1
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Bylicky MA, Shankavaram U, Aryankalayil MJ, Chopra S, Naz S, Sowers AL, Choudhuri R, Calvert V, Petricoin EF, Eke I, Mitchell JB, Coleman CN. Multiomic-Based Molecular Landscape of FaDu Xenograft Tumors in Mice after a Combinatorial Treatment with Radiation and an HSP90 Inhibitor Identifies Adaptation-Induced Targets of Resistance and Therapeutic Intervention. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:577-588. [PMID: 38359816 PMCID: PMC10985469 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Treatments involving radiation and chemotherapy alone or in combination have improved patient survival and quality of life. However, cancers frequently evade these therapies due to adaptation and tumor evolution. Given the complexity of predicting response based solely on the initial genetic profile of a patient, a predetermined treatment course may miss critical adaptation that can cause resistance or induce new targets for drug and immunotherapy. To address the timescale for these evasive mechanisms, using a mouse xenograft tumor model, we investigated the rapidity of gene expression (mRNA), molecular pathway, and phosphoproteome changes after radiation, an HSP90 inhibitor, or combination. Animals received radiation, drug, or combination treatment for 1 or 2 weeks and were then euthanized along with a time-matched untreated group for comparison. Changes in gene expression occur as early as 1 week after treatment initiation. Apoptosis and cell death pathways were activated in irradiated tumor samples. For the HSP90 inhibitor and combination treatment at weeks 1 and 2 compared with Control Day 1, gene-expression changes induced inhibition of pathways including invasion of cells, vasculogenesis, and viral infection among others. The combination group included both drug-alone and radiation-alone changes. Our data demonstrate the rapidity of gene expression and functional pathway changes in the evolving tumor as it responds to treatment. Discovering these phenotypic adaptations may help elucidate the challenges in using sustained treatment regimens and could also define evolving targets for therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Bylicky
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Uma Shankavaram
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Molykutty J. Aryankalayil
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sunita Chopra
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarwat Naz
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anastasia L. Sowers
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rajani Choudhuri
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Valerie Calvert
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Emanuel F. Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Iris Eke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California
| | - James B. Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - C. Norman Coleman
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
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2
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Morgan EL, Toni T, Viswanathan R, Robbins Y, Yang X, Cheng H, Gunti S, Huynh A, Sowers AL, Mitchell JB, Allen CT, Chen Z, Van Waes C. Inhibition of USP14 promotes TNFα-induced cell death in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1382-1396. [PMID: 37055579 PMCID: PMC10154301 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
TNFα is a key mediator of immune, chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced cytotoxicity, but several cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), display resistance to TNFα due to activation of the canonical NFκB pro-survival pathway. However, direct targeting of this pathway is associated with significant toxicity; thus, it is vital to identify novel mechanism(s) contributing to NFκB activation and TNFα resistance in cancer cells. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of proteasome-associated deubiquitinase USP14 is significantly increased in HNSCC and correlates with worse progression free survival in Human Papillomavirus (HPV)- HNSCC. Inhibition or depletion of USP14 inhibited the proliferation and survival of HNSCC cells. Further, USP14 inhibition reduced both basal and TNFα-inducible NFκB activity, NFκB-dependent gene expression and the nuclear translocation of the NFκB subunit RELA. Mechanistically, USP14 bound to both RELA and IκBα and reduced IκBα K48-ubiquitination leading to the degradation of IκBα, a critical inhibitor of the canonical NFκB pathway. Furthermore, we demonstrated that b-AP15, an inhibitor of USP14 and UCHL5, sensitized HNSCC cells to TNFα-mediated cell death, as well as radiation-induced cell death in vitro. Finally, b-AP15 delayed tumor growth and enhanced survival, both as a monotherapy and in combination with radiation, in HNSCC tumor xenograft models in vivo, which could be significantly attenuated by TNFα depletion. These data offer new insights into the activation of NFκB signaling in HNSCC and demonstrate that small molecule inhibitors targeting the ubiquitin pathway warrant further investigation as a novel therapeutic avenue to sensitize these cancers to TNFα- and radiation-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan L Morgan
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Tiffany Toni
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIH Medical Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ramya Viswanathan
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yvette Robbins
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xinping Yang
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hui Cheng
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sreenivasulu Gunti
- Sinonasal and Skull Base Tumor Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Angel Huynh
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anastasia L Sowers
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clint T Allen
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhong Chen
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Toni T, Viswanathan R, Robbins Y, Gunti S, Yang X, Huynh A, Cheng H, Sowers AL, Mitchell JB, Allen CT, Morgan EL, Van Waes C. Combined Inhibition of IAPs and WEE1 Enhances TNFα- and Radiation-Induced Cell Death in Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1029. [PMID: 36831373 PMCID: PMC9954698 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains a prevalent diagnosis with current treatment options that include radiotherapy and immune-mediated therapies, in which tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is a key mediator of cytotoxicity. However, HNSCC and other cancers often display TNFα resistance due to activation of the canonical IKK-NFκB/RELA pathway, which is activated by, and induces expression of, cellular inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (cIAPs). Our previous studies have demonstrated that the IAP inhibitor birinapant sensitized HNSCC to TNFα-dependent cell death in vitro and radiotherapy in vivo. Furthermore, we recently demonstrated that the inhibition of the G2/M checkpoint kinase WEE1 also sensitized HNSCC cells to TNFα-dependent cell death, due to the inhibition of the pro-survival IKK-NFκB/RELA complex. Given these observations, we hypothesized that dual-antagonist therapy targeting both IAP and WEE1 proteins may have the potential to synergistically sensitize HNSCC to TNFα-dependent cell death. Using the IAP inhibitor birinapant and the WEE1 inhibitor AZD1775, we show that combination treatment reduced cell viability, proliferation and survival when compared with individual treatment. Furthermore, combination treatment enhanced the sensitivity of HNSCC cells to TNFα-induced cytotoxicity via the induction of apoptosis and DNA damage. Additionally, birinapant and AZD1775 combination treatment decreased cell proliferation and survival in combination with radiotherapy, a critical source of TNFα. These results support further investigation of IAP and WEE1 inhibitor combinations in preclinical and clinical studies in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Toni
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ramya Viswanathan
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yvette Robbins
- Section on Translational Tumor Immunology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 7N240C, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sreenivasulu Gunti
- Sinonasal and Skull Base Tumor Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xinping Yang
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Angel Huynh
- Section on Translational Tumor Immunology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 7N240C, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hui Cheng
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anastasia L. Sowers
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James B. Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clint T. Allen
- Section on Translational Tumor Immunology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 7N240C, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ethan L. Morgan
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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4
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Cook JA, Sowers AL, Choudhuri R, Gadisetti C, Edmondson EF, Gohain S, Krishna MC, Mitchell JB. The effect of modulation of gut microbiome profile on radiation-induced carcinogenesis and survival. J Radiat Res 2023; 64:24-32. [PMID: 36253079 PMCID: PMC9855309 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-lethal doses of ionizing radiation (IR) delivered to humans because of terrorist events, nuclear accidents or radiotherapy can result in carcinogenesis. Means of protecting against carcinogenesis are lacking. We questioned the role of the gut microbiome in IR-induced carcinogenesis. The gut microbiome was modulated by administering broad spectrum antibiotics (Ab) in the drinking water. Mice were given Ab 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after 3 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) or for 6 weeks one month after TBI. Three weeks of Ab treatment resulted in a 98% reduction in total 16S rRNA counts for 4 out of 6 of the phylum groups detected. However, 3 more weeks of Ab treatment (6 weeks total) saw an expansion in the phylum groups Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. The Ab treatment altered the bacteria diversity in the gut, and shortened the lifespan when Ab were administered before and after TBI. Mortality studies indicated that the adverse Ab lifespan effects were due to a decrease in the time in which solid tumors started to appear and not to any changes in hematopoietic or benign tumors. In contrast, when Ab were administered one month after TBI, lifespan was unchanged compared to the control TBI group. Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics to simulate the germ-free condition did not afford an advantage on carcinogenesis or lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Cook
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Anastasia L Sowers
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Rajani Choudhuri
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Elijah F Edmondson
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sangeeta Gohain
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Murali C Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
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Choudhuri R, Sowers AL, Chandramouli GVR, Gamson J, Krishna MC, Mitchell JB, Cook JA. The antioxidant tempol transforms gut microbiome to resist obesity in female C3H mice fed a high fat diet. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 178:380-390. [PMID: 34883252 PMCID: PMC8753776 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nitroxide, Tempol, prevents obesity related changes in mice fed a high fat diet (HFD). The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the mechanisms that result in such changes by Tempol in female C3H mice. Microarray methodology, Western blotting, bile acid analyses, and gut microbiome sequencing were used to identify multiple genes, proteins, bile acids, and bacteria that are regulated by Tempol in female C3H mice on HFD. The effects of antibiotics in combination with Tempol on the gut microflora were also studied. Adipose tissue, from Tempol treated mice, was analyzed using targeted gene microarrays revealing up-regulation of fatty acid metabolism genes (Acadm and Acadl > 4-fold, and Acsm3 and Acsm5 > 10-fold). Gene microarray studies of liver tissue from mice switched from HFD to Tempol HFD showed down-regulation of fatty acid synthesis genes and up-regulation of fatty acid oxidation genes. Analyses of proteins involved in obesity revealed that the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) and fasting induced adipose factor/angiopoietin-like protein 4 (FIAF/ANGPTL4) was altered by Tempol HFD. Bile acid studies revealed increases in cholic acid (CA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA) in both the liver and serum of Tempol treated mice. Tempol HFD effect on the gut microbiome composition showed an increase in the population of Akkermansia muciniphila, a bacterial species known to be associated with a lean, anti-inflammatory phenotype. Antibiotic treatment significantly reduced the total level of bacterial numbers, however, Tempol was still effective in reducing the HFD weight gain. Even after antibiotic treatment Tempol still positively influenced several bacterial species such as as Akkermansia muciniphila and Bilophila wadsworthia. The positive effects of Tempol moderating weight gain in female mice fed a HFD involves changes to the gut microbiome, bile acids composition, and finally to changes in genes and proteins involved in fatty acid metabolism and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Choudhuri
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anastasia L Sowers
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Janet Gamson
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Murali C Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John A Cook
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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6
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Naz S, Leiker AJ, Choudhuri R, Preston O, Sowers AL, Gohain S, Gamson J, Mathias A, Van Waes C, Cook JA, Mitchell JB. Pharmacological Inhibition of HSP90 Radiosensitizes Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Xenograft by Inhibition of DNA Damage Repair, Nucleotide Metabolism, and Radiation-Induced Tumor Vasculogenesis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 110:1295-1305. [PMID: 33838214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent preclinical studies suggest combining the HSP90 inhibitor AT13387 (Onalespib) with radiation (IR) against colon cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). These studies emphasized that AT13387 downregulates HSP90 client proteins involved in oncogenic signaling and DNA repair mechanisms as major drivers of enhanced radiosensitivity. Given the large array of client proteins HSP90 directs, we hypothesized that other key proteins or signaling pathways may be inhibited by AT13387 and contribute to enhanced radiosensitivity. Metabolomic analysis of HSP90 inhibition by AT13387 was conducted to identify metabolic biomarkers of radiosensitization and whether modulations of key proteins were involved in IR-induced tumor vasculogenesis, a process involved in tumor recurrence. METHODS AND MATERIALS HNSCC and non-small cell lung cancer cell lines were used to evaluate the AT13387 radiosensitization effect in vitro and in vivo. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and immunoblot analysis were used to evaluate cell cycle changes and HSP90 client protein's role in DNA damage repair. Metabolic analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-Mass spectrometry. Immunohistochemical examination of resected tumors post-AT13387 and IR treatment were conducted to identify biomarkers of IR-induced tumor vasculogenesis. RESULTS In agreement with recent studies, AT13387 treatment combined with IR resulted in a G2/M cell cycle arrest and inhibited DNA repair. Metabolomic profiling indicated a decrease in key metabolites in glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle by AT13387, a reduction in Adenosine 5'-triphosphate levels, and rate-limiting metabolites in nucleotide metabolism, namely phosphoribosyl diphosphate and aspartate. HNSCC xenografts treated with the combination exhibited increased tumor regrowth delay, decreased tumor infiltration of CD45 and CD11b+ bone marrow-derived cells, and inhibition of HIF-1 and SDF-1 expression, thereby inhibiting IR-induced vasculogenesis. CONCLUSIONS AT13387 treatment resulted in pharmacologic inhibition of cancer cell metabolism that was linked to DNA damage repair. AT13387 combined with IR inhibited IR-induced vasculogenesis, a process involved in tumor recurrence postradiotherapy. Combining AT13387 with IR warrants consideration of clinical trial assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwat Naz
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrew J Leiker
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Missouri Cancer Associates, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rajani Choudhuri
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Olivia Preston
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anastasia L Sowers
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sangeeta Gohain
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Janet Gamson
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Askale Mathias
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John A Cook
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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7
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Cook JA, Naz S, Anver MR, Sowers AL, Fabre K, Krishna MC, Mitchell JB. Cancer Incidence in C3H Mice Protected from Lethal Total-Body Radiation after Amifostine. Radiat Res 2018. [PMID: 29528769 DOI: 10.1667/rr14987.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Amifostine is a potent antioxidant that protects against ionizing radiation effects. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Amifostine administered before total-body irradiation (TBI), at a drug dose that protects against TBI lethality, for potential protection against radiation-induced late effects such as a shortened lifespan and cancer. Three groups of mice were studied: 0 Gy control; 10.8 Gy TBI with Amifostine pretreatment; and 5.4 Gy TBI alone. Animals were monitored for their entire lifespan. The median survival times for mice receiving 0, 5.4 or 10.8 Gy TBI were 706, 460 and 491 days, respectively. Median survival of both irradiated groups was significantly shorter compared to nonirradiated mice ( P < 0.0001). Cancer incidence (hematopoietic and solid tumors) was similar between the irradiated groups and was significantly greater than for the 0 Gy controls. The ratio of hematopoietic-to-solid tumors differed among the groups, with the 5.4 Gy group having a higher incidence of hematopoietic neoplasms compared to the 10.8 Gy/Amifostine group (1.8-fold). Solid tumor incidence was greater in the 10.8 Gy/Amifostine group (1.6-fold). There are few mouse lifespan studies for agents that protect against radiation-induced lethality. Mice treated with 10.8 Gy/Amifostine yielded a lower incidence of hematopoietic neoplasms and higher incidence of solid neoplasms. In conclusion, mice protected from lethal TBI have a shortened lifespan, due in large part to cancer induction after exposure compared to nonexposed controls. Amifostine treatment did protect against radiation-induced hematopoietic tumors, while protection against solid neoplasms was significant but incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Cook
- a Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarwat Naz
- a Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Miriam R Anver
- b Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Anastasia L Sowers
- a Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kristin Fabre
- a Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Murali C Krishna
- a Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James B Mitchell
- a Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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8
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Eytan DF, Snow GE, Carlson S, Derakhshan A, Saleh A, Schiltz S, Cheng H, Mohan S, Cornelius S, Coupar J, Sowers AL, Hernandez L, Mitchell JB, Annunziata CM, Chen Z, Van Waes C. SMAC Mimetic Birinapant plus Radiation Eradicates Human Head and Neck Cancers with Genomic Amplifications of Cell Death Genes FADD and BIRC2. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5442-5454. [PMID: 27469115 PMCID: PMC5026594 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) reveals that head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) harbor the most frequent genomic amplifications of Fas-associated death domain (FADD), with or without Baculovirus inhibitor of apoptosis repeat containing BIRC2 (cIAP1), affecting about 30% of patients in association with worse prognosis. Here, we identified HNSCC cell lines harboring FADD/BIRC2 amplifications and overexpression by exome sequencing, RT-PCR, and Western blotting. In vitro, FADD or BIRC2 siRNA knockdown inhibited HNSCC displaying amplification and increased expression of these genes, supporting their functional importance in promoting proliferation. Birinapant, a novel SMAC mimetic, sensitized multiple HNSCC lines to cell death by agonists TNFα or TRAIL and inhibited cIAP1>XIAP>IAP2. Combination of birinapant and TNFα induced sub-G0 DNA fragmentation in sensitive lines and birinapant alone also induced significant G2-M cell-cycle arrest and cell death in UM-SCC-46 cells. Gene transfer and expression of FADD sensitized resistant UM-SCC-38 cells lacking FADD amplification to birinapant and TNFα, supporting a role for FADD in sensitization to IAP inhibitor and death ligands. HNSCC varied in mechanisms of cell death, as indicated by reversal by inhibitors or protein markers of caspase-dependent apoptosis and/or RIPK1/MLKL-mediated necroptosis. In vivo, birinapant inhibited tumor growth and enhanced radiation-induced TNFα, tumor responses, and host survival in UM-SCC-46 and -11B xenograft models displaying amplification and overexpression of FADD+/- BIRC2 These findings suggest that combination of SMAC mimetics such as birinapant plus radiation may be particularly active in HNSCC, which harbor frequent FADD/BIRC2 genomic alterations. Cancer Res; 76(18); 5442-54. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle F. Eytan
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- NIH Medical Research Scholars Program/HHMI-NIH Scholars Research Program, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Grace E. Snow
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- NIH Medical Research Scholars Program/HHMI-NIH Scholars Research Program, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sophie Carlson
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adeeb Derakhshan
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- NIH Medical Research Scholars Program/HHMI-NIH Scholars Research Program, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Anthony Saleh
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen Schiltz
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hui Cheng
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Suresh Mohan
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- NIH Medical Research Scholars Program/HHMI-NIH Scholars Research Program, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shaleeka Cornelius
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie Coupar
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anastasia L. Sowers
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lidia Hernandez
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James B. Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina M. Annunziata
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhong Chen
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Cook JA, Chandramouli GVR, Anver MR, Sowers AL, Thetford A, Krausz KW, Gonzalez FJ, Mitchell JB, Patterson AD. Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics Identifies Longitudinal Urinary Metabolite Profiles Predictive of Radiation-Induced Cancer. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1569-77. [PMID: 26880804 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonlethal exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) is a public concern due to its known carcinogenic effects. Although latency periods for IR-induced neoplasms are relatively long, the ability to detect cancer as early as possible is highly advantageous for effective therapeutic intervention. Therefore, we hypothesized that metabolites in the urine from mice exposed to total body radiation (TBI) would predict for the presence of cancer before a palpable mass was detected. In this study, we exposed mice to 0 or 5.4 Gy TBI, collected urine samples periodically over 1 year, and assayed urine metabolites by using mass spectrometry. Longitudinal data analysis within the first year post-TBI revealed that cancers, including hematopoietic, solid, and benign neoplasms, could be distinguished by unique urinary signatures as early as 3 months post-TBI. Furthermore, a distinction among different types of malignancies could be clearly delineated as early as 3 months post-TBI for hematopoietic neoplasms, 6 months for solid neoplasms, and by 1 year for benign neoplasms. Moreover, the feature profile for radiation-exposed mice 6 months post-TBI was found to be similar to nonirradiated control mice at 18 months, suggesting that TBI accelerates aging. These results demonstrate that urine feature profiles following TBI can identify cancers in mice prior to macroscopic detection, with important implications for the early diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Cook
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Miriam R Anver
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Anastasia L Sowers
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Angela Thetford
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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10
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Ridnour LA, Cheng RYS, Weiss JM, Kaur S, Soto-Pantoja DR, Basudhar D, Heinecke JL, Stewart CA, DeGraff W, Sowers AL, Thetford A, Kesarwala AH, Roberts DD, Young HA, Mitchell JB, Trinchieri G, Wiltrout RH, Wink DA. NOS Inhibition Modulates Immune Polarization and Improves Radiation-Induced Tumor Growth Delay. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2788-99. [PMID: 25990221 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are important mediators of progrowth signaling in tumor cells, as they regulate angiogenesis, immune response, and immune-mediated wound healing. Ionizing radiation (IR) is also an immune modulator and inducer of wound response. We hypothesized that radiation therapeutic efficacy could be improved by targeting NOS following tumor irradiation. Herein, we show enhanced radiation-induced (10 Gy) tumor growth delay in a syngeneic model (C3H) but not immunosuppressed (Nu/Nu) squamous cell carcinoma tumor-bearing mice treated post-IR with the constitutive NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). These results suggest a requirement of T cells for improved radiation tumor response. In support of this observation, tumor irradiation induced a rapid increase in the immunosuppressive Th2 cytokine IL10, which was abated by post-IR administration of L-NAME. In vivo suppression of IL10 using an antisense IL10 morpholino also extended the tumor growth delay induced by radiation in a manner similar to L-NAME. Further examination of this mechanism in cultured Jurkat T cells revealed L-NAME suppression of IR-induced IL10 expression, which reaccumulated in the presence of exogenous NO donor. In addition to L-NAME, the guanylyl cyclase inhibitors ODQ and thrombospondin-1 also abated IR-induced IL10 expression in Jurkat T cells and ANA-1 macrophages, which further suggests that the immunosuppressive effects involve eNOS. Moreover, cytotoxic Th1 cytokines, including IL2, IL12p40, and IFNγ, as well as activated CD8(+) T cells were elevated in tumors receiving post-IR L-NAME. Together, these results suggest that post-IR NOS inhibition improves radiation tumor response via Th1 immune polarization within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Ridnour
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Robert Y S Cheng
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonathan M Weiss
- Cancer Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David R Soto-Pantoja
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Debashree Basudhar
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julie L Heinecke
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - C Andrew Stewart
- Cancer Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - William DeGraff
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anastasia L Sowers
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Angela Thetford
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aparna H Kesarwala
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David D Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Howard A Young
- Cancer Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert H Wiltrout
- Cancer Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - David A Wink
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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11
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Kim CHJ, Mitchell JB, Bursill CA, Sowers AL, Thetford A, Cook JA, van Reyk DM, Davies MJ. The nitroxide radical TEMPOL prevents obesity, hyperlipidaemia, elevation of inflammatory cytokines, and modulates atherosclerotic plaque composition in apoE-/- mice. Atherosclerosis 2015; 240:234-41. [PMID: 25818249 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The nitroxide compound TEMPOL (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl radical) has been shown to prevent obesity-induced changes in adipokines in cell and animal systems. In this study we investigated whether supplementation with TEMPOL inhibits inflammation and atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice fed a high fat diet (HFD). METHODS ApoE-/- mice were fed for 12 weeks on standard chow diet or a high-fat diet. Half the mice were supplemented with 10 mg/g TEMPOL in their food. Plasma samples were analysed for triglycerides, cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, inflammatory cytokines and markers (interleukin-6, IL-6; monocyte-chemotactic protein, MCP-1; myeloperoxidase, MPO; serum amyloid A, SAA; adiponectin; leptin). Plaques in the aortic sinus were analysed for area, and content of collagen, lipid, macrophages and smooth muscle cells. RESULTS High fat feeding resulted in marked increases in body mass and plasma lipid levels. Dietary TEMPOL decreased both parameters. In the high-fat-fed mice significant elevations in plasma lipid levels and the inflammatory markers IL-6, MCP-1, MPO, SAA were detected, along with an increase in leptin and a decrease in adiponectin. TEMPOL supplementation reversed these effects. When compared to HFD-fed mice, TEMPOL supplementation increased plaque collagen content, decreased lipid content and increased macrophage numbers. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that in a well-established model of obesity-associated hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis, TEMPOL had a significant impact on body mass, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidaemia and inflammation. TEMPOL may therefore be of value in suppressing obesity, metabolic disorders and increasing atherosclerotic plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H J Kim
- Free Radical Group, Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - James B Mitchell
- National Cancer Institute, Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Building 10, Room B3-B69, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Christina A Bursill
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Immunobiology Group, Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| | - Anastasia L Sowers
- National Cancer Institute, Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Building 10, Room B3-B69, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Angela Thetford
- National Cancer Institute, Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Building 10, Room B3-B69, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - John A Cook
- National Cancer Institute, Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Building 10, Room B3-B69, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - David M van Reyk
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Michael J Davies
- Free Radical Group, Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Building 4.5, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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12
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Leiker AJ, DeGraff W, Choudhuri R, Sowers AL, Thetford A, Cook JA, Van Waes C, Mitchell JB. Radiation Enhancement of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma by the Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor PF-05212384. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2792-801. [PMID: 25724523 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation remains a mainstay for the treatment of nonmetastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a malignancy characterized by a high rate of PI3K/mTOR signaling axis activation. We investigated the ATP-competitive dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, PF-05212384, as a radiosensitizer in preclinical HNSCC models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Extent of radiation enhancement of two HNSCC cell lines (UMSCC1-wtP53 and UMSCC46-mtP53) and normal human fibroblast (1522) was assessed by in vitro clonogenic assay with appropriate target inhibition verified by immunoblotting. Radiation-induced DNA damage repair was evaluated by γH2AX Western blots with the mechanism of DNA double-strand break repair abrogation investigated by cell cycle analysis, immunoblotting, and RT-PCR. PF-05212384 efficacy in vivo was assessed by UMSCC1 xenograft tumor regrowth delay, xenograft lysate immunoblotting, and tissue section immunohistochemistry. RESULTS PF-05212384 effectively inhibited PI3K and mTOR, resulting in significant radiosensitization of exponentially growing and plateau-phase cells with 24-hour treatment following irradiation, and variable radiation enhancement with 24-hour treatment before irradiation. Tumor cells radiosensitized to a greater extent than normal human fibroblasts. Postirradiation PF-05212384 treatment delays γH2AX foci resolution. PF-05212384 24-hour exposure resulted in an evident G1-S phase block in p53-competent cells. Fractionated radiation plus i.v. PF-05212384 synergistically delayed nude mice bearing UMSCC1 xenograft regrowth, with potential drug efficacy biomarkers identified, including pS6, pAkt, p4EBP1, and Ki67. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results of significant radiosensitization both in vitro and in vivo validate the PI3K/mTOR axis as a radiation modification target and PF-05212384 as a potential clinical radiation modifier of nonmetastatic HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Leiker
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. Medical Research Scholars Program, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William DeGraff
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rajani Choudhuri
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anastasia L Sowers
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Angela Thetford
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John A Cook
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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13
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Herzog A, Bian Y, Vander Broek R, Hall B, Coupar J, Cheng H, Sowers AL, Cook JD, Mitchell JB, Chen Z, Kulkarni AB, Van Waes C. PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PF-04691502 antitumor activity is enhanced with induction of wild-type TP53 in human xenograft and murine knockout models of head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:3808-19. [PMID: 23640975 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activation is often associated with altered expression or mutations of PIK3CA, TP53/p73, PTEN, and TGF-β receptors (TGFBR) in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). However, little is known about how these alterations affect response to PI3K/mTOR-targeted agents. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this preclinical study, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling was characterized in nine HNSCC (UM-SCC) cell lines and human oral keratinocytes. We investigated the molecular and anticancer effects of dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PF-04691502(PF-502) in UM-SCC expressing PIK3CA with decreased wild-type TP53, mutant TP53-/+ mutantTGFBR2, and in HNSCC of a conditional Pten/Tgfbr1 double knockout mouse model displaying PI3K/Akt/mTOR activation. RESULTS UM-SCC showed increased PIK3CA expression and Akt/mTOR activation, and PF-502 inhibited PI3K/mTORC1/2 targets. In human HNSCC expressing PIK3CA and decreased wtTP53 and p73, PF-502 reciprocally enhanced TP53/p73 expression and growth inhibition, which was partially reversible by p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α. Most UM-SCC with wtTP53 exhibited a lower IC50 than those with mtTP53 status. PF-502 blocked growth in G0-G1 and increased apoptotic sub-G0 DNA. PF-502 suppressed tumorigenesis and showed combinatorial activity with radiation in a wild-type TP53 UM-SCC xenograft model. PF-502 also significantly delayed HNSCC tumorigenesis and prolonged survival of Pten/Tgfbr1-deficient mice. Significant inhibition of p-Akt, p-4EBP1, p-S6, and Ki67, as well as increased p53 and TUNEL were observed in tumor specimens. CONCLUSIONS PI3K-mTOR inhibition can enhance TP53/p73 expression and significantly inhibit tumor growth alone or when combined with radiation in HNSCC with wild-type TP53. PIK3CA, TP53/p73, PTEN, and TGF-β alterations are potential modifiers of response and merit investigation in future clinical trials with PI3K-mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Herzog
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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14
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Li F, Patterson AD, Krausz KW, Jiang C, Bi H, Sowers AL, Cook JA, Mitchell JB, Gonzalez FJ. Metabolomics reveals that tumor xenografts induce liver dysfunction. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2126-35. [PMID: 23637421 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.028324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics, based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry, was used to explore metabolic signatures of tumor growth in mice. Urine samples were collected from control mice and mice injected with squamous cell carcinoma (SCCVII) tumor cells. When tumors reached ∼2 cm, all mice were killed and blood and liver samples collected. The urine metabolites hexanoylglycine, nicotinamide 1-oxide, and 11β,20α-dihydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-en-21-oic acid were elevated in tumor-bearing mice, as was asymmetric dimethylarginine, a biomarker for oxidative stress. Interestingly, SCCVII tumor growth resulted in hepatomegaly, reduced albumin/globulin ratios, and elevated serum triglycerides, suggesting liver dysfunction. Alterations in liver metabolites between SCCVII-tumor-bearing and control mice confirmed the presence of liver injury. Hepatic mRNA analysis indicated that inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor α, and transforming growth factor β were enhanced in SCCVII-tumor-bearing mice, and the expression of cytochromes P450 was decreased in tumor-bearing mice. Further, genes involved in fatty acid oxidation were decreased, suggesting impaired fatty acid oxidation in SCCVII-tumor-bearing mice. Additionally, activated phospholipid metabolism and a disrupted tricarboxylic acid cycle were observed in SCCVII-tumor-bearing mice. These data suggest that tumor growth imposes a global inflammatory response that results in liver dysfunction and underscore the use of metabolomics to temporally examine these changes and potentially use metabolite changes to monitor tumor treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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15
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Mitchell JB, Anver MR, Sowers AL, Rosenberg PS, Figueroa M, Thetford A, Krishna MC, Albert PS, Cook JA. The antioxidant tempol reduces carcinogenesis and enhances survival in mice when administered after nonlethal total body radiation. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4846-55. [PMID: 22805306 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is significant interest in the development of agents that can ameliorate radiation damage after exposure to radiation has occurred. Here we report that chronic supplementation of the antioxidant Tempol in the diet of mice can reduce body weight without toxicity, decrease cancer, and extend survival when administered after nonlethal total body radiation (TBI). These effects were apparent in two different strains of mice (C3H, CBA) exposed to TBI (3 Gy). Notably, delaying administration of the Tempol diet one month after TBI could also enhance survival. Tempol reduced the incidence of hematopoietic neoplasms (lymphomas) in both strains, whereas both the onset and incidence of nonhematopoietic neoplasms were reduced in CBA mice. These results encourage further study of Tempol as a chemopreventive, to reduce the incidence of radiation-induced second malignancies after a course of definitive radiation therapy. Tempol may also find applications to reduce the risk of cancers in populations exposed to nonlethal radiation due to nuclear accidents or terrorist attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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16
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Cotrim AP, Yoshikawa M, Sunshine AN, Zheng C, Sowers AL, Thetford AD, Cook JA, Mitchell JB, Baum BJ. Pharmacological protection from radiation ± cisplatin-induced oral mucositis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 83:1284-90. [PMID: 22197226 PMCID: PMC3314135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate if two pharmacological agents, Tempol and D-methionine (D-met), are able to prevent oral mucositis in mice after exposure to ionizing radiation ± cisplatin. METHODS AND MATERIALS Female C3H mice, ∼8 weeks old, were irradiated with five fractionated doses ± cisplatin to induce oral mucositis (lingual ulcers). Just before irradiation and chemotherapy, mice were treated, either alone or in combination, with different doses of Tempol (by intraperitoneal [ip] injection or topically, as an oral gel) and D-met (by gavage). Thereafter, mice were sacrificed and tongues were harvested and stained with a solution of Toluidine Blue. Ulcer size and tongue epithelial thickness were measured. RESULTS Significant lingual ulcers resulted from 5 × 8 Gy radiation fractions, which were enhanced with cisplatin treatment. D-met provided stereospecific partial protection from lingual ulceration after radiation. Tempol, via both routes of administration, provided nearly complete protection from lingual ulceration. D-met plus a suboptimal ip dose of Tempol also provided complete protection. CONCLUSIONS Two fairly simple pharmacological treatments were able to markedly reduce chemoradiation-induced oral mucositis in mice. This proof of concept study suggests that Tempol, alone or in combination with D-met, may be a useful and convenient way to prevent the severe oral mucositis that results from head-and-neck cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Cotrim
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Masanobu Yoshikawa
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Abraham N. Sunshine
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Changyu Zheng
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anastasia L. Sowers
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Angela D. Thetford
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John A. Cook
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James B. Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bruce J. Baum
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Fabre KM, Saito K, DeGraff W, Sowers AL, Thetford A, Cook JA, Krishna MC, Mitchell JB. The effects of resveratrol and selected metabolites on the radiation and antioxidant response. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 12:915-23. [PMID: 22024758 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.12.10.17714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from ionizing radiation (IR) or endogenous sources like cellular respiration and inflammation produce cytotoxic effects that can lead to carcinogenesis. Resveratrol (RSV), a polyphenol with antioxidant and anticarcinogenic capabilities, has shown promise as a potential radiation modifier. The present study focuses on examining the effects of RSV or RSV metabolites as a radiation modifier in normal tissue. RSV or a RSV metabolite, piceatannol (PIC) did not protect human lung fibroblasts (1522) from the radiation-induced cell killing. Likewise, neither RSV nor PIC afforded protection against lethal total body IR in C3H mice. Additional research has shown protection in cells against hydrogen peroxide when treated with RSV. Therefore, clonogenic survival was measured in 1522 cells with RSV and RSV metabolites. Only the RSV derivative, piceatannol (PIC), showed protection against hydrogen peroxide mediated cytotoxicity; whereas, RSV enhanced hydrogen peroxide sensitivity at a 50 µM concentration; the remaining metabolites evaluated had little to no effect on survival. PIC also showed enhancement to peroxide exposure at a higher concentration (150 µM). A potential mechanism for RSV-induced sensitivity to peroxides could be its ability to block 1522 cells in the S-phase, which is most sensitive to hydrogen peroxide treatment. In addition, both RSV and PIC can be oxidized to phenoxyl radicals and quinones, which may exert cytotoxic effects. These cytotoxic effects were abolished when HBED, a metal chelator, was added. Taken together RSV and many of its metabolic derivatives are not effective as chemical radioprotectors and should not be considered for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Fabre
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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18
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Davis RM, Sowers AL, DeGraff W, Bernardo M, Thetford A, Krishna MC, Mitchell JB. A novel nitroxide is an effective brain redox imaging contrast agent and in vivo radioprotector. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:780-90. [PMID: 21664459 PMCID: PMC3131550 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Individuals are exposed to ionizing radiation during medical procedures and nuclear disasters, and this exposure can be carcinogenic, toxic, and sometimes fatal. Drugs that protect individuals from the adverse effects of radiation may therefore be valuable countermeasures against the health risks of exposure. In the current study, the LD(50/30) (the dose resulting in 50% of exposed mice surviving 30 days after exposure) was determined in control C3H mice and mice treated with the nitroxide radioprotectors Tempol, 3-CP, 16c, 22c, and 23c. The pharmacokinetics of 22c and 23c were measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the brain, blood, submandibular salivary gland, liver, muscle, tongue, and myocardium. It was found that 23c was the most effective radioprotector of the five studied: 23c increased the LD(50/30) in mice from 7.9±0.15Gy (treated with saline) to 11.47±0.13Gy (an increase of 45%). Additionally, MRI-based pharmacokinetic studies revealed that 23c is an effective redox imaging agent in the mouse brain, and that 23c may allow functional imaging of the myocardium. The data in this report suggest that 23c is currently the most potent known nitroxide radioprotector, and that it may also be useful as a contrast agent for functional imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Davis
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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Matsumoto A, Matsumoto KI, Matsumoto S, Hyodo F, Sowers AL, Koscielniak JW, Devasahayam N, Subramanian S, Mitchell JB, Krishna MC. Intracellular hypoxia of tumor tissue estimated by noninvasive electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry technique using paramagnetic probes. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:142-5. [PMID: 21212532 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry at 700 MHz operating frequency employing a surface coil resonator is used to assess tissue partial pressure of oxygen (pO(2)) using paramagnetic media whose linewidth and decay constant are related to oxygen concentration. Differences in extracellular and intracellular pO(2) in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tumor tissue were tested using several types of water-soluble paramagnetic media, which localize extracellularly or permeate through the cell membrane. The nitroxide carboxy-PROXYL (CxP) can only be distributed in blood plasma and extracellular fluids whereas the nitroxides carbamoyl-PROXYL (CmP) and TEMPOL (TPL) can permeate cell membranes and localize intracellularly. EPR signal decay constant and the linewidth of the intravenously administered nitroxides in SCC tumor tissues implanted in mouse thigh and the contralateral normal muscle of healthy mice breathing gases with different pO(2) were compared. The pO(2) in the blood can depend on the oxygen content in the breathing gas while tissue pO(2) was not directly influenced by pO(2) in the breathing gas. The decay constants of CmP and TPL in tumor tissue were significantly larger than in the normal muscles, and lower linewidths of CmP and TPL in tumor tissue was observed. The SCC tumor showed intracellular hypoxia even though the extracellular pO(2) is similar to normal tissue in the peripheral region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Matsumoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892–1002, USA
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20
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Samuni Y, Cook JA, Choudhuri R, Degraff W, Sowers AL, Krishna MC, Mitchell JB. Inhibition of adipogenesis by Tempol in 3T3-L1 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:667-73. [PMID: 20561604 PMCID: PMC2904847 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is highly associated with an increased risk of serious health conditions including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Changes in redox status with increased oxidative stress have been linked with obesity. Previous studies have shown that administration of the antioxidant Tempol in the food of mice prevents obesity, causing significant weight loss without toxicity. To gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) underlying this effect, the influence of Tempol on the differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was studied. Tempol inhibited differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, resulting in a reduction in cellular lipid storage, down-regulation of protein levels of key adipogenesis transcription factors (PPARgamma and PPARalpha), down-regulation of prolyl hydroxylase, and up-regulation of HIF-1alpha. Mice on a Tempol diet demonstrated reduced systemic levels of IGF-1, in qualitative agreement with in vitro observations in 3T3-L1 cells, which also showed lower IGF-1 levels as a result of Tempol treatment. These results show that treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with Tempol inhibits the expression of key adipogenesis factors, adipose differentiation, and lipid storage and may underlie, at least in part, some of the in vivo effects of Tempol on body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Samuni
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Brown AP, Chung EJ, Urick ME, Shield WP, Sowers AL, Thetford A, Shankavaram UT, Mitchell JB, Citrin DE. Evaluation of the fullerene compound DF-1 as a radiation protector. Radiat Oncol 2010; 5:34. [PMID: 20459795 PMCID: PMC2877563 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-5-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fullerene compounds are known to possess antioxidant properties, a common property of chemical radioprotectors. DF-1 is a dendrofullerene nanoparticle with antioxidant properties previously found to be radioprotective in a zebrafish model. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radioprotective effects of DF-1 in a murine model of lethal total body irradiation and to assess for selective radioprotection of normal cells versus tumor cells. Methods In vitro radioresponse was evaluated with clonogenic assays with human tumor cells and fibroblast lines in the presence of varying concentrations of DF-1 or vehicle. DNA double strand break induction and repair was evaluated with immunocytochemistry for γH2AX. Lethal total body irradiation was delivered with 137Cs after intraperitoneal delivery of DF-1 or vehicle control. Bone marrow hypoxia was evaluated with piminidazole uptake assessed by flow cytometry. Results DF-1 provided modest radioprotection of human cancer cell lines and fibroblast cell lines when delivered prior to irradiation (dose modifying factor or 1.1). There was no evidence of selective protection of fibroblasts versus tumor cells. Cells treated with DF-1 at radioprotective doses were found to have fewer γH2AX foci at 1 and 6 hours after irradiation compared to vehicle treated controls. The LD50/30 for C57Bl6/Ncr mice treated with a single 300 mg/kg dose of DF-1 pre-irradiation was 10.09 Gy (95% CI 9.58-10.26) versus 8.29 Gy (95% CI, 8.21-8.32) for control mice. No protective effects were seen with a single 200 mg/kg dose. No increase in pimonidazole uptake was appreciated in bone marrow of mice treated with DF-1 compared to vehicle controls. Conclusions DF-1 has modest activity as a radiation protector in vivo. There was no evidence of selective protection from irradiation of normal versus tumor cells with DF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Brown
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Building 10 CRC/B2-3500, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Mitchell JB, Choudhuri R, Fabre K, Sowers AL, Citrin D, Zabludoff SD, Cook JA. In vitro and in vivo radiation sensitization of human tumor cells by a novel checkpoint kinase inhibitor, AZD7762. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:2076-84. [PMID: 20233881 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhibition of checkpoint kinase 1 has been shown to enhance the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging targeted chemotherapy through cell cycle checkpoint abrogation and impaired DNA damage repair. A novel checkpoint kinase 1/2 inhibitor, AZD7762, was evaluated for potential enhancement of radiosensitivity for human tumor cells in vitro and in vivo xenografts. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Survival of both p53 wild-type and mutant human cell lines was evaluated by clonogenic assay. Dose modification factors (DMF) were determined from survival curves (ratio of radiation doses for control versus drug treated at 10% survival). Flow cytometry, Western blot, and radiation-induced tumor regrowth delay assays were conducted. RESULTS AZD7762 treatment enhanced the radiosensitivity of p53-mutated tumor cell lines (DMFs ranging from 1.6-1.7) to a greater extent than for p53 wild-type tumor lines (DMFs ranging from 1.1-1.2). AZD7762 treatment alone exhibited little cytotoxicity to any of the cell lines and did not enhance the radiosensitivity of normal human fibroblasts (1522). AZD7762 treatment abrogated radiation-induced G(2) delay, inhibited radiation damage repair (assessed by gamma-H2AX), and suppressed radiation-induced cyclin B expression. HT29 xenografts exposed to five daily radiation fractions and to two daily AZD7762 doses exhibited significant radiation enhancement compared with radiation alone. CONCLUSIONS AZD7762 effectively enhanced the radiosensitivity of mutated p53 tumor cell lines and HT29 xenografts and was without untoward toxicity when administered alone or in combination with radiation. The results of this study support combining AZD7762 with radiation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology and Radiation Oncology Branches, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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23
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Ishii H, Choudhuri R, Mathias A, Sowers AL, Flanders KC, Cook JA, Mitchell JB. Halofuginone mediated protection against radiation-induced leg contracture. Int J Oncol 2009; 35:315-319. [PMID: 19578745 PMCID: PMC3496156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis of normal tissues often accompanies radiation treatment of cancer. Activation of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway is thought to play a major role in radiation-induced fibrosis and has prompted the development and assessment of low molecular weight inhibitors of the pathway. Previous studies with halofuginone have shown it to inhibit TGF-beta signaling in vitro and protect mice from radiation-induced leg contraction (a model for soft tissue fibrosis). The current study confirms these findings for HaCaT cells stimulated with exogenous TGF-beta treatment. Reducing the halifuginone treatment from 7 days/week (used previously) to 5 days/week post-radiation exposure provided significant protection against radiation-induced leg contraction in mice 3 and 4 months post-radiation treatment. Halofuginone treatment was shown to attenuate TGF-beta signaling molecules taken from irradiated skin including TGF-betaRII, pSmad3, Smad7, and TSP1. The latter, TSP1, a co-activator of TGF-beta may serve as a suitable biomarker for monitoring the efficacy of halofuginone should it be evaluated in a clinical setting for protection against radiation-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanari Ishii
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002
| | - Rajani Choudhuri
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002
| | - Askale Mathias
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002
| | - Anastasia L. Sowers
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002
| | - Kathleen C. Flanders
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002
| | - John A. Cook
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002
| | - James B. Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002
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Hyodo F, Soule BP, Matsumoto KI, Matusmoto S, Cook JA, Hyodo E, Sowers AL, Krishna MC, Mitchell JB. Assessment of tissue redox status using metabolic responsive contrast agents and magnetic resonance imaging. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008; 60:1049-60. [PMID: 18644197 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.8.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of tissue redox status is important to maintain normal physiological conditions in the living body. Disruption of redox homoeostasis may lead to oxidative stress and can induce many pathological conditions such as cancer, neurological disorders and ageing. Therefore, imaging of tissue redox status could have clinical applications. Redox imaging employing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with nitroxides as cell-permeable redox-sensitive contrast agents has been used for non-invasive monitoring of tissue redox status in animal models. The redox imaging applications of nitroxide electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) and MRI are reviewed here, with a focus on application of tumour redox status monitoring. While particular emphasis has been placed on differences in the redox status in tumours compared to selected normal tissues, the technique possesses the potential to have broad applications to the study of other disease states, inflammatory processes and other circumstances where oxidative stress is implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Hyodo
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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25
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Cotrim AP, Hyodo F, Matsumoto KI, Sowers AL, Cook JA, Baum BJ, Krishna MC, Mitchell JB. Differential radiation protection of salivary glands versus tumor by Tempol with accompanying tissue assessment of Tempol by magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:4928-33. [PMID: 17699873 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The nitroxide free radical, Tempol, was evaluated for potential differential radiation protection of salivary glands and tumor using fractionated radiation. Mechanistic information was explored by monitoring the presence and bioreduction of Tempol in both tissues noninvasively by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Female C3H mice were immobilized using custom-made Lucite jigs for localized irradiation (five daily fractions) either to the oral cavity or tumor-bearing leg. Tempol (275 mg/kg) was administered (i.p.) 10 min before each radiation fraction. Salivary gland damage was assessed 8 weeks after radiation by measuring pilocarpine-mediated saliva output. Tumor growth was assessed by standard radiation regrowth methods. Dynamic T1-weighted magnetic resonance scans were acquired before and after Tempol injection using a 4.7T animal MRI instrument. RESULTS Tempol treatment was found to protect salivary glands significantly against radiation damage (approximately 60% improvement); whereas no tumor protection was observed. Intracellular reduction of Tempol to the nonradioprotective hydroxylamine as assessed by MRI was 2-fold faster in tumor compared with salivary glands or muscle. CONCLUSIONS Tempol provided salivary gland radioprotection and did not protect tumor, consistent with the hypothesis that differential radioprotection by Tempol resides in faster reduction to the nonradioprotective hydroxylamine in tumor compared with normal tissues. The unique paramagnetic properties of Tempol afforded noninvasive MRI monitoring of dynamic changes of Tempol levels in tissue to support the finding. These data support further development and consideration of Tempol for human clinical trials as a selective protector against radiation-induced salivary gland damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Cotrim
- Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Matsumoto KI, Szajek L, Krishna MC, Cook JA, Seidel J, Grimes K, Carson J, Sowers AL, English S, Green MV, Bacharach SL, Eckelman WC, Mitchell JB. The influence of tumor oxygenation on hypoxia imaging in murine squamous cell carcinoma using [64Cu]Cu-ATSM or [18F]Fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography. Int J Oncol 2007; 30:873-81. [PMID: 17332926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
[64Cu]Cu(II)-ATSM (64Cu-ATSM) and [18F]-Fluoromisonidazole (18F-FMiso) tumor binding as assessed by positron emisson topography (PET) was used to determine the responsiveness of each probe to modulation in tumor oxygenation levels in the SCCVII tumor model. Animals bearing the SCCVII tumor were injected with 64Cu-ATSM or 18F-FMiso followed by dynamic small animal PET imaging. Animals were imaged with both agents using different inspired oxygen mixtures (air, 10% oxygen, carbogen) which modulated tumor hypoxia as independently assessed by the hypoxia marker pimonidazole. The extent of hypoxia in the SCCVII tumor as monitored by the pimonidazole hypoxia marker was found to be in the following order: 10% oxygen>air>carbogen. Tumor uptake of 64Cu-ATSM could not be changed if the tumor was oxygenated using carbogen inhalation 90 min post-injection suggesting irreversible cellular uptake of the 64Cu-ATSM complex. A small but significant paradoxical increase in 64Cu-ATSM tumor uptake was observed for animals breathing air or carbogen compared to 10% oxygen. There was a positive trend toward 18F-FMiso tumor uptake as a function of changing hypoxia levels in agreement with the pimonidazole data. 64Cu-ATSM tumor uptake was unable to predictably detect changes in varying amounts of hypoxia when oxygenation levels in SCCVII tumors were modulated. 18F-FMiso tumor uptake was more responsive to changing levels of hypoxia. While the mechanism of nitroimidazole binding to hypoxic cells has been extensively studied, the avid binding of Cu-ATSM to tumors may involve other mechanisms independent of hypoxia that warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Matsumoto KI, Hyodo F, Matsumoto A, Koretsky AP, Sowers AL, Mitchell JB, Krishna MC. High-resolution mapping of tumor redox status by magnetic resonance imaging using nitroxides as redox-sensitive contrast agents. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:2455-62. [PMID: 16638852 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is considerable research directed toward the identification and development of functional contrast agents for medical imaging that superimpose tissue biochemical/molecular information with anatomical structures. Nitroxide radicals were identified as in vivo radioprotectors. Being paramagnetic, they can provide image contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI). The present study sought to determine the efficacy of nitroxide radioprotectors as functional image contrast agents. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Nitroxide radioprotectors, which act as contrast agents, were tested by EPRI and MRI to provide tissue redox status information noninvasively. RESULTS Phantom studies showed that the nitroxide, 3-carbamoyl-PROXYL (3CP), undergoes time-dependent reduction to the corresponding diamagnetic hydroxylamine only in the presence of reducing agents. The reduction rates of 3CP obtained by EPRI and MRI were in agreement suggesting the feasibility of using MRI to monitor nitroxide levels in tissues. The levels of 3CP were examined by EPRI and MRI for differences in reduction between muscle and tumor (squamous cell carcinoma) implanted in the hind leg of C3H mice simultaneously. In vivo experiments showed a T1-dependent image intensity enhancement afforded by 3CP which decreased in a time-dependent manner. Reduction of 3CP was found to be the dominant mechanism of contrast loss. The tumor regions exhibited a faster decay rate of the nitroxide compared to muscle (0.097 min(-1) versus 0.067 min(-1), respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that MRI can be successfully used to co-register tissue redox status along with anatomic images, thus providing potentially valuable biochemical information from the region of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, and Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Cook JA, Chuang EY, Tsai MH, Coffin D, Degraff W, Sowers AL, Mitchell JB. Radiation-induced changes in gene-expression profiles for the SCC VII tumor cells grown in vitro and in vivo. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:1263-72. [PMID: 16910774 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SCCVII tumor cells that grow in vitro or in vivo as a solid tumor were used to compare and contrast geneexpression profiles with or without exposure to two doses of ionizing radiation. Exponentially growing SCCVII cell cultures and tumors (1 cm diameter) were treated with 0, 2, or 10 Gy, and RNA was collected 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after treatment. Growth under in vitro conditions increased the expression of genes associated with the unfolded protein response (UPR) including ATF4, Ero-1 like, and cystathionase. Growth in vivo indicated that the HIF-1a genes were not upregulated, whereas genes such as hemoglobin alpha and crystallin alpha B were significantly upregulated. Ninety genes of 16K were found to be significantly modulated under either growth condition by radiation treatment. Gene expression was not dose dependent. Sixty percent of these genes exhibited similar modulation under both in vitro and in vivo conditions; however, 29% of the genes were modulated by radiation under in vivo conditions only. Gene-expression profiles for the same tumor cells can differ, dependent on growth conditions, underscoring the influence that the tumor microenvironment exerts on gene expression for both growth of solid tumors and their response to radiation treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/radiotherapy
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cell Cycle/radiation effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/radiation effects
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/radiation effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/radiotherapy
- Radiation Dosage
- Radiation, Ionizing
- Time Factors
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/analysis
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Cook
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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29
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Chan LW, Hapdey S, English S, Seidel J, Carson J, Sowers AL, Krishna MC, Green MV, Mitchell JB, Bacharach SL. The influence of tumor oxygenation on (18)F-FDG (fluorine-18 deoxyglucose) uptake: a mouse study using positron emission tomography (PET). Radiat Oncol 2006; 1:3. [PMID: 16722588 PMCID: PMC1436004 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated whether changing a tumor's oxygenation would alter tumor metabolism, and thus uptake of 18F-FDG (fluorine-18 deoxyglucose), a marker for glucose metabolism using positron emission tomography (PET). Results Tumor-bearing mice (squamous cell carcinoma) maintained at 37°C were studied while breathing either normal air or carbogen (95% O2, 5% CO2), known to significantly oxygenate tumors. Tumor activity was measured within an automatically determined volume of interest (VOI). Activity was corrected for the arterial input function as estimated from image and blood-derived data. Tumor FDG uptake was initially evaluated for tumor-bearing animals breathing only air (2 animals) or only carbogen (2 animals). Subsequently, 5 animals were studied using two sequential 18F-FDG injections administered to the same tumor-bearing mouse, 60 min apart; the first injection on one gas (air or carbogen) and the second on the other gas. When examining the entire tumor VOI, there was no significant difference of 18F-FDG uptake between mice breathing either air or carbogen (i.e. air/carbogen ratio near unity). However, when only the highest 18F-FDG uptake regions of the tumor were considered (small VOIs), there was a modest (21%), but significant increase in the air/carbogen ratio suggesting that in these potentially most hypoxic regions of the tumor, 18F-FDG uptake and hence glucose metabolism, may be reduced by increasing tumor oxygenation. Conclusion Tumor 18F-FDG uptake may be reduced by increases in tumor oxygenation and thus may provide a means to further enhance 18F-FDG functional imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda W Chan
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sebastien Hapdey
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sean English
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jurgen Seidel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joann Carson
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anastasia L Sowers
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Murali C Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael V Green
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen L Bacharach
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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30
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Cotrim AP, Sowers AL, Lodde BM, Vitolo JM, Kingman A, Russo A, Mitchell JB, Baum BJ. Kinetics of tempol for prevention of xerostomia following head and neck irradiation in a mouse model. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 11:7564-8. [PMID: 16243832 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy is commonly used to treat the majority of patients with head and neck cancers. Salivary glands in the radiation field are dramatically affected by this procedure. The purpose of this study was to examine pharmacokinetic characteristics of the stable nitroxide 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (tempol) with respect to radioprotection of the salivary glands. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To evaluate the effect of different doses and times of administration, the heads of C3H mice were exposed to a single irradiation dose of 15 Gy, with i.p. tempol injection. To analyze other routes of administration, we injected 275 mg/kg tempol by an i.m., i.v., or s.c. route, 10 minutes before irradiation. We also tested whether oral administration of tempol in a topical form (either in a mouthwash or gel) provided any salivary gland protection. RESULTS Tempol treatment (137.5 or 275 mg/kg, i.p., 10 minutes before irradiation) significantly reduced irradiation-induced salivary hypofunction (approximately 50-60%). I.v. or s.c. administration of tempol also showed significant radioprotection, whereas i.m. administration proved to be ineffective. Topical use of tempol, either as a mouthwash or gel, also was radioprotective. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly suggest that tempol is a promising candidate for clinical application to protect salivary glands in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Cotrim
- Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch and Biostatistics Core, Division of Clinical Research and Health Promotion, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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31
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Matsumoto A, Matsumoto S, Sowers AL, Koscielniak JW, Trigg NJ, Kuppusamy P, Mitchell JB, Subramanian S, Krishna MC, Matsumoto KI. Absolute oxygen tension (pO(2)) in murine fatty and muscle tissue as determined by EPR. Magn Reson Med 2006; 54:1530-5. [PMID: 16276490 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The absolute partial pressure of oxygen (pO(2)) in the mammary gland pad and femoral muscle of female mice was measured using EPR oximetry at 700 MHz. A small quantity of lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc) crystals was implanted in both mammary and femoral muscle tissue of female C3H mice. Subsequent EPR measurements were carried out 1-30 days after implantation with or without control of core body temperature. The pO(2) values in the tissue became stable 2 weeks after implantation of LiPc crystals. The pO(2) level was found to be higher in the femoral muscle than in the mammary tissue. However, the pO(2) values showed a strong dependence on the core body temperature of the mice. The pO(2) values were responsive to carbogen (95% O(2), 5% CO(2)) breathing even 44-58 days after the implantation of LiPc. The LiPc linewidth was also sensitive to changes in the blood supply even 60 days after implantation of the crystals. This study further validates the use of LiPc crystals and EPR oximetry for long-term non-invasive assessment of pO(2) levels in tissues, underscores the importance of maintaining normal body core temperature during the measurements, and demonstrates that mammary tissue functions at a lower pO(2) level than muscle in female C3H mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Matsumoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA
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Muanza TM, Cotrim AP, McAuliffe M, Sowers AL, Baum BJ, Cook JA, Feldchtein F, Amazeen P, Coleman CN, Mitchell JB. Evaluation of Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis by Optical Coherence Tomography. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:5121-7. [PMID: 16033826 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging was evaluated to determine if radiation-induced mucosal damage could be noninvasively monitored in real time and correlated with histopathologic findings. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Female C3H mice, ages 7 to 9 weeks, four per group, were immobilized in a custom-made Lucite jig and received 0, 15, 22.5, and 25 Gy in a single fraction to their oral cavity. OCT images were acquired of proximal, middle, and distal aspects of the dorsum of the tongue on days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 post-irradiation. Animals were sacrificed on day 7 and samples taken for histologic evaluation. OCT images were visually examined and also quantified by image analysis and compared with histologic findings. RESULTS Tongues removed 7 days post-irradiation showed no visible damage; however, upon staining with toluidine blue, ulcers at the base of the tongue became visible (100% for 25 Gy, 75% after 22.5 Gy, and 0% after 15 Gy). Visual inspection of OCT images qualitatively compared with histologic findings and quantitative image analysis of the OCT images (effective light penetration depth) revealed significant changes 7 days post-irradiation compared with unirradiated controls for the base of the tongue. CONCLUSIONS OCT allows for direct noninvasive real-time acquisition of digitally archivable images of oral mucosa and can detect radiation-induced changes in the mucosa before visual manifestation. OCT may be a useful technique to quantify subclinical radiation-induced mucosal injury in experimental chemoradiation clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry M Muanza
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Kobayashi H, Reijnders K, English S, Yordanov AT, Milenic DE, Sowers AL, Citrin D, Krishna MC, Waldmann TA, Mitchell JB, Brechbiel MW. Application of a macromolecular contrast agent for detection of alterations of tumor vessel permeability induced by radiation. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:7712-20. [PMID: 15570005 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Permeability of tumor vasculature can be a major barrier to successful drug delivery, particularly for high molecular weight agents such as monoclonal antibodies and their diagnostic or therapeutic conjugates. In this study, changes in permeability of SCCVII tumor vessels after radiation treatment were evaluated by dynamic magnetic resonance imaging as a function of time after irradiation using a generation-8 polyamidoamine dendrimer (G8-Gd-D)-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent shown previously to be confined to tumor blood vessels. Tumor irradiation consisted of either single doses (2-15 Gy) or various daily fractionated doses (5 days). A single radiation dose of 15 Gy resulted in significant transient image enhancement of the tumor tissue with a maximum occurring between 7 and 24 hours after radiation treatment. No observable enhancement was recorded for fractionated radiation doses. Use of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging coupled with G8-Gd-D provides an exquisite methodology capable of defining the timing of enhanced permeability of macromolecules in tumors after irradiation. Such information might be applied to optimize the efficacy of subsequent or concurrent therapies including radiolabeled antibodies or other anticancer agents in combination with external beam therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kobayashi
- Metabolism Branch, Radiation Biology Branch, and Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1002, USA.
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Matsumoto S, Utsumi H, Aravalluvan T, Matsumoto KI, Matsumoto A, Devasahayam N, Sowers AL, Mitchell JB, Subramanian S, Krishna MC. Influence of protonT1 on oxymetry using Overhauser enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 2005; 54:213-7. [PMID: 15968662 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In Overhauser enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (OMRI) for in vivo measurement of oxygen partial pressure (pO2), a paramagnetic contrast agent is introduced to enhance the proton signal through dynamic nuclear polarization. A uniform proton T1 is generally assumed for the entire region of interest for the computation of pO2 using OMRI. It is demonstrated here, by both phantom and in vivo (mice) imaging, that such an assumption may cause erroneous estimate of pO2. A direct estimate of pixel-wise T1 is hampered by the poor native MR intensities, owing to the very low Zeeman field (15-20 mT) in OMRI. To circumvent this problem, a simple method for the pixel-wise mapping of proton T1 using the OMRI scanner is described. A proton T1 image of a slice through the center of an SCC tumor in a mouse clearly shows a range of T1 distribution (0.2 approximately 1.6 s). Computation of pO2 images using pixel-wise T1 values promises oximetry with minimal artifacts by OMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Matsumoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Vitolo JM, Cotrim AP, Sowers AL, Russo A, Wellner RB, Pillemer SR, Mitchell JB, Baum BJ. The stable nitroxide tempol facilitates salivary gland protection during head and neck irradiation in a mouse model. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:1807-12. [PMID: 15014035 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy is commonly used to treat a majority of patients with head and neck cancers. The long-term radiation-induced reduction of saliva output significantly contributes to the posttreatment morbidity experienced by these patients. The purpose of this study was to test the ability of the stable-free radical Tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl), an established radioprotector, to prevent radiation-induced salivary hypofunction in mice. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The heads of C3H mice were exposed to a range of single radiation doses with or without an i.p. injection of 275 mg/kg Tempol 10 min before treatment. Salivary gland output was assessed 8 weeks postirradiation. RESULTS Radiation caused a dose-dependent reduction in salivary flow in this model. Tempol treatment alone significantly reduced radiation-induced salivary hypofunction. The combination of Tempol with mouth/nose shielding showed essentially complete radiation protection at 15 Gy and approximately 75% protection at 17.5 Gy. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time that significant radioprotection of the salivary glands is possible with Tempol in C3H mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Vitolo
- Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Mamura M, Lee W, Sullivan TJ, Felici A, Sowers AL, Allison JP, Letterio JJ. CD28 disruption exacerbates inflammation in Tgf-beta1-/- mice: in vivo suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells independent of autocrine TGF-beta1. Blood 2004; 103:4594-601. [PMID: 15016653 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-08-2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tgf-beta1-/- mice develop a progressive, lethal, inflammatory syndrome, but mechanisms leading to the spontaneous activation of Tgf-beta1-/- T cells remain unclear. Here we show the disruption of CD28 gene expression accelerates disease in Tgf-beta1-/- mice, and we link this increase in severity to a reduction in the number of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. CD4+CD25+ T cells develop normally in Tgf-beta1-/- mice and display characteristic expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR), alpha(E)beta7 integrin, and Foxp3. Adoptive transfer of Tgf-beta1-/- splenocytes to Tgf-beta1+/+/Rag2-/- mice induced an autoimmune inflammatory disease with features similar to those of the Tgf-beta1-/- phenotype, and disease transfer was accelerated by the depletion of Tgf-beta1-/- CD4+CD25+ T cells from donor splenocytes. Cotransfer of Tgf- beta1-/- CD4+CD25+ T cells clearly attenuated disease in Rag2-/- recipients of CD25+-depleted Tgf-beta1-/- spleen and lymph node cells, but suppression was incomplete when compared with Tgf-beta1+/+ CD4+CD25+ T cells. These data demonstrate that CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells develop in complete absence of endogenous transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) expression and that autocrine TGF-beta1 expression is not essential for these cells to suppress inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuko Mamura
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 41, 41 Library Drive/MSC 5055, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA
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Reijnders K, English SJ, Krishna MC, Cook JA, Sowers AL, Mitchell JB, Zhang Y. Influence of body temperature on the BOLD effect in murine SCC tumors. Magn Reson Med 2004; 51:389-93. [PMID: 14755665 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.10695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) enhancements in tumors (squamous cell carcinoma, (SCCVII)) implanted in mice maintained at core temperatures of 30 degrees C or 37 degrees C were measured using MRI and compared to tumor oxygen levels obtained using an oxygen-sensitive Eppendorf electrode. Tumors were implanted in a hindleg of the mice intramuscularly. Tumor-bearing mice were imaged by BOLD MRI, while first breathing air and then carbogen (95% O2, 5% CO2) for 15-min intervals at a core temperature of 30 degrees C. After an equilibration period, the identical regimen was conducted with the same animal maintained at 37 degrees C. This procedure was repeated with additional mice starting at 37 degrees C followed by imaging at 30 degrees C. Likewise, oxygen electrode measurements of the tumor were determined at core temperatures of 30 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The Eppendorf measurements showed that tumors in animals maintained at 30 degrees C were significantly more hypoxic than at 37 degrees C. MRI studies demonstrated stronger BOLD enhancement at 30 degrees C than at 37 degrees C, suggesting significant changes in hypoxia and/or blood flow in tumors at these temperatures. The findings of the study stress the importance of maintaining normal core temperature when assessing tumor oxygen status using functional imaging modalities or oxygen-sensitive electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Reijnders
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Mitchell JB, Xavier S, DeLuca AM, Sowers AL, Cook JA, Krishna MC, Hahn SM, Russo A. A low molecular weight antioxidant decreases weight and lowers tumor incidence. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:93-102. [PMID: 12498984 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stable free radical nitroxides are potent antioxidants possessing superoxide dismutase- and catalase-mimetic activity that protect cells and animals against a variety of oxidative insults. Tempol, as a representative nitroxide, was evaluated for its influence on weight maintenance and spontaneous tumor incidence in C3H mice. Tempol administered in either the drinking water or food did not show any untoward effects and prevented animals from becoming obese. Tempol-treated animals' leptin levels were reduced. Long-term treatment with Tempol significantly decreased tumorigenesis when compared to controls (10 vs. 40%, respectively). Selected tissues from Tempol-treated animals exhibited elevated levels of mitochrondrial uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2) and HSP70. The present data suggest that nitroxides upregulate UCP-2, obviate weight gain, and decrease age-related spontaneous tumor incidence. As a class, nitroxides may provide overall health benefits by contributing to decreased obesity and tumor incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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39
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St Clair MB, Sowers AL, Davis JA, Rhodes LL. Urinary Bladder Catheterization of Female Mice and Rats. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 1999; 38:78-79. [PMID: 12086430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Catheterization of the urinary bladder of rats and mice is necessary for a variety of clinical and experimental reasons. The anatomy of the female mouse and rat is unique in that the urinary orifice is external and just anterior to the vaginal opening. This characteristic makes the bladder of these species easier to catheterize than that of other species. Methods cited in the literature do not adequately describe techniques that facilitate ease of urinary bladder catheterization (1). We describe a simple technique for urinary catheterization in adult female mice and rats.
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