1
|
Macrophage re-programming by JAK inhibitors relies on MAFB. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:152. [PMID: 38528207 PMCID: PMC10963568 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Monocyte-derived macrophages play a key pathogenic role in inflammatory diseases. In the case of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the presence of specific synovial tissue-infiltrating macrophage subsets is associated with either active disease or inflammation resolution. JAK inhibitors (JAKi) are the first targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (tsDMARD) approved for treatment of RA with comparable efficacy to biologics. However, the effects of JAKi on macrophage specification and differentiation are currently unknown. We have analyzed the transcriptional and functional effects of JAKi on human peripheral blood monocyte subsets from RA patients and on the differentiation of monocyte-derived macrophages promoted by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a factor that drives the development and pathogenesis of RA. We now report that JAKi Upadacitinib restores the balance of peripheral blood monocyte subsets in RA patients and skewed macrophages towards the acquisition of an anti-inflammatory transcriptional and functional profile in a dose-dependent manner. Upadacitinib-treated macrophages showed a strong positive enrichment of the genes that define synovial macrophages associated to homeostasis/inflammation resolution. Specifically, Upadacitinib-treated macrophages exhibited significantly elevated expression of MAFB and MAFB-regulated genes, elevated inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3β, and higher phagocytic activity and showed an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile upon activation by pathogenic stimuli. These outcomes were also shared by macrophages exposed to other JAKi (baricitinib, tofacitinib), but not in the presence of the TYK2 inhibitor deucravacitinib. As a whole, our results indicate that JAKi promote macrophage re-programming towards the acquisition of a more anti-inflammatory/pro-resolution profile, an effect that correlates with the ability of JAKi to enhance MAFB expression.
Collapse
|
2
|
MAFB shapes human monocyte-derived macrophage response to SARS-CoV-2 and controls severe COVID-19 biomarker expression. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172862. [PMID: 37917179 PMCID: PMC10807725 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-derived macrophages, the major source of pathogenic macrophages in COVID-19, are oppositely instructed by macrophage CSF (M-CSF) or granulocyte macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), which promote the generation of antiinflammatory/immunosuppressive MAFB+ (M-MØ) or proinflammatory macrophages (GM-MØ), respectively. The transcriptional profile of prevailing macrophage subsets in severe COVID-19 led us to hypothesize that MAFB shapes the transcriptome of pulmonary macrophages driving severe COVID-19 pathogenesis. We have now assessed the role of MAFB in the response of monocyte-derived macrophages to SARS-CoV-2 through genetic and pharmacological approaches, and we demonstrate that MAFB regulated the expression of the genes that define pulmonary pathogenic macrophages in severe COVID-19. Indeed, SARS-CoV-2 potentiated the expression of MAFB and MAFB-regulated genes in M-MØ and GM-MØ, where MAFB upregulated the expression of profibrotic and neutrophil-attracting factors. Thus, MAFB determines the transcriptome and functions of the monocyte-derived macrophage subsets that underlie pulmonary pathogenesis in severe COVID-19 and controls the expression of potentially useful biomarkers for COVID-19 severity.
Collapse
|
3
|
Methotrexate Provokes Disparate Folate Metabolism Gene Expression and Alternative Splicing in Ex Vivo Monocytes and GM-CSF- and M-CSF-Polarized Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9641. [PMID: 37298590 PMCID: PMC10253671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages constitute important immune cell targets of the antifolate methotrexate (MTX) in autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. Regulation of folate/MTX metabolism remains poorly understood upon pro-inflammatory (M1-type/GM-CSF-polarized) and anti-inflammatory (M2-type/M-CSF-polarized) macrophages. MTX activity strictly relies on the folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) dependent intracellular conversion and hence retention to MTX-polyglutamate (MTX-PG) forms. Here, we determined FPGS pre-mRNA splicing, FPGS enzyme activity and MTX-polyglutamylation in human monocyte-derived M1- and M2-macrophages exposed to 50 nmol/L MTX ex vivo. Moreover, RNA-sequencing analysis was used to investigate global splicing profiles and differential gene expression in monocytic and MTX-exposed macrophages. Monocytes displayed six-eight-fold higher ratios of alternatively-spliced/wild type FPGS transcripts than M1- and M2-macrophages. These ratios were inversely associated with a six-ten-fold increase in FPGS activity in M1- and M2-macrophages versus monocytes. Total MTX-PG accumulation was four-fold higher in M1- versus M2-macrophages. Differential splicing after MTX-exposure was particularly apparent in M2-macrophages for histone methylation/modification genes. MTX predominantly induced differential gene expression in M1-macrophages, involving folate metabolic pathway genes, signaling pathways, chemokines/cytokines and energy metabolism. Collectively, macrophage polarization-related differences in folate/MTX metabolism and downstream pathways at the level of pre-mRNA splicing and gene expression may account for variable accumulation of MTX-PGs, hence possibly impacting MTX treatment efficacy.
Collapse
|
4
|
Inhibition of LXR controls the polarization of human inflammatory macrophages through upregulation of MAFB. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:96. [PMID: 36930354 PMCID: PMC10020776 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte-derived macrophages contribute to pathogenesis in inflammatory diseases and their effector functions greatly depend on the prevailing extracellular milieu. Whereas M-CSF primes macrophages for acquisition of an anti-inflammatory profile, GM-CSF drives the generation of T cell-stimulatory and pro-inflammatory macrophages. Liver X Receptors (LXRα and LXRβ) are nuclear receptors that control cholesterol metabolism and regulate differentiation of tissue-resident macrophages. Macrophages from rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory pathologies exhibit an enriched LXR pathway, and recent reports have shown that LXR activation raises pro-inflammatory effects and impairs the acquisition of the anti-Inflammatory profile of M-CSF-dependent monocyte-derived macrophages (M-MØ). We now report that LXR inhibition prompts the acquisition of an anti-inflammatory gene and functional profile of macrophages generated within a pathological environment (synovial fluid from Rheumatoid Arthritis patients) as well as during the GM-CSF-dependent differentiation of human monocyte-derived macrophages (GM-MØ). Mechanistically, inhibition of LXR results in macrophages with higher expression of the v-Maf Avian Musculoaponeurotic Fibrosarcoma Oncogene Homolog B (MAFB) transcription factor, which governs the macrophage anti-inflammatory profile, as well as over-expression of MAFB-regulated genes. Indeed, gene silencing experiments on human macrophages evidenced that MAFB is required for the LXR inhibitor to enhance the anti-inflammatory nature of human macrophages. As a whole, our results demonstrate that LXR inhibition prompts the acquisition of an anti-inflammatory transcriptional and functional profile of human macrophages in a MAFB-dependent manner, and propose the use of LXR antagonists as potential therapeutic alternatives in macrophage re-programming strategies during inflammatory responses.
Collapse
|
5
|
GSK3β Inhibition Prevents Macrophage Reprogramming by High-Dose Methotrexate. J Innate Immun 2022; 15:283-296. [PMID: 36380627 PMCID: PMC10643894 DOI: 10.1159/000526622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is an antifolate drug used as a chemotherapeutic agent for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, where MTX improves patients' prognosis. Macrophage reprogramming is being increasingly assessed as an antitumor therapeutic strategy. However, and although MTX limits the pathogenic action of macrophages in chronic inflammatory diseases, its effects on tumor-promoting macrophages have not been previously explored. We now report that MTX shapes the transcriptional and functional profile of M-CSF-dependent human macrophages, whose transcriptome is highly enriched in the gene signature that defines pathogenic tumor-associated macrophages ("large TAM"). Specifically, MTX prompted the acquisition of the gene signature of antitumoral "small TAM" and skewed macrophages toward an IL-6high IFNβ1high IL-10low phenotype upon subsequent stimulation. Mechanistically, the MTX-induced macrophage reprogramming effect correlated with a reduction of the M-CSF receptor CSF1R expression and function, as well as a diminished expression of MAF and MAFB transcription factors, primary determinants of pro-tumoral macrophages whose transcriptional activity is dependent on GSK3β. Indeed, the ability of MTX to transcriptionally reprogram macrophages toward an antitumoral phenotype was abrogated by inhibition of GSK3β. Globally, our results establish MTX as a macrophage reprogramming drug and indicate that its ability to modulate macrophage polarization may also underlie its therapeutic benefits. Since GSK3β inhibition abrogates the reprogramming action of MTX, our results suggest that the GSK3β-MAFB/MAF axis constitutes a target for the macrophage-centered antitumor strategies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Activation of LXR Nuclear Receptors Impairs the Anti-Inflammatory Gene and Functional Profile of M-CSF-Dependent Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835478. [PMID: 35280993 PMCID: PMC8907538 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X Receptors (LXR) control cholesterol metabolism and exert anti-inflammatory actions but their contribution to human macrophage polarization remains unclear. The LXR pathway is enriched in pro-inflammatory macrophages from rheumatoid arthritis as well as in tumors-associated macrophages from human tumors. We now report that LXR activation inhibits the anti-inflammatory gene and functional profile of M-CSF-dependent human macrophages, and prompts the acquisition of a pro-inflammatory gene signature, with both effects being blocked by an LXR inverse agonist. Mechanistically, the LXR-stimulated macrophage polarization shift correlates with diminished expression of MAFB and MAF, which govern the macrophage anti-inflammatory profile, and with enhanced release of activin A. Indeed, LXR activation impaired macrophage polarization in response to tumor-derived ascitic fluids, as well as the expression of MAF- and MAFB-dependent genes. Our results demonstrate that LXR activation limits the anti-inflammatory human macrophage polarization and prompts the acquisition of an inflammatory transcriptional and functional profile.
Collapse
|
7
|
The Macrophage Reprogramming Ability of Antifolates Reveals Soluble CD14 as a Potential Biomarker for Methotrexate Response in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:776879. [PMID: 34804067 PMCID: PMC8602851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.776879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of “trained immunity/tolerance” in myeloid cells has changed our perception of the performance of monocytes and macrophages during inflammatory and immune responses. Pemetrexed (PMX) and methotrexate (MTX) are blockers of the one-carbon metabolism (OCM) and commonly used therapeutic agents in cancer and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We have previously showed that MTX promotes trained immunity in human macrophages. In the present manuscript, we have assessed the anti-inflammatory effects of PMX and MTX and found that OCM blockers alter the functional and gene expression profile of human macrophages and that OCM blockade reprograms macrophages towards a state of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) tolerance at the signaling and functional levels. Moreover, OCM blockade reduced macrophage LPS responsiveness by impairing the expression of membrane-bound and soluble CD14 (sCD14). The therapeutic relevance of these results was later confirmed in early RA patients, as MTX-responder RA patients exhibit lower sCD14 serum levels, with baseline sCD14 levels predicting MTX response. As a whole, our results demonstrate that OCM is a metabolic circuit that critically mediates the acquisition of innate immune tolerance and positions sCD14 as a valuable tool to predict MTX response in RA patients.
Collapse
|
8
|
CD28 is expressed by macrophages with anti-inflammatory potential and limits their T-cell activating capacity. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:824-834. [PMID: 33169838 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
CD28 expression is generally considered to be T lymphocyte specific. We have previously shown CD28 mRNA expression in M-CSF-dependent anti-inflammatory monocyte-derived macrophages (M-MØ), and now demonstrate that CD28 cell surface expression is higher in M-MØ than in GM-CSF-dependent macrophages, and that macrophage CD28 expression is regulated by MAFB and activin A. In vivo, CD28 was found in tumor-associated macrophages and, to a lower extent, in pro-inflammatory synovial fluid macrophages from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Analysis of mouse macrophages confirmed Cd28 expression in bone-marrow derived M-MØ. Indeed, anti-CD28 antibodies triggered ERK1/2 phosphorylation in mouse M-MØ. At the functional level, Cd28KO M-MØ exhibited a significantly higher capacity to activate the OVA-specific proliferation of OT-II CD4+ T cells than WT M-MØ, as well as enhanced LPS-induced IL-6 production. Besides, the Cd28KO M-MØ transcriptome was significantly different from WT M-MØ regarding the expression IFN response, inflammatory response, and TGF-β signaling related gene sets. Therefore, defective CD28 expression in mouse macrophages associates to changes in gene expression profile, what might contribute to the altered functionality displayed by Cd28KO M-MØ. Thus, CD28 expression appears as a hallmark of anti-inflammatory macrophages and might be a target for immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
9
|
GM-CSF Expression and Macrophage Polarization in Joints of Undifferentiated Arthritis Patients Evolving to Rheumatoid Arthritis or Psoriatic Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:613975. [PMID: 33679701 PMCID: PMC7925849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.613975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims GM-CSF-dependent macrophage polarization has been demonstrated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our aim was to seek diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers for undifferentiated arthritis (UA) by analyzing GM-CSF expression and source, macrophage polarization and density in joints of patients with UA evolving to RA or PsA compared with established RA or PsA, respectively. Methods Synovial tissue (ST) from patients with UA evolving to RA (UA>RA, n=8), PsA (UA>PsA, n=9), persistent UA (UA, n=16), established RA (n=12) and PsA (n=10), and healthy controls (n=6), were analyzed. Cell source and quantitative expression of GM-CSF and proteins associated with pro-inflammatory (GM-CSF-driven) and anti-inflammatory (M-CSF-driven) macrophage polarization (activin A, TNFα, MMP12, and CD209, respectively) were assessed in ST CD163+ macrophages by multicolor immunofluorescence. GM-CSF and activin A levels were also quantified in paired synovial fluid samples. CD163+ macrophage density was determined in all groups by immunofluorescence. Results Synovial stromal cells (FAP+ CD90+ fibroblast, CD90+ endothelial cells) and CD163+ sublining macrophages were the sources of GM-CSF. ST CD163+ macrophages from all groups expressed pro-inflammatory polarization markers (activin A, TNFα, and MMP12). Expression of the M-CSF-dependent anti-inflammatory marker CD209 identified two macrophage subsets (CD163+ CD209high and CD163+ CD209low/-). CD209+ macrophages were more abundant in ST from healthy controls and PsA patients, although both macrophage subtypes showed similar levels of pro-inflammatory markers in all groups. In paired synovial fluid samples, activin A was detected in all patients, with higher levels in UA>RA and RA, while GM-CSF was infrequently detected. ST CD163+ macrophage density was comparable between UA>RA and UA>PsA patients, but significantly higher than in persistent UA. Conclusions GM-CSF is highly expressed by sublining CD90+ FAP+ synovial fibroblasts, CD90+ activated endothelium and CD163+ macrophages in different types of arthritis. The polarization state of ST macrophages was similar in all UA and established arthritis groups, with a predominance of pro-inflammatory GM-CSF-associated markers. CD163+ macrophage density was significantly higher in the UA phases of RA and PsA compared with persistent UA. Taken together, our findings support the idea that GM-CSF is a strong driver of macrophage polarization and a potential therapeutic target not only in RA but also in PsA and all types of UA.
Collapse
|
10
|
Circulating CD19+CD24hiCD38hi regulatory B cells as biomarkers of response to methotrexate in early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 59:3081-3091. [PMID: 32417912 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The protagonism of regulatory B cells seems to vary along the course of the disease in murine models of inflammatory conditions. Decreased numbers of circulating regulatory CD19+CD24hiCD38hi transitional (cTr) B cells have been described in patients with long-standing RA, thus our objective was to examine the frequency and evolution of cTr B cells in the peripheral blood of early RA (ERA) patients. METHODS Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 48 steroid- and DMARD-naïve ERA patients with a disease duration of <24 weeks and 48 healthy controls (HCs) were examined by flow cytometry. Co-cultures of isolated memory B cells were established with autologous T cells in the absence or presence of Tr B cells. RESULTS As compared with HCs, ERA patients demonstrated an increased frequency of cTr B cells. cTr B cells of ERA patients and HCs displayed an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile and were able to downregulate T cell IFN-γ and IL-21 production, together with ACPA secretion in autologous B/T cell co-cultures. Basal frequencies of cTr B cells above the median value observed in HCs were associated with a good EULAR response to MTX at 12 months [relative risk 2.91 (95% CI 1.37, 6.47)]. A significant reduction of cTr B cells was observed 12 months after initiating MTX, when the cTr B cell frequency was no longer elevated but decreased, and this was independent of the degree of clinical response or the intake of prednisone. CONCLUSION An increased frequency of regulatory cTr B cells is apparent in untreated ERA and the baseline cTr B cell frequency is associated with the clinical response to MTX at 12 months.
Collapse
|
11
|
AB0030 INCREASED CIRCULATING CD19+CD24HICD38HI REGULATORY B CELLS ARE BIOMARKERS OF RESPONSE TO METHOTREXATE IN EARLY RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background:The protagonism of regulatory B cells seems to vary along the course of the disease in murine models of inflammatory conditions. Decreased numbers of circulating regulatory CD19+CD24hiCD38hi transitional B cells (cTrB) have been described in patients with longstanding RA.Objectives:To examine the frequency and evolution of cTrB cells in the peripheral blood of early RA (ERA) patients.Methods:Freshly isolated PBMCs from 48 steroid and DMARD-naïve ERA patients with a disease duration below 24 weeks and 48 healthy controls (HC) were examined by flow cytometry. Cocultures of isolated memory B cells were established with autologous T cells, in the absence or presence of TrB cells.Results:As compared with HC, ERA patients demonstrated an increased frequency of cTrB cells. cTrBs of ERA and HC displayed an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile and were able to downregulate T cell IFNγ and IL-21 production, together with ACPA secretion in autologous B/T cell cocultures. Basal frequencies of cTrBs above the median value observed in HC were associated with a good EULAR response to MTX at 12 months (RR=2.91; 95% CI, 1.37-6.47). A significant reduction of cTrBs was observed 12 months after initiating MTX, when the cTrB cell frequency was no longer elevated but decreased, and this was independent of the degree of clinical response or the intake of prednisone.Conclusion:An increased frequency of regulatory cTrB cells is apparent in untreated ERA, and the baseline cTrB cell frequency is associated with the clinical response to MTX at 12 months.References:[1]Matsushita T, et al. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:342. Flores-Borja F, et al. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5:173ra23.Disclosure of Interests:Paula Fortea-Gordo Grant/research support from: BMS, Alejandro Villalba: None declared, Laura Nuño: None declared, Maria-Jose Santos-Bornez Grant/research support from: BMS, Diana Peiteado: None declared, Irene Monjo: None declared, Amaya Puig-Kröger: None declared, Paloma Sanchez-Mateos: None declared, Emilio Martín-Mola Grant/research support from: BMS, Roche, Alejandro Balsa Grant/research support from: BMS, Roche, Consultant of: AbbVie, Gilead, Lilly, Pfizer, UCB, Sanofi, Sandoz, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Lilly, Sanofi, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Roche, Nordic, Sandoz, Maria-Eugenia Miranda-Carus Grant/research support from: BMS, Roche
Collapse
|
12
|
Signal Integration and Transcriptional Regulation of the Inflammatory Response Mediated by the GM-/M-CSF Signaling Axis in Human Monocytes. Cell Rep 2019; 29:860-872.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
13
|
Two populations of circulating PD-1hiCD4 T cells with distinct B cell helping capacity are elevated in early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2019; 58:1662-1673. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
A novel population of B helper cells, phenotypically CD4+CXCR5−PD-1hi, has been described in the synovial tissues and peripheral blood of seropositive RA patients, and termed ‘peripheral helper T’ (Tph) cells. Contrary to CD4+CXCR5+PD-1hi follicular helper T (Tfh), Tph cells are not located in lymphoid organs but accumulate in inflamed tissues. Our objective was to study the frequency of circulating Tph (cTph) and circulating Tfh cell counterparts (cTfh) in patients with early RA (eRA).
Methods
Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 56 DMARD-naïve eRA patients and 56 healthy controls were examined by flow cytometry. Autologous cocultures of naïve or memory B cells were established with isolated peripheral blood Tph or Tfh cells.
Results
Seropositive (RF+ and/or ACPA+, n = 38) but not seronegative eRA patients (n = 18) demonstrated increased frequencies and absolute numbers of cTph and cTfh cells. cTph but not cTfh cells expressed CCR2. Those eRA patients who experienced a significant clinical improvement at 12 months demonstrated a marked decrease of their cTph cell numbers whereas their cTfh cell numbers remained unchanged. Both isolated Tph and isolated Tfh cells were able to induce maturation of memory B cells, whereas only Tfh cells could differentiate naïve B cells.
Conclusion
Two populations of PD-1hiCD4 T cells with distinct phenotype and B cell helping capacity are increased in the peripheral blood of seropositive eRA patients. Whereas cTph cells are present only in patients with an active disease, cTfh cells seem to be constitutively elevated.
Collapse
|
14
|
Methotrexate limits inflammation through an A20-dependent cross-tolerance mechanism. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77:752-759. [PMID: 29431121 PMCID: PMC5909749 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Methotrexate (MTX) is the anchor drug for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the mechanism of its anti-inflammatory action is not fully understood. In RA, macrophages display a proinflammatory polarisation profile that resembles granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-differentiated macrophages and the response to MTX is only observed in thymidylate synthase+ GM-CSF-dependent macrophages. To determine the molecular basis for the MTX anti-inflammatory action, we explored toll-like receptor (TLR), RA synovial fluid (RASF) and tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-initiated signalling in MTX-exposed GM-CSF-primed macrophages. Methods Intracellular responses to TLR ligands, TNFα or RASF stimulation in long-term low-dose MTX-exposed human macrophages were determined through quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, ELISA and siRNA-mediated knockdown approaches. The role of MTX in vivo was assessed in patients with arthritis under MTX monotherapy and in a murine sepsis model. Results MTX conditioned macrophages towards a tolerant state, diminishing interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β production in LPS, LTA, TNFα or RASF-challenged macrophages. MTX attenuated LPS-induced MAPK and NF-κB activation, and toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-beta (TRIF1)-dependent signalling. Conversely, MTX increased the expression of the NF-κB suppressor A20 (TNFAIP3), itself a RA-susceptibility gene. Mechanistically, MTX-induced macrophage tolerance was dependent on A20, as siRNA-mediated knockdown of A20 reversed the MTX-induced reduction of IL-6 expression. In vivo, TNFAIP3 expression was significantly higher in peripheral blood cells of MTX-responsive individuals from a cohort of patients with arthritis under MTX monotherapy, whereas MTX-treated mice exhibited reduced inflammatory responses to LPS. Conclusions MTX impairs macrophage proinflammatory responses through upregulation of A20 expression. The A20-mediated MTX-induced innate tolerance might limit inflammation in the RA synovial context, and positions A20 as a potential MTX-response biomarker.
Collapse
|
15
|
The Activin A-Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Axis Contributes to the Transcriptome of GM-CSF-Conditioned Human Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:31. [PMID: 29434585 PMCID: PMC5796898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
GM-CSF promotes the functional maturation of lung alveolar macrophages (A-MØ), whose differentiation is dependent on the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) transcription factor. In fact, blockade of GM-CSF-initiated signaling or deletion of the PPARγ-encoding gene PPARG leads to functionally defective A-MØ and the onset of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. In vitro, macrophages generated in the presence of GM-CSF display potent proinflammatory, immunogenic and tumor growth-limiting activities. Since GM-CSF upregulates PPARγ expression, we hypothesized that PPARγ might contribute to the gene signature and functional profile of human GM-CSF-conditioned macrophages. To verify this hypothesis, PPARγ expression and activity was assessed in human monocyte-derived macrophages generated in the presence of GM-CSF [proinflammatory GM-CSF-conditioned human monocyte-derived macrophages (GM-MØ)] or M-CSF (anti-inflammatory M-MØ), as well as in ex vivo isolated human A-MØ. GM-MØ showed higher PPARγ expression than M-MØ, and the expression of PPARγ in GM-MØ was found to largely depend on activin A. Ligand-induced activation of PPARγ also resulted in distinct transcriptional and functional outcomes in GM-MØ and M-MØ. Moreover, and in the absence of exogenous activating ligands, PPARγ knockdown significantly altered the GM-MØ transcriptome, causing a global upregulation of proinflammatory genes and significantly modulating the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and migration. Similar effects were observed in ex vivo isolated human A-MØ, where PPARγ silencing led to enhanced expression of genes coding for growth factors and chemokines and downregulation of cell surface pathogen receptors. Therefore, PPARγ shapes the transcriptome of GM-CSF-dependent human macrophages (in vitro derived GM-MØ and ex vivo isolated A-MØ) in the absence of exogenous activating ligands, and its expression is primarily regulated by activin A. These results suggest that activin A, through enhancement of PPARγ expression, help macrophages to switch from a proinflammatory to an anti-inflammatory polarization state, thus contributing to limit tissue damage and restore homeostasis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Increased frequency of circulating CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells with regulatory capacity in patients with Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) naïve for biological agents. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180726. [PMID: 28683133 PMCID: PMC5500370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to study the frequency of circulating CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells (Breg) in AS patients. To this end, peripheral blood was drawn from AS patients naïve for TNF blockers (AS/nb) (n = 42) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 42). Six patients donated blood for a second time, 6 months after initiating treatment with anti-TNFα drugs. After isolation by Ficoll-Hypaque, PBMCs were stained with antibodies to CD3, CD4, CD19, CD24, and CD38, and examined by cytometry. For functional studies, total CD19+ B cells were isolated from PBMCs of 3 HC by magnetical sorting. Breg-depleted CD19+ B cells were obtained after CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells were removed from total CD19+ cells by cytometry. Total CD19+ B cells or Breg-depleted CD19+ B cells were established in culture and stimulated through their BCR. Secretion of IFNγ was determined by ELISA in culture supernatants. When compared with HC, AS/nb patients demonstrated a significantly increased frequency of Breg cells, which was independent of disease activity. Anti-TNFα drugs induced a significant reduction of circulating Breg numbers, which were no longer elevated after six months of treatment. Functional in vitro studies showed that the secretion of IFNγ was significantly higher in Breg-depleted as compared with total CD19+ B cells, indicating that Breg can downmodulate B cell pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. In summary, an increased frequency of circulating CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells is observed in AS/nb patients, that is not related with disease activity; anti-TNFα drugs are able to downmodulate circulating Breg numbers in AS.
Collapse
|
17
|
VIP impairs acquisition of the macrophage proinflammatory polarization profile. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:1385-1393. [PMID: 27381006 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0116-032rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is able to modify the macrophage inflammatory profile, thus supporting its therapeutic role in autoimmune diseases. Macrophages are innate immune cells that display a variety of functions and inflammatory profiles in response to the environment that critically controls their polarization. Deregulation between the pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes has been involved in different pathologies. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease, in which macrophages are considered central effectors of synovial inflammation, displaying a proinflammatory profile. VIP is a pleiotropic neuropeptide with proven anti-inflammatory actions. As modulation of the macrophage phenotype has been implicated in the resolution of inflammatory diseases, we evaluated whether VIP is able to modulate human macrophage polarization. In vitro-polarized macrophages by GM-CSF (GM-MØ), with a proinflammatory profile, expressed higher levels of VIP receptors, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptors 1 and 2 (VPAC1 and VPAC2, respectively), than macrophages polarized by M-CSF (M-MØ) with anti-inflammatory activities. RA synovial macrophages, according to their GM-CSF-like polarization state, expressed both VPAC1 and VPAC2. In vitro-generated GM-MØ exposed to VIP exhibited an up-regulation of M-MØ gene marker expression, whereas their proinflammatory cytokine profile was reduced in favor of an anti-inflammatory function. Likewise, in GM-MØ, generated in the presence of VIP, VIP somehow changes the macrophages physiology profile to a less-damaging phenotype. Therefore, these results add new value to VIP as an immunomodulatory agent on inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
18
|
THU0371 Increased Frequency of Regulatory CD19+CD24high CD38high B Cells in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS). Ann Rheum Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-eular.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
19
|
Methotrexate selectively targets human proinflammatory macrophages through a thymidylate synthase/p53 axis. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 75:2157-2165. [PMID: 26920997 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methotrexate (MTX) functions as an antiproliferative agent in cancer and an anti-inflammatory drug in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although macrophages critically contribute to RA pathology, their response to MTX remains unknown. As a means to identify MTX response markers, we have explored its transcriptional effect on macrophages polarised by GM-CSF (GM-MØ) or M-CSF (M-MØ), which resemble proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory macrophages found in RA and normal joints, respectively. METHODS The transcriptomic profile of both human macrophage subtypes exposed to 50 nM of MTX under long-term and short-term schedules were determined using gene expression microarrays, and validated through quantitative real time PCR and ELISA. The molecular pathway involved in macrophage MTX-responsiveness was determined through pharmacological, siRNA-mediated knockdown approaches, metabolomics for polyglutamylated-MTX detection, western blot, and immunofluorescence on RA and normal joints. RESULTS MTX exclusively modulated gene expression in proinflammatory GM-MØ, where it influenced the expression of 757 genes and induced CCL20 and LIF at the mRNA and protein levels. Pharmacological and siRNA-mediated approaches indicated that macrophage subset-specific MTX responsiveness correlates with thymidylate synthase (TS) expression, as proinflammatory TS+ GM-MØ are susceptible to MTX, whereas anti-inflammatory TSlow/- M-MØ and monocytes are refractory to MTX. Furthermore, p53 activity was found to mediate the TS-dependent MTX-responsiveness of proinflammatory TS+ GM-MØ. Importantly, TS and p53 were found to be expressed by CD163+/TNFα+ GM-CSF-polarised macrophages from RA joints but not from normal synovium. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage response to MTX is polarisation-dependent and determined by the TS-p53 axis. CCL20 and LIF constitute novel macrophage markers for MTX responsiveness in vitro.
Collapse
|
20
|
Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum CECT7765 induces an M2 anti-inflammatory transition in macrophages from patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2016; 64:135-45. [PMID: 26334579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with cirrhosis show recurrent access of bacterial products into the bloodstream inducing a multi-altered immunological status leading to relevant complications. We aimed at evaluating Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum CECT7765 effect on the host's macrophage function. PATIENTS & METHODS Patients with cirrhosis and ascites were included. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) monocyte-derived and ascitic fluid (AF) macrophages were cultured with M-CSF, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or the bifidobacterial strain. Pellets and supernatants were evaluated for gene expression of M1 and M2-related genes and cytokine secretion. Cell surface expression molecules were evaluated by flow cytometry. Kupffer cells from bile duct ligated and CCl4 rats were also evaluated. RESULTS Experiments were run on GM-CSF blood-derived and AF macrophages from 10 patients with cirrhosis and 10 healthy donors. Different macrophage morphology was observed by optical microscopy in cells stimulated with bifidobacteria vs. LPS. M2-like expression of CD206, CD163 and CD16 was significantly increased in macrophages after stimulation with the bifidobacterial strain vs. LPS. B. pseudocatenulatum CECT7765 was able to significantly change the cytokine secretion pattern of blood-derived and AF macrophages and Kupffer cells from bile duct ligated and CCl4 cirrhotic rats compared to that induced by LPS. B. pseudocatenulatum CECT7765 was also effective in inducing a phenotype transition and a functional change from an M1- to an M2-related gene expression and cytokine secretion pattern in AF macrophages even after LPS-pretreatment. B. pseudocatenulatum CECT7765 did not reduce AF macrophage bacterial killing capacity. CONCLUSION B. pseudocatenulatum CECT7765 induces a morphologic, phenotypic and functional transition towards an anti-inflammatory profile in GM-CSF monocyte-derived and AF macrophages from patients with cirrhosis that may help in controlling sustained inflammation in decompensated cirrhosis.
Collapse
|
21
|
FRI0009 Decreased Frequencies of Circulating CD19+CD24 highCD38 highB Cells in ACPA+ Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
22
|
Macrophages from the synovium of active rheumatoid arthritis exhibit an activin A-dependent pro-inflammatory profile. J Pathol 2014; 235:515-26. [PMID: 25319955 DOI: 10.1002/path.4466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease whose pathogenesis and severity correlates with the presence of macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines within the inflamed synovium. Macrophage-derived cytokines fuel the pathological processes in RA and are targets of clinically successful therapies. However, although macrophage polarization determines cytokine production, the polarization state of macrophages in RA joints remains poorly defined. To dissect the molecular basis for the tissue-damaging effects of macrophages in RA joints, we undertook the phenotypic and transcriptomic characterization of ex vivo isolated CD14(+) RA synovial fluid (RA-SF) macrophages. Flow cytometry and gene profiling indicated that RA-SF macrophages express pro-inflammatory polarization markers (MMP12, EGLN3, CCR2), lack expression of markers associated with homeostatic and anti-inflammatory polarization (IGF1, HTR2B) and exhibit a transcriptomic profile that resembles the activin A-dependent gene signature of pro-inflammatory in vitro-generated macrophages. In fact, high levels of Smad-activating activin A were found in RA-SF and, accordingly, the Smad signalling pathway was activated in ex vivo-isolated RA-SF macrophages. In vitro experiments on monocytes and macrophages indicated that RA-SF promoted the acquisition of pro-inflammatory markers (INHBA, MMP12, EGLN3, CCR2) but led to a significant reduction in the expression of genes associated with homeostasis and inflammation resolution (FOLR2, SERPINB2, IGF1, CD36), thus confirming the pro-inflammatory polarization ability of RA-SF. Importantly, the macrophage-polarizing ability of RA-SF was inhibited by an anti-activin A-neutralizing antibody, thus demonstrating that activin A mediates the pro-inflammatory macrophage-polarizing ability of RA-SF. Moreover, and in line with these findings, multicolour immunofluorescence evidenced that macrophages within RA synovial membranes (RA-SM) also express pro-inflammatory polarization markers whose expression is activin A-dependent. Altogether, our results demonstrate that macrophages from RA synovial fluids and membranes exhibit an MMP12(+) EGLN3(+) CCR2(+) pro-inflammatory polarization state whose acquisition is partly dependent on activin A from the synovial fluid.
Collapse
|
23
|
Constitutively altered frequencies of circulating follicullar helper T cell counterparts and their subsets in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:500. [PMID: 25475240 PMCID: PMC4275955 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-014-0500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Circulating CD4 T cells expressing CXCR5, ICOS and/or PD-1 are counterparts of follicular helper T cells (Tfh). There are three subpopulations of circulating Tfh (cTfh): CXCR5 + CXCR3 + CCR6- (Tfh-Th1), CXCR5 + CXCR3-CCR6- (Tfh-Th2) and CXCR5 + CXCR3-CCR6+ (Tfh-Th17). Our objective was to study the B cell helping capacity of cTfh subsets, and examine their frequency in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients, together with the frequency of circulating plasmablasts (CD19 + CD20-CD38high). Methods Peripheral blood was drawn from RA patients with active disease (RA-a, DAS28 >2.6) (n = 17), RA in remission (RA-r, DAS28 <2.6) (n = 17) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 34). cTfh and plasmablast frequencies were determined by flow cytometry. Cocultures of sorted CD4 + CXCR5+ T cell subpopulations were established with autologous CD19 + CD27- naïve B cells of HC, and concentrations of IgG, A and M were measured in supernatants. Results Isolated Tfh-Th2 and Tfh-Th17 but not Tfh-Th1 cells, induced naïve B cells to secrete IgG and IgA. The frequency of CXCR5+ cells gated for CD4+ T cells was not different among HC, RA-a and RA-r. In contrast, both RA-a and RA-r patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD4 + CXCR5 + ICOS+ T cells and augmented (%Tfh-Th2 + %Tfh-Th17)/%Tfh-Th1 ratio as compared with HC. In addition, RA-a but not RA-r patients, showed an increased frequency of circulating plasmablasts. Conclusion Both RA-a and RA-r patients demonstrate an increased frequency of cTfh and overrepresentation of cTfh subsets bearing a B cell helper phenotype, suggesting that altered germinal center dynamics play a role in RA pathogenesis. In contrast, only RA-a patients show an increased proportion of circulating plasmablasts.
Collapse
|
24
|
Macrophage uptake and accumulation of folates are polarization-dependent in vitro and in vivo and are regulated by activin A. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 95:797-808. [PMID: 24399840 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0613345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B9, commonly known as folate, is an essential cofactor for one-carbon metabolism that enters cells through three major specialized transporter molecules (RFC, FR, and PCFT), which differ in expression pattern, affinity for substrate, and ligand-binding pH dependency. We now report that the expression of the folate transporters differs between macrophage subtypes and explains the higher accumulation of 5-MTHF-the major folate form found in serum-in M2 macrophages in vitro and in vivo. M1 macrophages display a higher expression of RFC, whereas FRβ and PCFT are preferentially expressed by anti-inflammatory and homeostatic M2 macrophages. These differences are also seen in macrophages from normal tissues involved in folate transit (placenta, liver, colon) and inflamed tissues (ulcerative colitis, RA), as M2-like macrophages from normal tissues express FRβ and PCFT, whereas TNF-α-expressing M1 macrophages from inflamed tissues are RFC+. Besides, we provide evidences that activin A is a critical factor controlling the set of folate transporters in macrophages, as it down-regulates FRβ, up-regulates RFC expression, and modulates 5-MTHF uptake. All of these experiments support the notion that folate handling is dependent on the stage of macrophage polarization.
Collapse
|
25
|
FRI0006 Frequency of TH17 CD4+ T cells in early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-eular.2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
26
|
Mesenchymal contribution to recruitment, infiltration, and positioning of leukocytes in human melanoma tissues. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2255-64. [PMID: 23446986 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To understand factors that regulate leukocyte entry and positioning within human melanoma tissues, we performed a multiparametric quantitative analysis of two separated regions: the intratumoral area and the peritumoral stroma. Using two mesenchymal markers, fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and CD90, we identified three subsets of mesenchymal cells (MCs): (i) intratumoral FAP(+)CD90(low/-) MC, (ii) peritumoral FAP(+)CD90(+) MC, and (iii) FAP(-)CD90(+) perivascular MC. We characterized CD90(+) MCs, which showed a stable CCL2-secretory phenotype when long-term expanded ex vivo, and heavily surrounded peritumoral Duffy antigen receptor for chemokine(+) (DARC) postcapillary venules, supporting a role for these vessels in peritumoral inflammatory leukocyte recruitment. Conversely, the intratumoral area was variably invaded by FAP(+)CD90(low/-) MCs that colocalized with a distinct extracellular matrix (ECM) network. A positive correlation was observed between intratumoral stromal cell/ECM networks and leukocyte infiltration among tumor cells (TCs), as well as in a stroma-dependent xenograft tumor model. Adoptively transferred T lymphocytes preferentially infiltrated tumors composed of TC+MC, compared with TCs only. Altogether, our results suggest that a variety of MCs contribute to regulate different steps of leukocyte tumor infiltration, that is, CD90(+) cells surrounding peritumoral vessels secrete CCL2 to recruit CCR2(+) leukocytes at the tumor periphery, whereas intratumoral FAP(+) cells organize a stromal scaffold that contact guide further invasion among densely packed tumor cells.
Collapse
|
27
|
Frequency of Th17 CD4+ T cells in early rheumatoid arthritis: a marker of anti-CCP seropositivity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42189. [PMID: 22870298 PMCID: PMC3411698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the frequency and phenotype of Th17 cells in the peripheral blood of early RA (eRA) patients. Methods CD4+ T cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of 33 eRA patients, 20 established RA patients and 53 healthy controls (HC), and from the synovial fluid of 20 established RA patients (RASF), by ficoll-hypaque gradient and magnetical negative selection. After polyclonal stimulation, the frequency of Th17 and Th1 cells was determined by flow cytometry and concentrations of IL-17, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 were measured by ELISA in cell-free supernatants. Results When all of our eRA patients were analyzed together, a significantly lower percentage of circulating Th17 cells and a lower CD4-derived IL-17 secretion were observed in comparison with HC. However, after stratifying by anti-CCP antibody status, circulating Th17 cells were decreased in anti-CCP(+) but not in anti-CCP(-)-eRA. All Th17 cells were CD45RO+CD45RA- and CCR6+. Dual Th17/Th1 cells were also exclusively decreased in anti-CCP(+)-eRA. Circulating Th17 and Th17/Th1 cells were negatively correlated with anti-CCP titres. When anti-CCP(+)-eRA patients were retested one year after initiating treatment with oral methotrexate, their circulating Th17 frequency was no longer different from HC. Of note, the percentage of circulating Th1 cells and the secretion of CD4-derived IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 were not different between eRA patients and HC. In established RA patients, circulating Th17 and T17/Th1 cell frequencies were comparable to HC. In RASF, both Th17 and Th1 cells were increased when compared with blood of eRA patients, established RA patients and HC. Conclusion Decreased circulating Th17 levels in eRA seem to be a marker of anti-CCP seropositivity, and return to levels observed in healthy controls after treatment with methotrexate.
Collapse
|
28
|
RUNX3 regulates intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM-3) expression during macrophage differentiation and monocyte extravasation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33313. [PMID: 22479382 PMCID: PMC3315569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adhesion molecule ICAM-3 belongs to the immunoglobulin gene superfamily and functions as a ligand for the β2 integrins LFA-1, Mac-1 and αdβ2. The expression of ICAM-3 is restricted to cells of the hematopoietic lineage. We present evidences that the ICAM-3 gene promoter exhibits a leukocyte-specific activity, as its activity is significantly higher in ICAM-3+ hematopoietic cell lines. The activity of the ICAM-3 gene promoter is dependent on the occupancy of RUNX cognate sequences both in vitro and in vivo, and whose integrity is required for RUNX responsiveness and for the cooperative actions of RUNX with transcription factors of the Ets and C/EBP families. Protein analysis revealed that ICAM-3 levels diminish upon monocyte-derived macrophage differentiation, monocyte transendothelial migration and dendritic cell maturation, changes that correlate with an increase in RUNX3. Importantly, disruption of RUNX-binding sites led to enhanced promoter activity, and small interfering RNA-mediated reduction of RUNX3 expression resulted in increased ICAM-3 mRNA levels. Altogether these results indicate that the ICAM-3 gene promoter is negatively regulated by RUNX transcription factors, which contribute to the leukocyte-restricted and the regulated expression of ICAM-3 during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and monocyte extravasation.
Collapse
|
29
|
Dendritic Cell-Specific ICAM-3–Grabbing Nonintegrin Expression on M2-Polarized and Tumor-Associated Macrophages Is Macrophage-CSF Dependent and Enhanced by Tumor-Derived IL-6 and IL-10. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2192-200. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
30
|
The novel RUNX3/p33 isoform is induced upon monocyte-derived dendritic cell maturation and downregulates IL-8 expression. Immunobiology 2010; 215:812-20. [PMID: 20615577 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RUNX proteins are heterodimeric factors that play crucial roles during development and differentiation of cells of the immune system. The RUNX3 transcription factor controls lineage decisions during thymopoiesis and T-cell differentiation, and modulates myeloid cell effector functions. We now report the characterization of the human RUNX3/p33 isoform, generated by splicing out a Runt DNA-binding domain-encoding exon, and whose transcriptional activities differ from those of the prototypic RUNX3/p44 molecule. Unlike RUNX3/p44, RUNX3/p33 is induced upon maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC), and is unable to transactivate the regulatory regions of the CD11a, CD11c and CD49e integrin genes. Overexpression of RUNX3/p33 in myeloid cell lines led to diminished expression of genes involved in inflammatory responses. Moreover, overexpression of RUNX3/p33 down-modulated the basal level of IL-8 production from immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC). Besides, siRNA-mediated knock-down of RUNX3 led to diminished levels of IL-8 RNA in immature MDDC, and modulated the neutrophil-recruiting capacity of myeloid cell line supernatants. Since IL-8 promotes neutrophil chemotaxis and degranulation during inflammatory responses, and exerts mitogenic and angiogenic actions within tumor microenvironment, our results imply that myeloid RUNX3 expression regulates the recruitment of leukocytes towards inflammatory foci and might also contribute to human cancer progression.
Collapse
|
31
|
Heme Oxygenase-1 expression in M-CSF-polarized M2 macrophages contributes to LPS-induced IL-10 release. Immunobiology 2010; 215:788-95. [PMID: 20580464 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The shift between pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) states of macrophage polarization allows the resolution of inflammatory processes as well as the maintenance of a basal anti-inflammatory environment in tissues continuously exposed to harmless antigens (e.g., lung and gut). To identify markers for the anti-inflammatory state of macrophages, expression profiling was performed on human macrophages polarized by either GM-CSF or M-CSF, which lead to the generation of TNF-alpha and IL-12p40-producing pro-inflammatory macrophages [M1 (GM-CSF)] or IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory macrophages [M2 (M-CSF)] upon exposure to LPS, respectively. A different iron metabolism gene signature was detected in both macrophage types, with the heme regulatory molecules CD163 and Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) being preferentially expressed by M2 (M-CSF) macrophages. M1-polarizing cytokines (GM-CSF, IFNgamma) inhibited, while IL-4 enhanced, the M-CSF-driven HO-1 expression. In agreement with this in vitro data, HO-1 expression in metastatic melanoma was primarily detected in CD163(+) tumor-associated macrophages, which are known to exhibit an M2-skewed polarization phenotype. In contrast to the HO-1 inhibitor tin protoporphyrin (SnPP), the administration of cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP), a potent inducer of HO-1 resulted in increased LPS-triggered IL-10 release from M2 (M-CSF) macrophages. The data suggests that HO-1 is important for the anti-inflammatory activities of M-CSF-polarized M2 macrophages. Moreover, since M2 (M-CSF) macrophages also express higher levels of the CD163 scavenger receptor, the CD163/HO-1/IL-10 axis appears to contribute to the generation of an immunosuppressive environment within the tumor stroma.
Collapse
|
32
|
Folate receptor beta is expressed by tumor-associated macrophages and constitutes a marker for M2 anti-inflammatory/regulatory macrophages. Cancer Res 2010; 69:9395-403. [PMID: 19951991 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage activation comprises a continuum of functional states critically determined by cytokine microenvironment. Activated macrophages have been functionally grouped according to their response to pro-Th1/proinflammatory stimuli [lipopolysaccharide, IFNgamma, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); M1] or pro-Th2/anti-inflammatory stimuli [interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, M-CSF; M2]. We report that folate receptor beta (FRbeta), encoded by the FOLR2 gene, is a marker for macrophages generated in the presence of M-CSF (M2), but not GM-CSF (M1), and whose expression correlates with increased folate uptake ability. The acquisition of folate uptake ability by macrophages is promoted by M-CSF, maintained by IL-4, prevented by GM-CSF, and reduced by IFNgamma, indicating a link between FRbeta expression and M2 polarization. In agreement with in vitro data, FRbeta expression is detected in tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), which exhibit an M2-like functional profile and exert potent immunosuppressive functions within the tumor environment. FRbeta is expressed, and mediates folate uptake, by CD163(+) CD68(+) CD14(+) IL-10-producing TAM, and its expression is induced by tumor-derived ascitic fluid and conditioned medium from fibroblasts and tumor cell lines in an M-CSF-dependent manner. These results establish FRbeta as a marker for M2 regulatory macrophage polarization and indicate that folate conjugates of therapeutic drugs are a potential immunotherapy tool to target TAM.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
CD36 is a member of the scavenger receptor type B family implicated in the binding of lipoproteins, phosphatidylserine, thrombospondin-1, and the uptake of long-chain fatty acids. On mononuclear phagocytes, recognition of apoptotic cells by CD36 contributes to peripheral tolerance and prevention of autoimmunity by impairing dendritic cell (DC) maturation. Besides, CD36 acts as a coreceptor with TLR2/6 for sensing microbial diacylglycerides, and its deficiency leads to increased susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus infections. The RUNX3 transcription factor participates in reprogramming DC transcription after pathogen recognition, and its defective expression leads to abnormally accelerated DC maturation. We present evidence that CD36 expression is negatively regulated by the RUNX3 transcription factor during myeloid cell differentiation and activation. In molecular terms, RUNX3 impairs the activity of the proximal regulatory region of the CD36 gene in myeloid cells through in vitro recognition of two functional RUNX-binding elements. Moreover, RUNX3 occupies the CD36 gene proximal regulatory region in vivo, and its overexpression in myeloid cells results in drastically diminished CD36 expression. The down-regulation of CD36 expression by RUNX3 implies that this transcription factor could impair harmful autoimmune responses by contributing to the loss of pathogen- and apoptotic cell-recognition capabilities by mature DCs.
Collapse
|
34
|
DC-SIGN ligation on dendritic cells results in ERK and PI3K activation and modulates cytokine production. Blood 2006; 107:3950-8. [PMID: 16434485 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of pathogen-specific immune responses is dependent on the signaling capabilities of pathogen-recognition receptors. DC-SIGN is a C-type lectin that mediates capture and internalization of viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens by myeloid dendritic cells. DC-SIGN-interacting pathogens are thought to modulate dendritic cell maturation by interfering with intracellular signaling from Toll-like receptor molecules. We report that engagement of DC-SIGN by specific antibodies does not promote dendritic cell maturation but induces ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation without concomitant p38MAPK activation. DC-SIGN ligation also triggers PLCgamma phosphorylation and transient increases in intracellular calcium in dendritic cells. In agreement with its signaling capabilities, a fraction of DC-SIGN molecules partitions within lipid raft-enriched membrane fractions both in DC-SIGN-transfected and dendritic cells. Moreover, DC-SIGN in dendritic cells coprecipitates with the tyrosine kinases Lyn and Syk. The relevance of the DC-SIGN-initiated signals was demonstrated in monocyte-derived dendritic cells, as DC-SIGN cross-linking synergizes with TNF-alpha for IL-10 release and enhances the production of LPS-induced IL-10. These results demonstrate that DC-SIGN-triggered intracellular signals modulate dendritic cell maturation. Since pathogens stimulate Th2 responses via preferential activation of ERK1/2, these results provide a molecular explanation for the ability of DC-SIGN-interacting pathogens to preferentially evoke Th2-type immune responses.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
RUNX transcription factors function as scaffolds for interaction with various coregulatory proteins during developmental processes such as hematopoiesis, neurogenesis, and osteogenesis. The current view places RUNX proteins within the TGF-beta signaling pathway, although each one exhibits cell- and tissue-specific functions. In the case of RUNX3, recent data have suggested its function as a tumor suppressor factor and highlighted its involvement in immune cell differentiation and activation. The molecular mechanisms for the pleiotropic effects of Runx3 deficiency are not completely understood. The present article will summarize the known functional activities of RUNX3, emphasizing its role in myeloid cell gene expression and its potential contribution to the migratory and adhesive capabilities of this cell lineage.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that courses with cutaneous or visceral clinical manifestations. The amastigote stage of the parasite infects phagocytes and modulates the effector function of the host cells. Our group has described that the interaction between Leishmania and immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) takes place through dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), a C-type lectin that specifically recognizes fungal, viral and bacterial pathogens. The DC-SIGN-mediated recognition of Leishmania amastigotes does not induce DC maturation, and the DC-SIGN ligand/s on Leishmania parasites is/are still unknown. We have also found that the DC-SIGN-related molecule L-SIGN, specifically expressed in lymph node and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, acts as a receptor for L. infantum, the parasite responsible for visceral leishmaniasis, but does not recognize L. pifanoi, which causes the cutaneous form of the disease. Therefore, DC-SIGN and L-SIGN differ in their ability to interact with Leishmania species responsible for either visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis. A deeper knowledge of the parasite-C-type lectin interaction may be helpful for the design of new DC-based therapeutic vaccines against Leishmania infections.
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The leukocyte integrins CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1, alphaLbeta2) and CD49d (VLA-4, alpha4beta1, alpha4beta7) mediate leukocyte transendothelial migration during immune and inflammatory responses and provides co-stimulatory signals for the activation of T lymphocytes. Our previous studies demonstrate that the CD11a gene promoter directs CD11a/CD18 integrin expression, and it depends on two overlapping sequences within the MS7 element, RUNX-110 and CEBP-100, which are recognized by RUNX and C/EBP transcription factor families, respectively. Recognition of MS7 differs in lymphoid (RUNX) and myeloid (C/EBP and RUNX) cells and its in vivo occupancy is regulated in a competitive and differentiation-dependent manner. The functional relevance of these elements are illustrated by the fact that RUNX3 overexpression leads to enhanced CD11a/CD18 levels, whereas RUNX1-ETO-expressing cells exhibit a weak/absent CD11a/CD18 integrin cell surface expression. We now provide evidence that RUNX3 also transactivates the CD49d gene promoter, and that the increased expression of CD49d mRNA and CD49d integrins on mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells correlates with an up-regulation of RUNX3 mRNA. The regulation of CD49d and CD11a integrins by RUNX3 could potentially contribute to the enhancement of transendothelial migration, antigen presentation and T cell stimulatory capabilities of mature dendritic cells.
Collapse
|
38
|
PU.1 regulates the tissue-specific expression of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-3-grabbing nonintegrin. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:33123-31. [PMID: 16051608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503401200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) is a cell surface C-type lectin expressed on myeloid dendritic cells and certain tissue macrophages, which mediates antigen capture for processing and presentation and participates in intercellular interactions with naive T lymphocytes or endothelial cells. In their strategy to evade immunosurveillance, numerous pathogenic microorganisms, including human immunodeficiency virus and Mycobacterium, bind to DC-SIGN in order to gain access to dendritic cells. We present evidence that PU.1 dictates the basal and cell-specific activity of DC-SIGN gene-regulatory region through in vivo occupancy of two functional Ets elements, whose integrity is required for PU.1 responsiveness and for the cooperative actions of PU.1 and other transcription factors (Myb, RUNX) on the DC-SIGN gene proximal regulatory region. In addition, protein analysis and gene profiling experiments indicate that DC-SIGN and PU.1 are coordinately expressed upon classical and alternative macrophage activation and during dendritic cell maturation. Moreover, small interfering RNA-mediated reduction of PU.1 expression results in diminished DC-SIGN cellular levels. Altogether, these results indicate that PU.1 is involved in the myeloid-specific expression of DC-SIGN in myeloid cells, a contribution that can be framed within the role that PU.1 has on the acquisition of the antigen uptake molecular repertoire by dendritic cells and macrophages.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- COS Cells
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Jurkat Cells
- K562 Cells
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Macrophage Activation
- Mice
- Monocytes/cytology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Small Nuclear/pharmacology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
Collapse
|
39
|
Regulated Expression of the Pathogen Receptor Dendritic Cell-specific Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 3 (ICAM-3)-grabbing Nonintegrin in THP-1 Human Leukemic Cells, Monocytes, and Macrophages. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:25680-8. [PMID: 15070901 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311516200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) is a type II C-type lectin that functions as an adhesion receptor and mediates binding and internalization of pathogens such as virus (human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C), bacteria (Mycobacterium), fungi, and parasites. DC-SIGN expression in vivo is primarily restricted to interstitial dendritic cells (DC) and certain tissue macrophages. We now report that leukemic THP-1 cells, widely used as a model for monocyte-macrophage differentiation, express very low basal levels of DC-SIGN and that DC-SIGN expression in THP-1 cells is regulated during differentiation. Differentiation-inducing agents (phorbol ester, bryostatin) conveyed THP-1 cells with the ability to up-regulate DC-SIGN mRNA levels and cell surface expression in response to interleukin-4 (IL-4) or IL-13. DC-SIGN up-regulation required a functional JAK-STAT signaling pathway, was inhibited in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and conferred THP-1 cells with increased pathogen recognition and T cell stimulatory capabilities. The up-regulation of DC-SIGN on THP-1 cells resembles its inducible expression on monocytes and macrophages, where DC-SIGN expression is also induced by IL-4/IL-13 and negatively regulated by TNF-alpha, LPS, and vitamin D(3). These results point to THP-1 cells as a useful cellular system to characterize the pathogen-binding capabilities of DC-SIGN and to dissect the molecular mechanisms that control its regulated and tissue-specific expression in myeloid dendritic cells, and the results suggest that DC-SIGN constitutes a marker for both DC and alternatively activated macrophages.
Collapse
|
40
|
Chemokine receptor CCR7 induces intracellular signaling that inhibits apoptosis of mature dendritic cells. Blood 2004; 104:619-25. [PMID: 15059845 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-11-3943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of CCR7 expression is an important phenotype change during dendritic cell (DC) maturation that endows these cells with the capability to migrate to lymph nodes. We have analyzed the possible role of CCR7 on the regulation of the survival of DCs. Stimulation with CCR7 ligands CCL19 and CCL21 inhibits apoptotic hallmarks of serum-deprived DCs, including membrane phosphatidylserine exposure, loss of mitochondria membrane potential, increased membrane blebs, and nuclear changes. Both chemokines induced a rapid activation of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt1 (PI3K/Akt1), with a prolonged and persistent activation of Akt1. Interference with PI3K, Gi, or G protein betagamma subunits abrogated the effects of the chemokines on Akt1 activation and on survival. In contrast, inhibition of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2), p38, or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was ineffective. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) was involved in the antiapoptotic effects of chemokines because inhibition of NFkappaB blunted the effects of CCL19 and CCL21 on survival. Furthermore, chemokines induced down-regulation of the NFkappaB inhibitor IkappaB, an increase of NFkappaB DNA-binding capability, and translocation of the NFkappaB subunit p65 to the nucleus. In summary, in addition to its well-established role in chemotaxis, we show that CCR7 also induces antiapoptotic signaling in mature DCs.
Collapse
|
41
|
RUNX/AML and C/EBP factors regulate CD11a integrin expression in myeloid cells through overlapping regulatory elements. Blood 2003; 102:3252-61. [PMID: 12855590 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-02-0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD11a/CD18 (leukocyte function-associated antigen 1 [LFA-1]) integrin mediates critical leukocyte adhesive interactions during immune and inflammatory responses. The CD11a promoter directs CD11a/CD18 integrin expression, and its activity in lymphoid cells depends on a functional RUNX1/AML-1-binding site (AML-110) within the MS7 sequence. We now report that MS7 contains a C/EBP-binding site (C/EBP-100), which overlaps with AML-110 and is bound by C/EBP factors in myeloid cells. C/EBP and RUNX/AML factors compete for binding to their respective cognate elements and bind to the CD11a promoter MS7 sequence in a cell lineage- and differentiation-dependent manner. In myeloid cells MS7 is primarily recognized by C/EBP factors in proliferating cells whereas RUNX/AML factors (especially RUNX3/AML-2) bind to MS7 in differentiated cells. RUNX3/AML-2 binding to the CD11a promoter correlates with increased RUNX3/AML-2 protein levels and enhanced CD11a/CD18 cell surface expression. The relevance of the AML-110 element is underscored by the ability of AML-1/ETO to inhibit CD11a promoter activity, thus explaining the low CD11a/CD18 expression in t(8;21)-containing myeloid leukemia cells. Therefore, the expression of the CD11a/CD18 integrin in myeloid cells is determined through the differential occupancy of the CD11a proximal promoter by transcription factors implicated in the pathogenesis of myeloid leukemia.
Collapse
|
42
|
Peritoneal dialysis solutions inhibit the differentiation and maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells: effect of lactate and glucose-degradation products. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 73:482-92. [PMID: 12660223 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0902451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a well-established therapy for end-stage renal failure, but its efficiency is limited by recurrent peritonitis. As PD solutions impair local inflammatory responses within the peritoneal cavity, we have analyzed their influence on the in vitro maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC). Evaluation of MDDC maturation parameters [expression of adhesion and costimulatory molecules, receptor-mediated endocytosis, allogeneic T cell activation, production of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12 p70, and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation] revealed that currently used PD solutions differentially inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced maturation of MDDC, an inhibition that correlated with their ability to impair the LPS-stimulated NF-kappaB activation. Evaluation of PD components revealed that sodium lactate and glucose-degradation products impaired the acquisition of maturation parameters and NF-kappaB activation in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, PD solutions impaired monocyte-MDDC differentiation, inhibiting the acquisition of DC markers such as CD1a and DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing nonintegrin (CD209). These findings have important implications for the initiation of immune responses under high lactate conditions, such as those occurring within tumor tissues or after macrophage activation.
Collapse
|
43
|
Dendritic cell (DC)-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM-3)-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN, CD209), a C-type surface lectin in human DCs, is a receptor for Leishmania amastigotes. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:36766-9. [PMID: 12122001 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205270200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in the initiation of the immunological response against Leishmania parasites. However, the receptors involved in amastigote-dendritic cell interaction are unknown, especially in absence of opsonizing antibodies. We have studied the interaction of Leishmania pifanoi axenic amastigotes with the C-type lectin DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN, CD209), a receptor for ICAM-2, ICAM-3, human immunodeficiency virus gp120, and Ebola virus. L. pifanoi amastigotes interact with immature human dendritic cells and CD209-transfected K562 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Leishmania amastigote binding to human dendritic cells and DC-SIGN-transfected cells is inhibited by a function-blocking DC-SIGN-specific monoclonal antibody. More importantly, this monoclonal antibody dramatically reduces internalization of Leishmania amastigotes by immature human DCs. These results constitute the first description of a nonviral pathogen ligand for DC-SIGN and provide evidence for a relevant role of DC-SIGN in Leishmania amastigote uptake by dendritic cells. Our finding has important implications for Leishmania host-cell interaction and the immunoregulation of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Collapse
|
44
|
DC-SIGN (CD209) expression is IL-4 dependent and is negatively regulated by IFN, TGF-beta, and anti-inflammatory agents. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:2634-43. [PMID: 11884427 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.6.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) is a monocyte-derived dendritic cell (MDDC)-specific lectin which participates in dendritic cell (DC) migration and DC-T lymphocyte interactions at the initiation of immune responses and enhances trans-infection of T cells through its HIV gp120-binding ability. The generation of a DC-SIGN-specific mAb has allowed us to determine that the acquisition of DC-SIGN expression during the monocyte-DC differentiation pathway is primarily induced by IL-4, and that GM-CSF cooperates with IL-4 to generate a high level of DC-SIGN mRNA and cell surface expression on immature MDDC. IL-4 was capable of inducing DC-SIGN expression on monocytes without affecting the expression of other MDDC differentiation markers. By contrast, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, and TGF-beta were identified as negative regulators of DC-SIGN expression, as they prevented the IL-4-dependent induction of DC-SIGN mRNA on monocytes, and a similar inhibitory effect was exerted by dexamethasone, an inhibitor of the monocyte-MDDC differentiation pathway. The relevance of the inhibitory action of dexamethasone, IFN, and TGF-beta on DC-SIGN expression was emphasized by their ability to inhibit the DC-SIGN-dependent HIV-1 binding to differentiating MDDC. These results demonstrate that DC-SIGN, considered as a MDDC differentiation marker, is a molecule specifically expressed on IL-4-treated monocytes, and whose expression is subjected to a tight regulation by numerous cytokines and growth factors. This feature might help in the development of strategies to modulate the DC-SIGN-dependent cell surface attachment of HIV for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
|
45
|
Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase signaling pathway negatively regulates the phenotypic and functional maturation of monocyte-derived human dendritic cells. Blood 2001; 98:2175-82. [PMID: 11568005 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.7.2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are highly specialized antigen-presenting cells that on activation by inflammatory stimuli (eg, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha] and interleukin-1beta [IL-1beta]) or infectious agents (eg, lipopolysaccharide [LPS]), mature and migrate into lymphoid organs. During maturation, DC acquire the capacity to prime and polarize resting naive T lymphocytes. Maturation of monocyte-derived DC (MDDC) is inhibited by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580. This study found that in the presence of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitors PD98059 or U0126, TNF-alpha- and LPS-induced phenotypic and functional maturation is enhanced. ERK pathway inhibitors increased expression of major histocompatibility complex and costimulatory molecules; loss of mannose-receptor-mediated endocytic activity; nuclear factor-kappaB DNA-binding activity; release of IL-12 p40; and allogeneic T-cell proliferation induced by LPS or TNF-alpha. Moreover, PD98059 and U0126 enhanced LPS-triggered production of IL-12 p70. In agreement with the effect of ERK inhibitors, maturation of MDDC was delayed in the presence of serum, an effect that was reversed by U0126. These results indicate that the ERK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways differentially regulate maturation of MDDC and suggest that their relative levels of activation might modulate the initial commitment of naive T-helper (Th) cells toward Th1 or Th2 subsets. The findings also suggest that maturation of MDDC might be pharmacologically modified by altering the relative levels of activation of both intracellular signaling routes.
Collapse
|
46
|
Molecular and genomic characterization of human DLEC, a novel member of the C-type lectin receptor gene family preferentially expressed on monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:2733-40. [PMID: 11536172 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200109)31:9<2733::aid-immu2733>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a novel gene encoding a protein designated DLEC (dendritic cell lectin), which is a type II membrane glycoprotein of 213 amino acids and belongs to the human calcium-dependent (C-type) lectin family. The cytoplasmic tail of DLEC lacks consensus signaling motifs and its extracellular region shows a single carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), closest in homology to the dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR) CRD. The DLEC gene has been localized linked to DCIR on the telomeric region of the NK gene complex. RT-PCR and Northern blot analyses show that DLEC mRNA is preferentially expressed in monocyte-derived dendritic cells.
Collapse
|
47
|
Maturation-dependent expression and function of the CD49d integrin on monocyte-derived human dendritic cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:4338-45. [PMID: 11035069 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.8.4338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are highly specialized APC that are critical for the initiation of T cell-dependent immune responses. DC exert a sentinel function while immature and, after activation by inflammatory stimuli or infectious agents, mature and migrate into lymphoid organs to prime T cells. We have analyzed integrin expression on monocyte-derived DC (MDDC) and found that expression of CD49d integrins (CD49d/CD29 and CD49d/beta7) was induced/up-regulated during TNF-alpha- or LPS-initiated MDDC maturation, reflecting the induction/up-regulation of CD49d and beta7 mRNA. CD49d mRNA steady-state level increased more than 10 times during maturation, with the highest levels observed 24 h after TNF-alpha treatment. CD49d integrin expression conferred mature MDDC with an elevated capacity to adhere to the CS-1 fragment of fibronectin, and also mediated transendothelial migration of mature MDDC. Up-regulation of CD49d integrin expression closely paralleled that of the mature DC marker CD83. CD49d integrin expression was dependent on cell maturation, as its induction was abrogated by N:-acetylcysteine, which inhibits NF-kappaB activation and the functional and phenotypic maturation of MDDC. Moreover, CD49d integrin up-regulation and MDDC maturation were prevented by SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, but were almost unaffected by the mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-related kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor PD98059. Our results support the existence of a link between functional and phenotypic maturation of MDDC and CD49d integrin expression, thus establishing CD49d as a maturation marker for MDDC. The differential expression of CD49d on immature and mature MDDC might contribute to their distinct motility capabilities and mediate mature DC migration into lymphoid organs.
Collapse
|
48
|
Polyomavirus enhancer-binding protein 2/core binding factor/acute myeloid leukemia factors contribute to the cell type-specific activity of the CD11a integrin gene promoter. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:28507-12. [PMID: 10882733 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004323200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD11a/CD18 leukocyte integrin (LFA-1; also known as alphaL/beta2) mediates leukocyte transendothelial migration during immune and inflammatory responses and participates in lymphoma metastasis. CD11a/CD18 leukocyte-restricted expression is controlled by the CD11a gene promoter, which confers tissue-specific expression to reporter genes in vitro and in vivo. DNase I protection analysis of the CD11a proximal gene promoter revealed DNA-protein interactions centered at position -110 (CD11a-110). Disruption of CD11a-110 reduced CD11a promoter activity in a cell type-specific manner, as it reduced its activity by 70% in Jurkat lymphoid cells, whereas the effect was considerably lower in K562 and HepG2 cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed evidence of cell type-specific differences in CD11a-110 binding and indicated its specific recognition by members of the polyomavirus enhancer-binding protein 2/core binding factor (CBF)/acute myeloid leukemia (AML) family of transcription factors. AML1B/CBFbeta transactivated the CD11a promoter, with AML1B/CBFbeta-mediated transactivation being completely dependent on the integrity of the CD11a-110 element. Therefore, CBF/AML factors play a role in the cell type-restricted transcription of the CD11a integrin gene through recognition of CD11a-110. The involvement of CBF/AML factors in CD11a expression raises the possibility that CD11a/CD18 expression might be deregulated in acute myeloid and B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemias, thus contributing to their altered adhesion and metastatic potential.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The c-Myc transcription factor is an important regulator of cell growth and differentiation, and its gene repression ability seems to play a key role in Myc-mediated cellular transformation. Since Myc overexpression has been associated with reduced expression of beta1 and beta2 integrins, we have investigated the role of c-Myc on CD11a and CD11c transcription. c-Myc inhibited CD11a and CD11c integrin promoter activity in co-transfection experiments, and similar repression was obtained in cells where c-Myc expression (KmycB) or activity (Rat-1 c-MycER) is inducible. The c-Myc repression on the CD11c promoter was independent of the USF-binding site (USF-150), other putative Myc-binding elements, or the integrity of the initiator (Inr)-like sequence present at the major transcriptional start site. Analysis of deletion and mutant promoter constructs revealed that, in the absence of additional upstream cisacting elements, an AP-1-binding site at -60 (AP1-60) is required for c-Myc repressor activity. The c-Myc repressor activity on both integrin promoters was abrogated by deletion of c-Myc residues 106-143, a domain involved in Inr-dependent transcriptional repression. These results demonstrate a direct effect of c-Myc on integrin gene transcription and suggest the existence of a c-Myc-dependent mechanism for coupling leukocyte integrin expression to the cell proliferative state.
Collapse
|
50
|
Identification of a functional NF-kappa B site in the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 promoter. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:1372-8. [PMID: 10640752 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.3.1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) is a type I transmembrane adhesion protein of 130 kDa that belongs to a subgroup of the Ig gene superfamily, characterized by the presence of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs. PECAM-1 is expressed in circulating platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, a selective subgroup of T cells, and in endothelial cells, where it is preferentially located at intercellular junctions and participates in leukocyte transmigratory processes. The identification of two consensus NF-kappa B sites within the PECAM-1 promoter led us to analyze their possible involvement in the PECAM-1 expression regulated by inflammatory stimuli. We found that surface expression and promoter activity of PECAM-1 in myeloid cells are regulated by modulators of NF-kappa B, including TNF-alpha, PMA, and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. Mobility shifts assays identified a specific NF-kappa B-binding element at +110/+120, whose mutation abolished the basal promoter activity of PECAM-1 and decreased NF-kappa B-dependent responses of the PECAM-1 gene promoter. Furthermore, cotransfection experiments with an expression vector encoding the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B showed transactivation of the PECAM-1 promoter. These results demonstrate that NF-kappa B can regulate the transcriptional activity of PECAM-1.
Collapse
|