Effects of calcium montmorillonite clay and aflatoxin exposure on dry matter intake, milk production, and milk composition

Fifteen primiparous crossbred dairy cows that were 114±14d in milk and weighed 533±56kg were used in a replicated 5×5 Latin square to test the efficacy of a calcium montmorillonite clay, NovaSil Plus (NSP; BASF Corp., Ludwigshaven, Germany), for the reduction of aflatoxin (AF) metabolite (AFM1) in milk and the effect of NSP on milk composition. Cows were housed in a freestall barn, fed once a day and milked twice a day. The experiment consisted of five 14-d periods: d 1 through 7 were considered for data collection, and d 8 through 14 were considered a wash-out phase. In each period, cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments: (1) control (CON), consisting of a basal total mixed ration (TMR); (2) high-dose NSP diet (NSP-1%), consisting of TMR plus 230 g of NSP; (3) aflatoxin diet (AFD), consisting of the TMR plus AF challenge; (4) low-dose NSP with AF (NSP-0.5%+AFD), composed of TMR plus 115 g of NSP and AF challenge; and (5) high-dose NSP with AF (NSP-1%+AFD), consisting of TMR plus 230 g of NSP and AF challenge. The AF challenge consisted of top dressing a daily dose of 100 µg/kg estimated dry matter intake (DMI); similarly, NSP was fed at 1.0 or 0.5% of estimated DMI. Milk yield and DMI were similar across treatments averaging 21.1±1.33 kg/d and 19.7±0.56 kg/d, respectively. Concentration of milk fat, protein, and lactose were similar across treatments with averages of 4.91±0.20%, 3.85±0.10%, and 4.70±0.06%, respectively. Concentration of vitamin A averaged 0.28±0.03 µg/mL and riboflavin concentration averaged 1.57±0.13 µg/mL across treatments. The concentration of minerals in milk were similar for all treatments. Cows fed CON and NSP-1% yielded the lowest concentration of AFM1 in milk with 0.03 and 0.01±0.06 µg/L. Addition of NSP reduced milk AFM1 from 1.10±0.06 µg/L with the AF diet to 0.58 and 0.32±0.06 µg/L with the NSP-0.5%+AF and NSP-1%+AF diets, respectively. Excretion of AFM1 was reduced by NSP; mean values were 24.38, 11.86, 7.38, 0.64, and 0.23, ± 1.71 µg/d, for AFD, NSP-0.5%+AFD, NSP-1%+AFD, NSP-1%, and CON, respectively. More specifically, 1.07±0.08% of the daily AF intake was transferred to the milk of cows consuming the AFD, whereas the AF transfer rates in milk from cows that consumed the NSP-0.5%+AFD and NSP-1%+AFD were 0.52 and 0.32±0.08%. Results from this research demonstrate that feeding NSP to lactating cows is an effective method to reduce the transfer and excretion of AFM1 in milk with no negative effects on dry matter intake, milk production, and composition.

Automation and validation of micronucleus detection in the 3D EpiDerm™ human reconstructed skin assay and correlation with 2D dose responses

Recent restrictions on the testing of cosmetic ingredients in animals have resulted in the need to test the genotoxic potential of chemicals exclusively in vitro prior to licensing. However, as current in vitro tests produce some misleading positive results, sole reliance on such tests could prevent some chemicals with safe or beneficial exposure levels from being marketed. The 3D human reconstructed skin micronucleus (RSMN) assay is a promising new in vitro approach designed to assess genotoxicity of dermally applied compounds. The assay utilises a highly differentiated in vitro model of the human epidermis. For the first time, we have applied automated micronucleus detection to this assay using MetaSystems Metafer Slide Scanning Platform (Metafer), demonstrating concordance with manual scoring. The RSMN assay’s fixation protocol was found to be compatible with the Metafer, providing a considerably shorter alternative to the recommended Metafer protocol. Lowest observed genotoxic effect levels (LOGELs) were observed for mitomycin-C at 4.8 µg/ml and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) at 1750 µg/ml when applied topically to the skin surface. In-medium dosing with MMS produced a LOGEL of 20 µg/ml, which was very similar to the topical LOGEL when considering the total mass of MMS added. Comparisons between 3D medium and 2D LOGELs resulted in a 7-fold difference in total mass of MMS applied to each system, suggesting a protective function of the 3D microarchitecture. Interestingly, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a positive clastogen in 2D systems, tested negative in this assay. A non-genotoxic carcinogen, methyl carbamate, produced negative results, as expected. We also demonstrated expression of the DNA repair protein N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase in EpiDerm™. Our preliminary validation here demonstrates that the RSMN assay may be a valuable follow-up to the current in vitro test battery, and together with its automation, could contribute to minimising unnecessary in vivo tests by reducing in vitro misleading positives.

Promoting health, preserving culture: adapting RARE in the Maasai context of Northern Tanzania

HIV/AIDS prevention strategies often neglect traditions and cultural practices relevant to the spread of HIV. The role of women in the HIV/AIDS context has typically been relegated to high-risk female groups such as sex workers, or those engaged in transactional sex for survival. Consequently, these perceptions are born out in the escalation of HIV/AIDS among communities, and female populations in particular where prevention frameworks remain culturally intolerant. We have attempted to address these issues by using an adapted Rapid Assessment Response and Evaluation (RARE) model to examine the impact of HIV/AIDS in the Maasai community of Ngorongoro. Our adapted RARE model used community engagement venues such as stockholder workshops, key informant interviews, and focus groups. Direct observations and geomapping were also done. Throughout our analysis, a gender and a pastoralist-centered approach provided methodological guidance, and served as value added contributions to out adaptation. Based in the unique context of a rural pastoralist community, we made recommendations appropriate to the cultural setting and the RARE considerations.

Interpersonal Affect in Thematic Apperception Test Responses: A Scoring System

Affect toward "parental," "spousal," and "nonspousal" figures in TAT responses was evaluated. Positive and negative scores ranging from +2 to -2 were assigned to each story. Norms were based on frequent responses stimulus-pull and quality Of responses Test-retest rendered .88 similarity in affect and 86% in orientational others categories. Interscorer's agreements on affective scores ranged from .93 to .97 and interpersonal categories ranged from 96% to 98%. Higher positive "spousal" than "parental" and "nonspousal" affect was hypothesized to associate with marital adjustment. Thirty married Caucasian middle-class couples were individually interviewed. Cards 1, 2, 4, 6 GF, 10 13 FM and 16 as well as the Dyadic. Adjustment Scale were administered. Results, significant at .001 level, were discussed in terms of development in interpersonal choices.

Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic distribution of the mammalian cecal appendix

A recently improved understanding of gut immunity has merged with current thinking in biological and medical science, pointing to an apparent function of the mammalian cecal appendix as a safe-house for symbiotic gut microbes, preserving the flora during times of gastrointestinal infection in societies without modern medicine. This function is potentially a selective force for the evolution and maintenance of the appendix, and provides an impetus for reassessment of the evolution of the appendix. A comparative anatomical approach reveals three apparent morphotypes of the cecal appendix, as well as appendix-like structures in some species that lack a true cecal appendix. Cladistic analyses indicate that the appendix has evolved independently at least twice (at least once in diprotodont marsupials and at least once in Euarchontoglires), shows a highly significant (P < 0.0001) phylogenetic signal in its distribution, and has been maintained in mammalian evolution for 80 million years or longer.

Capacitation-like changes in equine spermatozoa following cryopreservation

The primary objective of this study was to assess plasma membrane characteristics and activation of signal transduction pathways in equine spermatozoa during both in vitro capacitation and cryopreservation. Significant plasma membrane restructuring, as assessed by measurement of plasma membrane lipid disorder and phospholipid scrambling, was not observed until after cryopreservation and subsequent thawing (P < 0.05). Although in vitro capacitated cells also displayed increased plasma membrane lipid disorder and phospholipid scrambling (P < 0.05), it appeared that regulation of these events in in vitro capacitated versus cryopreserved equine spermatozoa was not identical. Addition of 5 microM staurosporine to the capacitation media reduced plasma membrane phospholipid scrambling (P < 0.05), but supplementation to the freezing extender prior to cryopreservation did not. Furthermore, progesterone was able to induce a greater degree of acrosomal exocytosis in in vitro capacitated versus frozen/thawed spermatozoa. Expression of phospholipid scramblase, a protein thought to be important in plasma membrane phospholipid scrambling, did not differ between treatments. Comparison of protein tyrosine phosphorylation patterns between in vitro capacitated and cryopreserved cells demonstrated a divergence in signal transduction. Cellular signaling in in vitro capacitated equine spermatozoa appeared to be in part dependent on activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway, whereas signaling in cryopreserved cells seemed to proceed predominantly through alternative pathways. Taken together, these data support the idea that capacitation and "cryocapacitation" are not equivalent processes.

Gastro-colonic anastomosis--a viable option in extensive small bowel infarction

INTRODUCTION

We have previously presented a patient with massive small and large bowel infarction and demonstrated that even with only a few inches of remaining small bowel an almost normal life-style and diet is possible.

PATIENT

Recently, we have looked after a young and otherwise fit female patient who suffered mesenteric venous gangrene of the whole small bowel from the Ligament of Treitz to the caecum. In order to achieve gastro-intestinal continuity and to avoid the torrential fluid loss associated with high fistula, an anastomosis between the stomach and the transverse colon was formed.

RESULTS

We are surprised to find that despite the extensive resection our patient maintains a good quality of life and is able to look after her young family.

Transgene transmission to progeny by oMt1a-oGH transgenic mice

Most studies utilizing transgenic technology focus on the impact to traits of interest, rather than propagation of the transgene to offspring. In animals containing growth hormone constructs, transgene transmission to progeny follows a Mendelian pattern of inheritance in the first few generations following generation of a founder animal, but decreases in subsequent generations. In the present study, the ovine metallothionein 1a-ovine growth hormone (oMt1a-oGH) transgenic mouse was used to determine whether transgene transmission rate to progeny was affected by overexpression of ovine growth hormone in the transgenic parent. The oMt1a-oGH mouse is a useful model for assessing transgene transmission, as the construct is easily regulatable and transgene inactivation results in a return of plasma GH to basal levels. Male and female hemizygous oMt1a-oGH mice were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: (1) mice never actively expressing the transgene, (2) mice actively expressing the transgene from 3 weeks of age, and (3) mice actively expressing the transgene from 3 to 11 (males) or 3 to 8 (females) weeks of age. Transgenic mice were mated to wild type animals and the resulting progeny were genotyped. Males never actively expressing the transgene passed on the transgene to progeny in a Mendelian fashion, while males actively expressing the transgene transmitted the transgene to a smaller than expected number of progeny. However, following inactivation of the oMt1a-oGH construct in transgenic males, subsequent offspring demonstrated Mendelian inheritance of the transgene. In contrast, females expressing the transgene from 3 to 8 weeks of age were able to pass on the oMt1a-oGH construct in a Mendelian fashion, but females from other treatment groups were not. In oMt1a-oGH males, reduced transgene transmission appears to be due to selection against transgenic gametes. In females, however, selection against the transgenic genotype likely occurs at the embryonic level.

Leptin modulates fertility under the influence of elevated growth hormone as modeled in oMt1a-oGH transgenic mice

Elevated growth hormone (GH) concentrations suppress reproductive function in a variety of species, although it is unclear whether GH directly suppresses reproductive performance, or whether GH activates other pathways to achieve these effects. The ovine metallothionein 1a-ovine GH (oMt1a-oGH) transgenic mouse has been used to model the effects of GH on both body composition and reproductive function. A recent report has documented increased leptin levels in obese oMt1a-oGH mice. Given the importance of leptin in modulation of the reproductive endocrine axis, as well as the reports documenting reduced leptin signal transduction in animals with elevated leptin levels, we hypothesized that high leptin concentrations in response to elevated GH would reduce fertility. To determine the effects of high circulating leptin levels on the reproductive endocrine axis, we assessed hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and GnRH expression. At weaning, oMt1a-oGH transgenic (TG) and wild-type (WT) female mice were allocated to one of four treatment groups: oMt1a-oGH females chronically expressing the transgene (TG ON); oMt1a-oGH females expressing the transgene from 3 to 8 weeks of age (TG ON/OFF); WT females receiving the transgene stimulus from 3 to 8 weeks of age (WT ON/OFF); and WT females never receiving the transgene stimulus (WT OFF). Eight-week-old females were housed with males for a 2-week period, after which females were isolated from males and allowed to carry pregnancies to term. Body and gonadal fat pad (GFP) weights, along with plasma leptin concentrations, estrous cyclicity, pregnancy rate and litter characteristics, were recorded for each female. Chronic expression of the oMt1a-oGH transgene resulted in larger leaner mice, and inactivation of the transgene produced obese females. Pregnancy rate was reduced in TG ON females when compared with all other groups, and infertility was associated with elevated leptin levels. In addition, high leptin levels were associated with increased NPY expression, suggesting reduced leptin-signaling capacity, which may contribute to suppression of the reproductive axis in oGH animals.

Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii associated with fatal cutaneous mycoses in the salt-water crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)

The Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii, recently identified as the cause of cutaneous infections in chameleons and brown tree snakes, was associated with skin infections and deaths in salt-water crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) hatchlings on two separate occasions 3 years apart. In all, 48 animals died from the infection. All hatchlings came from the same farm in northern Queensland, Australia.

Growth hormone and fertility in oMt1a-oGH transgenic mice

Female mice carrying a regulatable growth hormone transgene (oMt1a-oGH) are subfertile when the transgene is actively expressed. This study was designed to characterize subfertility caused by increased concentrations of growth hormone. In particular, this study aimed to: (i) determine the effects of transgene activation and inactivation on mating, conception, maintenance of pregnancy, ovulation rate, litter characteristics and embryonic survival at day 17 of pregnancy, (ii) characterize oestrous cyclicity in transgenic versus wild-type female mice, and (iii) correlate corticosterone concentrations with transgene expression and reproductive performance. Transgenic and wild-type female mice were allocated randomly to one of four treatment groups at weaning: (i) transgenic female mice that always express the transgene, (ii) transgenic female mice that never express the transgene, (iii) transgenic female mice that express the transgene for up to 8 weeks of age and (iv) non-transgenic wild-type female mice receiving the transgene stimulus until 8 weeks of age. Activation followed by inactivation of the transgene resulted in an increased incidence of remating, resulting in an extended interval to establish pregnancy in comparison with all other treatment groups. Transgenic mice that always expressed the transgene and those that expressed the transgene for up to 8 weeks of age had lower pregnancy rates and higher ovulation rates compared with mice from other treatment groups. Both embryonic survival and the duration of the oestrous cycle did not differ among treatment groups. Active expression of the transgene resulted in an increase in the plasma concentration of corticosterone, which was associated with reduced fertility. These data indicate that the presence of a high growth hormone concentration impedes the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Increased plasma corticosterone concentrations may interfere with implantation as well as potentiate leptin resistance, which has been reported previously in studies with these mice.

Salmonelliasis in wildlife from Queensland

During a 20 yr period (1978 to 1998), 233 isolates of Salmonella spp. were cultured from 179 wildlife animals (representing 25 species), 32 crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) eggs and six crocodile nesting sites, and represented 59 different serotypes. Salmonella serotype Virchow, the major serotype infecting humans in north Queensland, (Australia) was common in macropodids, but was not found in reptiles and was isolated only once from cane toads (Bufo marinus). Investigations of human cases of salmonellosis should include simultaneous studies on wild and domestic animals in contact with the case.

Determination of spinosad and its metabolites in food and environmental matrices. 2. Liquid chomatography-mass spectrometry

A selective and sensitive method utilizing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been developed for determining residues of the natural insect control agent spinosad in several crop matrices that are difficult to analyze by HPLC with UV detection. The method determines the active ingredients (spinosyns A and D) and three minor metabolites (spinosyns B and K and N-demethylspinosyn D) in alfalfa hay, wheat hay, wheat straw, sorghum fodder, and corn stover. The analytes are extracted from the samples with an acetonitrile/water solution, and the extracts are purified by solid phase extraction with a C(18) disk and a silica cartridge. All five analytes are determined simultaneously in a single injection using positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization LC-MS with selected ion monitoring. The average recoveries ranged from 69 to 96% with standard deviations ranging from 4 to 15%. The method has a validated limit of quantitation of 0. 01 microgram/g and a limit of detection of 0.003 microgram/g. The LC-MS method can also provide residue confirmation in addition to quantitation.

Determination of spinosad and its metabolites in food and environmental matrices. 1. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

Spinosad is an insect control agent that is derived from a naturally occurring soil bacterium and is effective on several classes of insects, especially Lepidoptera larvae. Spinosad is registered in many countries for use on a variety of crops, including cotton, corn, soybeans, fruits, and vegetables. Residue methods utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection have been described for determining spinosad and its metabolites in environmental and food matrices. These residue methods typically involve an extraction with organic solvents, followed by purification using liquid-liquid partitioning and/or solid phase extraction prior to measurement by HPLC-UV. The residue methods determine the active ingredients (spinosyns A and D) and up to three minor metabolites (spinosyn B, spinosyn K, and N-demethylspinosyn D). The methods have validated limits of quantitation ranging from 0.010 to 0.040 microgram/g. This paper briefly reviews the residue methodology for spinosad and metabolites in food and environmental matrices and provides a summary of method validation results for 61 different sample types, including newly published results for 37 additional crop matrices and processed commodities.

Novel Propionibacterium infection in cattle

OBJECTIVE

To describe four cases of infection in cattle, from geographically different places, with a presumptive new species of Propionibacterium, which causes granulomatous lesions in the head, thorax, abdomen, pelvic area and skin.

PROCEDURE

Gross lesions, ranging from 0.5 to 15 cm and detected during routine carcase inspection at the abattoir, were submitted to the laboratory for routine testing in the National Granuloma Submission Program. The bacterium isolated was identified using morphological characteristics, biochemical reactions, cell wall components, products of fermentation and 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

RESULTS

Gross lesions submitted for examination consisted of a fibrous outer capsule enclosing thick yellow pus-like material. A Gram-Glynn stain of the histological sections revealed colonies of Gram-positive, filamentous, branching bacteria. Bacteriological culture, cell wall analysis, biochemical reactions and 16S rRNA sequencing identified the organism as a Propionibacterium sp closely related to P cyclohexanicum and the P freudenreichii cluster.

CONCLUSION

This is the first report of a Propionibacterium sp closely related to P cyclohexanicum and the P freudenreichii cluster associated with extensive granulomatous lesions in cattle in Queensland. Sequencing data are suggestive of a previously undescribed species of the Propionibacterium genus.

Use of alternative therapies by rehabilitation outpatients

OBJECTIVE

To document the prevalence and patterns of use of alternative medical therapies as well as their perceived effectiveness by patients in a rehabilitation medicine outpatient practice.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional survey by written questionnaire.

SETTING

An urban rehabilitation medicine outpatient referral office.

PATIENTS

A random sample of 103 patients referred for rehabilitation outpatient care, while waiting for their appointment, were given a questionnaire addressing their use of alternative therapies.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Use of alternative therapies and their perceived effectiveness.

RESULTS

One or more alternative medical therapies had been used by 29.1% of subjects in the past 12 months for their presenting problem. The most common therapies were massage, chiropractic, vitamin and mineral supplementation, and acupuncture. Musculoskeletal pain syndromes involving the spine and extremities were the most common problems for which patients sought both physiatric and alternative care. Of the patients who used alternative treatments 53% reported some degree of efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS

A significant proportion of rehabilitation medicine patients use and frequently perceive a benefit from alternative therapies, particularly massage, chiropractic, vitamin and mineral supplementation, and acupuncture. Incorporating alternative therapies into physiatric practice is a desirable future direction for the specialty.

Acceleration of widespread adenoviral gene transfer to intact rabbit hearts by coronary perfusion with low calcium and serotonin

Previous attempts at adenoviral gene transfer to the intact heart have been limited by the requirement for prolonged exposure to high virus concentrations. In an ex vivo coronary perfusion model of intact adult rabbit hearts, we previously reported gene transfer to 96% of cardiac myocytes after a 60 min exposure to 1.6 x 10(9) p.f.u./ml Ad beta gal, a recombinant adenovirus encoding beta-galactosidase. Here we sought to decrease the virus exposure time by enhancing microvascular permeability to increase the efficiency of adenoviral gene transfer. Baseline perfusion with 1.0 x 10(8) p.f.u./ml Ad beta gal in normal Krebs solution (1 mM calcium) caused infection of 22% of myocytes at 30 min and 40% at 60 and 120 min. Increasing the virus concentration, decreasing perfusate calcium concentration, or pretreating with serotonin or bradykinin in Krebs solution or L-NAME in heparinized rabbit blood significantly decreased the necessary exposure time. Under optimal conditions of serotonin pretreatment, 50 mumol/l perfusate calcium, and a virus concentration of 1.6 x 10(9) p.f.u./ml, 2 min of coronary perfusion sufficed to produce near-total infection. This profound enhancement of infection parameters has important implications for in vivo myocardial gene transfer, where a similar strategy could facilitate gene therapy for common myocardial disorders.

Design of a clinical data-collection form for remote health care

A clinical data-collection form was designed for use in the consultation process between an astronaut and Earth. It can also be applied in most remote health-care settings. The form was tested by non-medically trained individuals in 101 simulated and 19 real cases. A completion rate of 88% was achieved, with a diagnostic accuracy of 85%. This compares favourably with studies by other workers in the field of medical decision support. Space telemedicine research will contribute to developments that will benefit not only space activities but also terrestrial applications.

Uptake of drugs from topically applied anti-inflammatory preparations applied to racing animals

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether a drug detected in the blood or urine of a racing animal could have penetrated through the skin from a topically applied preparation.

DESIGN

Blood and urine of dogs and horses were analysed after topical administration of three common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory preparations.

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

Dimethylsulphoxide was analysed using a gas chromatograph with a flame photometric detector. Phenylbutazone, its metabolites and lignocaine were analysed using a gas chromatograph with a mass selective detector.

RESULTS

Dimethylsulphoxide, phenylbutazone and lignocaine were detected in dog urine after multiple applications of the preparations. The maximum concentration of dimethylsulphoxide in dog urine correlated with the concentration of dimethylsulphoxide in the preparation. Phenylbutazone penetrated the skin more effectively from the cream than from the solution or gel preparations. This penetration was independent of the concentration of dimethylsulphoxide.

CONCLUSION

The superior penetration of phenylbutazone from the cream can be explained by it being present as a neutral molecule in an hydrophobic medium. It is proposed that phenylbutazone penetrates the skin of greyhounds most effectively by a hydrophobic lipid route which is likely to be different from the path by which dimethylsulphoxide penetrates the skin.

Pathology of mucormycosis of cane toads in Australia

The gross and microscopic pathology of a fungal septicaemia caused by the zygomycete. Mucor amphibiorum in 27 free-ranging cane toads, Bufo marinus, in Australia is described. Seven of the 27 toads had clinical signs of illness when discovered and five of these seven were moribund. Multiple granulomas were found in many organs, and in massive infections granulomas tended to coalesce. Liver, spleen, kidneys, urinary bladder, heart and lung were most commonly involved, but granulomas also occurred in subcutaneous lymph spaces, skin, gastro-intestinal tract, voluntary muscle, bone, cranial cavity and the oral cavity. Single lesions appeared grossly as a lemon coloured nodule < or = 5 mm in diameter. Histologically, the primary lesion was a granuloma composed of multinucleate giant cells, macrophages, occasional lymphocytes and eosinophils surrounding the distinctive sphaerules of M. amphibiorum. Fibroblasts occurred in greater numbers at the periphery and collagen formed a dense fibrous capsule around some nodules. A less common lesion resembled a microabscess and consisted of mononuclear cells, neutrophils and eosinophils surrounded by macrophages. Many of the centrally placed mixed inflammatory cells appeared necrotic. This reaction appeared to be more acute. Both types of lesions sometimes occurred concurrently, but the latter was less common. The pattern of lesions and natural history of M. amphibiorum suggested that ingestion of contaminated soil may have been the route of infection.

Microbiological evaluation of dressing procedures for crocodile carcases in Queensland

Microbiological testing of crocodiles during the dressing procedure has shown that sanitising the skin before skinning reduces the bacterial count on the skin and that dipping crocodile meat in 1.3% acetic acid solution effectively reduces bacterial levels. The total bacterial count on the processed mean sample was comparable with that obtained in the beef, pork and lamb industries. Salmonellae were isolated from 14 of the 72 carcases. Most (65%) of these isolates were in Salmonella subspecies III, formerly classified as Arizona.

Mucor amphibiorum in the toad, Bufo marinus, in Australia

Mucor amphibiorum, a fungus previously found in captive amphibians in Europe and the platypus in Australia, was observed in free-ranging toads, Bufo marinus, in Australia. In tissues the fungus occurred as sphaerules 4.9 to 36.4 microns in diameter; hyphae were not formed. Some spharules developed two to 11 daughter sphaerules internally and these were released into tissues by dissolution of the outer wall. Infected toads were found at 11 sites from nine locations in northern and eastern Australia. The overall prevalence of infection in 3,518 toads was 0.71%. Mucor amphibiorum was isolated from soil at one location.

Anaphylactoid reaction following local anaesthesia for epidural block

A potentially serious complication of epidural bupivacaine used for a repeat, elective Caesarean section is presented. The main features of this reaction were erythema, itching, generalised and pulmonary oedema. In addition, pulmonary oedema was subsequently noted in the baby. An immunological hypersensitivity to bupivacaine or lignocaine is the likely cause.

The regulation of expression of the porin gene ompC by acid pH

The regulation of expression of the porin genes of Escherichia coli by acid pH was investigated using reporter gene fusions. The ompC-lacZ gene fusion was expressed in response to acidification of the external medium. The kinetics of beta-galactosidase synthesis under acid-induction differed significantly from those obtained under conditions of osmotic stress. The latter led to rapid induction without a lag, followed by establishment of a rate that was equal to the growth rate; acid-induction was frequently preceded by a short lag period, was relatively slow and did not achieve a rate that was in balance with the growth rate. Further, induction of the ompC gene at acid external pH was dependent upon the presence of glucose as sole carbon source; growth with either glycerol or succinate as sole carbon source reduced induction of ompC at acid pH. Osmotic induction was independent of carbon source. The induction of the ompC gene at acid pH was also reduced by addition of cAMP to the growth medium. The porins are known to be subject to catabolite repression and our data are consistent with the exposure to acidic pH resulting in progressive changes in the state of catabolite repression. Acidification of the cytoplasm also provoked a rapid induction of the ompC-lacZ gene fusion. The kinetics of induction resembled the response to osmotic upshock. This response was independent of the identity of the carbon source supplied for growth. The contribution of changes in cytoplasmic pH to the induction of ompC at acid pH is discussed.

The Hough transform for locating cell nuclei

A method of cytologic image segmentation that works purely on the basis of geometric information is described. Cell nuclei are assumed to be circular or elliptical. The latest ellipse-finding Hough transform is then used to locate the nuclei. The results are encouraging.

Does propofol have an anti-emetic effect? A prospective study of the anti-emetic effect of propofol following laparoscopy

In order to investigate the putative anti-emetic effect of propofol, 53 patients undergoing gynaecological laparoscopy were given a standard anaesthetic including induction with thiopentone. At the end of surgery, the patients received either a sub-anaesthetic does of propofol or an equivalent volume of normal saline. There was no difference in the incidence of nausea and vomiting between the propofol and control group. It is concluded that low-dose propofol does not have an anti-emetic effect.

Evaluation of a modified complement fixation test and an indirect hemagglutination test for the serodiagnosis of melioidosis in pigs

A complement fixation test modified by the addition of porcine serum and an indirect hemagglutination test were used to detect antibodies to Pseudomonas pseudomallei in pigs. These tests together with cultural examinations were carried out with 250 pigs. The sensitivity and specificity values were 79.3 and 99.5% and 82.8 and 93.2% for the modified complement fixation and hemagglutination tests, respectively. When results from the combination of both tests were considered, the values were 86.2 and 92.8%, respectively.

Experimental infection of normal and immunosuppressed pigs with Pseudomonas pseudomallei

A single dose of 5 x 10(8) bacilli of Pseudomonas pseudomallei by intratracheal injection resulted in acute (21 cases) or chronic (19 cases) melioidosis in 40 of 48 pigs. Fifteen (10 acute and 5 chronic) had been immunosuppressed by cyclophosphamide before inoculation. The major clinical signs were initial fever, marked neutrophilia and, in the acute cases, respiratory distress. There were no signs of the nasal and ocular discharge, paresis or diarrhoea seen in acute cases in south-east Asia. The cyclophosphamide treatment caused a significant decrease in the neutrophil count by 7 d after inoculation in all 15 immunosuppressed pigs, and all were culture positive at necropsy. Eight of the 33 non-treated pigs were culture negative at necropsy. Pigs overcoming the initial phase of infection had more abscess-like nodules that were bacteriologically sterile at necropsy than the pigs with acute cases of melioidosis. P. pseudomallei was isolated predominantly from the spleen, lungs and the injection site. Although only one strain was used in this study, it is likely that Australian strains of P. pseudomallei are not as virulent as the south-east Asian isolates.

Evaluation of four serological tests for the diagnosis of caprine melioidosis

A complement fixation (CF) test, 2 indirect haemagglutination (IHA-A; IHA-L) tests which differed in antigen preparation and technique, and a microtitre agglutination (MA) test were compared in the serodiagnosis of melioidosis in goats. One hundred and eighteen experimental serums and 3143 field serums from goats in endemic and non-endemic areas of north Queensland were used in the evaluation. Culture of samples for Pseudomonas pseudomallei from 112 goats provided substantiating evidence of infection. The IHA-A test was the most sensitive, and the CF test the most specific. We advocate the use of the IHA-A as a screening test followed by the CF test for confirmation of active melioidosis. The IHA-A test is the better indicator of past infection.

Pathological findings in the bulbourethral glands of bulls

The bulbourethral glands of 323 Bos indicus or B. indicus crossbred bulls more than 1 1/2 years old were examined in an abattoir study. Bulbourethral adenitis was diagnosed grossly and confirmed by histological examination in 4 (1.2%). Unilateral chronic interstitial inflammation was seen in 2 cases; one of these was associated with a degenerative-type seminal vesiculitis. In the others adenitis was bilateral; in one case it was associated with a concretion and foreign (plant) material in the principal duct of the left bulbourethral gland; in the other bilateral case, numerous calculi were present and microscopically, a chronic active and diffuse inflammation was observed. Chemical analysis of the calculi showed calcium oxalate and tricalcium phosphate to be the most important components. Corynebacterium spp was isolated from the lesion with multiple calculi but attempts to isolate Chlamydia spp, Mycoplasma spp and Brucella abortus from the 4 adenitis cases were unsuccessful. Congenital abnormalities such as glandular fusion (2.2%) or unilateral aplasia (0.6%) were also observed. Cysts were the most common finding (19.2%), and duct dilation was frequent (7.1%). The significance of these findings in relation to fertility is considered.

Orphaned kangaroo and wallaby joeys as a potential zoonotic source of Salmonella spp

Sixteen serotypes of Salmonella spp. were isolated from 37 (26.8%) of 138 orphaned kangaroo and wallaby pouch-young which were in the care of guardians in north Queensland. Sal. lansing, Sal. virchow and Sal. wandsworth were the most prevalent serotypes. Orphaned macropodid joeys are a potential source of zoonotic infection for Salmonella spp. and recommendations to reduce the risk of transmission to humans are presented.

Clinical and pathological observations on goats experimentally infected with Pseudomonas pseudomallei

The effects in goats of the subcutaneous injection of varying doses of Pseudomonas pseudomallei (90 to 500,000 bacilli) suspended in normal saline are described. High doses (greater than or equal to 500 bacilli) caused acute, fatal infections. Lower doses (90 to 225 bacilli) caused acute or chronic disease when infection became established. However, 11 of 18 goats injected with the lower doses of bacilli showed no sign of infection on clinical or bacteriological examination. Response to antibiotic therapy with long acting tetracycline and chloramphenicol was minimal. Goats surviving the initial phase of infection tended to overcome the disease with a corresponding increase in the number of abscesses that were sterile at necropsy. In infected goats, clinical signs included undulating fever, wasting, anorexia, paresis of the hind legs, severe mastitis and abortion. At necropsy, abscesses were found predominantly in the spleen, lungs, subcutaneous injection site and its draining lymph node.

Chronic learning problems and maturation

An analysis of test scores of a longitudinal sample of normal children, who placed in the lowest quartile of the class on the California Achievement Test and children in the highest quartile yielded significant differences on three perceptual-motor tests and on Piaget's preoperational and precausal tests at Kindergarten level. Although matched for IQ in Kindergarten, significant IQ differences appeared in Grade 1 and continued to increase over 5 yr., as those on other tests. Cattell's Early School Personality Questionnaire indicated that low achievers were significantly less mature and more tense and anxious than high achievers from Grades 1 through 5. Maturational lag is hypothesized for retardation of learning.

Melioidosis in intensive piggeries in south eastern Queensland

The epidemiology of melioidosis was investigated in 8 intensive piggery units which used water from the same river in south eastern Queensland. In 3 consecutive years cases of disease followed heavy rainfall and flooding. Although Pseudomonas pseudomallei was not isolated from water or soil samples the water supply was suspected as the source of infection. Affected pigs were detected at slaughter by the presence of abscesses most commonly in the bronchial lymph nodes (40%) and spleen (34%). One hundred and fifty nine cases were observed at slaughter from a total of 17,397 animals at risk. Infection by inhalation of water aerosols derived from nipple drinkers, hose sprays and a water misting cooler was considered to be responsible for the bronchial lymph node lesions. These outbreaks occurred outside the area in which melioidosis is generally regarded as being endemic.

Bender scores and the horse as a distinct item on object assembly of the WISC

This exploratory study investigated the relationship between two measures of perceptual-motor problems. Ratios derived from the Object Assembly subtest of the WISC with errors greater than 1 SD on the Bender test using Koppitz' scoring system were compared. The sample of 66 white middle-class children was 6 to 11 yr. old. The particular ratio studied was statistically significantly associated with the Bender, whereas ratios of other Object Assembly items were not. The Horse ratio was also significantly associated with the presence of learning problems shown in children's files.

Evaluation of the API 20E and Microbact 24E systems for the identification of Pseudomonas pseudomallei

One-hundred isolates of Pseudomonas pseudomallei were used to evaluate the API 20E and Microbact 24E rapid identification systems. The API 20E system identified 50% of the isolates using the revised 1979 Manual only, and 63% when referral was made to the computer centre. A higher identification rate (69 and 87%, respectively) was achieved with a longer incubation period of 96 h. The Microbact 24E system identified 84% of the isolates as P. pseudomallei using the revised 1983 Manual, and 100% when referral was made to the computer centre. The Microbact 24E system would appear to be a reliable system for the identification of P. pseudomallei.