an elementary taxon, and using numerical analyses (cladistic, agglomerative hierarchical and ordination techniques) the genus was shown to be monophyletic and the 12 zymodemes characterized could be divided into 3 groups (A, B, C). The heterogeneous population (which may represent a complex of parasite species or strains variants) showed, however, no correlation with the origin (i.e. host species involved or geographic area of isolation) of Endotrypanum stocks. Eight isolates of Endotrypanum sp. from Rondônia State (Brazil) and a parasite strain from Panama were clustered together into a zymodeme, which was phenetically closely related to the E. monterogeii from Costa Rica. The data indicate that E. schaudinni is a species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Franco
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Duarte DP, Huggins SE, Da Costa CP, Leal AM. Responses of the three-toed sloth, Bradypus tridactylus, to some commonly used pharmacologic agents. II. Chloralose and reserpine. Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol 1989; 92:405-11. [PMID: 2565194 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(89)90075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Chloralose, 50 mg/kg i.v., is a safe effective anesthetic for sloths and reduces incidence of cardiac arrhythmias. 2. However, chloralose blocks baroreflexes and may reduce the sensitivity of beta 1 cardiac receptors. 3. Reserpine, 0.70 mg/kg given i.v. in divided doses, blocks the hypertensive effect of 100 micrograms/kg of tyramine in sloths. 4. Reserpine in this dosage materially reduces arterial pressure and heart rate; these effects last at least 7 days. 5. Reserpine potentiates the hypertensive effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine materially. 6. In sloths reserpine increases cardiac irritability but does not block baroreflexes. 7. As is true with most other drugs sloths are more sensitive to chloralose and reserpine than most common laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Duarte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Yaksh TL, Michener SR, Bailey JE, Harty GJ, Lucas DL, Nelson DK, Roddy DR, Go VL. Survey of distribution of substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, Met-enkephalin, bombesin and PHI in the spinal cord of cat, dog, sloth and monkey. Peptides 1988; 9:357-72. [PMID: 2453858 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(88)90272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Levels of substance P (sP), peptide-histidine-isoleucine (PHI), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), cholecystokinin (CCK), neurotensin (NT), bombesin (BOM) and methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk) like immunoreactivity were measured in cat, dog, primate and sloth cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral dorsal and ventral horns and dorsal root ganglia. The levels of peptides in the cat sacral cord and the principal peaks of immunoreactivity on a 10-60% acetonitrile gradient on a C18 reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were sP (sP1-11: 369 ng/g), PHI (PHI: 271 ng/g), VIP (VIP1-28: 210 ng/g), Met-Enk (Met1-5 and extended forms: 257 ng/g), BOM (BOM1-10 and GRP1-27: 20 ng/g), CCK (CCK-8: 15 ng/g) and NT (NT1-13: 10 ng/g). Consideration of the rostrocaudal levels revealed an approximately even distribution with the exception of VIP and PHI which showed sacral/cervical ratios of 79 and 63. For sP, Met-Enk and BOM dorsal/ventral ratios were greater than 1 at all spinal levels. For VIP, PHI and CCK these ratios were greater than 1 only in the sacral cord. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) levels of sP, VIP, PHI were readily measurable in single ganglia and covaried with the respective levels in the dorsal cord. Pooled samples of spinal ganglia and the trigeminal ganglia revealed that the relative levels of peptide immunoreactivity were: sP (25 ng/g); VIP (26 ng/g); PHI (28 ng/g); Met-Enk (6 ng/g); CCK (2 ng/g); NT (1 ng/g); and BOM (1 ng/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Yaksh
- Laboratory of Neurosurgical Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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Ramprashad F, Landolt JP, Money KE, Laufer J. Dimensional analysis and dynamic response characterization of mammalian peripheral vestibular structures. Am J Anat 1984; 169:295-313. [PMID: 6609629 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001690306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Extensive morphometric measurements were made on the vestibular system of the rabbit ( Oryctulagus cuniculus), the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), the chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger ), and the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) from serial sections of temporal bones. Additionally, a more limited set of measurements were also completed on the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus), the Capuchin monkey (Cebus sp.), the harp seal ( Pagophilus groenlandicus Erxleben , 1777), and the two-toed sloth ( Choloepus sp.). The following measurements were made: 1) radius of curvature (R) of each membranous semicircular canal (herein called semicircular duct-see nomenclature in Nomina Anatomica (1968) ), 2) cross-sectional diameter of the ducts and the osseous semicircular canals, and 3) some pertinent morphometrics of the cristae ampullares and the utricle. In all species studied 1) the radii of curvature of the three semicircular ducts are dissimilar, with that of the lateral duct being as small as, or smaller than, those of the anterior and posterior ducts; 2) R for the anterior duct is largest in the harp seal and the rabbit; 3) the canal and duct dimensions are largest in the Capuchin and squirrel monkeys, the two-toed sloth, and the harp seal, and smallest in the gerbil; 4) the proportion of otic fluid "space" that is occupied by endolymph shows a ranking of gerbil greater than rabbit greater than two-toed sloth greater than chinchilla = owl monkey greater than squirrel monkey greater than Capuchin monkey greater than harp seal; and 5) the gross ampullary and utricular dimensions are largest in the harp seal and smallest in the gerbil. These measurements were used for determining the time constants describing semicircular-canal dynamics in the Steinhausen (1931, 1933) and Oman -Marcus (1980) equations.
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Goldovskiĭ AM. [Does water go into the structure of viable structures?]. Biofizika 1979; 24:755-6. [PMID: 573142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Herrer A, Christensen HA. Epidemiological patterns of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Panama. I. Epidemics among small groups of settlers. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1976; 70:59-65. [PMID: 1267510 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1976.11687095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemic of cutaneous leishmanniasis among a small group of people established in a Panamanian forested area was studied. The first settlers arrived in June 1971, and by June 1973 there were 37 persons, 33 of whom had no previous history of the disease. Epidemiological surveys were made in June 1973 and March 1974. The disease developed in 14 (42.4%) of the 33 susceptible persons by June 1973, with an exposure time ranging from one to 14 months. The last case occurred in April 1973, and no new cases were observed during the ensuing 11 months. Two (15.4%) of 13 dogs examined were found with cutaneous leishmaniasis, but none of 41 feral mammals studied, mainly terrestrial rodents, was infected. Four leishmanial strains characterized, three from patients and one from a dog, were identified as Leishmania braziliensis. Phlebotomine sandfly population composition was studied and the probable vectors involved in the transmission to man were determined.
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Herrer A, Christensen HA. Epidemiological patterns of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Panama. III. Endemic persistence of the disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1976; 25:54-8. [PMID: 816214 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1976.25.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic persistence of cutaneous leishmaniasis is described in El Aguacate, a community established in the forest of central Panama about 75 years ago. Physiographic pecularities partially isolate El Aguacate from other villages in the region. Some of the original forest environment has been preserved and man-biting species of phlebotomine sandflies were abundant as was the two-toed sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni, the principal reservoir host of Leishmania braziliensis in Panama. The inhabitants, as well as their dogs, were examined for natural leishmaniasis in 1969 and 1973. Mammals and phlebotomine sandflies were collected from 1968 to 1973 in a search for reservoir hosts and potential vectors of the disease. Similar studies were undertaken in two nearby villages during 1968 and 1969. L. braziliensis has persisted for many years in El Aguacate, and infection is acquired during childhood. Dogs also were found naturally infected, and the two-toed sloth showed yearly infection rates up to 47.8%. Parasites were demonstrated from a night monkey, Aotus trivirgatus.
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Abstract
Natural leishmanial infections among feral mammals in the Republic of Panama were studied in relation to gross skin alterations. Three dermatotropic species of Leishmania, L. braziliensis, L. mexicana and L. hertigi, isolated from 230 sylvatic animals of 5 mammalian orders were involved. In 205 (89%) of the cases there were no gross skin alterations. Cryptic infections of all three leishmanial species among wild animals were confirmed by culture and hamster inoculation. This type of infection was always present in the sloths, Choloepus hoffmanni and Bradypus infusatcus, infected with L. braziliensis and in the porcupine, Coendou rothschildi, infected with L. hertigi. Suggestive skin alterations were encountered in 10 (4%) of infected animals. Only 15 (7%) of infected animals exhibited typical leishmanial lesions. It was possible to correlate skin depigmentation with the course of leishmanial infection in one animal, a young kinkajou, Potos flavus.
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HERBIG-SANDREUTER A. [NEW OBSERVATIONS ON THE VENEZUELAN THREE-TOED SLOTH BRADYPUS INFUSCATUS FLACCIDUS, GRAY 1849]. Acta Trop 1964; 21:97-113. [PMID: 14200619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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FAIN A. Edentalges choloepi sp. n., acarien parasite cuticole du paresseux didactyle Choloepus didactylus (L.) (Psoroptidae: Sarcoptiformes). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1964; 25:104-7. [PMID: 14332981 DOI: 10.1007/bf00259950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Foram estudadas as respostas evocadas no córtex do bicho preguiça (Bradypus tridactylus) mediante estimulação auditiva, o que permitiu delimitar, abaixo do sulco supra-silviano, duas áreas auditivas (A-I e A-II), com latência para o início da fase positiva de 20 ms (19-25 ms) e 30 ms (27-35 ms), respectivamente. Com anestesia barbitúrica profunda, foram obtidas respostas de longa latência (65-110 ms para o início da fase positiva), distribuídas difusamente no córtex, com predominância no pólo anterior do cérebro. Foi estudada a interação de um som contínuo sôbre a resposta evocada em AI, assim como a resistência da resposta evocada em A-I à asfixia. Alguns animais apresentaram resposta evocada em A-I, mesmo após 25 minutos de asfixia.
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BERGMANS J, COLLE J, CORDIER M, GEREBTZOFF MA, GOFFART M, GYBELS J, MEULDERS M. [DETERMINATION OF SENSORIAL PROJECTIONS OF SOMATIC, VISUAL AND AUDITORY ORIGIN ON THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF THE SLOTH (CHOLOEPUS HOFFMANNI, PETERS)]. Arch Int Physiol Biochim 1963; 71:834-6. [PMID: 14097326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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MARECHAL G, GOFFART M, AUBERT X. [New research on the properties of the skeletal muscle of the 3-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni Peters)]. Arch Int Physiol Biochim 1963; 71:236-40. [PMID: 13932950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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BARAC G. [Research on bile from the unau, Choloepus hoffmanni Pet]. Arch Int Physiol Biochim 1963; 71:117-8. [PMID: 13966413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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JAMMAERS C. Analyse électrophorétique, en phase liquide, des extraits musculaires de l'unau Cholœpus Hoffmani Peters. Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie 1963; 71:773-87. [PMID: 14097312 DOI: 10.3109/13813456309092198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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CHAVES N, PORTELA E, CALIXTO S. Étude des récepteurs adrénergiques beta chez le paresseux ( bradypus tridactylus). Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie 1963; 71:802-9. [PMID: 14097315 DOI: 10.3109/13813456309092201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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PALEM-VLIERS M, BROUHON N, BURET J, HEUSGHEM C, VAN CAUWENBERGE H. [Adrenal activity in the sloth unau, Choloepus hoffmanni Pet]. Arch Int Physiol Biochim 1962; 70:412-4. [PMID: 14483317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
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JEUNIAUX C. [Research on polysaccharides in the stomach of the sloth Cholepus hoffmanni Pet. (Mammalia, Edentata)]. Arch Int Physiol Biochim 1962; 70:407-8. [PMID: 14451759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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FREDERIC J. [Preliminary research on the chromosomal matching in Choloepus hoffmanni Peters]. Arch Int Physiol Biochim 1962; 70:317-9. [PMID: 13894820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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DRESSE A, GEREBTZOFF MA. Occurrence of dopa, dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline in the adrenal medulla of the sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni Peters). Arch Int Physiol Biochim 1962; 70:313-5. [PMID: 13887792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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GEREBTZOFF MA. [Primary structural characteristics of the isocortex of the sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni Peters)]. Arch Int Physiol Biochim 1962; 70:315-7. [PMID: 13897922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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PHILIPPOT E, GOFFART M. Alpha and beta adrenoceptive receptors in the sloth. Arch Int Physiol Biochim 1962; 70:107-10. [PMID: 14486203 DOI: 10.3109/13813456209092847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
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CLOSON J. Etude de la fonction thyroïdienne au moyen de Na 131I, chez Cholœpus-hofrmanniPeters. I. Fixation thyroïdienne et excrétion de Na 131I. Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie 1962; 70:97-102. [PMID: 13879990 DOI: 10.3109/13813456209092845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
In striking contrast to the seizure patterns of other animals, the electroshock seizure of the sloth consists of weak extension followed by tonic flexion and terminal clonus. A similar pattern is seen with direct spinal cord stimulation. Strychnine produces a pure flexor convulsion. In the spinal sloth, painful stimulation of one foot causes extension at some joints of that limb and strong flexion at all joints of the contralateral limb.
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