Acaricidal Efficacy of Thirty-Five Egyptian Plants Against the Camel Tick, Hyalomma Dromedarii

PURPOSE

Alternative and affordable tick control strategies are crucial to control and prevent tick bites and tick-borne diseases.

METHODS

In this study, we evaluated the acaricidal efficacy of 35 aqueous plant extracts (17%) against the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii.

RESULTS

The phytochemical profile indicated the presence of various secondary substances. Plants were classified into three groups according to their mortality percentage 15 days post-treatment with 17%. This highly effective group (91%-95%) comprised Ocimum basilicum, Mespilus germanica, and Viola alpine followed by Carum carvi, Cucurbita pepo (peel), and Peganum harmala. A moderately effective group (80%-90%) included Acacia nilotica, Apium graveolens, Capsicum annuum, Ceratonia siliqua, Cucurbita pepo (seeds), Equisetum arvense, Eruca sativa, Ginkgo biloba, Plantago psyllium, Phyllanthus emblica, Punica granatum, and Ziziphus spinachristi. The 20 remaining plants were assigned to the less effective group (< 80%). Viscum album (58.3%), which was the least effective reference plant. The high potency of six plant extracts as acaricides may be attributed to the high content of active principles, e.g., phenols, flavonoids, and tannins.

CONCLUSION

All of these highly effective plants are recommended for use as an acaricide, in case of facing acaricidal resistance or limited options for tick control.

Synthesis of eco-friendly layered double hydroxide and nanoemulsion for jasmine and peppermint oils and their larvicidal activities against Culex pipiens Linnaeus

Mosquito-borne diseases represent a growing health challenge over time. Numerous potential phytochemicals are target-specific, biodegradable, and eco-friendly. The larvicidal activity of essential oils, a jasmine blend consisting of Jasmine oil and Azores jasmine (AJ) (Jasminum sambac and Jasminum azoricum) and peppermint (PP) Mentha arvensis and their nanoformulations against 2nd and 4th instar larvae of Culex pipiens, was evaluated after subjecting to different concentrations (62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm). Two forms of phase-different nanodelivery systems of layered double hydroxide LDH and oil/water nanoemulsions were formulated. The synthesized nanoemulsions showed particle sizes of 199 and 333 nm for AJ-NE and PP-NE, with a polydispersity index of 0.249 and 0.198, respectively. Chemical and physiochemical analysis of TEM, SEM, XRD, zeta potential, drug loading capacity, and drug release measurements were done to confirm the synthesis and loading efficiencies of essential oils' active ingredients. At high concentrations of AJ and PP nanoemulsions (2000 ppm), O/W nanoemulsions showed higher larval mortality than both LDH conjugates and crude oils. The mortality rate reached 100% for 2nd and 4th instar larvae. The relative toxicities revealed that PP nanoemulsion (MA-NE) was the most effective larvicide, followed by AJ nanoemulsion (AJ-NE). There was a significant increase in defensive enzymes, phenoloxidase, and α and β-esterase enzymes in the treated groups. After treatment of L4 with AJ, AJ-NE, PP, and PP-NE, the levels of phenoloxidase were 545.67, 731.00, 700.00, and 799.67 u/mg, respectively, compared with control 669.67 u/mg. The activity levels of α-esterase were 9.71, 10.32, 8.91, and 10.55 mg α-naphthol/min/mg protein, respectively. It could be concluded that the AJ-NE and PP-NE nanoformulations have promising larvicidal activity and could act as safe and effective alternatives to chemical insecticides.

Larvicidal activity of Acacia nilotica extracts against Culex pipiens and their suggested mode of action by molecular simulation docking

Mosquitoes are one of the deadliest and most hazardous animals on Earth, where they transmit several diseases that kill millions of people annually. There is an ongoing search almost everywhere in the world for more effective and contemporary ways to control mosquitoes other than pesticides. Phytochemicals are affordable, biodegradable biological agents that specialize in eliminating pests that represent a risk to public health. The effectiveness of Acacia nilotica methanol and aqueous leaf extracts against 4th instar larvae was evaluated. The results revealed that the methanol extract of A. nilotica had a noticeable influence on the mortality rate of mosquito larvae, especially at high concentrations. Not only did the mortality rate rise significantly, but the hatching of the mosquito eggs was potentially suppressed.Terpenes, fatty acids, esters, glycosides, pyrrolidine alkane, piperazine, and phenols were the most prevalent components in the methanol extract, while the aqueous extract of A. nilotica exclusively showed the presence of fatty acids. The insecticidal susceptibility tests of both aqueous and alcoholic extract of A. nilotica confirmed that the Acacia plant could serves as a secure and efficient substitute for chemical pesticides because of its promising effect on killing larvae and egg hatching delaying addition to their safety as one of the natural pesticides. Molecular docking study was performed using one of the crucial and life-controlling protein targets, fatty acid binding protein (FABP) and the most active ingredients as testing ligands to describe their binding ability. Most of the structurally related compounds to the co-crystallized ligand, OLA, like hexadecanoic acid furnished high binding affinity to the target protein with very strong and stable intermolecular hydrogen bonding and this is quite similar to OLA itself. Some other structural non-related compounds revealed extraordinarily strong binding abilities like Methoxy phenyl piperazine. Most of the binding reactivities of the majortested structures are due to high structure similarity between the positive control, OLA, and tested compounds. Such structure similarity reinforced with the binding abilities of some detected compounds in the A. nilotica extract could present a reasonable interpretation for its insecticidal activity via deactivating the FABP protein. The FABP4 enzyme inhibition activity was assessed for of both methanolic and aqueous of acacia plant extract and the inhibition results of methanol extract depicted noticeable potency if compared to orlistat, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.681, and 0.535 µg/ml, respectively.

Prevalence and potential risk factors for Cryptosporidium spp. infection in horses from Egypt

Cryptosporidium is an intestinal protozoan that cause diarrhea in livestock all over the world and have zoonotic importance. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in horses in Egypt and evaluate the associated risk factors. A total of 420 fecal samples were collected from three governorates (Giza, Kafr ElSheikh and Qalyubia) and examined microscopically using Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 29% and Kafr ElSheikh governorate had the highest rate in comparison to other areas. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in examined horses had significant association with sex, age, type of management, absence of bedding and presence of dogs. The higher prevalence rate was observed in females (32.2%), age group less than two years (43.2%), mixed (grazing and stable) horses (36.1%), animals had history of diarrhea (33%), absence of bedding (35.1%) and contact with dogs (35.7%). These findings give baseline data for further research. It is necessary to establish control strategy for Cryptosporidium spp. infection in order to lower the risk of infection in animals and human.

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for bovine leptospirosis in Egypt

Leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira and is one of causative agents of reproductive problems leading to negative economic impact on bovine worldwide. The goal of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in cattle in some governorates of Egypt's Nile Delta and assess the risk factors for infection. A total of 410 serum samples were collected from cattle and examined using microscopic agglutination test. The overall seroprevalence was 10.2% and the most prevalent serovars were Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona and Canicola. In addition, the potential risk factors were associated Leptospira spp. infection were age, herd size, history of abortion, presence of dogs and rodent control. Thus, leptospirosis is common in dairy cattle in the Nile Delta and  the presence of rodents in feed and dog-accessible pastures increases the risk of Leptospira spp. infection among animals.

Histopathological changes and oxidative stress associated with Fascioliasis in bovines

Fascioliasis, a prevalent disease in livestock globally, is primarily caused by the trematode parasites Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. This parasitic infection leads to significant economic repercussions. In this study, our objective was to gain insight into the pathophysiological consequences of Fascioliasis in cattle through the evaluation of metabolic, oxidative stress, and histological parameters. A thorough investigation was carried out on the liver of 197 bovines after their slaughter, which unveiled the occurrence of Fascioliasis, with a prevalence rate of 13.2% observed. The bovine that were infected exhibited notable increase in serum transaminases (ALT, AST, and ALP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) while the decrease in glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. The lipid profile analysis of infected cattle revealed alterations in the cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Moreover, the histopathological examination revealed a range of hepatic lesions associated with Fascioliasis, including necrosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and proliferative alterations. The bile ducts also displayed distinct pathological changes, including hyperplasia, thickening, and edema, and harbored various developmental stages of Fasciola spp. highlighting the parasitic infestation's effects on the biliary system. These results highlight the serious effects of Fascioliasis on lipid metabolism and the oxidative damage that is induced in the livers of cattle. Thus, Fasciola infestation in bovine causes alteration in biochemical and antioxidant activities, which are considered as important factors in the diagnosis of Fascioliasis.

Nanostructure Lipid Carrier of Curcumin Co-Delivered with Linalool and Geraniol Monoterpenes as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor of Culex pipiens

(1) Background: A molecular hybridization docking approach was employed to develop and detect a new category of naturally activated compounds against Culex pipiens as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors via designing a one-pot multicomponent nano-delivery system. (2) Methods: A nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC), as a second generation of solid lipid nanoparticles, was used as a carrier to deliver the active components of curcumin (Cur), geraniol (G), and linalool (L) in one nanoformulation after studying their applicability in replacing the co-crystallized ligand imidacloprid. (3) Results: The prepared nanostructure showed spherical-shaped, polydisperse particles ranging in size from 50 nm to 300 nm, as found using a transmission electron microscope. Additionally, dynamic light scattering confirmed an average size of 169 nm and a highly stable dispersed solution, as indicated by the zeta potential (-38 mV). The prepared NLC-Cur-LG displayed competitive, high-malignancy insecticidal activity against fourth instar C. pipiens with an elevated rate of death of 0.649 µg/mL. The treatment, due to the prepared nanostructure, affects oxidative stress enzymes, e.g., hydrogen peroxide (4 ppm), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (0.03 OD/mg), and protein carbonyl (0.08 OD/mg), and there are observable upward and downward fluctuations when using different concentrations of NLC-Cur-LG, suggesting significant problems in its foreseeable insecticidal activity. The acetylcholinesterase activity was assessed by an enzyme inhibition assay, and strengthened inhibition occurred due to the encapsulated NLCs (IC50 = 1.95 µg/mL). An investigation of the gene expression by Western blotting, due to treatment with NLC-Cur-LG, revealed a severe reduction of nearly a quarter of what was seen in the untreated group. As a preliminary safety step, the nanoformulation's toxicity against normal cell lines was tested, and a reassuring result was obtained of IC50 = 158.1 µg/mL for the normal lung fibroblast cell line. (4) Conclusions: the synthesized nanoformulation, NLC-Cur-LG, is a useful insecticide in field conditions.

Serosurvey and associated risk factors for Neospora caninum infection in Egyptian water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

Neosporosis is a parasitic disease that causes reproductive disorders in animals, making it a barrier to maximum efficiency. The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum (N. caninum) antibodies in water buffaloes from four governorates in northern Egypt. A commercial indirect-ELISA test was used to detect antibodies against N. caninum in the serum of 450 water buffaloes. The total seroprevalence of N. caninum in water buffaloes from Egypt was 31.3%, and the highest prevalence was observed in Gharbia governorate. The identified risk factors for N. caninum infections in water buffaloes were sex (OR = 1.96, 95%CI: 1.22-4.17), buffaloes more than 4 years of age ( OR = 5.80, 95%CI: 2.26-14.86), abortion in second trimester (OR = 16.48, 95%%CI: 2.99-34.03), history of abortion (OR = 3.45, 95%CI: 1.58-7.52) and contact with dogs (OR = 2.55, 95%CI: 1.51-4.32). Thus, more studies are needed to determine the role of buffaloes in the epidemiology of neosporosis in Egypt.

Seroprevalence and risk factors for Neospora spp. infection in equine in Egypt

Neospora infections in equine are associated with reproductive disorders and neurological diseases. Nevertheless, Egypt has no epidemiological information on this parasite in equine. This study determined the prevalence of Neospora spp. infection in 325 equines from three Egyptian governorates located at Northern Egypt using cELISA. The prevalence of antibodies against Neospora spp. was 19% (95% CI: 14.09-25.05) in horse, 34.1% (95%CI: 24.92-44.69) in donkey and 26.7% (95% CI: 15.97-41.04) in mule. In comparison to horse, donkey had a considerably higher chance of contracting Neospora spp. infection (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 0.78-4.13; P = 0.016). The risk was also higher in freely grazing animals (OR = 3.49, 95% CI: 0.95-12.78; P = 0.059). Moreover, yearling animals (12-24 months) (OR = 5.03, 95% CI: 1.51-16.80; P = 0.009) and those with natural breeding (OR = 11.80, 95% CI: 3.24-42.99, P < 0.0001) and a history of early abortion (OR = 7.04, 95% CI: 3.01-16.47; P < 0.0001) also showed a greater risk of seropositivity. The risk of Neospora infection increased significantly in equines contacted with dogs (OR = 5.16, 95% CI: 1.76-15.10; P = 0.003). This the first serological study to determine the seroprevalence of Neospora spp. in equine in Egypt. Further studies are necessary to identify the species of Neospora and to understand the role of above-mentioned risk factors in spreading of infection.

Fasciola hepatica Infection in Horses in Three Governorates in Northern Egypt: Prevalence and Risk Factors

Fasciola hepatica is a trematode parasite that affects wide range of mammalian hosts including horses. There are no epidemiological data on fasciolosis in Egyptian horses. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of F. hepatica in horses using ELISA as well as assess the associated risk factors for fasciolosis infection. A total of 400 sera samples of horses from three Egyptian governorates were examined. The overall seroprevalence rate in horses was 13% and the disease was more prevalent in Qalubia (14.17%) and Gharbia (16.67%) which are located at Nile Delta. The likelihood of having F. hepatica seropositivity was higher in mixed-breed animals and stallions (OR = 3.97, 95%CI: 1.10-14.28 and OR = 2.07, 95%CI: 1.09-3.93, respectively), and in older horses more than 10 years (OR = 5.69, 95% CI: 1.98-16.36). Horses were more likely to be seropositive with F. hepatica when kept in outdoor housing (OR= 1.53, 95%CI: 0.78-3), during autumn (OR = 3.80, 95%CI: 1.17-12.32) and in the presence of snails (OR = 2.72, 95%CI: 1.34-5.52). Therefore, the obtained data contributes to the understanding of the epidemiology of Fasciola species, assess in establishment of management programmes to reduce disease and public health risks.

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection and associated risk factors in calves in Egypt

Cryptosporidium is one of the causative parasitic agents that causes gastrointestinal diseases in calves. The parasite poses a zoonotic risk to immunocompromised individuals and children. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in calves in three Egyptian governorates situated in Nile Delta and assess the associated risk factors. The Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 81 out of 430 calves (18.84%). In addition, the univariant analysis showed that age, feeding source, hygienic status, presence of diarrhea and contact with other animals were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with Cryptosporidium prevalence in calves. Furthermore, the risk factors related with Cryptosporidium prevalence were age (OR 1.96, 95%CI 0.97-3.94), feeding on milk and pasture (OR 2.07, 95%CI 1.15-3.72), poor hygienic condition (OR 2.25, 95%CI 1.28-3.94), presence of diarrhea (OR 2.47, 95%CI 1.23-4.96) and contact with other domestic animals (OR 2.08, 95%CI 1.24-3.50). In addition, the PCR assay targeting 18srRNA showed that the most prevalent species among calves was C. parvum. Although additional researches are required to understand the most effective steps that farmers and veterinary professionals should take to decrease the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection.

The Effect of Abamectin on Locusta Migratoria Neurosecretory Cells and Mid Gut, Using Ultrastructure Examination, Oxidative Stress Study, and In-Silico Molecular Docking

(1) Background: Few studies have been carried out to appraise abamectin toxicity toward Locusta migratoria nymphs. (2) Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of abamectin as an insecticide through examining the changes and damage caused by this drug, in both neurosecretory cells and midgut, using L. migratoria nymphs as a model of the cytotoxic effect. Histopathological change in the brain was examined in both normal and abamectin-treated fifth-instar nymphs. Neurosecretory cells (NSCs) were also examined where there were loosely disintegrated cells or vacuolated cytoplasm. (3) Results: The results showed distinct histological changes in the gastrointestinal tract of L. migratoria nymphs treated with abamectin, with significant cellular damage and disorganization, i.e., characteristic symptoms of cell necrosis, a destroyed epithelium, enlarged cells, and reduced nuclei. The observed biochemical changes included an elevation in all measured oxidative stress parameters compared to untreated controls. The malondialdehyde activities (MDAs) of the treated nymphs had a five- to six-fold increase, with a ten-fold increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), nine-fold increase in glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and four-fold increase in nitric oxide (NO). (4) Conclusions: To further investigate the theoretical method of action, a molecular docking simulation was performed, examining the possibility that abamectin is an inhibitor of the fatty acid-binding protein Lm-FABP (2FLJ) and that it binds with two successive electrostatic hydrogen bonds.

Novel acaricidal and growth-regulating activity of Aloe vera and Rheum rhabarbarum extracts and their oil/water nanoemulsions against the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii

Hyalomma dromedarii is an important tick species infesting livestock. This work evaluated the novel adulticidal, insect growth-regulating, and enzymatic efficacy of ethanol plant extracts of Aloe vera and Rheum rhabarbarum and their nanoemulsions against males and engorged females of the camel tick, H. dromedarii. The physicochemical properties of nanoemulsions were evaluated. The High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analyses indicated that the extracts contained polyphenols and flavonoids, which could enhance their acaricidal effect. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) of the nanoemulsions of A. vera and R. rhabarbarum were 196.7 and 291 nm, whereas their zeta potentials were - 29.1 and - 53.1 mV, respectively. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) indicated that nanoemulsions showed a regular spherical shape (less than 100 nm). Fifteen days post-treatment (PT) with 25%, the mortality% of A. vera and R. rhabarbarum were 88.5 and 96.2%, respectively. Five days PT, the median lethal concentration values of A. vera, R. rhabarbarum, and their nanoemulsions were 7.8, 7.1, 2.8, and 1.02%, respectively, and their toxicity indices were 91.02, 100, 36.4, and 100%, respectively. Their median lethal time values PT with 3.5% were 6.09, 5.09, 1.75, and 1.34 days, respectively. Nanoemulsions enhanced the efficacy of the crude extract 1-7 folds, 5 days PT, and accelerated their speed of killing ticks 2-4 times. The total protein and carbohydrates, Acetylcholinesterase, Alpha esterase, and Amylase were affected PT. The reproductive potential of engorged females was adversely impacted. In conclusion, the novel A. vera and R. rhabarbarum extracts were promising acaricides, and their nanoformulations enhanced their efficacies.

Seroprevalence of Rift Valley Fever virus in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Egypt

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that affects a variety of domestic animals, including cattle, sheep, goats, and camels, and has zoonotic potential. Although the rift valley fever virus (RVFV) is usually asymptomatic in camels, it can induce abortion in some pregnant animals. In the current study, a serosurvey was carried out to investigate the prevalence of RVFV antibodies and related risk factors in camels from four Egyptian governorates. A total of 400 serum samples were examined for anti-RVFV antibodies using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). The results revealed that the overall prevalence of RVF among examined camels was 21.5% and the disease was more prevalent in Kafr ElSheikh governorate in Nile Delta of Egypt. In addition, the age group of camels with more than 5 years (OR=4.49, 95%CI: 1.39-14.49), the female sex (OR=3.38, 95%CI: 1.51-7.58), the emaciated animals (OR=1.52, 95%CI: 0.86-2.66), the summer season's infection (OR=5.98, 95%CI: 1.79-19.93), the presence of mosquitoes (OR= 2.88, 95%CI: 1.39-5.95), and the absence of mosquitoes control (OR=3.97, 95%CI: 2.09-7.57) were identified as risk factors for RVFV infection. The results of this study support knowledge on the risk factors for RVFV infection and demonstrate that camels raising in Egypt have RVFV antibodies. Quarantine measures or vaccination program should be implemented to reduce the likelihood of RVFV introduction, dissemination among susceptible animals, and ultimately transmission to humans.

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Egypt

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii and affecting all warm-blooded animals. The available data about the epidemiological situation of T. gondii in water buffaloes in Egypt are scarce. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii in water buffaloes in three Egyptian governorates and to evaluate the associated risk factors for the infection. A total of 430 sera samples were examined using commercial Indirect ELISA Multi-species kit. The overall seroprevalence rate of T. gondii in examined water buffaloes was 7.4 %, and the highest rate (9.3 %) was found in Kafr ElSheikh governorate. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that adult buffalo (OR = 7.10; 95 % CI: 0.87-57.68; P = 0.067) and small herds (OR = 8.42; 95 % CI: 1.07-66.02; P = 0.043) were more likely than young buffalo and large herds to become infected with T. gondii. Moreover, the risk of buffaloes contracting T. gondii infection was higher in winter and especially among animals contacted with cats. It is necessary to identify risk factors in order to determine what mitigation, control, and prevention strategies to implement in order to reduce, control, and prevent T. gondii infection in domestic animals, which will in turn reduce human infection with the disease.

Molecular prevalence and associated risk factors of Theileria annulata infections in dromedary camels in Egypt

Theileria annulata (T. annulata) is an intracellular protozoan, transmitted by ixodid ticks of the genus Hyalomma and affects camels. There are few epidemiological data on T. annulata infection and its associated risk factors in Egyptian camels. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of T. annulata in camels using PCR and assess the associated risk factors for infection. A total of 380 blood samples were collected from camels raising in three Egyptian governorates and examined by PCR assay targeting 30-kDa gene to detect the presence of T. annulata infection, beside statistical analysis of associated factors. The results revealed presence of T. annulata with overall prevalence of 21.1%. In addition, the univariate analysis revealed significant (P<0.05) association between prevalence of T. annulata in camels and locality, age, sex, tick infestation, and application of acaricides. Whereas the prevalence of T. annulata was higher in camels of age group >6 to 10 years (38%), females (25.7%) and in infested camels with ticks (29%) and in case of absence of acaricides application (25%). In contrast, the body condition of camels had not significant effect on prevalence of theileriosis in camels. The current study concluded that T. annulata is prevalent in Egyptian camels and that a tick control program is required to reduce the risk of infection.

Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle in Egypt: a serosurvey and associated risk factors

Neospora caninum (N. caninum) is one of the causative agents that causing cattle abortion, and severe economic losses. Due to the scarcity of data on N. caninum infection in Egyptian cattle, the purpose of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence and determine the risk factors for parasite infection. In four governorates in northern Egypt, 540 blood samples from cattle were taken, and tested using a commercial ELISA kit. The overall seroprevalence of N. caninum in examined cattle was 28.89%. A multivariate logistic regression model determined that age (OR = 2.63, P < 0.001), manual milking (OR = 1.39, P = 0.14), abortion history (OR = 2.78, P < 0.0001), repetition of estrus (OR = 2.31, P < 0.0001), and contact with dogs (OR = 2.57, P < 0.0001) were significant risk factors. The findings proved that N. caninum infection was one of the factors contributing to abortion and financial losses in dairy cattle in Egypt. Therefore, the application of sanitary security and control programs is very important in dairy farms.

Bluetongue virus infection in cattle: serosurvey and its associated risk factors

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a vector-borne virus that primarily affects sheep. However, the disease is usually asymptomatic in cattle without obvious clinical signs related to BTV infection. Although there is evidence of BTV antibodies through serology in Egypt, it is still unknown whether Egyptian cattle have ever been exposed to the virus in the north or south of the country. The study's aims were to determine the seroprevalence of BTV and evaluate the potential risk factors for BTV infection in cattle in Egypt. We used a competitive ELISA to screen 690 healthy cattle for BTV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in four governorates in Egypt. A total seroprevalence of BTV antibodies in examined cattle was 51.47%, 95%CI: 48.01-55.45. The odds of BTV seropositivity were higher in Aswan (OR=1.30, 95%CI: 0.71-2.36), females (OR=3.29, 95%CI: 1.87-5.79), and elder cattle >8 years (OR=12.91, 95%CI: 6.63-25.13). Moreover, cattle contacted with other animals (OR=1.40, 95%CI: 0.94-2.10), with history of abortion (OR=4.88, 95%CI: 3.14-7.59), and those living with presence of insects (OR=12.34, 95%CI: 8-19.30) were more likely to be infected with bluetongue (BT). To effectively predict and respond to a potential BTV outbreak in Egypt, surveillance for BTV infection should be expanded to cover other susceptible ruminants and the range of the insect vectors.

Effect of nanostructure lipid carrier of methylene blue and monoterpenes as enzymes inhibitor for Culex pipiens

Solid lipid nanoparticles second generation, nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC), is one of the most important biodegradable nanoparticles. Nanostructure Lipid carrier (NLC) was used to encapsulate methylene blue (MB) dye, carvacrol and citronellal and their efficacy as insecticidal against Culex pipiens (Cx. pipiens) were distinguished. The prepared nanoformulation revealed very good physicochemical properties, especially the homogeneity of the particle size. Transmission electron microscope showed spherical shaped nanoparticles within range less than 200 nm. The prepared NLC-MB-MT system showed a very competitive insecticidal activity and high virulence against the mosquito larvae with higher mortality rate of LC50 of 0.141 µl/mL, in addition to high level of Oxidative stress parameters obtained through all the tested enzymes including hydrogen peroxide (4.8 ppm), protein carbonyl amount (0.12 OD/mg protein), ascorbic acid (0.15 mg) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed strong increasing (0.09 OD/mg protein/min) at 6 µg/mL, respectively. Whereas paradoxical results of the oxidative stress enzymes were obtained from different concentration of nanoformulation that introduce a convenient reason for their potential insecticidal effect. The cytotoxic effect of NLC-MB-MT was evaluated using WI38 human lung cell lines, the LC50 was 6.4 mg/mL. The low cytotoxic reactivity towards the tested cell line makes the NLC-MB-MT nanoformulation has its promising insecticidal efficacy. Molecular docking study for each component were done against acetylcholine esterase protein and accepted binding modes achieved by the three compounds.

Toxoplasma gondii infection in Egyptian domestic sheep and goats: seroprevalence and risk factors

Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that has been associated with reproductive failure in small ruminants. Although T. gondii infections in ruminants and humans have been recorded in several Egypt's governorates, but little is known about the risk factors associated with T. gondii infections. In this study, 350 sheep and 290 goat serum samples from three governorates in Egypt were examined for presence of antibodies against T. gondii, and evaluate the associate risk factors for the infection. The seroprevalence in sheep and goats was 24% and 38.28%, respectively. In sheep and goats, age, sex, the presence of cats, and hygienic conditions were identified as risk factors for T. gondii infection. In addition, the prevalence rates were significantly higher in older animals more than 2 years old, females, among animals contacted with cats, and animals living in bad hygienic condition. In conclusion, sheep and goats in the examined regions are commonly infected with T. gondii. The identification of risk variables defines the sort of actions to be implemented in order to decrease, and prevent T. gondii infection in small ruminant animals and, as a result, human infection.

Serosurvey and associated risk factors for Chlamydia abortus infection in cattle from Egypt

Chlamydia abortus is an important gram-negative pathogen poses serious public health problem in human and reproductive disorders in animals. There are very few data on the prevalence of C. abortus in cattle and none on the associated risk factors for infection in cattle in earlier literature. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the risk factors and seropositivity of C. abortus infection in cattle. In northern Egypt, 400 cattle from five governorates were examined using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a cross-sectional study. The results revealed that the overall prevalence for C. abortus in cattle was 20.75 % and the highest level was observed in Gharbia 26.67 % while the lowest rate was found in Menofia governorate 15.38 %. The age, herd size, application of disinfection and history of abortion or stillbirth had significant association with prevalence of C. abortus infection by univariate analysis. In addition, Cattle above the age of 4 years, a median herd size of 10-50, the absence of disinfectant application, a history of stillbirth, and a history of abortion were all found as risk factors for C. abortus infection using multivariable logistic regression. These findings could be used to establish effective management strategies to prevent and control C. abortus infection in cattle and lower the risk of C. abortus infection in cattle in Egypt.

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Horses

BACKGROUND

Toxoplasma gondii is classified as intracellular protozoa and is one of the major zoonotic parasites. Most warm-blooded intermediate hosts, including humans, are commonly infected by this parasite. The epidemiology of T. gondii infection in Egyptian horses is currently poorly understood.

METHODS

420 blood samples were randomly collected from horses raised in four governorates in Northern Egypt (110 each from Giza and Kafr El Sheikh, and 100 each from Qalyubia and Gharbia) to investigate the existence of antibodies against T. gondii using a commercial ELISA kit, and to ascertain the risk factors for the infection.

RESULTS

the antibodies for T. gondii were found in 16.2% (68/420) of the examined horses, with no significant differences among the four studied governorates. The highest prevalence rate was observed in Giza. The results revealed that sex, breed, age, and contact with domestic ruminants or cats were recognized as potential risk factors. The high prevalence rate was found in mixed breed horses (OR = 2.63, 95% CI: 0.95-7.26), mares (OR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.31-4.19), and horses aged over 10 years (OR = 2.78, 95% CI: 1.30-3.44). Moreover, the likelihood of seropositivity for T. gondii infection was higher in horses raised in environments with cats (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.13-3.44, p = 0.017) or domestic ruminants (OR = 2.16, 1.21-3.86, p = 0.010). This report confirms that horses in Northern Egypt are exposed to T. gondii and thus raises the possibility that people and other animals could contract the disease.

CONCLUSIONS

routine examination and management of T. gondii infection in horses in these governorates is advised.

Coxiella burnetii and its risk factors in cattle in Egypt: a seroepidemiological survey

Animal production is greatly affected by Q fever. As a result of a lack of methodology and financial means to perform extensive epidemiological surveys, the disease's underdiagnosis has proven to be a challenge for effective control. The present study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of C. burnetii in cattle raising in four governorates situated at Nile Delta of Egypt and assess the associated risk factors for infection. A total of 480 serum samples were collected from cattle and examined for presence of anti-C. burnetii antibodies using indirect ELISA assay. The overall seroprevalence of C. burnetii among examined cattle was 19.8%, with the Qalyubia governorate having the highest prevalence. The results of multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed significant association between C. burnetii seropositivity and age, communal grazing and/or watering, contact with small ruminants and history of infertility. According to the findings of this work, C. burnetii is circulating among cattle living in Nile Delta. It is suggested that adequate hygiene procedures and biosecurity measures should be implemented to limit the transmission of pathogens within cow herds and potential human exposure.

Sero-survey of bovine herpes virus-1 in dromedary camels and associated risk factors

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a major animal health hazard in many countries throughout the world, caused by bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1). The study’s goal was to evaluate the prevalence of BoHV-1 seropositivity among dromedary camels in three governorates in northern Egypt, as well as to identify risk variables related with BoHV-1 seropositivity. A total of 321 blood samples were collected randomly from dromedary camels living in the selected governorates and examined for presence of BoHV-1 antibody using ELISA test. The overall seroprevalence of BoHV-1 among examined camels was 5.92% (95%CI: 3.82–9.06). Univariable analysis confirmed that the significant association (P < 0.05) between sex, history of abortion, contact with small ruminants and herd size and BoHV-1 seropositivity. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, the following risk factors were identified to be related with the presence of BoHV-1 infection: sex (OR = 2.54, 95%CI: 0.63–10.22), history of abortion (OR = 4.16, 95%CI: 1.30–13.27), contact with small ruminants (OR = 5.61, 95%CI: 1.67–18.80) and large herd size (OR = 10.52, 95%CI: 2.46–44.91). This study estimated the disease’s seroprevalence in Egyptian dromedary camels, implying that camels could act as a BoHV-1 reservoir for transmission to other species.

Ovicidal Aroma Shields for Prevention of Blow Fly Strikes Caused by Lucilia sericata (Meigen), Diptera: Calliphoridae

The blow fly, Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Culicidae) is a primary facultative ectoparasite controlled by insecticides that have environmental and safety concerns; therefore, its natural and safe control is crucial. L. sericata eggs were subjected to 400 μL of 5% of 24 materials of plant-borne origin. The number of hatched and unhatched eggs were counted 24 h postexposure. Stopmyasis^® expressed the highest ovicidal effect, followed by cedarwood, orange, and tea tree oils. The mean ovicidal results were 46.09-95.24% grouped as Class A, which provided the lowest hatchability rates. Even though benzoin, vanillin, citronella, and camphor oils grouped as Class B provided moderate ovicidal effects (33.69-43.92%), their efficacy differed significantly from those of the treatments in Classes A and C containing the control group and vetiver, eucalyptus, Olbas^®, neem, sunflower, oil blends, patchouli, frankincense, p-menthane-3,8 diol (PMD), lavender, peppermint, cinnamon, calry sag, myrtle, and silicone oil. According to our knowledge, most (19 out of 24) applied materials were used as ovicides against L. serricata for the first time, except orange, eucalyptus, patchouli, cinnamon oils, and six of them were applied as ovicides against pests for the first time. Stopmyasis containing Géraniol and PMD is the drug of choice as an ecofriendly product to prevent blow fly strikes through correct diagnosis and prompt treatment preventing a disastrous and destructive course of the disease and improving quality of life.

A survey of bluetongue infection in one-humped camels (Camelus Dromedarius); seroprevalence and risk factors analysis

Bluetongue (BT) is an insect-borne, non-contagious viral disease which affects domestic ruminants including camels and is transmitted by Culicoides spp. Clinical symptoms of BT are typically seen in sheep, although subclinical BT infections are mostly seen in cattle, goats, and camelids. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the sero-prevalence of Bluetongue virus (BTV) in camels from some governorates in Egypt's southern and northern regions, as well as the infection's potential risk factors. During 2020-2021, a cross sectional study was conducted to screen presence of anti-BTV antibodies in 400 serum samples, which were collected randomly from camels, examined using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). The sera of 102 out of 400 camels tested positive for BTV, representing a frequency of 25.5%. Moreover, the odds of sero-positivity were higher among camels living in Aswan (OR = 5.33, 95%CI: 2.35-12.11), especially in females (OR = 2.63, 95%CI = 1.44-4.09) during summer season (OR = 2.40, 95%CI = 1.20-4.81). Furthermore, the probability of getting BTV infection increased when camels were exposed to the insect vectors (OR = 1.63, 95%CI = 0.87-3.09). The high prevalence of BTV in camels in several Egyptian regions highlights the need for more epidemiological investigations of BTV infection in other ruminant species in order to better control BT disease in these regions.

Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibilities and risk factors of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in dairy bovines

Staphylococcus aureus is a common mastitis pathogen in dairy cows, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been found in dairy farms all over the world. The study carried out on bovines from three governorates in Egypt, with the goal of determining the prevalence of MRSA in positive milk samples of subclinical mastitis, performing an antibiotic susceptibility test against MRSA isolates and determining the risk factors associated with MRSA. A total of 350 quarter milk samples (n = 200 mixed breed cow; n = 150 water buffalo) were collected and examined for subclinical mastitis using the California mastitis test (CMT) before being exposed to standard microbiological procedures for S. aureus isolation. The disc diffusion method was used to phenotypically analyse the positive S. aureus isolates for MRSA, which was verified by a PCR assay targeting the mecA gene. According to the findings of the study, 41.4% (145/350) milk samples were positive based on CMT, while 35.7% (125/350) of positive samples identified as MRSA based on PCR assay. However, the obtained results revealed non-significant disparity between cattle and buffalo and all predicted risk factors were strongly associated with prevalence of subclinical mastitis. The in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that cefoxitin was completely resistant, whereas linezolid, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole were sensitive against the MRSA isolates. The relevance of S. aureus to public health, as well as the development of resistance to antibiotics like methicillin, needs ongoing testing of antimicrobial medications against MRSA isolates.

Bayesian estimation of sensitivity and specificity of fecal culture, fecal PCR and serum ELISA for diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections in sheep

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the individual fecal culture (IFC), fecal PCR (FPCR), and serum ELISA for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections in sheep from four governorates in Egypt, using a latent class model (LCM) fitted within a Bayesian framework. Furthermore, the within-governorate prevalence of MAP infection in sheep was estimated as a secondary objective. Fecal and blood samples were collected from 370 sheep in four Egyptian governorates. Fecal samples were analyzed by IFC and RT-PCR based on ISMav2 gene, while ELISA was performed on serum samples. The sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the three diagnostic tests were estimated using a three-tests-four-populations Bayesian LCM to obtain posterior estimates [medians and 95% Bayesian credible intervals (95% BCI)] for each parameter. The median Se estimates (95% BCI) for IFC, FPCR, and serum ELISA were 31.8% (22.8-41.4), 49.7% (31.8-79.9), and 61.2% (39.8-81.4), respectively. The median Sp estimates (95% BCI) for IFC, FPCR, and serum ELISA were 97.7% (96.1-98.9), 97.7% (95.6-99.5), and 98.4% (96.9-99.3), respectively. The median within-governorate paratuberculosis prevalence (95% BCI) was 5.2% (1.1-13.6), 8.4% (2.9-17.7), 9.4% (3.0-20.7), and 18.2% (10.5-29.5) for the Gharbia, Menoufia, Qalyubia, and Kafr El-Sheikh governorates, respectively. In conclusion, at a ratio of the optical density (OD) sample/OD positive control threshold of > 45%, ELISA showed the highest Se among the three tests and comparable Sp to IFC and FPCR. The test ELISA evaluated in this study is an interesting alternative for detecting MAP in sheep due to its higher Se, lower cost, and shorter turnaround laboratory time compared to IFC and FPCR.

Novel Pesticidal Efficacy of Araucaria heterophylla and Commiphora molmol Extracts against Camel and Cattle Blood-Sucking Ectoparasites

Botanical insecticides are promising pest control agents. This research investigated the novel pesticidal efficacy of Araucaria heterophylla and Commiphora molmol extracts against four ectoparasites through treated envelopes. Seven days post-treatment (PT) with 25 mg/mL of C. molmol and A. heterophylla, complete mortality of the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii and cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus were reached. Against H. dromedarii, the median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of the methanol extracts were 1.13 and 1.04 mg/mL and those of the hexane extracts were 1.47 and 1.38 mg/mL, respectively. The LC50 values of methanol and hexane extracts against R. annulatus were 1.09 and 1.41 plus 1.55 and 1.08 mg/mL, respectively. Seven days PT with 12.5 mg/mL, extracts completely controlled Haematopinus eurysternus and Hippobosca maculata; LC50 of Ha. eurysternus were 0.56 and 0.62 mg/mL for methanol extracts and 0.55 and 1.00 mg/mL for hexane extracts, respectively, whereas those of Hi. maculata were 0.67 and 0.78 mg/mL for methanol extract and 0.68 and 0.32 mg/mL, respectively, for hexane extracts. C. molmol extracts contained sesquiterpene, fatty acid esters and phenols, whereas those of A. heterophylla possessed monoterpene, sesquiterpene, terpene alcohols, fatty acid, and phenols. Consequently, methanol extracts of C. molmol and A. heterophylla were recommended as ecofriendly pesticides.

Adverse effect of vaccination in xenogeneic animals

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a devastating, emerging viral disease of cattle. It causes significant economic losses due to trade restrictions that are placed on infected animals and the biological effects of the disease: infertility, dramatic loss in milk production, induction of abortion and mortality. It is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), which belongs to the Poxviridae family. Vaccination has been determined to be the most effective way to control LSD infection among livestock. However, some adverse effects have been reported in animals vaccinated with live vaccines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the systemic lesions that are associated with LSD vaccination in xenogeneic animals. The aim of our study was to compare the immunogenicity and pathogenicity of a live attenuated vaccine of Romanian strain of sheeppox virus (SPPV) through study of two different routes of administration in xenogeneic animals (mice). Swiss male mice were inoculated with two doses of SPPV vaccine by two different routes intranasal (IN, through nebulisation), and intraperitoneal (IP) injection) and the levels of immunoglobulins and histopathological findings were reported. Our results showed marked increases in levels of immunoglobulins (Ig) dependent on the administration route: IgG in IP-inoculated mice and IgA in IN-vaccinated mice. IgM levels became markedly high after vaccination via both routes. Histologically, nebulisation of mice with SPPV vaccine caused more pulmonary lesions than did IP injection and promoted the proliferation of megakaryocytes in splenic tissues. In contrast, IP injection had less effect on pulmonary tissues and induced activation of extramedullary haematopoiesis (EH) in the hepatic tissues. LSD vaccination in xenogeneic animals caused serious systemic complications and the severity of the lesions caused to tissue depended on the route of administration.

The first study on the seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants and assessment of associated risk factors in North Egypt

Background and Aim

Ovine anaplasmosis is a rickettsial disease caused by Anaplasma spp. These Gram-negative intracellular bacteria are mainly transmitted by ticks and infected blood cells of caprine, ovine, and wild small ruminants. At present, epidemiological data on anaplasmosis in cattle, dogs, and camels in Egypt are available, but the data about Anaplasma spp. in sheep and goat are scarce. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants and assess the associated risk factors.

Materials and Methods

A cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. in 300 sheep and 300 goats from four governorates in North Egypt using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays kit, and the associated risk factors for the infection were evaluated.

Results

Overall, the seroprevalence of anti-Anaplasma antibodies was 18.3% and 21.3% in sheep and goats, respectively. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine the association between risk factors and Anaplasma spp. infection.

Conclusion

Age, animal husbandry, acaricide use, tick infestation, and contact with cattle were the primary risk factors for Anaplasma seropositivity. This study confirms the presence of antibodies against Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants from Egypt. This is the first study to assess the associated risk factors for Anaplasma infection in small ruminants from Egypt. Further studies are needed to improve the understanding of the associated disease factors, facilitating the development of new procedures for control of anaplasmosis in livestock.

Molecular epidemiological survey, genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Anaplasma ovis infecting sheep in Northern Egypt

Anaplasma ovis is the most common etiologic agent of ovine anaplasmosis, mainly transmitted by ticks. The present study aimed to determine the molecular prevalence of A. ovis in sheep from Egypt and assessed the associated risk factors. The study was conducted, between January and December 2020, in four governorates situated in Northern Egypt. Blood samples from 355 asymptomatic sheep were collected and examined by the use of PCR specific to A. ovis. Diversity analysis and phylogenetic study based on partial msp4 gene sequence were performed on revealed A. ovis DNA. Overall, the molecular prevalence rate of A. ovis was 15.5% and the highest rate was observed in Kafr ElSheikh governorate (16.8%). Statistical analysis revealed that A. ovis infection was significantly related to sheep gender and to tick infestation. The risk factors that were found to be associated with A. ovis infection in exposed sheep were: female sex (OR=2.6, 95%CI: 1.13-6.12), and infestation with ticks (OR=2.1, 95%CI: 1.11-3.79). The analysis of A. ovis msp4 sequences revealed two different genotypes classified in the Old World sub-cluster with other Egyptian isolates. Investigation on prevalence, risk factors and genetic variability of A. ovis in sheep reported in this study is important for the implementation of control programs. Further studies are needed to determine the vectors and reservoirs of A. ovis in Egyptian small ruminants and to identify the real economic impact of A. ovis infection on the country.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with tropical theileriosis in Egyptian dairy cattle

Background and Aim:

Theileria annulata is the most prevalent piroplasm infecting cattle across Egypt. Theileriosis is transmitted by ixodid ticks of the genus Hyalomma. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of theileriosis in cattle and their associated risk factors for infection.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 570 blood samples were collected from cattle from five governorates (administrative districts) in Egypt and examined using a polymerase chain reaction assay to estimate the prevalence of tropical theileriosis and assess the associated risk factors

Results:

The overall prevalence rate was 16.49%, with the Alexandria district having the highest prevalence. The results revealed that the risk of theileriosis was elevated in older cattle (odds ratio [OR]=8.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.6-21.9), especially in summers (OR=3.07, 95% CI: 1.4-6.3). Cattle heavily infested with ticks were at particular risk (OR=3.05, 95% CI: 2.1-4.5), as were those to which acaricide had not been applied (OR=13.7, 95% CI: 5.6-33.6).

Conclusion:

Understanding the risk factors associated with T. annulata infection and regular infection monitoring could reduce infection rates and economic losses and is essential for the implementation of efficient control programs.

Identification and discrimination of Theileria annulata by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism

Background and Aim:

Theileria annulata infection is a tick-borne disease affecting ruminants in the tropical and subtropical regions causing severe economic losses. This study aimed to characterize circulating T. annulata isolates from four governorates (administrative districts) north and south of Egypt using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Materials and Methods:

Fifty samples were collected from the four governorates of Egypt and were examined by a PCR assay based on the heat shock protein 70 gene. The amplified product was subsequently digested using two restriction enzymes, Taq I and Alu I, to determine which pattern of T. annulata strains was involved.

Results:

The findings revealed that one distinct pattern was observed for T. annulata isolates in the northern governorates and another one in the southern governorates. The Taq I enzyme produced three fragments (100, 175, and 270 bp), and the Alu I enzyme produced four fragments (60, 90, 125, and 270 bp).

Conclusion:

This study determined the presence of two distinct circulating genotypes of T. annulata among cattle in Egypt based on PCR-RFLP using the HSP 70 gene. More studies are needed in different parts of the country to investigate the virulence and strain variance of T. annulata in cattle.

Larvicidal and adulticidal effects of some Egyptian oils against Culex pipiens

Mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases represent an increasing global challenge. Plant extract and/or oils could serve as alternatives to synthetic insecticides. The larvicidal effects of 32 oils (1000 ppm) were screened against the early 4th larvae of Culex pipiens and the best oils were evaluated against adults and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC mass) and HPLC. All oils had larvicidal activity (60.0-100%, 48 h Post-treatment, and their Lethal time 50 (LT₅₀) values ranged from 9.67 (Thymus vulgaris) to 37.64 h (Sesamum indicum). Oils were classified as a highly effective group (95-100% mortalities), including Allium sativum, Anethum graveolens, Camellia sinensis, Foeniculum vulgare, Nigella sativa, Salvia officinalis, T. vulgaris, and Viola odorata. The moderately effective group (81-92% mortalities) included Boswellia serrata, Cuminum cyminum, Curcuma aromatic, Allium sativum, Melaleuca alternifolia, Piper nigrum, and Simmondsia chinensis. The least effective ones were C. sativus and S. indicum. Viola odorata, Anethum graveolens, T. vulgaris, and N. sativa provide 100% adult mortalities PT with 10, 25, 20, and 25%. The mortality percentages of the adults subjected to 10% of oils (H group) were 48.89%, 88.39%, 63.94%, 51.54%, 92.96%, 44.44%, 72.22%, and 100% for A. sativum, An. graveolens, C. sinensis, F. vulgare, N. sativa, S. officinalis, T. vulgaris, and V. odorata, respectively. Camellia sinensis and F. vulgare were the most potent larvicides whereas V. odorata, T. vulgaris, An. graveolens and N. sativa were the best adulticides and they could be used for integrated mosquito control.

Serological and molecular surveys of Anaplasma spp. in Egyptian cattle reveal high A. marginale infection prevalence

BACKGROUND

Bovine anaplasmosis is an infectious disease with worldwide distribution. It spreads by various routes mainly through tick bites.

AIMS

This study aimed to investigate bovine related Anaplasma spp. in cattle from three northern governorates of Egypt by serological and molecular assays, to evaluate the associated risk factors and to analyze the phylogeny of revealed A. marginale isolates.

METHODS

During 2020, a total of 650 blood samples were collected from asymptomatic cattle in the governorates of Kafr El-Sheikh (n=240), Menofia (n=230), and Al-Gharbia (n=180). Sera samples were examined using the Anaplasma antibody test kit, cELISA v2. Blood genomic DNA of seropositive cattle was then examined by PCRs specific to A. marginale, A. centrale, and A. bovis. Selected positive samples were subjected to nucleotide sequencing. Risk factors (i.e. geographical area, breed, type of production, sex, age, herd size, season, husbandry system, tick infestation, and application of acaricides) were evaluated by logistic regression approach.

RESULTS

In total, 130 cattle (20%, 95% CI: 17.1-23.3) were recorded seropositive for Anaplasma species. Major risk factors associated with seropositivity were being crossbred, dairy cattle, aged more than 5 years, summer season, herd size of below 300, pasture grazing, tick infestation, and not being subjected to regular treatment with acaricides. By using species-specific PCR, only A. marginale was detected. Nucleotide sequencing showed the occurrence of two different msp4 genotypes.

CONCLUSION

This study shows the high prevalence of A. marginale in cattle of Kafr El-Sheikh, Al-Gharbia, and Menofia. However, the connection between Anaplasma species and their tick vectors remains unknown in Egypt and merits further investigations. Since these infections primarily spread through ixodid tick bites, effective ectoparasite control strategies, regular examination of cattle and successful chemoprophylaxis are recommended.

Cross-sectional survey on Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis in Dromedary Camels: Seroprevalence and risk factors

Johne's disease is a chronic disease with great concern in ruminants and caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2019 to January 2020 to estimate the prevalence of MAP infection among camels which are kept in three governorates in Nile Delta of Egypt. A total of 440 serum samples were examined by ELISA for detection of MAP antibodies. The multivariable logistic regression model was performed to determine the associated risk factors for MAP infection in examined camels. Overall, the seroprevalence of MAP infection was found to be 7.5% among examined camels. The multivariable logistic regression model was performed to determine the associated risk factors for MAP infection in examined camels. The main findings revealed that the risk of getting MAP infection increased among elder camels (>10 years old) with signs of diarrhea, having communal water source and in camels grazing in the same pasture (odds ratio >1). However, geographic location, sex and contact with cattle had not significant impact regarding to seroprevalence of MAP infection in camels. The present findings confirm presence of MAP among camels which is a potential risk factor for contamination of environment and spreading of infection. Therefore, further studies for detection of infected animals in early stage are needed beside the estimated risk factors in this study to build an efficient control program.

Bovine Leukaemia Virus: Current Epidemiological Circumstance and Future Prospective

Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus that is closely related to human T-cell leukaemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and -2). It causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is the most important neoplastic disease in cattle. Most BLV-infected cattle are asymptomatic, which potentiates extremely high shedding rates of the virus in many cattle populations. Approximately 30% of them show persistent lymphocytosis that has various clinical outcomes; only a small proportion of animals (less than 5%) exhibit signs of EBL. BLV causes major economic losses in the cattle industry, especially in dairy farms. Direct costs are due to a decrease in animal productivity and in cow longevity; indirect costs are caused by restrictions that are placed on the import of animals and animal products from infected areas. Most European regions have implemented an efficient eradication programme, yet BLV prevalence remains high worldwide. Control of the disease is not feasible because there is no effective vaccine against it. Therefore, detection and early diagnosis of the disease are essential in order to diminish its spreading and the economic losses it causes. This review comprises an overview of bovine leukosis, which highlights the epidemiology of the disease, diagnostic tests that are used and effective control strategies.

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Canine Leishmaniasis in Egypt

BACKGROUND

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is caused by Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) that is transmitted by sand fly vectors with dogs acting as the main reservoir.

METHODS

The present study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of CanL in dogs from Egypt and assessed the associated risk factors. The study was conducted from 2019 to 2020 in five governorates situated in Northern Egypt. Serum samples from 450 asymptomatic dogs were serologically examined by use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

Overall, the seroprevalence rate of CanL was 21.3% and the highest rates were observed in Cairo and Giza governorates. The univariable analysis revealed that the seropositivity of CanL was strongly related to the dogs' ages, length of hair, absence of veterinary care or application of insecticides, and the type of floor of their shelters. The risk factors that were found to be associated with CanL in exposed dogs were: age group 2-4 years old (OR = 12, 95% CI: 1.6-92.3); short hair (OR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.2-3.6); absence of veterinary care (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3-5.8); no application of insecticides (OR = 3.09, 95% CI: 1.5-6.5) and their residence in a shelter with an earthen floor (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 0.7-2.9).

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the present results, CanL is present in Egyptian dogs and this increases the possibility of transmission by sand fly to humans with whom they have contact. Consequently, an efficient monitoring programme and effective control measures are important to reduce the risk of infection.

Molecular detection and risk factors for Anaplasma platys infection in dogs from Egypt

Background

Anaplasma platys is a tick-borne bacterium which infects blood platelets of dogs, causing canine cyclic thrombocytopenia. The disease is distributed worldwide, particularly in the tropics and subtropics, but information on the epidemiology of A. platys infection in dogs is fragmentary in many countries, including Egypt. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and risk factors associated with A. platys infection in dogs from Egypt.

Methods

A conventional PCR targeting a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene of A. platys was used to screen 500 dogs from five North Egyptian governorates. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed for one of the positive samples.

Results

The overall prevalence of A. platys in the studied dogs was 6.4%. Females of the German shepherd breed without veterinary care had higher odds for A. platys positivity. High tick infestation and lack of anti-tick treatment were also identified as risk factors for A. platys infection. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sequence obtained herein was closely related to sequences from Egypt, South Africa and Uruguay.

Conclusions

This is the first large-scale epidemiological study of A. platys in Egypt, where female German shepherd dogs without veterinary care, as well as dogs with high tick infestation and without anti-tick treatment are at a higher risk of infection.

Graphical abstract

Seroprevalence and risk factors for lumpy skin disease in cattle in Northern Egypt

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an endemic infectious viral disease of cattle in African and Middle East countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of LSD among cattle in Northern Egypt and assessed the associated risk factors with LSD infection. A total of 1000 sera samples were collected from cattle and examined serologically with commercial ELISA kit. Overall, the true seroprevalence of LSD among cattle in Egypt was 19.5% (n = 180). The true seroprevalence rate was varied significantly between different geographical studied areas, and the highest level was observed in Kafr El-Sheikh (26.7%) and Gharbia (23.7%) governorates. Moreover, the risk of getting LSD infection was increased among Holstein breed (OR = 4.586; 95%CI, 1.83-11.48) and adult cattle (OR = 2.498; 95%CI, 1.17-5.32) during summer season (OR = 7.303, 95%CI: 3.97-13.42). Furthermore, communal grazing (OR = 1.546; 95%CI, 0.91-2.60), communal water points (OR = 3.283; 95%CI, 2.11-5.09), introduction of new animal (OR = 2.216; 95%CI, 1.32-3.71), and contact with other animals (OR = 3.401; 95%CI, 1.62-7.10) were identified as significant risk factors for the occurrence of LSDV infection in cattle. Moreover, the present study revealed that no significant (P > 0.05) association between sex or type of herd and occurrence of LSD infection.

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Egypt

Background

Dogs play an important role as reservoirs of many zoonotic vector-borne pathogens worldwide, yet reports of canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) in Egypt are scarce.

Methods

Serum samples were collected from pet dogs (n = 500) of the three most common breeds (German Shepherd, Rottweiler and Pit Bull) in five Governates of Cairo (n = 230), Giza (n = 110), Al-Qalyubia (n = 60), Al-Gharbia (n = 60) and Kafr El-Sheikh (n = 40) with a hot desert climate. The presence of antibodies to Anaplasma spp. (A. phagocytophilum, A. platys), Ehrlichia spp. (E. canis, E. chaffeensis, E. ewingii), Borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) and Dirofilaria immitis were assessed using IDEXX SNAP^® 4Dx^® ELISA tests. For each pathogen, risk factors (i.e. geographical area, keeping condition, sex, age, breed, tick infestation, weekly sanitation of dog enclosures and application of ectoparasiticides) were evaluated by logistic regression approach.

Results

In total, 18.2% (n = 91, 95% CI 15.1–21.8) of dogs scored seropositive for at least one pathogen, the most frequent being Ehrlichia spp. (n = 56; 11.2%; 95% CI 8.7–14.3) followed by Anaplasma spp. (n = 33; 6.6%, 95% CI 4.7–9.1), Borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) (n = 9; 1.8%, 95% CI 0.9–3.4) and D. immitis (n = 7; 1.4%, 95% CI 0.9–2.9). In the tested population, 15.4% (95% CI 12.5–18.8) of dogs were exposed to a single pathogen while 2.4 (95% CI 1.4–4.2) and 0.4% (95% CI 0.1–1.4) were simultaneously exposed to two or three pathogens, respectively. Major risk factors associated with VBDs were living outdoors (Anaplasma spp., P = 0.0001; Ehrlichia spp., P = 0.0001), female sex (Ehrlichia spp., P = 0.005), German Shepherd breed (Anaplasma spp., P = 0.04; Ehrlichia spp., P = 0.03), tick infestation (Anaplasma spp., P = 0.0001; Ehrlichia spp., P = 0.0001; B. burgdorferi (s.l.), P = 0.003; D. immitis, P = 0.02), irregular sanitation (Anaplasma spp., P = 0.0001; Ehrlichia spp., P = 0.0001; B. burgdorferi (s.l.), P = 0.002; D. immitis, P = 0.01) and not using ectoparasiticides (Anaplasma spp., P = 0.0001; Ehrlichia spp., P = 0.0001; B. burgdorferi (s.l.), P = 0.007).

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale seroepidemiological study of CVBDs in Egypt. Considering that all of the detected pathogens are potentially zoonotic, effective ectoparasite control strategies, regular examination of pet dogs and successful chemoprophylaxis are advocated.

Seroprevalence, associated risk factors analysis and first molecular characterization of chlamydia abortus among Egyptian sheep

Chlamydia abortus is one of the most common abortive agents worldwide in sheep. Few studies have been reported C. abortus infection among sheep in Egypt but the available data is scarce. The objective of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of C. abortus among sheep, the associated risk factors and its molecular characterization. The present study was conducted on 675 sheep in six Governorates at Northern Egypt. Data analysis confirmed the presence of antibodies against C. abortus in 93 out of 675 sheep. The logistic regression model was fitted to identify the associated risk factors with C. abortus infection. The results revealed that C. abortus increased significantly in ewes (OR = 4.04, 95 %CI: 1.44-11.28) during autumn season (OR = 3.6, 95 %CI: 1.64-8.28), in ewes with a history of abortion (OR = 1.4, 95 %CI: 0.87-2.50) and in farm where no lambing pen (OR = 2.2, 95 %CI: 1.30-3.94) or abscence of post abortion measures (OR = 1.96, 95%CI: 1.23-3.12). In addition, age, flock size and exchange of breeding ram had no significant effect on prevalence of chlamydiosis. Also, PCR assay was confirmed presence of C. abortus as accusative pathogen in aborted ewe and the genetic characterization of Egyptian C. abortus strain revealed 100 % identity with another strain from Iraq. A control program should be applied to reduce economic losses and risk of human infection.

Impact of perioperative right ventricular assist device on ventricular arrhythmias in patients with continuous flow left ventricular assist device

Background

Patients with continuous flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD) may develop right ventricular failure in perioperative period of LVAD implantation. Some of these patients require temporary support with right ventricular assist device (RVAD). There is paucity of data regarding the impact of RVAD support on incidence of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) in LVAD patients.

Purpose

To assess the impact of perioperative RVAD support on the incidence of VA in the first 6 months after LVAD implant.

Methods

This is a retrospective study including 316 patients undergoing LVAD implantation at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA since 2012. Patients were divided into 2 groups- those who required perioperative RVAD support (BiVAD group) and those who did not require it (LVAD only group). VA was defined as any sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia lasting more than 30 seconds or requiring therapy from implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Incidence of VA in the first 6 months post-LVAD implantation was analyzed and compared between the groups using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.

Results

Out of 316 total patients, 52 (16%) patients required RVAD support. The difference in age, gender, race and medications between the two groups was not statistically significant. The patients in BiVAD group had a higher incidence of post-LVAD VA (35%) as compared to LVAD only group (21%). On Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, the difference was found to be statistically significant even after adjusting for history of pre-LVAD VAs (HR: 2.27; p=0.02) (Figure 1).

Conclusion

In this large single center cohort of LVAD patients, we noticed a statistically higher incidence of VA in subgroup of patients requiring perioperative RVAD support.

Figure 1

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: None

Neosporosis among Egyptian camels and its associated risk factors

Neospora caninum is an obligate intercellular protozoan parasite and considered one of the abortive pathogens in a wide range of ruminants. The present study aimed to investigate the antibodies against N. caninum in camels from three governorates in Egypt to understand the epidemiology of neosporosis and its associated abortion. The study was carried out on 282 camels using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The obtained results confirmed the presence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in 31 out of 282 camels. Moreover, no significant difference in seroprevalence was observed between different localities under the study and between males and females. On contrary, the number of seropositive camels was increased significantly in adult camels of 8-11 years old (OR = 9.1, 95% CI: 1.1-73.1), during the autumn (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 0.79-7.1) and mainly in females with history of abortion (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.2-6.5) or in camels raised with dogs (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.1-7.08). The presence of antibodies against N. caninum in camels from Egypt increases the demand for further studies to determine its epidemiological role as a cause of abortion and reduce its economic impacts on camel's industry.