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Ocel'ová V, Chizzola R, Pisarčíková J, Novak J, Ivanišinoviá O, Faix Š. Effect of Thyme Essential Oil Supplementation on Thymol Content in Blood Plasma, Liver, Kidney and Muscle in Broiler Chickens. Nat Prod Commun 2016; 11:1545-1550. [PMID: 30549619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The absorption and metabolism of phytogenic feed additives in poultry is studied related to the metabolism and deposition of their main compounds in tissues intended for food production. Fifty-six non-sexed Ross 308 broilers were allocated to seven dietary treatments and fed a diet containing graded levels of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil (EO) (0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.1%, w/w). Thymol concentration was measured in plasma, liver, kidney and breast muscle tissue using solid phase micro-extraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We found the highest concentrations of thymol in kidney and plasma, and the lowest in breast muscle and liver. Thymol content in plasma and kidney significantly increased when 0.05 and 0.1%, w/w, EO and in liver and breast muscle only when 0.1%, w/w, EO was added to the diet (p<0.05). Our results indicate intensive metabolism of thymol in liver and its accumulation in kidney tissue. We confirm low deposition of thymol in the muscle tissue. It is necessary to.-keep in mind the selection of a sufficient concentration of EO in the feed additive for animals without the risk of thymol residues in edible tissues.
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Haselmeyer A, Zentek J, Chizzola R. Effects of thyme as a feed additive in broiler chickens on thymol in gut contents, blood plasma, liver and muscle. J Sci Food Agric 2015; 95:504-508. [PMID: 24862829 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aromatic herbs as feed additives in animal production are encountering growing interest, but data on the fate of the aromatic compounds from the plant in the animal body are very scarce. In the present study, thyme (Thymus vulgaris) herb consisting of leaves and flowers without stems was used as an ingredient in the diet for broilers. The herb was fed for 35 days to five groups of broilers (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 1% w/w in the diet). Animal performance and the concentrations of the main essential oil component from thyme, thymol, were measured in gut contents, plasma and liver and muscle tissues using solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS There were no differences between the groups in feed intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion and slaughter weight. Thymol was detected in gut contents, plasma and liver and muscle tissues. Increased intestinal thymol concentrations were found in the group with 1% thyme compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). In liver and muscle tissues the thymol levels were close to the limit of quantification. CONCLUSION The data do not indicate a positive effect of thyme on animal performance. With high dietary levels of thyme herb, thymol concentrations increased in gut contents and plasma but were very low in edible tissues such as liver and flesh. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Haselmeyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
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Rubió L, Serra A, Macià A, Borràs X, Romero MP, Motilva MJ. Validation of determination of plasma metabolites derived from thyme bioactive compounds by improved liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 905:75-84. [PMID: 22939267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a selective and sensitive method, based on microelution solid-phase extraction (μSPE) plate and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was validated and applied to determine the plasma metabolites of the bioactive compounds of thyme. For validation process, standards of the more representative components of the phenolic and monoterpene fractions of thyme were spiked in plasma samples and then the quality parameters of the method were studied. Extraction recoveries (%R) of the studied compounds were higher than 75%, and the matrix effect (%ME) was lower than 18%. The LODs ranged from 1 to 65 μg/L, except for the thymol sulfate metabolite, which was 240 μg/L. This method was then applied for the analysis of rat plasma obtained at different times, from 0 to 6h, after an acute intake of thyme extract (5 g/kg body weight). Different thyme metabolites were identified and were mainly derived from rosmarinic acid (coumaric acid sulfate, caffeic acid sulfate, ferulic acid sulfate, hydroxyphenylpropionic acid sulfate, dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid sulfate and hydroxybenzoic acid) and thymol (thymol sulfate and thymol glucuronide). The most abundant thyme metabolites generated were hydroxyphenylpropionic acid sulfate and thymol sulfate, their respective concentrations in plasma being 446 and 8464 μM 1h after the intake of the thyme extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rubió
- Department of Food Technology, XaRTA-UTPV, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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Wilhelmsson C, Vedin A. Laboratory analyses during two years' treatment with alprenolol in patients with myocardial infarction. Acta Med Scand Suppl 2009; 575:31-5. [PMID: 168738 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1975.tb06483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hagmüller W, Jugl-Chizzola M, Zitterl-Eglseer K, Gabler C, Spergser J, Chizzola R, Franz C. The use of Thymi Herba as feed additive (0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%) in weanling piglets with assessment of the shedding of haemolysing E. coli and the detection of thymol in the blood plasma. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2006; 119:50-4. [PMID: 16450709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Thymi Herba (Thymus vulgaris, rubbed) was given as feed additive to weanling piglets. 3 concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%, 1%) were tested against a control group. Rectal swabs were collected weekly and were sent in for bacterial testing. The shedding of haemolysing E. coli was evaluated. There was no significant difference in the shedding of haemolysing E. coli between the 4 groups. Neither was there a difference in the distribution of the various serotypes. Thymol was detected in the blood plasma in all thyme groups. The increase in thymol level with greater amounts of thyme herb was significant. Three days after withdrawal of the feed additive no thymol levels were detected. The study results did not reveal any effects on haemolysing E. coli in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Hagmüller
- Institute for Organic Agriculture and Biodiversity of Large Animals, Agricultural Research and Education Centre Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Wels, Austria.
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van den Hoven R, Zappe H, Zitterl-Eglseer K, Jugl M, Franz C. Study of the effect of Bronchipret on the lung function of five Austrian saddle horses suffering recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Vet Rec 2003; 152:555-7. [PMID: 12751606 DOI: 10.1136/vr.152.18.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The effects of an oral preparation containing an extract of thyme and primula (Bronchipret; Bionorica) on the lung function of five horses suffering heaves were determined in a longitudinal study. The horses accepted the product well. The plasma concentrations of the marker substance, thymol, indicated that at least one of the substances in the extract had been absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The compliance, pulmonary pressure and airway resistance of the horses' lungs were all significantly improved after one month of treatment However, the severity of their clinical signs and their arterial oxygen partial pressure had not improved significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- R van den Hoven
- First Medical Clinic for Ungulates and Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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Kohlert C, Schindler G, März RW, Abel G, Brinkhaus B, Derendorf H, Gräfe EU, Veit M. Systemic availability and pharmacokinetics of thymol in humans. J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 42:731-7. [PMID: 12092740 DOI: 10.1177/009127002401102678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Essential oil compounds such as found in thyme extract are established for the therapy of chronic and acute bronchitis. Various pharmacodynamic activities for thyme extract and the essential thyme oil, respectively, have been demonstrated in vitro, but availability of these compounds in the respective target organs has not been proven. Thus, investigation of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion are necessary to provide the link between in vitro effects and in vivo studies. To determine the systemic availability and the pharmacokinetics of thymol after oral application to humans, a clinical trial was carried out in 12 healthy volunteers. Each subject received a single dose of a Bronchipret TP tablet, which is equivalent to 1.08 mg thymol. No thymol could be detected in plasma or urine. However, the metabolites thymol sulfate and thymol glucuronide were found in urine and identified by LC-MS/MS. Plasma and urine samples were analyzed after enzymatic hydrolysis of the metabolites by headspace solid-phase microextraction prior to GC analysis and flame ionization detection. Thymol sulfate, but not thymol glucuronide, was detectable in plasma. Peak plasma concentrations were 93.1+/-24.5 ng ml(-1) and were reached after 2.0+/-0.8 hours. The mean terminal elimination half-life was 10.2 hours. Thymol sulfate was detectable up to 41 hours after administration. Urinary excretion could be followed over 24 hours. The amount of both thymol sulfate and glucuronide excreted in 24-hour urine was 16.2%+/-4.5% of the dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kohlert
- German Central Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Sinzig
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Kohlert C, Abel G, Schmid E, Veit M. Determination of thymol in human plasma by automated headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatographic analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 767:11-8. [PMID: 11863281 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A reliable and sensitive method was developed for determination of thymol in human plasma by automated headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME). After enzymatic cleavage of thymol sulfate thymol was extracted by a 65 microm polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene crimped fiber (Supelco) after addition of sodium chloride and phosphoric acid (85%). Desorption of the fiber was performed in the injection port of a gas chromatograph at 220 degrees C (HP 5890; 50 m x 0.2 mm I.D., 0.2 microm HP Innowax capillary column; flame ionization detection). Fibers were used repeatedly up to 40 analysis. The recovery was 5% after 35 min of extraction. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 8.1-203.5 ng ml(-1) with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 8.1 ng ml(-1). The within-day and between-day precision and accuracy were < or = 20% at the LOQ and <15% at higher concentrations according to international guidelines for validation of bioanalytical methods. After administration of a thymol-containing herbal extract only thymol sulfate, no free thymol, could be detected in human plasma, thus analysis of thymol was after enzymatic cleavage of thymol sulfate. It is concluded that the newly developed automated method can be used in clinical trials on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of thymol-containing herbal medicinal products.
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Plummer GF. Improved method for the determination of propofol in blood by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr 1987; 421:171-6. [PMID: 3501430 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G F Plummer
- Safety of Medicines Department, ICI Pharmaceuticals Division, Macclesfield, Cheshire, U.K
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Abstract
Characteristics of myeloma protein can be best detected through serum electrophoresis, and are also detected as abnormal results of flocculation tests or hyperglobulinemia by routine laboratory work. The authors identified 38 cases of multiple myeloma in 5 years, actively making use of the available informations in the laboratory. The number screened was 7 times as many as the incidence previously observed, and most of them were screened in subclinical conditions. A formula to discriminate multiple myeloma from other diseases was obtained referring to the thymol turbidity test (TTT) and zinc sulfate turbidity test (ZTT) results through analytical processing the data from the first examination of the 38 patients. The most efficient and practical screening method for multiple myeloma was then developed by combining the formula by which suspicious serum specimens in routine tests are screened, with electrophoresis which confirms the disease.
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Corfa A, Toulet J. [Trial of multifactorial discriminant analysis in the diagnosis of medical, surgical or neoplastic icterus]. Sem Hop 1974; 50:1935-45. [PMID: 4155530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Espinoza J, Barnafi L, Schnaidt E. The effect of phenobarbital on intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1974; 119:234-8. [PMID: 4823392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Schwaar R. [Doxium tolerance after 1 year's uninterrupted treatment]. Rev Med Suisse Romande 1973; 93:1019-22. [PMID: 4777083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Burchardt P, Agrapidakis J. [Liver and kidney function following oral administration of the anti-androgen cyproteron-acetate]. Urologe A 1972; 11:293-4. [PMID: 4562050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Schentke U, Jaross W, Trübsbach A, Renger F. [Diagnostic significance of serum conjugated bile acids]. Z Gesamte Inn Med 1972; 27:663-6. [PMID: 4641141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bjerstaf L, Bjurwill B, Ekman B, Haeger K, Ordell R. The effect on haematological and biochemical parameters by treatment with nortestosterone-3-(4-hexyloxyphenyl)-propionate. Arzneimittelforschung 1970; 20:1109-11. [PMID: 5536902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Denk H, Leodolter I, Schnack H, Thaler H. [Clinical and biopsy studies on the course of fatty liver hepatitis]. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1970; 82:98-101. [PMID: 5513205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Perris C, Strandqvist B. [Progressive dementia associated with vision and gait disorders (Kuf's syndrome?)]. Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz) 1969; 21:380-4. [PMID: 5363773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Singh D, Bapna SB, Khandekar JD. Serum choline esterase and hepatic disorders. J Assoc Physicians India 1969; 17:511-6. [PMID: 5364356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Swanson EA, Gray SW, Skandalakis JE, Vincenzi RB. Clinical liver function tests in canine complete lobar iliary obstruction. Am J Gastroenterol 1967; 47:273-9. [PMID: 6021556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kuhlbäck B, Wegelius O. Secondary amyloidosis; a study of clinical and pathological findings. Acta Med Scand 1966; 180:737-45. [PMID: 5959362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Gombert HJ, Hötzl HA. [The behavior of serum enzymes after the administration of gallbladder contrast media]. Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Nuklearmed 1966; 105:727-33. [PMID: 6011698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Buccellato G, Valguarnera G. [A new method for biological assay, in the blood, of factors inhibiting the development of cells in culture. Investigations in subjects treated with paramethyl-isopropyl-phenol (thymol)]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1965; 41:758-61. [PMID: 5896210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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JURET P. [Prognostic significance of the thymol test of MacLagan in cancer of the breast. Its paradoxal fluctuations in the course of the development of the disease]. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 1961; 19:175-82. [PMID: 13791100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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