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Sumida W, Cassel K, Sonomura S, Lu S, Taira D. The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy Scripts: A Collaborative Community-Based Sun Protection Education Program. Hawaii J Health Soc Welf 2020; 79:23-27. [PMID: 31967108 PMCID: PMC6969393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Sumida
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI (WS, SS, SL,DT)
| | - Kevin Cassel
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (KC)
| | - Sabine Sonomura
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI (WS, SS, SL,DT)
| | - Stacy Lu
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI (WS, SS, SL,DT)
| | - Deborah Taira
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI (WS, SS, SL,DT)
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Dodds M, Arron ST, Linos E, Polcari I, Mansh MD. Characteristics and Skin Cancer Risk Behaviors of Adult Sunless Tanners in the United States. JAMA Dermatol 2018; 154:1066-1071. [PMID: 30046802 PMCID: PMC6143043 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Incidence rates of nonmelanoma and melanoma skin cancers are increasing rapidly in the United States likely because of increased UV light exposure. Sunless tanning is a safe alternative to achieve tanned skin that might help reduce skin cancer incidence by deterring risky behaviors. However, limited data exist on the characteristics and associated skin cancer risk behaviors of sunless tanners in the United States. Objective To assess the demographic characteristics and skin cancer risk behaviors of sunless tanners among adults in the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants This secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study used data from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey, a population-based survey of the US noninstitutionalized civilian population. Participants included 27 353 men and women 18 years or older. Main Outcome and Measures Participant demographics and skin cancer risk behaviors, including indoor tanning, skin cancer screening, sunburn, and sun protection behaviors. Results Of the 27 353 adults (representative of more than 198 million US adults; mean [SE] age, 46.0 [0.2] years) studied, 6.4% (SE, 0.2%) reported sunless tanning. Factors associated with sunless tanning included being young, female, non-Hispanic white, college educated, nonobese, and sun sensitive, living in the western United States, and having a family history of skin cancer. Sunless tanners were more likely to report indoor tanning (adjusted prevalence odds ratio [aPOR], 3.77; 95% CI, 3.19-4.43; P < .001), recent sunburn (aPOR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.31-1.83; P < .001), use of sunscreen (β = 0.19; 95% CI, 0.09-0.28; P < .001), and having had a full-body skin examination (aPOR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.51-2.08; P < .001) but less likely to seek shade (β = -0.12; 95% CI, -0.19 to -0.04; P = .001) or use protective clothing when outdoors (long pants: β = -0.18; 95% CI, -0.26 to -0.11; P < .001; long sleeves: β = -0.10; 95% CI, -0.18 to -0.03; P = .01). Among indoor tanners, sunless tanners compared with those who did not sunless tan reported increased frequency of indoor tanning (mean [SE], 19.2 [1.9] vs 14.9 [1.2] sessions in the past 12 months; P = .04) but no differences in other skin cancer risk behaviors. Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that sunless tanning is associated with risky skin cancer-related behaviors. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess whether sunless tanning changes UV exposure behaviors to better determine whether sunless tanning represents an effective public health strategy to reduce rates of skin cancer in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Dodds
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Sarah T. Arron
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Eleni Linos
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ingrid Polcari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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Lin BM, Li WQ, Curhan SG, Stankovic KM, Qureshi AA, Curhan GC. Skin Pigmentation and Risk of Hearing Loss in Women. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 186:1-10. [PMID: 28525626 PMCID: PMC5860009 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Black individuals have a lower risk of hearing loss than do whites, possibly because of differences in cochlear melanocytes. Previous studies have suggested that darker-skinned individuals tend to have more inner ear melanin, and cochlear melanocytes are important in generating the endocochlear potential. We investigated the relationship between self-reported hearing loss and skin pigmentation by using hair color, skin tanning ability, and skin reaction to prolonged sun exposure as surrogate measures of pigmentation among 49,323 white women in the Nurses' Health Study. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to adjust for potential confounders. During 1,190,170 person-years of follow-up (1982-2012), there was no association between risk of hearing loss and hair color (for black hair vs. red or blonde hair, multivariable-adjusted relative risk (RR) = 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.90, 1.09), skin tanning ability (for dark tan vs. no tan, multivariable-adjusted RR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.92, 1.05), skin reaction to prolonged sun exposure (for painful burn with blisters vs. practically no reaction, multivariable-adjusted RR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.08), or Fitzpatrick skin phototype (for type IV vs. type I, multivariable-adjusted RR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.92, 1.05). In our cohort of white women, surrogates for skin pigmentation were not associated with risk of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Lin
- Correspondence to Dr. Brian Min-Hann Lin, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 (e-mail: )
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Affiliation(s)
- J Witczak
- From the Aneurin Bevan Health Board, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Cardiff Road, Newport, Gwent, NP20 2UB, UK
| | - O Williams
- From the Aneurin Bevan Health Board, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Cardiff Road, Newport, Gwent, NP20 2UB, UK
| | - T Shekaraiah
- From the Aneurin Bevan Health Board, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Cardiff Road, Newport, Gwent, NP20 2UB, UK
| | - K Obuobie
- From the Aneurin Bevan Health Board, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Cardiff Road, Newport, Gwent, NP20 2UB, UK
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Schneider S, Schirmbeck F, Bock C, Greinert R, Breitbart EW, Diehl K. Casting shadows on the prevalence of tanning dependence: an assessment of mCAGE criteria. Acta Derm Venereol 2015; 95:162-8. [PMID: 24923306 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently more and more studies have reported high prevalence rates for a 'tanning dependence' among tanning bed users. The authors of these studies base their argumentation on a modified (m) version of the CAGE (Cut-down, Annoyed, Guilty and Eye-opener) Criteria, initially used for alcohol addiction. By means of cognitive interviews and a large population survey, we tested the validity of the mCAGE Criteria and the above-mentioned prevalence that was deduced on the basis of rather small collectives. Firstly, it seems that the mCAGE Criteria wording used so far is inconsistent, misleading and intrinsically invalid. Secondly, our population-based data show a much lower percentage (15%) of current sunbed users with potential dependence symptoms than the above-mentioned previously published studies. Thirdly, the usage parameters for most of the supposed 'addicts' do not indicate a substance addiction: 38% of the users with positive scores reported not having visited a tanning studio at all in the previous month, 39% did not use sunbeds regularly and 89% did not show signs of tolerance to UV radiation. The mCAGE Criteria do not seem suitable for assessing tanning dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Schneider
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine (MIPH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Straße 7-11, DE-68167, Mannheim, Germany.
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Beyene D, Daremipouran M, Apprey V, Williams R, Ricks-Santi L, Kassim OO, Naab TJ, Kanaan YM, Copeland RL. Use of tanning potential as a predictor for prostate cancer risk in African-American men. In Vivo 2014; 28:1181-7. [PMID: 25398820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Vitamin D deficiency in African-Americans is common due to the high melanin content of the skin that reduces the absorption of UV radiation. To determine if there is a correlation between UV exposure, tanning potential and vitamin D with prostate cancer (PC) risk, we conducted a case-control study of 183 African-American men aged 40 years and older residing in the Washington, DC area. PATIENTS AND METHODS PC status was described as a binary variable as the presence or absence of cancer and the environmental factors as continuous variables. We used a logistic regression model describing PC as the response, while age, tanning potential, sunlight and vitamin D were treated as the predictors. RESULTS Men aged 60 years and older had a seven-fold increased risk for developing PC compared to those aged 50 years and less (p<0.003). Tanning potential was a significant (p=0.05) risk factor for PC, while sunlight exposure and vitamin D were not. Tanning potential was also significant (p=0.044) when adjusted for vitamin D and age. However, tanning potential was only marginally significant when adjusted for sunlight exposure (p=0.064) CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicate that tanning potential may be a predictor for PC risk in African-American men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desta Beyene
- Howard University Cancer Center, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - Mohammad Daremipouran
- Howard University Cancer Center, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - Victor Apprey
- National Human Genome Center, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Community and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - Robert Williams
- Department of Family Medicine, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | | | - Olakunle O Kassim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - Tammey J Naab
- Department of Pathology, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - Yasmine M Kanaan
- Howard University Cancer Center, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - Robert L Copeland
- Howard University Cancer Center, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
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Karras SN, Anagnostis P, Naughton DP, Petroczi A, Goulis DG. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy: confronting the issues. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 81:154. [PMID: 24102337 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon N Karras
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Andersen LB, Abrahamsen B, Dalgård C, Kyhl HB, Beck-Nielsen SS, Frost-Nielsen M, Jørgensen JS, Barington T, Christesen HT. Parity and tanned white skin as novel predictors of vitamin D status in early pregnancy: a population-based cohort study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 79:333-41. [PMID: 23305099 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In pregnancy, vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) <50 nM, and <25 nM, respectively, may have adverse effects for both mother and child. Prevalence estimates, and identification of subgroups at special risk, may be useful for the planning of preventive strategies. OBJECTIVE To study the prevalence and risk factors of hypovitaminosis D in early pregnancy. DESIGN AND METHODS In a cross-sectional study of 1348 women in early pregnancy from the Odense Child Cohort, Denmark, 25(OH)D was determined and correlated to demographic and lifestyle variables (age, nationality, skin tone, parity, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), smoking and sun exposure), using multiple linear and logistic regression analyses for all year, or stratified for summer and winter. The risk of vitamin D insufficiency was expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals in brackets. RESULTS The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was estimated to 27·8% and 3·5% respectively. In adjusted analyses, vitamin D insufficiency was directly associated with winter season, OR = 1·89 (1·35-2·63); increasing prepregnancy BMI, OR = 1·06 (1·03-1·10); and smoking, OR = 2·7 (1·34-5·41); but was less frequent in nulliparous, OR = 0·47 (0·33-0·68) and tanned Caucasians, OR = 0·63 (0·41-0·97). Season-specific associations having parental origin from outside Europe in summer, OR = 4·13 (1·41-12·13); in winter smoking, OR = 3·15 (1·19-8·36); and prepregnancy BMI, OR = 1·12 (1·06-1·18). CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D insufficiency was widespread in early pregnancy. Associations to smoking, prepregnancy BMI and origin outside Europe varied with season. Multiparity and not being tanned in Caucasians represent new risk factors of vitamin D insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Andersen
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Robb-Nicholson C. Ask the doctor. Instead of tanning outside in the sun, I've been using a sunless tanner. Are sunless tanners safe? Harv Womens Health Watch 2013; 20:2. [PMID: 24818273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Brod BA. Health care reform produces both heat and light with the indoor tanning tax. Cutis 2013; 91:221-223. [PMID: 23772426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Brod
- University of Pennsylvania Health System, Department of Dermatology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine South Pavilion, 1st Floor, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
In October 2011, California became the first US state to ban indoor tanning for minors under age 18 years. Vermont followed in May 2012. Increasingly, scientific evidence shows that artificial tanning raises the risk of skin cancer, including melanoma, a common cancer in adolescents and young adults and the type most likely to result in death. The World Health Organization, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Dermatology, the American Medical Association, and other organizations strongly recommend legislation to ban minors under age 18 from indoor tanning. Several nations have banned teen tanning. Yet, tanning in salons is still a prevalent practice in the United States, especially among teen girls, where rates for the oldest teens approach 40%. There is no federal legislation to restrict minors from salon tanning. More than 60% of states have some kind of legislation regarding minors' use of tanning salons, but only California and Vermont have passed complete bans of indoor tanning for minors. The Indoor Tanning Association, an industry advocacy group, has vigorously opposed legislative efforts. Pediatricians can play key roles in counseling families and with legislative efforts. In this update, we review the prevalence of salon tanning, association with skin cancer risk, tanning addiction, the roles of the federal and state governments in regulation and legislation, and responses to arguments created by industry to oppose legislation. Preventing exposure to artificial tanning may save lives, including young lives, and is a key cancer prevention opportunity for pediatricians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Balk
- Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
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Mayer DK. What's the price of a tan? Clin J Oncol Nurs 2012; 16:337. [PMID: 22842682 DOI: 10.1188/12.cjon.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Stephens TJ, Herndon JH, Colón LE, Gottschalk RW. The impact of natural sunlight exposure on the UVB-sun protection factor (UVB-SPF) and UVA protection factor (UVA-PF) of a UVA/UVB SPF 50 sunscreen. J Drugs Dermatol 2011; 10:150-155. [PMID: 21283919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the functional stability of Cetaphil UVA/UVB Defense SPF 50 as measured by its ultraviolet B sun protection factor (UVB-SPF) and ultraviolet A protection factor (UVA-PF) values following exposure to natural sunlight versus the UVB-SPF and UVA-PF values of unexposed product. METHODS These two randomized, controlled, evaluator-blinded, single-center trials were conducted according to the methods outlined in the 2007 Proposed Amendment to the Final Monograph, “Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use.” Sunscreen samples were applied to glass plates and exposed to ultraviolet radiation in the form of natural sunlight in four minimal erythemal doses (MED) ranging from 2–6 MED (42–36 mJ/cm2). Three test sites were identified on the back of each study subject. Exposed sunscreen (one of four doses), unexposed sunscreen, and a UVB-SPF 15 control sunscreen were applied to the three test sites in a randomized fashion, followed by UV irradiation of incremental doses. Erythema and pigment darkening responses were assessed immediately following UV exposure and again 16–24 hours (erythema) or three to 24 hours (pigment darkening) after exposure. UVB-SPF and UVA-PF values were calculated for the exposed and unexposed samples. RESULTS The calculated UVB-SPF and UVA-PF values for all test samples (exposed and unexposed) were >50 and >9, respectively, which were greater than the stated UVB-SPF and UVA-PF values on the product label. No differences were observed between the exposed and unexposed samples in UVB-SPF or UVA-PF. CONCLUSION The UVA and UVB protection using standard evaluation techniques of Cetaphil UVA/UVB Defense SPF 50 remains stable despite exposure of the sunscreen to natural sunlight containing UVB ranging from 2–16 MED (41–336 mJ/cm2) and coexistent UVA.
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Yamazaki H, Yoshida K, Nishimura T, Kobayashi K, Tsubokura T, Kodani N, Aibe N, Nishimura T. Association between skin phototype and radiation dermatitis in patients with breast cancer treated with breast-conserving therapy: suntan reaction could be a good predictor for radiation pigmentation. J Radiat Res 2011; 52:496-501. [PMID: 21905308 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.10169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Yamazaki
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajiicho Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Japan.
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I'm going on vacation in the Caribbean this winter. Should I use a tanning bed to prepare for the sun? Mayo Clin Womens Healthsource 2010; 14:8. [PMID: 19959983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Bonino A, Facta S, Saudino S, Anglesio L, D'Amore G. Tanning lamps ultraviolet emissions and compliance with technical standards. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2009; 137:197-200. [PMID: 19880416 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncp243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work the compliance of tanning lamps with technical standards EN 60335-2-27 'Household and similar electrical appliances-Safety. Part 2: Particular requirements for appliances for skin exposure to ultraviolet and infrared radiation' was analysed. Results of this analysis showed that none of the examined technical documentation produced by the lamps manufacturers is fully compliant with the standard technique. Furthermore data reported in the same manuals, such as effective radiant exposure or irradiance, would indicate that these sources may be the cause of undue exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. For this reason a measurement campaign on UV lamps used in tanning salons was organised. The first results of these measurements seem to confirm the doubts raised from the analysis of the lamp manuals: the use of a tanning lamp can lead to UV radiation exposure levels higher than reference maximum values recommended by EN 60335-2-27.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bonino
- ARPA Piemonte Centro Regionale Radiazioni Ionizzanti e Non ionizzanti, Ivrea, Italia.
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Robb-Nicholson C. By the way, doctor. Does tanning in a tanning bed cause less damage than natural sunlight? Harv Womens Health Watch 2009; 17:8. [PMID: 19928632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Abstract
This paper examines older women's experiences and perceptions of sunbathing, sun avoidance, and suntanned appearances. Using data from in-depth interviews with 36 women aged 71 to 94, we elucidate the motivations behind the women's sunbathing practices. Specifically, we explore how the women responded to the health and appearance risks associated with exposure to and avoidance of ultraviolet radiation as well as extant feminine beauty norms. The majority of women put their experiences of sunbathing in an emergent historical context. Although most of the women suggested that suntanned appearances were indicative of health and beauty, sunbathers tended to downplay their health risks by distancing themselves from those they considered to be most at risk, namely tanning bed users and individuals who acquired overly dark suntans. Sunbathers also emphasised the benefits of sun exposure for adequate vitamin D absorption. In contrast, the women who did not suntan tended to have experienced negative health and appearance consequences from their past sunbathing practices. Thus, these women emphasised the importance of future health over immediate appearance dividends. We discuss our findings in relation to the extant research on suntanning and the literature pertaining to health, risk, and beauty work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hurd Clarke
- School of Human Kinetics, The University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the influence of appearance, health, and future orientations on tanning attitudes and behaviors. METHODS The study was an online survey of 406 volunteers from a university community. RESULTS Appearance and future orientations were more closely related to ultraviolet radiation exposure and protection than was health orientation. CONCLUSIONS Future research and interventions may benefit from closer attention to associations between specific motivational orientations and behaviors.
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Olson AL, Gaffney CA, Starr P, Dietrich AJ. The impact of an appearance-based educational intervention on adolescent intention to use sunscreen. Health Educ Res 2008; 23:763-769. [PMID: 18039727 PMCID: PMC2733802 DOI: 10.1093/her/cym005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
During adolescence, there is a steady decline in the use of sun protection and increased use of indoor tanning lights. Previous health education efforts have changed knowledge but not these behaviors. Middle school students (n=113) received a single educational class that included personal viewing of skin changes visible under ultraviolet (UV) filtered light. Pre-/post-surveys assessed past, current and future intent to use sunscreen, as well as sun benefit and sun risk attitudes. Prior to the session, 42% were sunscreen non-users and 21% were consistent users. At post-test, one-third of students who had not previously intended to use sunscreen in the next month now intended to use it. Among students who had seen skin damage, 59% reported intention to use sunscreen in the next month versus 35% who did not see skin changes (P = 0.04). Viewing sun damage was an independent predictor of intent to use sunscreen in the next month (OR 2.9, P = 0.04), as was older age (OR 2.6, P = 0.04) and previous consistent sunscreen use (OR 6.1, P = 0.004). A brief educational intervention that emphasizes risk-to-appearance and personalizes the risks of UV exposure has the potential to influence early adolescent sun protection. Long-term studies of this approach are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardis L Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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Dixon H, Dobbinson S, Wakefield M, Jamsen K, McLeod K. Portrayal of tanning, clothing fashion and shade use in Australian women's magazines, 1987-2005. Health Educ Res 2008; 23:791-802. [PMID: 18000026 DOI: 10.1093/her/cym057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To examine modelling of outcomes relevant to sun protection in Australian women's magazines, content analysis was performed on 538 spring and summer issues of popular women's magazines from 1987 to 2005. A total of 4949 full-colour images of Caucasian females were coded for depth of tan, extent of clothing cover, use of shade and setting. Logistic regression using robust standard errors to adjust for clustering on magazine was used to assess the relationship between these outcomes and year, setting and model's physical characteristics. Most models portrayed outdoors did not wear hats (89%) and were not in shade (87%). Between 1987 and 2005, the proportion of models depicted wearing hats decreased and the proportion of models portrayed with moderate to dark tans declined and then later increased. Younger women were more likely to be portrayed with a darker tan and more of their body exposed. Models with more susceptible phenotypes (paler hair and eye colour) were less likely to be depicted with a darker tan. Darker tans and poor sun-protective behaviour were most common among models depicted at beaches/pools. Implicit messages about sun protection in popular Australian women's magazines contradict public health messages concerning skin cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Dixon
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, The Cancer Council Victoria, 1 Rathdowne Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
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